WO2002099816A2 - Process for the recovery of a radioisotope from an irradiated target - Google Patents
Process for the recovery of a radioisotope from an irradiated target Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002099816A2 WO2002099816A2 PCT/US2002/017678 US0217678W WO02099816A2 WO 2002099816 A2 WO2002099816 A2 WO 2002099816A2 US 0217678 W US0217678 W US 0217678W WO 02099816 A2 WO02099816 A2 WO 02099816A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- target
- sonication
- dissolution medium
- radioisotope
- irradiated target
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G4/00—Radioactive sources
- G21G4/04—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources
- G21G4/06—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources characterised by constructional features
- G21G4/08—Radioactive sources other than neutron sources characterised by constructional features specially adapted for medical application
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
- G21G1/10—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by bombardment with electrically charged particles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved process for the recovery of a radioisotope from an irradiated target, such as a target from a cyclotron.
- the improvement comprises sonication of the target dissolution medium.
- radioisotopes by bombardment of a non-radioactive target with particles, especially protons in a cyclotron, to convert a small percentage of the irradiated target surface into one or more radioisotopes.
- the radioisotope is then separated from the target by either:
- the dissolution medium is subjected to further purification steps involving one or more selective separation techniques such as ion exchange chromatography, solvent extraction or precipitation.
- Method (ii) may employ controlled conditions such as limited concentrations or amounts of chemicals, or solvents in which only the target surface has significant solubility.
- Method (ii) is preferred where the target is relatively precious, eg. an artificially enriched level of a particular isotope to improve the yield of the desired radioisotope product, or the target comprises a precious metal.
- Method (ii) also has the advantage that there are lower levels of the non-radioactive target material present in solution. This makes the subsequent separation and purification of the radioisotope more straightforward.
- radioisotope is to be used for medical applications involving administration to the human body (ie. a radiopharmaceutical), where removal of the potentially toxic levels of the non-radioactive target material (typically a heavy metal) is highly desirable.
- a radiopharmaceutical ie. a radiopharmaceutical
- removal of the potentially toxic levels of the non-radioactive target material typically a heavy metal
- carrier-free 67 Cu can be produced by proton spallation of a zinc oxide target with subsequent chemical separation and purification.
- the zinc oxide target is irradiated with protons having an energy of 800 MeV, and the irradiated target dissolved in concentrated acid.
- the 67 Cu is then separated by a series of ion exchange chromatography and precipitation procedures.
- US 3993538 discloses that 201 T1 suitable for use as a myocardial imaging radiopharmaceutical can be prepared by bombardment of a thallium target with 20-30
- MeV protons via the reaction Pb radioisotope formed has a half- life of 9.4 hours, and decays to the desired 201 T1.
- the target is completely dissolved in concentrated nitric acid forming soluble lead and thallium nitrates. Evaporation and further chemical purification steps gave the desired 201 T1 product.
- US 4297166 discloses a thallium target for the production of the radioisotope 201 T1, in which the 203 T1 target material is electroplated onto an electroconductive support such as copper or silver.
- the electroconductive support has two advantages. First, it can be used to provide efficient cooling of the thallium layer (via a circulating fluid such as water or gas). Second, it can facilitate target processing, since only the thallium target layer and radioisotope formed is dissolved during processing. This makes the purification of the 201 T1 radioisotope more straightforward, since the processed target solution does not contain substantial amounts of the non-radioactive electroconductive support (eg. copper). After chemical processing, the target electroconductive support can then simply be reused by electroplating with more thallium, and subsequent proton bombardment.
- the non-radioactive electroconductive support eg. copper
- JP 04-326096 A (1992) discloses a cyclotron target which comprises silver plated onto a copper support.
- the desired target material ( 68 Zn) is plated onto the silver, and then irradiated with a proton beam.
- the silver layer means that no copper is present in the acid processing solutions, ie. the recovery and purification of the desired 68 Zn radioisotope is simplified.
- US 6011825 discloses a cyclotron method for the production of radioisotopes, especially 64 Cu.
- the 64 Cu is produced by proton bombardment of a target which comprises 64 Ni deposited onto a gold substrate.
- the irradiated 64 Ni together with the 64 Cu product are dissolved off the gold disk in 6.0 M hydrochloric acid at 90 °C.
- Prior art chemistry used to process targets therefore typically employs concentrated solutions of mineral acids (eg. hydrochloric acid), or powerful oxidising agents such as hydrogen peroxide. Acids which are also powerful oxidising agents, such as concentrated nitric acid may also be used. Heating is often also applied. Such forcing conditions are understandable given that the target material to be dissolved may be a relatively unreactive metal such as rhodium.
- the difficulty of achieving the required dissolution of the target may also mean that extended contact times are required.
- all such target processing time is time during which radioactive decay of the desired product is occurring, ie. product is being lost.
- the present invention provides a process for the separation of a radioisotope from an irradiated target comprising:
- the target of the present invention suitably comprises a 'surface solid material' which, when irradiated with charged particles reacts to give one or more radioisotopes.
- the surface solid material is thus that part of the irradiated target which reacts during the irradiation to give the desired radioisotope product.
- the charged particles are suitably derived from an accelerator, preferably a cyclotron.
- the charged particles may be protons, deuterons, alpha, 3 He or electrons, and are preferably protons.
- Suitable surface solid materials include metals such as thallium, cadmium, rhodium, molybdenum or zinc, or metal oxides such as zinc oxide, strontium oxide or gallium oxide, plus such materials containing an artificially enriched level of a particular isotope.
- Preferred surface solid materials are those which are suitable for plating (eg. by electroplating or electroless deposition) onto a support material.
- the target preferably comprises a 'support material' onto which is provided an outer coating of the surface solid material to be irradiated.
- the support material functions to provide effective cooling of the irradiated surface solid material during the irradiation, and permits separation of the radioisotope product, leaving the support material substantially unchanged, ready to be reused.
- the 'support material' preferably comprises a material which is a good conductor of heat and/or electricity, ie. is electroconductive. Suitable support materials include copper, silver, aluminium, stainless steel or carbon (eg. graphite).
- the support material is suitably of a shape and size that permits facile production, as well as ease of attachment and detachment from the target assembly.
- a preferred shape of the support material is a plate.
- the support material preferably comprises silver, and is most preferably made entirely of silver, since silver has advantages over copper.
- the non-radioactive copper of a copper support material can dissolve in acidic dissolution media (especially nitric acid). This makes purification and isolation of the radioisotope more difficult, by eg. increasing the viscosity of the dissolution medium, making solvent extraction of the radioisotope product more difficult.
- one advantage of the use of silver as the support material is that silver does not dissolve readily in nitric acid, which makes subsequent purification of the radioisotope easier.
- Silver does, however, have a finite solubility in concentrated hydrobromic acid, hence is less advantageous when the dissolution medium comprises concentrated hydrobromic acid.
- any protons which penetrate the surface solid material and are captured by the copper lead to the production of the potential impurity radioisotope 65 Zn.
- At least a portion of any 65 Zn formed may dissolve in the dissolution medium, especially when the dissolution medium comprises aqueous acid, since Zn(0) dissolves in acid.
- 65 Zn has a half-life of 244 days, and hence both the copper target support material and the dissolution medium are, in effect, contaminated for a prolonged period.
- the period necessary to await radioactive decay of the 65 Zn is so long (minimum 10 half-lives), that corrosion of the copper support is likely to occur during the storage period to allow for decay.
- any 65 Zn contamination of the dissolution medium means that, even after the desired radioisotope product has been isolated or extracted, the dissolution medium must be kept for prolonged periods to await decay of the 65 Zn.
- the support material comprises silver
- any protons captured by the silver generate the radioisotopes 105 Ag and 106m Ag, which have half-lives of 41.3 and 8.5 days respectively. The result is that such silver target supports can be reused after an appropriate decay period (suitably of approximately one year).
- Radioisotopes which can be prepared using the present process include 201 T1, 83 Rb, 88 Y, 88 Zr, 96 Tc, 97 Ru, In, 67 Ga, 68 Ge, 57 Co, 103 Pd, 62 Cu and 67 Cu.
- the process is especially useful for 201 T1, m In 3 67 Ga, 103 Pd, 57 Co and 62 Cu, particularly 201 T1.
- the present invention may also be applied to the production of parent radioisotopes which decay to give positron emitters useful as radiopharmaceuticals, as used in so-called radioisotope generators.
- Suitable parent radioisotopes include: 82 Sr ( 82 Rb), 68 Ge ( 68 Ga) and 62 Zn ( 62 Cu).
- the support material may optionally further comprise an 'inert layer' at its' outer surface.
- the inert layer suitably forms an unreactive layer interspersed between the surface solid material and the bulk of the support material.
- the inert layer comprises a material which is essentially insoluble in the dissolution medium, and thus protects the support material from partial dissolution when the irradiated target is processed.
- the inert layer is provided at a thickness of less than 10 ⁇ m, to maximise the transparency of the inert layer to the charged particles used in the target irradiation, and hence minimise potential radioisotopic impurities arising due to capture of the charged particles by the inert layer itself.
- the inert layer functions to minimise dissolution of the target support material, together with any radioisotopic impurities formed via irradiation of the target support material (eg. the low energy gamma emitters 105 Ag or I06m Ag from a silver support material), into the dissolution medium. Any such dissolution could introduce potential impurities into the desired radioisotope product.
- Suitable inert layers comprise unreactive metals such as silver, gold, platinum, tungsten, tantalum or nickel. When the surface solid material is zinc, and the support material is copper, then nickel represents a preferred inert layer material.
- the inert layer comprises gold or silver, most preferably gold. Gold has the advantage that it has greater passivity (ie. is less reactive chemically), and is most suitable for accepting the plated solid material of the target.
- the sonication of the present invention may suitably be provided either by an ultrasonic probe which is immersed in the dissolution medium, or via external sonication of the container or bath containing the dissolution medium.
- Suitable sonication probes and sonication baths are commercially available.
- the sonication apparatus converts the frequency of the power supply (eg. 50 to 60 Hz) to high frequency 20 kHz electrical energy. This high frequency electrical energy is in turn converted via a transducer in the sonication apparatus to mechanical vibrations (either of the sonication probe or sonication bath). The mechanical vibrations are intensified by the sonication apparatus, thus creating pressure waves within the dissolution medium. These pressure waves form microbubbles in the dissolution medium, which expand during the negative pressure phase, and implode violently during the positive pressure phase. This phenomenon is known as cavitation, and causes the molecules in the dissolution medium to become intensely agitated. Suitable sonication probes have a level of cavitation at the horn tip of ca.
- suitable sonication baths may have a lower cavitation level of ca. 1 W/cm 2 at the horn tip, with a frequency of 36-42 kHz.
- the sonication bath may comprise any material compatible with the dissolution medium, but is preferably Teflon .
- Teflon a material compatible with the dissolution medium.
- Tl it has been found that there are separation distance effects (see Examples 1 and 2).
- the dissolution can be accelerated using an ultrasonic immersion probe, the irradiated 203 Tl-enriched target material in proximity to the probe was found to be dissolved smoothly, whereas those parts of the irradiated target more distant from the probe were harder to dissolve.
- an immersion probe gives less uniform effects due to inhomogeneity, whereas ultrasonic baths give more uniform or homogeneous performance. It is therefore preferred that, when the size and geometry of the target is suitable for immersion of the whole target in a sonication bath, that such a sonication bath is used, ie. that external sonication of the dissolution medium is applied. External sonication also gives shorter dissolution times (see Example 1), and is more convenient since there is no need to wash or decontaminate the immersion probe between preparations. Internal sonication may, however, be the best option when the size and geometry of the target is such that only a portion of the target can be immersed in a sonication bath.
- the shorter dissolution times of the present invention are believed to result from improved kinetics of mixing the dissolution medium with the surface solid material, due to the cavitation of the dissolution medium. This confers particular improvements where the solubility of the irradiated target material in the dissolution medium is low, especially when it is necessary to dissolve the whole irradiated target.
- any reduction in the target processing time results in an improved yield, because there is reduced loss due to radioactive decay during target processing.
- this problem is exacerbated the shorter the half-life of the radioisotope, such as positron emitters which may have half-lives of the order of a few hours. Shorter processing times also reduce the risk of radiation dose to the operator, by reducing the time spent in target processing.
- the process of the present invention also permits the use of much milder conditions for processing the irradiated target. This includes the use of more dilute solutions of acids and/or oxidants, lower temperatures, and shorter reaction times.
- dilute aqueous nitric can be used as the dissolution medium instead of the conventional concentrated nitric acid solution (7 molar).
- 'dilute aqueous nitric acid' is meant an aqueous solution which is 0.5 to 1.5 molar; preferably 0.8 to 1.2 molar, most preferably about 1 molar.
- the present invention provides an improved process for the production of 201 T1.
- the improved process comprises the use of the sonication process as described above, together with a target which comprises 203 T1 as the surface solid material, where the target is irradiated with protons, and the dissolution medium is 'dilute nitric acid' as defined above.
- the support material preferably comprises silver, and most preferably is made entirely of silver metal. The use of silver as the support medium has the advantages described above, and the sonication method provides a shorter processing time, which gives improved yields of 201 T1.
- the radioisotope Tl illustrates an additional reason why shorter processing times are important. It is typically produced by proton beam irradiation of a 203 Tl-enriched solid target material, giving 201 Pb via a (p,3n) nuclear reaction, and subsequent extraction of the trace amount of 201 Pb produced.
- the 201 Pb initial product decays to 201 T1 with a half-life of 9.4 hours. This means that the Pb must be chemically separated from the target Tl before the desired Tl can be obtained, since once the Tl decay product has formed, it is chemically identical to the 203 TI target material, and hence impossible to separate therefrom.
- Example 1 Sonication of 203 T1 Targets (Comparative Example).
- Three identical silver target plates ie. targets where solid silver is used as the support material, in the shape of a plate, without an inert layer
- a dissolution medium of 5% aqueous nitric acid solution (molarity ca. 1M) in three separate baths.
- the dissolution of the 203 Tl-thallium target material was carried out: (a) without sonication, (b) with a 100 W ultrasonic probe,
- Example 2 Production of Tl Using a Silver-containing Target.
- the target was irradiated for 8 hours with protons, using a proton beam of about 30 MeV.
- the dissolution of the irradiated 203 Tl-enriched target material was carried out in an ultrasonic bath of 300 W sonication power, with 5% aqueous (ie. ca. 1M) nitric acid as the dissolution medium. The dissolution was complete in about 10 minutes. Hydrochloric acid was then added to the solution..
- the separation of the 201 Pb radioisotope produced was achieved by solvent extraction of the irradiated 203 Tl-enriched target material using diisopropylether.
- the method of the present invention saves ca. 0.8 hours.
- the yield of radioactivity of 201 T1 obtained via this method was 21.9 GBq per target plate at 15 hr after the completion of the Pb separation.
- a target plate made of copper as the support material, and having 203 Tl-enriched target material plated onto its' surface was attached to a target support assembly made of aluminium for 201 T1 preparation, and irradiated with protons as per Example 2.
- the extraction of the irradiated 203 Tl-enriched target material was performed in the same way as Example 2; except that the separation sequence was as follows: (i) evaporation of the nitric acid,
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002310305A AU2002310305B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-06-04 | Process for the recovery of a radioisotope from an irradiated target |
KR1020037015876A KR100858265B1 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-06-04 | Process for the recovery of a radioisotope from an irradiated target |
JP2003502839A JP4231779B2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-06-04 | Target processing |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US29598001P | 2001-06-05 | 2001-06-05 | |
US60/295,980 | 2001-06-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002099816A2 true WO2002099816A2 (en) | 2002-12-12 |
WO2002099816A3 WO2002099816A3 (en) | 2003-05-08 |
Family
ID=23140059
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/017678 WO2002099816A2 (en) | 2001-06-05 | 2002-06-04 | Process for the recovery of a radioisotope from an irradiated target |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP4231779B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100858265B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1264170C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002310305B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002099816A2 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019023787A1 (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2019-02-07 | Stefan Zeisler | System, apparatus and method for producing gallium radioisotopes on particle accelerators using solid targets and ga-68 composition produced by same |
IT201700102990A1 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2019-03-14 | Istituto Naz Fisica Nucleare | METHOD FOR OBTAINING A SOLID TARGET FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS |
US20210120661A1 (en) * | 2017-06-09 | 2021-04-22 | Kaneka Corporation | Target for proton-beam or neutron-beam irradiation and method for generating radioactive substance using same |
US11177116B2 (en) | 2016-04-28 | 2021-11-16 | Kaneka Corporation | Beam intensity converting film, and method of manufacturing beam intensity converting film |
US11239003B2 (en) | 2016-04-21 | 2022-02-01 | Kaneka Corporation | Support substrate for radioisotope production, target plate for radioisotope production, and production method for support substrate |
EP3940718A4 (en) * | 2019-03-11 | 2022-12-21 | Kyoto Medical Technology Co., Ltd | Technetium 99m isolation system and technetium 99m isolation method |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4571109B2 (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2010-10-27 | 行政院原子能委員会核能研究所 | Production process of radioisotope thallium-201 |
JP4674727B2 (en) * | 2006-10-27 | 2011-04-20 | 行政院原子能委員会核能研究所 | Separation apparatus for radioisotope thallium-201 |
EP2131369A1 (en) * | 2008-06-06 | 2009-12-09 | Technische Universiteit Delft | A process for the production of no-carrier added 99Mo |
BR112015032100B8 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2023-01-10 | Mallinckrodt Llc | PROCESS FOR GENERATION OF A RADIOISOTOPE |
JPWO2020196793A1 (en) * | 2019-03-28 | 2020-10-01 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3007814A (en) * | 1956-10-04 | 1961-11-07 | Bendix Corp | Method of cleaning radioactive articles |
US4297166A (en) * | 1978-02-20 | 1981-10-27 | Nihon Medi-Physics, Co., Ltd. | Thallium-carrying target material and its production |
FR2600203A1 (en) * | 1986-06-17 | 1987-12-18 | Lemmens Godfried | Process for the decontamination of materials with radioactive contamination |
FR2642889A1 (en) * | 1989-02-07 | 1990-08-10 | Doryokuro Kakunenryo | Process for cleaning containers contaminated with a radioactive substance |
-
2002
- 2002-06-04 CN CNB02813253XA patent/CN1264170C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-04 JP JP2003502839A patent/JP4231779B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-04 AU AU2002310305A patent/AU2002310305B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-04 KR KR1020037015876A patent/KR100858265B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-04 WO PCT/US2002/017678 patent/WO2002099816A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3007814A (en) * | 1956-10-04 | 1961-11-07 | Bendix Corp | Method of cleaning radioactive articles |
US4297166A (en) * | 1978-02-20 | 1981-10-27 | Nihon Medi-Physics, Co., Ltd. | Thallium-carrying target material and its production |
FR2600203A1 (en) * | 1986-06-17 | 1987-12-18 | Lemmens Godfried | Process for the decontamination of materials with radioactive contamination |
FR2642889A1 (en) * | 1989-02-07 | 1990-08-10 | Doryokuro Kakunenryo | Process for cleaning containers contaminated with a radioactive substance |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11239003B2 (en) | 2016-04-21 | 2022-02-01 | Kaneka Corporation | Support substrate for radioisotope production, target plate for radioisotope production, and production method for support substrate |
US11177116B2 (en) | 2016-04-28 | 2021-11-16 | Kaneka Corporation | Beam intensity converting film, and method of manufacturing beam intensity converting film |
US20210120661A1 (en) * | 2017-06-09 | 2021-04-22 | Kaneka Corporation | Target for proton-beam or neutron-beam irradiation and method for generating radioactive substance using same |
WO2019023787A1 (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2019-02-07 | Stefan Zeisler | System, apparatus and method for producing gallium radioisotopes on particle accelerators using solid targets and ga-68 composition produced by same |
EP3662728A4 (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2021-08-18 | Stefan Zeisler | System, apparatus and method for producing gallium radioisotopes on particle accelerators using solid targets and ga-68 composition produced by same |
IT201700102990A1 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2019-03-14 | Istituto Naz Fisica Nucleare | METHOD FOR OBTAINING A SOLID TARGET FOR THE PRODUCTION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS |
WO2019053570A1 (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2019-03-21 | Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare | Method for obtaining a solid target for radiopharmaceuticals production |
EP3940718A4 (en) * | 2019-03-11 | 2022-12-21 | Kyoto Medical Technology Co., Ltd | Technetium 99m isolation system and technetium 99m isolation method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100858265B1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
CN1522448A (en) | 2004-08-18 |
AU2002310305B2 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
JP4231779B2 (en) | 2009-03-04 |
KR20040028770A (en) | 2004-04-03 |
WO2002099816A3 (en) | 2003-05-08 |
CN1264170C (en) | 2006-07-12 |
JP2004535288A (en) | 2004-11-25 |
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