WO2004066427A1 - Diffusion layer and fuel cells - Google Patents
Diffusion layer and fuel cells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004066427A1 WO2004066427A1 PCT/US2003/038879 US0338879W WO2004066427A1 WO 2004066427 A1 WO2004066427 A1 WO 2004066427A1 US 0338879 W US0338879 W US 0338879W WO 2004066427 A1 WO2004066427 A1 WO 2004066427A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- diffusion media
- porous
- porous diffusion
- particle density
- major
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1007—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to diffusion media, fuel cells employing diffusion media according to the present invention, and fuel cell powered systems utilizing such fuel cells. More specifically, the present invention is related to the use of diffusion media in addressing water transport difficulties under wet operating conditions in fuel cells and other types of devices.
- a porous diffusion media is provided comprising a porous matrix carrying a distribution of water transfer particles configured to address water transport difficulties under wet operating conditions.
- a porous diffusion media comprising a porous matrix carrying a distribution of water transfer particles.
- the distribution of water transfer particles defines a plurality of high particle density regions characterized by a relatively high density of the water transfer particles and a plurality of low particle density regions characterized by a relatively low density of the water transfer particles.
- the relatively high and relatively low particle density regions alternate across a major planar dimension of the porous diffusion media, e.g., the face of the diffusion media may include a checkerboard pattern of high and low particle density regions or any other arrangement of regions where high and low density regions lie adjacent to each other in alternating succession.
- a device where a porous diffusion media according to the present invention is positioned against a catalyst layer.
- a device comprising a membrane electrode assembly interposed between an anode flow field and a cathode flow field of a fuel cell.
- a porous diffusion media according to the present invention is positioned against a catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly.
- a porous diffusion media according to the present invention is positioned against a catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly, the porous matrix comprises carbon paper, and the water transfer particles comprise carbon fibers or powders.
- Relatively high and relatively low water transfer particle density regions alternate across a major planar dimension of the porous diffusion media. Respective properties of the relatively high and relatively low particle density regions vary across a cross section of the porous diffusion media between the first and second major faces of the diffusion media such that the first major face is collectively more hydrophilic than the second major face and the second major face is collectively more hydrophobic than the first major face.
- the diffusion media is positioned against the catalyst layer along the first major face of the diffusion media and against a flow field of the fuel cell along the second major face of the diffusion media.
- the porous diffusion media comprises hydrophobic material disposed along the second major face of the diffusion media.
- Fig. 1 is an exploded schematic illustration of a fuel cell incorporating a porous diffusion media according to the present invention
- Fig. 2 is an illustration of a suitable distribution of water transfer particles in a portion of a diffusion media according to one embodiment of the present invention
- Fig. 3 is an illustration of a diffusion media according to one embodiment of the present invention positioned against a catalyst layer
- Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a suitable distribution of high and low particle density regions across the face of a diffusion media according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 is an illustration of a vehicle incorporating a fuel cell employing a porous diffusion media according to the present invention.
- a fuel cell 10 incorporating a porous diffusion media 20 is illustrated.
- the fuel cell 10 comprises a membrane electrode assembly 30 interposed between an anode flow field 40 and a cathode flow field 50 of the fuel cell 10.
- the flow fields 40, 50 and the membrane electrode assembly 30 may take a variety of conventional or yet to be developed forms without departing from the scope of the present invention.
- the membrane electrode assembly 30 includes respective catalytic electrode layers 32 and an ion exchange membrane 34.
- a porous diffusion media 20 comprises a porous matrix 22 carrying a distribution of water transfer particles 24.
- the distribution of water transfer particles defines a plurality of high particle density regions 26 characterized by a relatively high density of water transfer particles 24 and a plurality of low particle density regions 28 characterized by a relatively low density of water transfer particles 24.
- the relatively high and relatively low particle density regions 26, 28 alternate across a major planar dimension of the porous diffusion media parallel to first and second major faces 21, 23 of the diffusion media 20.
- the water transfer particles 24 may be generated and distributed throughout the matrix 22 in a number of ways.
- the particles 24 are generated by grinding the first major face 21 of the diffusion media 20 to create a dust and drawing the dust through the matrix 22 with a vacuum draw.
- the vacuum draw may be configured to create the alternating relatively high and relatively low particle density regions 26, 28.
- the dust may be bound or unbound.
- Suitable binders e.g., fluoropolymers, would be configured to at least partially secure the water transfer particles to the porous matrix.
- Suitable water transfer particles 24 include any material that will encourage transfer of water from one side of the diffusion media 20 to the other.
- suitable water transfer particles 24 include, but are not limited to, carbon (e.g., carbon fibers or powders), graphite (e.g., graphite fibers or powders), non-perfluorinated polymers, metal oxides, and combinations thereof.
- a suitable non-perfluorinated polymer is polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF).
- a suitable metal oxide is silicon dioxide.
- the water transfer particles 24 are generated from the material forming the porous matrix 22 and the porous matrix 22 comprises carbon paper, and the water transfer particles 24 will comprise carbon fibers, powders, or a combination of the two.
- the water transfer particles may be derived from the carbon paper and the hydrophobic layers.
- water transfer particles 24 may be derived from materials that are hydrophobic in one physical form but may operate as a hydrophilic water transfer particle in another physical state.
- the porous matrix 22 may comprise an electrically conductive material, carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, foam, carbon or graphite wovens, carbon or graphite non- wovens, metallic screens or foams, and combinations thereof.
- the porous matrix 22 may define a porosity characterized by a permeometer number (as measured with a Gurley Permeometer, model no. 4301) of about 50 ft 3 /min./ft 2 at about 0.5 inches of water or, more generally, a Gurley permeometer number of between about 20 ft /min./ft and about 100 ft 3 /min./ft 2 at about 0.5 inches of water.
- porosity is the measure of how easily air can pass through a sample of material.
- Gurley test measures the time needed to pass a given volume of air through the sample.
- the water transfer particles 24 may be selected such that they are sufficiently small enough to permit migration of the particles 24 through a thickness dimension d of the porous matrix 22. In this manner, the particles 24 may be distributed throughout the diffusion media 20 by placing the media 20 and particles 24 carried by the media 20 under a vacuum draw, as described in further detail below. Further, there may be operational benefits associated with migrational freedom of the water transfer particles 24 within the matrix 22.
- the migrational freedom of the particles 24 will permit transfer of some of the particles to the surface of the catalyst layer.
- the dimensions of the particles 24 are defined herein with reference to their ability to migrate within the matrix 22 of the diffusion media 20, it should be understood that such reference is taken independent of whether a binder is present in the diffusion media to bind the particles within the matrix.
- particle dimensions are defined by referring to the migratory characteristics of the particles in the diffusion media 20, it should be understood that the migratory characteristics are taken as if no binder were present in the diffusion media 20.
- the water transfer particles 24 are distributed across a cross section of the porous diffusion media 20 between the first and second major faces 21, 23 of the diffusion media and alternate across the first and second major faces 21, 23.
- the alternating high and low density regions 26, 28 are characterized by a periodicity of about 0.5cm.
- the periodicity and relative sizes of the high and low density regions 26, 28 depend largely upon the design requirements associated with the particular application in which the porous diffusion media 20 is to be utilized.
- the present inventors have recognized advantages in ensuring that water transfer on the anode and cathode sides of the fuel cell is complemented by gas transfer across the diffusion media 20.
- the alternating configuration of the high and low density regions 26, 28 of the present invention limits the interference between water and gas transfer by providing for division of the diffusion media 20 into regions 26 where water transfer is emphasized and regions 28 where gas transfer is emphasized.
- certain applications may benefit from a configuration where the respective cross-sectional dimensions of the relatively high and relatively low particle density regions 26, 28 vary inversely across the cross section of the porous diffusion media 20 between the first and second major faces 21, 23 of the diffusion media 20.
- a diffusion media may be created where one of the major faces 21 is dominated by the relatively high particle density regions 26 while the other of the major faces 23 is dominated by the relatively low particle density regions 28.
- the first major face will be collectively more hydrophilic than the second major face and the second major face will be collectively more hydrophobic than the first major face.
- these differing properties may be helpful in the context of a fuel cell.
- the present inventors have recognized that water transfer demands at the catalyst layers of a fuel cell should be addressed to avoid problems associated with catalyst flooding. Specifically, water is produced in cathode layers and may back diffuse from the cathode to the anode leading to flooding at the cathode and/or anode sides of a fuel cell. As is illustrated in Fig. 3, the first major face 21, which is dominated by the relatively high particle density regions 26, is positioned against the catalytic electrode layer 32 to address the water transfer demands at the catalyst layer 32 of the fuel cell.
- the density of the relatively high particle density regions may remain substantially uniform from one high particle density region to the next across one of the first and second major faces of the diffusion media.
- the density or configuration of the relatively high particle density regions may vary from one high particle density region to the next across one of the first and second major faces of the diffusion media. This variation in density across the face of the diffusion media may be helpful in the context of a fuel cell as it may be preferable to provide a characteristic density value profile that increases from a flow field inlet region of the diffusion media to a flow field outlet region of the flow field because water transfer demands may be more significant near the flow field outlet region, as compared to the flow field inlet region.
- the high particle density regions 26 may be defined as being sufficiently hydrophilic to define an advancing contact angle of between about 135° and about 180° or, more particularly, between about 160° and about 168°, along one of the first and second major surfaces 21, 23 of the diffusion media 20.
- the high particle density regions may be defined as being sufficiently hydrophilic to define a receding contact angle of between about 95° and about 135° or, more particularly, between about 95° and about 105°, along one of the first and second major surfaces 21, 23 of the diffusion media 20.
- the porous diffusion media 20 may comprise hydrophobic material 25, e.g., in the form of a hydrophobic layer, disposed along the second major face 23 of the diffusion media 20.
- the hydrophobic material 25 typically forms a relatively thin layer, e.g., up to about 125 ⁇ m in thickness, and may be impregnated in the porous matrix 22 at a loading of up to about 5mg per cm 2 of diffusion media surface area.
- the hydrophobic material 25 prevents accumulation of liquid water droplets on the second major face 23 of the diffusion media 20. It is contemplated that it may be preferable to ensure that the hydrophobic material 25 is more repellent to water droplets, i.e., more hydrophobic, than both the relatively high and relatively low particle density regions 26, 28 of the porous diffusion media 20.
- the hydrophobic material 25 may comprise carbon, graphite, a fluoropolymer, a polymer, and combinations thereof.
- suitable fluoropolymers may be produced from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), a perfluoroalkoxy compound, and combinations thereof
- a suitable polymer may be selected from polyphenylene, polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), and combinations thereof.
- devices according to the present invention may include additional structure defining a fuel cell powered motor vehicle 100, in combination with a fuel cell 10 according to the present invention and a fuel storage mechanism 15.
- the first step in the method may be to dip the substrate in a relatively hydrophobic substance.
- a typical substrate is 100 to 400 micron thick carbon fiber paper, for example Toray TGPH-060 produced by Toray (Japan).
- the solution is typically a dispersion containing a hydrophobic substance, such as polytetrafluororoethylene (PTFE), suspended in a solvent.
- PTFE polytetrafluororoethylene
- a typical dispersion is T-30 solution produced by duPont.
- the substrate is dipped in the dispersion for a time sufficient to achieve nearly complete saturation of the substrate with the material. More specifically, the substrate remains in the solution for about three minutes.
- the substrate is removed slowly in order to prevent breakage and at a slight angle to allow excess solution to run off the substrate.
- the paper is then allowed to drip dry for between about 5 to about 10 minutes on a rack.
- the rack holding the substrate is then placed into an oven to endure a heat cycle.
- the heat cycle can be broken down into three stages wherein the temperature of the oven can be increased at 10° C/minute.
- the heat cycle can increase from about 40° C to about 96° C and the temperature can be held for about 45 minutes.
- the temperature of the heat cycle can increase from 96° C to about 300° C and the temperature can be held for about 30 minutes.
- the temperature of the heat cycle can then be raised from about 300° C to about 390° C and the temperature can be held for about 20 minutes in order to sinter the PTFE.
- the oven is then allowed to cool to 40° C and the substrate is removed from the oven.
- about 0.1% to about 25% of the mass of the diffusion media, or more specifically, about 7% of the mass of the diffusion media comprises sintered PTFE.
- the PTFE is approximately evenly distributed over the first and second sides of the substrate to form the relatively hydrophobic layers of material. It is to be appreciated that an incidental amount of the relatively hydrophobic material may remain within the bulk of substrate.
- the relatively hydrophobic layer may comprise a continuous layer or a discontinuous layer.
- the second side of the substrate is placed over a vacuum draw.
- the vacuum draw contains air holes, which suction the substrate and hold the substrate against the vacuum table.
- the air holes are generally about 1/16" in diameter and spaced about l A" apart from one another.
- the air holes are in rows spaced about V ⁇ " apart from one another.
- the rows are typically staggered.
- the substrate then endures a grinding step on the first side of the substrate while exposed to the vacuum draw.
- the grinding creates a dust that the vacuum draw 70 pulls through some regions of the substrate - creating the high and low particle density regions described above.
- the vacuum draw pump pulls air through the air holes at about 210 cubic feet per minute for a substrate of approximately 1000 cm 2 in area.
- the substrate endures grinding on the first side wherein between about 10 microns and 500 microns of the substrate is ground away.
- the final thickness after grinding can be about 185 microns to about 200 microns from a starting material that is approximately 300 microns thick; therefore, typically about 100 microns of the substrate is ground away.
- the hydrophobic material e.g.
- the vacuum draw operates during the entire grinding process and is left on for a time sufficient to draw most, if not all, of the relatively hydrophobic dust through the substrate to a waste container attached to the vacuum.
- the relatively hydrophilic dust originating closer to the first side 21 is the last portion to be drawn through the substrate.
- the vacuum is turned off, the dust is allowed to settle in and on the substrate. More specifically, the relatively hydrophilic dust that was pulled through the substrate but not completely to the waste container remains within the pores of the substrate. The remaining relatively hydrophilic dust that had not yet reached the pores of the substrate may settle over the first side of the substrate, thereby forming a hydrophilic layer.
- a relatively hydrophilic substance may be sprinkled or applied over the substrate in addition to as an option in lieu of relying on the ground relatively hydrophilic dust settled on the ground side of the substrate.
- the use of a grinding step with precisely controlled thickness can improve the thickness uniformity of the diffusion media resulting in improved sheet-to-sheet and within-sheet thickness uniformity; it is known that thickness variation of state-of-the-art diffusion media is a troublesome issue since the current production processes do not allow for tight thickness control.
- the vacuum draw may contain rows of air holes that are spaced apart a specific distance according to a predetermined pattern.
- the pattern can be used to define distinct active areas of the diffusion media.
- the inlet region of the fuel cell has different requirements than the outlet region of the fuel cell.
- the pattern of air holes can be tailored to account for these differences.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10394032T DE10394032B4 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2003-12-08 | Porous diffusion medium, device with a porous diffusion medium and device with a membrane electrode assembly |
JP2004566929A JP4459820B2 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2003-12-08 | Diffusion layer and fuel cell |
AU2003297702A AU2003297702A1 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2003-12-08 | Diffusion layer and fuel cells |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US34512103A | 2003-01-15 | 2003-01-15 | |
US10/345,121 | 2003-01-15 | ||
US10/685,346 US7303835B2 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2003-10-14 | Diffusion media, fuel cells, and fuel cell powered systems |
US10/685,346 | 2003-10-14 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004066427A1 true WO2004066427A1 (en) | 2004-08-05 |
WO2004066427B1 WO2004066427B1 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
Family
ID=32775606
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2003/038879 WO2004066427A1 (en) | 2003-01-15 | 2003-12-08 | Diffusion layer and fuel cells |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP4459820B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003297702A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE10394032B4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004066427A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005018015A2 (en) * | 2003-07-28 | 2005-02-24 | General Motors Corporation | Spatially varying diffusion media and devices incorporating the same |
GB2422716A (en) * | 2005-01-26 | 2006-08-02 | Intelligent Energy Ltd | Multi-layer fuel cell diffuser |
CN101496198A (en) * | 2005-04-25 | 2009-07-29 | 通用汽车环球科技运作公司 | Diffusion media, fuel cells, and fuel cell powered systems |
CN101557001A (en) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-14 | 汉能科技有限公司 | Fuel cell film electrode and preparation method thereof |
DE112005000819B4 (en) * | 2004-04-14 | 2011-02-24 | General Motors Corp., Detroit | Process for producing a patterned diffusion medium and its use in a fuel cell |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5590181B2 (en) * | 2013-04-11 | 2014-09-17 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel cell |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0872907A1 (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 1998-10-21 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell |
US6024848A (en) * | 1998-04-15 | 2000-02-15 | International Fuel Cells, Corporation | Electrochemical cell with a porous support plate |
WO2001004980A1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2001-01-18 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Electrode substrate for electrochemical cells based on low-cost manufacturing processes |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19840517A1 (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2000-03-16 | Manhattan Scientifics Inc | Gas diffusion structure perpendicular to the membrane of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells |
EP1063717B1 (en) * | 1999-06-22 | 2011-09-28 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Stable and high-performance fuel cell |
-
2003
- 2003-12-08 WO PCT/US2003/038879 patent/WO2004066427A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-12-08 JP JP2004566929A patent/JP4459820B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-08 DE DE10394032T patent/DE10394032B4/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-08 AU AU2003297702A patent/AU2003297702A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0872907A1 (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 1998-10-21 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell |
US6024848A (en) * | 1998-04-15 | 2000-02-15 | International Fuel Cells, Corporation | Electrochemical cell with a porous support plate |
WO2001004980A1 (en) * | 1999-07-07 | 2001-01-18 | Sgl Carbon Ag | Electrode substrate for electrochemical cells based on low-cost manufacturing processes |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005018015A2 (en) * | 2003-07-28 | 2005-02-24 | General Motors Corporation | Spatially varying diffusion media and devices incorporating the same |
WO2005018015A3 (en) * | 2003-07-28 | 2005-05-06 | Gen Motors Corp | Spatially varying diffusion media and devices incorporating the same |
DE112005000819B4 (en) * | 2004-04-14 | 2011-02-24 | General Motors Corp., Detroit | Process for producing a patterned diffusion medium and its use in a fuel cell |
GB2422716A (en) * | 2005-01-26 | 2006-08-02 | Intelligent Energy Ltd | Multi-layer fuel cell diffuser |
GB2422716B (en) * | 2005-01-26 | 2007-08-22 | Intelligent Energy Ltd | Multi-layer fuel cell diffuser |
US8043767B2 (en) | 2005-01-26 | 2011-10-25 | Intelligent Energy Limited | Multi-layer fuel cell diffuser |
CN101496198A (en) * | 2005-04-25 | 2009-07-29 | 通用汽车环球科技运作公司 | Diffusion media, fuel cells, and fuel cell powered systems |
DE112006000990B4 (en) * | 2005-04-25 | 2009-12-03 | GM Global Technology Operations, Inc., Detroit | Fuel cell, use of a diffusion medium in a fuel cell and method for producing a diffusion medium |
US9515328B2 (en) | 2005-04-25 | 2016-12-06 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Diffusion media, fuel cells, and fuel cell powered systems |
CN101557001A (en) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-14 | 汉能科技有限公司 | Fuel cell film electrode and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10394032T5 (en) | 2005-11-17 |
AU2003297702A1 (en) | 2004-08-13 |
JP4459820B2 (en) | 2010-04-28 |
WO2004066427B1 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
DE10394032B4 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
JP2006513545A (en) | 2006-04-20 |
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