WO2003081807A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zum regeln eines sendezeitpunkts eines zeitkontinuierlichen sendesignals - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zum regeln eines sendezeitpunkts eines zeitkontinuierlichen sendesignals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003081807A1 WO2003081807A1 PCT/DE2003/000545 DE0300545W WO03081807A1 WO 2003081807 A1 WO2003081807 A1 WO 2003081807A1 DE 0300545 W DE0300545 W DE 0300545W WO 03081807 A1 WO03081807 A1 WO 03081807A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- unit
- time
- transmission
- correction
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
- H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
- H04B7/2662—Arrangements for Wireless System Synchronisation
- H04B7/2671—Arrangements for Wireless Time-Division Multiple Access [TDMA] System Synchronisation
- H04B7/2678—Time synchronisation
- H04B7/2687—Inter base stations synchronisation
- H04B7/269—Master/slave synchronisation
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for regulating a time of transmission of a time-continuous transmission signal, in particular a transmission signal of a radio station. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method with which the time of transmission of a time-continuous transmission signal is regulated.
- radio communication systems for example the second generation GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) European mobile radio system
- information is transmitted with the aid of electromagnetic waves via a radio interface.
- the radio interface relates to a connection between a base station and one or more subscriber stations, the subscriber stations being mobile stations or fixed radio stations.
- the electromagnetic waves are emitted at carrier frequencies that lie in a frequency band specified for the respective system.
- UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
- frequencies in the frequency band of approx. 2000 MHz are provided.
- Two modes are provided for this third mobile radio generation, one mode denoting FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) operation and the other mode denoting TDD (Time Division Duplex) operation. Both modes support a so-called CDMA subscriber
- an essential requirement is that the transmission time of the transmission signal can be set. This is necessary in order to comply with the • Sufficient written time references.
- the transmission time of a mobile station is determined by the base station to which the mobile station has synchronized itself. The transmission time of the mobile station is corrected in relation to the data received from the base station. When correcting this transmission time, no information may be added to the transmission signal or This entails the requirement that only relatively small corrections of a symbol to be transmitted may be carried out and that large time jumps when correcting the transmission time of the transmission signal must be avoided.
- the rate of change at which a correction must be made is specified by the respective standard and must be adhered to during the correction.
- the phase fluctuations of the signals for example the so-called jitter, by which phase fluctuations are generally understood, as small as possible.
- German patent application DE 198 58 358 A1 discloses a method for time synchronization of radio stations in a radio communication system, which can be base stations or moving mobile stations. The adjustment is carried out alternately between the radio stations.
- a second radio station receives transmissions from at least one first neighboring radio station via a radio interface. Depending on the transmissions received, this second radio station determines a time of reception and compares this time of reception with a time of transmission of its own transmissions. The result of the comparison is sent as synchronization information to the first radio station, which in turn adjusts its own transmission time in the sense of the received synchronization information to the transmission time of the second radio station.
- This method is complex and both the time of transmission and the reception in the radio stations have to be changed and taken into account in each case.
- the receiving and the transmitting unit can each be designed as a base station or mobile station and used for signal transmission.
- the time bases of base station and mobile station which generally differ from one another, are continuously synchronized during an existing connection in order to neutralize this deviation.
- Synchronization data for example a synchronization word, for clock recovery and data for synchronization of the reception unit in each channel time slot of a transmission frame in a data burst are sent from the transmission unit to the reception unit.
- the data received in the receiving unit are compared until the correct synchronization data are recognized. That in the received
- the actual synchronization bit contained in the synchronization word is determined and compared with the target synchronization bit, which serves as a reference bit in the receiving unit, with respect to its position by means of a comparator. If the two bit positions are different, an error signal is generated by the comparator.
- An error counting unit connected downstream of the comparator counts the error signals in a predetermined time period, which is determined by the clock frequency for the data burst transmission and by the number of counting steps of a frame counting device.
- the chronological sequence of the error signals determined is a measure of the difference between the time bases of the receiving unit and the transmitting unit.
- a correction signal is generated from the number of stored error signals in the receiving unit, which is used for synchronization in the case of reception during a connection or in the event of reception failure during a connection interruption.
- the synchronization of the time bases of the receiving unit and the transmitting unit is relatively complex and relatively imprecise.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a device and a method of the type mentioned at the outset in which the synchronization of the transmission time can be achieved simply and with high accuracy and reliability.
- a device for regulating a time of transmission of a time-continuous transmission signal, that is to say a signal without a data burst, a transmission / reception unit, in particular a transmission signal from a radio station, has a correction unit which generates an output data signal.
- This correction unit is electrically connected to a downstream sequence control unit, which generates a work clock signal that is present at a downstream counter unit.
- the counter unit generates an actual transmission time signal.
- a control device which is connected downstream of the counter unit, uses the actual transmission time signal and an external desired transmission time signal to generate a correction signal which is applied to the correction unit for correcting the actual transmission time.
- the transmission time can be set with high accuracy and reliability.
- Another advantage can be seen in the fact that the absolute time of transmission can be set explicitly only in the transmitter module of the transceiver unit, regardless of the receiver module of the transceiver unit. Likewise, no readjustment of the frequency of the system oscillator specified in accordance with the transmission standard is necessary, as a result of which • A change in both the transmission and the reception times of the signals and thereby a change in the receiver is not necessary.
- the control device has a comparator unit, at the inputs of which the actual transmission time signal and the desired transmission time signal are present, and the comparator unit generates as output signal a difference signal which contains information about the deviation of the two transmission times ,
- the comparator unit is designed as a difference former, for example as a comparator.
- control device has a control unit, in particular a microprocessor, which is connected downstream of the comparator unit, the difference signal being present at an input of the control unit and the control unit generating the correction signal as the output signal.
- the speed for the correction is set such that the correction is carried out within the time period specified by the respective standard, for example UMTS. Furthermore, it is thereby possible to match the data stream to be transmitted, i.e. the transmission signal, with the lowest possible jitter as precisely as possible to the reference transmission time serving as a reference, which is known from the data received from another radio station, for example a base station . Another advantage is the fact that the correction of the actual transmission time can be carried out without large time jumps and that only small parts of a symbol to be transmitted are corrected.
- the correction unit is preferably designed as a fractional sampling rate converter unit with a variable conversion ratio.
- the correction unit is followed by a D / A converter, at one input of which the clocked output data signal is present and at another input of which is a sampling clock signal from a sampling clock source.
- the D / A converter generates the analog transmit signal as the output signal.
- the output clock of the D / A converter is almost jitter-free, which means that the transmission spectrum of the analog transmission signal is achieved fulfills the requirements of the respective standard.
- Another preferred embodiment is characterized in that a signal processing unit is connected downstream of the counter unit and the sequence control unit, and is connected upstream of the correction unit and generates a transmission signal.
- the control device can have a time control unit which is connected upstream of the comparator unit and transmits the external desired transmission time signal to the comparator unit.
- a periodic start signal the period of which is determined by the respective radio system - for example UMTS or GSM - is specified by this time control unit.
- the device has several clock domains, that is to say subsystems of the entire device, which generally work with different clocks and are therefore not necessarily synchronous with one another.
- the control device is operated at a clock rate which is predetermined by the period of the desired transmission time signal by means of the time control unit.
- the device is simple and inexpensive, advantageously designed in such a way that it can work across these boundaries of the different clock domains.
- the transmitter / receiver unit is particularly advantageous to design the transmitter / receiver unit as a mobile station, which in particular supports one of the standards GSM or UMTS.
- the invention also includes a method for regulating a time of transmission of a continuous-time transmission signal from a transmitting / receiving unit, in particular a transmission signal from a radio station.
- An internal actual transmission time signal is generated in the transmission / reception unit and compared with an external, desired transmission time signal derived from the transmission / reception unit from a reception signal.
- a difference signal is generated from the deviation of the actual transmission time from the target transmission time.
- the actual transmission time is corrected only in the transmission / reception unit, in particular in the transmission module of the transmission / reception unit.
- the correction is carried out in such a way that the deviation of the two transmission times contained in the difference signal is minimized, the correction is carried out independently of the defined cycle time of the underlying radio system and the time period of the correction is set variably.
- the transmission time of the transmission signal can be set relatively easily and quickly, and synchronization of the transmission times can be set with high accuracy and reliability.
- the deviation of the transmission times is minimized in that an input data signal is compressed or stretched in time.
- this upsetting or stretching of the input data signal is carried out by reducing or enlarging the conversion ratio of the fractional sampling rate converter unit.
- a correction signal is preferably applied to the fractional sampling rate converter unit, by means of which the conversion ratio is changed in such a way that it is either set to a fixed value for a steady state of the system or to a value corresponding to a stretching or compressing of the input data signal.
- a particularly advantageous embodiment is characterized in that the value to which the conversion ratio is changed, the time period for how long the changed conversion ratio is activated, and the point in time at which the changed conversion ratio is activated contain information in a single correction signal and be transferred.
- the actual transmission time of the transmission signal can be matched to the desired transmission time as precisely and jitter-free as possible, and that the correction of the transmission signal and the transmission spectrum of the transmission signal satisfy the conditions specified by the respective standard.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a device according to the invention
- Fig. 3 waveforms of an input data signal and a compressed output data signal.
- a device has a control device 1 (FIG. 1).
- the control device 1 comprises a time control unit 11 which has a downstream comparator unit 12, which in the exemplary embodiment is designed as a difference generator 12. Furthermore, the control device 1 has a control unit 13 which is connected downstream of the comparator unit 12.
- the control device 1, in particular the control unit 13, is electrically connected to a correction unit 2, which in the exemplary embodiment is designed as a sampling rate converter unit 2, via a first input.
- the sampling rate converter unit 2 is connected to an upstream signal processing unit 3 via a second input.
- a sampling clock source 4 is electrically connected to the sampling rate converter unit 2 at a third input. Via a first output, the sampling rate converter unit 2 has an electrical connection to a downstream sequence control unit 5.
- the sequence control unit 5 is also connected to the upstream sampling clock source 4 via a second input. The output of the sequence control unit 5 is on the one hand with an input of the
- the output of this counter unit 6 is electrically connected on the one hand to an input of the signal processing unit 3 and on the other hand to an input of the comparator 12.
- the sampling rate converter unit 2 is followed by a D / A converter 7, which is also connected to the sampling clock via a second input.
- source -4 is connected. 1 only shows the components of a transmitter module of the transmitter / receiver unit that are essential to the invention.
- the mode of operation of the device for regulating an absolute time of transmission of a time-continuous transmission signal is explained in more detail below.
- the time control unit 11 contains information about the desired transmission time specified by the underlying system, for example UMTS or GSM. This information is transmitted by a signal to the transmission
- the timing control unit 11 generates a periodic start signal, the target transmission time signal 101, which is applied to the difference generator 12.
- the period of the desired transmission time signal 101 is predetermined by the corresponding mobile radio system - for example UMTS or GSM.
- a sampling clock signal 301 is generated by the sampling clock source 4.
- the sampling clock is understood to be the clock frequency with which a digital / analog (D / A) converter, here the D / A converter 7, is operated or would have to be operated in order to convert a signal from the digital to the analog domain.
- This sampling clock signal 301 is applied to the sequence control unit 5.
- the sequence control unit 5 generates a work clock signal 202 from the scan clock signal 301 and a control signal 201 generated by the scan rate converter unit 2.
- the work clock is understood as the clock with which the registers in the digital modules work.
- the sampling clock is in any fractional relationship to the work clock which is the basis for the signal processing unit 3.
- the work clock signal 202 is transmitted both to the signal processing unit 3 and to the counter unit 6.
- the counter unit 6 counts the work cycles contained in the work clock signal 202, for example by counting the edges of the work clock signal 202, and generates an actual transmission time signal 203 therefrom.
- the actual transmission time signal 203 is a periodically recurring one Which is 6 • always generated by "the counter unit signal, when a new transmission frame begins. This actual transmission timing signal 203 is applied to one input of the comparator 12 and to an input of signal processing unit 3.
- the work cycle is generated by the sequence control unit 5 in such a way that the signal processing unit 3 generates sample values, specifically with the required input-side sample rate of the sample rate converter unit 2.
- the sample values are transmitted to the sample rate converter unit 2 with the aid of the data signal 204.
- the difference former 12 determines from the transmission time signals 101 and 203 present at its inputs a time difference which corresponds to the deviation of the actual transmission time from the desired transmission time. This deviation is contained as information in a difference signal 102, which is transmitted to the control unit 13.
- the transmission of the difference signal 102 to the control unit 13 can be carried out on the one hand by a regular interrogation of the comparator 12 by the control unit 13. On the other hand, it can also be done by triggering an interrupt request at the control unit 13.
- the size of the deviation of the transmission times and the speed at which the deviation is changed are determined in the control unit 13 from the data information in the difference signal 102.
- the control unit 13 uses this information to generate a correction signal 103.
- the correction signal 103 contains information about the value to which a sampling rate ratio of the sampling rate converter unit 2 is changed, as well as the length of time, how long this changed sampling rate ratio is activated and at what point in time this activation is started.
- the sampling rate ratio is understood to mean the conversion ratio of the fractional sampling rate converter unit 2, which is defined by the ratio of output sample rate to Due to this correction, the deviation between the two transmission times is minimized.
- the correction takes place independently of the defined cycle time of the underlying radio system, for example UMTS or GSM, and independently of the receiver module of the mobile station only in the transmitter module of the mobile station.
- the speed at which the correction is carried out is variably set, the speed being set depending on the value of the sampling rate ratio and the duration of the activated state of this ratio.
- the correction signal 103 is transmitted from the control unit 13 to the sampling rate converter unit 2.
- the correction signal 103 is thereby from a clock domain of the transmitter module of the mobile station, the bus clock domain, which is characterized by the control device 1 and is clocked with a clock duration that is specified by the time control unit 11, into a second clock domain of the transmitter module, the digital hardware Clock domain, transmitted.
- the timing of the sampling rate converter unit 2 is thus predetermined by the control unit 13.
- the correction signal 103 is evaluated and, depending on the changed sampling rate ratio or the conversion ratio, the sampling rate converter unit 2 generates the clock control signal 201, which serves as a control signal for the internal sequence control.
- the digital hardware clock domain has a clock which is different and generally not synchronous with the clock of the bus clock domain.
- the sampling rate ratio or conversion ratio of the sampling rate converter unit 2 has a fixed ratio. If the sampling rate ratio is increased, less data per unit of time are read in at the specified sampling clock. This means that the input data signal 204 transmitted from the signal processing unit 3 to the sampling rate converter unit 2 is stretched and subsequent signal components of the input data signal 204 are shifted backwards in time.
- the average edge frequency of the working clock signal 202 is an integer multiple of the average data rate of the input data signal 204.
- the input data signal 204 generally has a different timing than the output data signal 302.
- the output data signal 302 is in a third clock domain, the D / A converter clock domain of the mobile station, which generally has a different clock than the bus and digital hardware clock domains have further processed.
- the output data signal 302 is compressed in comparison to the input data signal 204 and subsequent signal components shift forward in time.
- the changed sampling rate ratio remains activated until the deviation of the transmission times falls below a defined threshold. If this is achieved, the correction signal 103 is deactivated and the sampling rate ratio is again set to the value determined for the steady state.
- the digital clocked output data signal 302 is transmitted to the D / A converter unit 7, which generates an analog time-continuous transmission signal 303 with the unchangeable sampling clock 301.
- the phase position of this continuous-time analog transmission signal 303 is correct with that by
- the desired transmission time signal 101 exceeds the predetermined phase position, the phase positions of the two signals having a maximum deviation that lies within a defined tolerance range. A corresponding correction of the actual transmission time in comparison to the target transmission time as a reference time is thus achieved.
- the maximum permitted deviation between the actual transmission time and the desired transmission time can thus be set very precisely on the transmission signal by the device and the method.
- a residual error is generally dependent on the frequency with which the comparator 12 is queried by the control unit 13 and how the sampling rate converter unit 2 is controlled by the control unit 13 by means of the correction signal 103.
- the upsetting or stretching of the input data signal 204 by the sampling rate converter unit 2 is carried out in such a way that no information of the input data signal 204 is lost or added.
- the counter status of the counter unit 6 is contained as information in the actual transmission time signal 203 as the actual transmission time.
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary signal curve of the input data signal 204.
- the time difference between the actual transmission time with the time reference T new and the target transmission time with the time reference T aX is shown by the time difference Tai ff .
- the sampling rate ratio is increased, as a result of which the input data signal 204 is changed accordingly and the output data signal 302 is stretched course.
- the subsequent signal components are shifted backwards in time.
- FIG. 3 also shows an exemplary signal curve of an input data signal 204 with the reference numerals corresponding to FIG. 2 of the time deviation Tdi ff and the time references T a ⁇ t, T neu of the transmission times.
- the sampling rate ratio is reduced, as a result of which the input data signal 204 is changed accordingly and the output data signal 302 has a compressed signal profile. The subsequent signal components are shifted forward in time.
- a time of transmission of a continuous-time transmission signal can be set easily.
- the correction of a deviation between the actual transmission time and the desired transmission time is only carried out in the transmission module of the mobile station and is set with high accuracy and reliability over several clock domains within the transmission module. Correction takes place independently of the system clock and the speed of changing the deviation is set variably, the deviation of the transmission times being determined by a comparator unit, in particular a comparator 12, and the correction unit used for correction, in particular the sampling rate converter unit 2, being controlled by the control unit 13 , In connection with the counter unit 6 and the sequence control unit 5, the correction is carried out in accordance with the requirements specified by the respective standard, for example UMTS or GSM.
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- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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- Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/508,816 US7263338B2 (en) | 2002-03-25 | 2003-02-21 | Device and method for regulating a transmission moment of a continuous transmission signal |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10213262.3 | 2002-03-25 | ||
DE10213262A DE10213262B4 (de) | 2002-03-25 | 2002-03-25 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Regeln eines Sendezeitpunkts eines zeitkontinuierlichen Sendesignals |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003081807A1 true WO2003081807A1 (de) | 2003-10-02 |
Family
ID=28050815
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2003/000545 WO2003081807A1 (de) | 2002-03-25 | 2003-02-21 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum regeln eines sendezeitpunkts eines zeitkontinuierlichen sendesignals |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7263338B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN100401655C (de) |
DE (1) | DE10213262B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003081807A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10258764A1 (de) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-07-15 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Steuersignalen in einer Funkstation |
US20050169415A1 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2005-08-04 | Agere Systems Inc. | Timing error recovery system |
US9100133B2 (en) * | 2006-12-26 | 2015-08-04 | Ciena Corporation | Methods and systems for carrying synchronization over ethernet and optical transport network |
US11139946B2 (en) * | 2016-06-02 | 2021-10-05 | Apple Inc. | Device and method for cancelling interference caused by non-linear device |
US10568056B2 (en) * | 2016-10-21 | 2020-02-18 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Method of assigning transmission timing to radio terminal, radio network node and radio terminal |
EP3410605A1 (de) | 2017-06-02 | 2018-12-05 | Intel IP Corporation | Kommunikationsvorrichtung und -verfahren für funkkommunikation |
TWI772574B (zh) * | 2018-12-07 | 2022-08-01 | 新唐科技股份有限公司 | 通用序列匯流排裝置及其操作方法 |
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US3813496A (en) * | 1972-10-02 | 1974-05-28 | Communications Satellite Corp | Tdma bursts acquisition system |
WO1999033207A1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Synchronization for cellular telecommunications network |
DE19858358A1 (de) * | 1998-12-17 | 2000-06-29 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Zeitsychronisation von Funkstationen in einem Funk-Kommunikationssystem |
Family Cites Families (14)
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JP2710557B2 (ja) * | 1994-04-26 | 1998-02-10 | 静岡日本電気株式会社 | 無線選択呼出受信機の時刻補正方式 |
US5959980A (en) * | 1995-06-05 | 1999-09-28 | Omnipoint Corporation | Timing adjustment control for efficient time division duplex communication |
DE19525426C1 (de) * | 1995-07-12 | 1996-11-28 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Synchronisation der Zeitbasis einer Empfangseinheit auf die Zeitbasis einer Sendeeinheit bei einer Telekommunikationseinrichtung |
US6665308B1 (en) * | 1995-08-25 | 2003-12-16 | Terayon Communication Systems, Inc. | Apparatus and method for equalization in distributed digital data transmission systems |
JP2985773B2 (ja) * | 1996-06-10 | 1999-12-06 | 日本電気株式会社 | 無線基地局間同期装置 |
CN1188359A (zh) * | 1996-10-24 | 1998-07-22 | 克罗内有限公司 | 在异步传送方式网络中进行同步传输的方法及电路结构 |
DE19716344C2 (de) * | 1997-04-18 | 2000-02-10 | Siemens Ag | Synchronisationsverfahren und Synchronisationsvorrichtung |
US5914757A (en) * | 1997-04-21 | 1999-06-22 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | Synchronization of multiple video and graphic sources with a display using a slow PLL approach |
AU8887398A (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 1999-03-22 | Sony Corporation | Transmitter for multichannel digital data and transmission method |
US7301986B2 (en) * | 1997-09-15 | 2007-11-27 | Andrzej Partyka | Frequency hopping system for intermittent transmission |
JP3321556B2 (ja) * | 1997-12-05 | 2002-09-03 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 縮退制御方法、多重化制御装置 |
JP2000253446A (ja) * | 1999-03-04 | 2000-09-14 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 基地局装置及びフレーム同期取得方法 |
JP2001094417A (ja) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-04-06 | Toshiba Microelectronics Corp | デジタル方式pll回路 |
JP3689021B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-25 | 2005-08-31 | 三菱電機株式会社 | タイミング制御装置及びタイミング制御方法 |
-
2002
- 2002-03-25 DE DE10213262A patent/DE10213262B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-02-21 CN CNB03807155XA patent/CN100401655C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-21 US US10/508,816 patent/US7263338B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-21 WO PCT/DE2003/000545 patent/WO2003081807A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3813496A (en) * | 1972-10-02 | 1974-05-28 | Communications Satellite Corp | Tdma bursts acquisition system |
WO1999033207A1 (en) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Synchronization for cellular telecommunications network |
DE19858358A1 (de) * | 1998-12-17 | 2000-06-29 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Zeitsychronisation von Funkstationen in einem Funk-Kommunikationssystem |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1643824A (zh) | 2005-07-20 |
US20060015640A1 (en) | 2006-01-19 |
CN100401655C (zh) | 2008-07-09 |
DE10213262A1 (de) | 2003-10-23 |
DE10213262B4 (de) | 2005-11-10 |
US7263338B2 (en) | 2007-08-28 |
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