WO2002014597A1 - Anti-yellowing agent for blue denim textiles - Google Patents
Anti-yellowing agent for blue denim textiles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002014597A1 WO2002014597A1 PCT/DE2001/003092 DE0103092W WO0214597A1 WO 2002014597 A1 WO2002014597 A1 WO 2002014597A1 DE 0103092 W DE0103092 W DE 0103092W WO 0214597 A1 WO0214597 A1 WO 0214597A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- derivatives
- oligomeric
- sulfonated
- monomeric
- indigo
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/64—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing low-molecular-weight organic compounds without sulfate or sulfonate groups
- D06P1/651—Compounds without nitrogen
- D06P1/65168—Sulfur-containing compounds
- D06P1/65193—Compounds containing sulfite or sulfone groups
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/52—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing synthetic macromolecular substances
- D06P1/5264—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
- D06P5/02—After-treatment
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
- D06P5/02—After-treatment
- D06P5/04—After-treatment with organic compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
- D06P5/02—After-treatment
- D06P5/04—After-treatment with organic compounds
- D06P5/08—After-treatment with organic compounds macromolecular
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/22—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using vat dyestuffs including indigo
- D06P1/228—Indigo
Definitions
- the invention relates to the use of condensed or uncondensed sulfonated aromatics, monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric aromatic sulfones or sulfonic acids and / or monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric aromatic sulfone derivatives or sulfonic acid derivatives for stabilizing dyed textile goods or fabrics against yellowing, and a corresponding process for treating the dyed Textile goods or fabric and the treated textile goods or fabric itself.
- the textile goods can be present, for example, in the form of yarns, knitted fabrics or nonwovens and, like the fabric, in the form of ready-made goods.
- Dyed textile goods or fabrics in particular indigo-dyed textile goods or fabrics or an indigo derivative-dyed textile goods or fabrics from which denim clothing articles, and in particular denim clothing articles with a stonewash look, are produced, tend to oxidize in air when indigo is oxidized for yellowing. This is noticeable in the shipping and storage of textile retailers as a color change on the outside of stacks of goods. The denim articles then show bright edges, since only these when stored in the Stacks are immediately exposed to the effects of the surrounding atmosphere. Air pollution, such as ozone or nitrogen oxides (NO x ), is primarily responsible for the oxidation of the indigo to the isatin or other colorless compounds responsible for the yellowing.
- NO x nitrogen oxides
- DE-A-196 03 401 proposes a method in which peroxides are used to stabilize textiles dyed with indigo.
- Solution of the yellowing problem proposed by treating the dyed textile with a polyurethane This polyurethane can be dissolved in an organic solvent or applied in an aqueous dispersion.
- the present invention was based on the object of providing compounds or classes of compounds and a method by means of which the yellowing of textile goods and fabrics dyed with indigo or an indio derivative can be prevented reliably and over a long period of time.
- sulfonated aromatics in the sense of this invention also includes sulfonated phenolic resin precursors.
- aromatic sulfone derivatives are understood according to the invention in particular sulfonated aromatic sulfone derivatives, alkylarylsulfones, hydroxyarylsulfones and hydroxyalkylarylsulfones.
- diarylsulfone derivatives preference is given to using diarylsulfone derivatives and particularly preferably those diarylsulfone derivatives which have been sulfonated.
- Sulfonated diarylsulfone derivatives with a degree of sulfonation, based on an aryl monomer, of 0.5 to 3 are very particularly suitable.
- diarylsulfones and their derivatives in particular diphenyl sulfone and its derivatives of the general formula (I)
- R 1 to R 10 are the same or different and are selected from H, OH, an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxylic acid, sulfonated or non-sulfonated aryl residue, an SO 3 H and an epoxy group.
- the simplest compound of the abovementioned class of compounds can be diphenyl sulfone, also referred to below as the diphenyl sulfone backbone. This compound results when R 1 to R 10 in the general formula (I) are hydrogen. Particularly good results are achieved when stabilizing textile goods or
- methylene sulfonic acid groups or methyl sulfates can also be formed if at least one of the radicals R 1 to R 10 of the compound to be sulfonated has a corresponding methylol group.
- the (hydroxy) diphenyl sulfone backbone can be substituted in many ways with regard to the aromatics.
- R 1 to R 10 are selected from alkyl, hydroxyalkyl and sulfonated or non-sulfonated aryl radicals, the following applies with regard to the chain length of the alkyl or hydroxyalkyl groups to be observed and with regard to the aryl radicals, among which also those in connection with the present invention condensed aromatics are to be understood as a limiting selection criterion that they must be selected so that the substituted (hydroxy) diaryl or (hydroxy) diphenylsulfone derivative maintains a planar structure. It follows that branched alkyl radicals are possible in principle, but can only be used to a limited extent with regard to their degree of branching.
- sulfonated aryl radicals particular mention should be made of naphthalene sulfonate, which can form at least one of the radicals R 1 to R 10 or R 2 to R 5 and / or R 6 to R 9 .
- the aromatics or condensed aromatics can also be selected as desired in such a way that their installation in the basic structure does not result in any steric hindrance which could result in the deviation from a planar basic structure.
- oligomeric or polymeric diaryl or hydroxydiaryl or diphenyl or hydroxydiphenylsulfone derivatives are also suitable for the use according to the invention of the claimed diaryl or hydroxydiaryl or diphenyl or hydroxydiphenylsulfone derivatives. It is advantageous for the oligomeric or polymeric linkage if at least one of the radicals R 1 to
- R 10 or R 2 to R 5 and / or R 6 to R 9 represents a hydroxyalkyl group.
- Such an oligomeric or polymeric linkage is shown in formula (II).
- the selection of R 7 in the form of a hydroxymethyl group, represented in formula (II) as a (condensed) methylene group, is exemplary and has only an illustrative character, without the claimed oligomeric or polymeric
- the condensation reaction which leads to the formation of the oligomeric or polymeric structures is preferably carried out in the presence of formaldehyde, with hydroxyalkyl end groups or methylols being particularly suitable as end groups of the oligomers or polymers formed when the condensation reaction is terminated.
- diaryl or diphenyl sulfone compounds described in more detail above have proven suitable for the use according to the invention, but also condensed or uncondensed sulfonated aromatics.
- the preferred degree of sulfomerization here is 0.5-7, based on a naphthalene unit.
- the degree of sulfonation is related to a naphthalene unit regardless of the degree of condensation. Aromatics with higher condensation can contain more sulfo groups.
- the condensed or uncondensed sulfonated aromatics can also be selected as desired in such a way that the selection criterion of an essentially planar structure is met.
- the condensed or uncondensed sulfonated aromatics, and here in particular naphthalenesulfonic acid or naphthalenesulfonate can have any substituents, with the proviso that these do not give rise to any steric hindrance which could lead to the deviation from an essentially planar basic structure.
- the invention also relates to a method for stabilizing textile or fabric dyed with indigo or indigo derivatives against yellowing, in which the dyed textile with a condensed or uncondensed aromatic, monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric aromatic sulfone or sulfonic acid and / or monomeric , oligomeric or polymeric aromatic sulfone derivative or sulfonic acid derivative is treated.
- the treatment is preferably carried out in aqueous solution. In principle, this treatment, also called finishing, is also possible in a dispersion.
- Dispersions can e.g. B. be obtained if the treatment agent has a lower degree of sulfonation, through which the water solubility sinks. The water solubility is also dependent on the salt that may be present.
- the textile or fabric to be treated preferably as a cotton fabric, including cotton blends with other fibers, particularly preferably that
- Blue denim fabric, or the jeans is in aqueous solution or as a dispersion in an acidic medium, at a pH of 2-7, preferably 3-4, and at temperatures of 0-100 ° C, preferably 20-100 ° C and particularly preferably 70-80 ° C, treated with the compounds of the invention.
- the pH can be adjusted with any mineral or organic acid. Formic acid or hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid (HEDP) are preferably used.
- the treatment time is preferably 10 minutes.
- the concentration of the compounds according to the invention in the treatment bath is 0.1-10%, calculated as dry matter and based on the weight of the textile material or fabric to be stabilized. Then rinse with several times
- the textile or jeans can then be softened with a selected fatty acid condensate.
- a permanent, non-volatile acid such as, for example, is preferably used to adjust the pH during softening.
- the invention also relates to textile or fabric dyed with indigo or indigo derivatives which contains a condensed or uncondensed sulfonated aromatic, monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric aromatic sulfone or sulfonic acid and / or monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric aromatic sulfone derivative or sulfonic acid derivative according to one of the embodiments explained above.
- aromatic sulfones, sulfonic acids or their derivatives may be present or used.
- Fig. 4 a finished sample for the evaluation carried out after the fumigation with removed films in the middle windows.
- a dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone which is commercially available under the name Diphon A, is used as the starting compound.
- the sulfonation of this starting compound is carried out using sulfuric acid, whereby 70 to 100 percent sulfuric acid or 5 to 30 percent oleum can be used.
- acetic anhydride is added to the To convert hydroxyl compounds of the starting compound diphone A into the corresponding acetic acid esters.
- the compound of the formula (III) given below was obtained:
- yellowing inhibitor 1 Starting from yellowing inhibitor 1, the yellowing inhibitor 1 was polymerized by adding an excess of diphone A in an acid medium and in the presence of formaldehyde in order to obtain the compound of the formula (IV) given below as yellowing inhibitor 2:
- a methylene-linked condensation product of arylsulfonic acids and hydroxyarylsulfone which is commercially available under the name Mesitol * NBS (Bayer), was used in the form of an aqueous preparation.
- Sections of 16 x 8 cm of a blue denim fabric or jeans were each sewn into a polyethylene bag for food purposes, which had previously been perforated on both sides in two rows, each with 12 holes / 16 cm, using a commercially available punch for office purposes, so that 4 Sutures were made parallel to the perforation.
- the front sides were also closed with seams.
- the samples prepared in this way were wound onto a flexible stainless steel thread carrier with a diameter of 5 cm and fastened with sewing thread. This ensured that the gas had access to the perforation on both sides.
- a commercial desiccator with 33 cm was used as a fumigation device
- Diameter and a content of approx. 20 l which has a ground joint on the side and top.
- a horizontal fan is placed horizontally in the middle on a stainless steel frame. This is a commercially available fan, as is customary for computers, with a diameter of 8 cm and a delivery rate of approx. 40 m 3.
- the supply lines to the fan were inserted airtight on the side using a silicone stopper, the upper ground stopper was fitted with a dropping funnel.
- a 100 ml beaker with a weighed-in amount of NaNO 2 which corresponds to the desired amount of gas, was placed on a grate above the fan under the outlet of the dropping funnel.
- the assessment must be carried out immediately after fumigation, since yellowing cannot be ruled out.
- the film around the perforation is removed from the test specimen using a razor, the 3 most yellowed points are selected, evaluated with a gray scale to determine the color change in accordance with DIN 54001 and the results are averaged. This gives grades from 1 to 5, where 1 means very strong yellowing and 5 means no yellowing at all.
- Anti-yellowing 1 3 3
- Anti-yellowing 2 3 4
- Anti-yellowing 3 3 4
- Anti-yellowing 4 3 3-4
- Anti-yellowing and fatty acid condensate (fabric softener): Anti-yellowing 1 3 2-3 Anti-yellowing 2 3 2-3
- Sections of approx. 16 x 8 cm of a blue denim fabric or jeans are each sewn into a polyethylene bag, which is suitable for food purposes, so that there is a seam length of 1 mm on all sides. With further seams, the pattern is then divided into 6 sections of approximately the same size, as shown in FIG. 1. The small, divided sections also shown there serve to label the respective pattern.
- the film is removed in one of the sections using a razor (FIG. 2) and the test specimen is attached to a perforated stainless steel sleeve with the right side of the goods facing outwards using a thread.
- the test catch is then 60 min at 80% relative humidity and one
- a commercially available desiccator with a diameter of 33 cm and a content of approx. 20 l was used as the gassing device, which has a ground joint on the side and top.
- a commercially available PC fan is placed on a frame with the air conveying upwards. It has a diameter of approx. 8 cm and a delivery capacity of approx. 40 m 3 .
- the supply lines to the fan were inserted airtight on the side through the silicone plug.
- a dropping funnel with a gas compensation line is connected to the upper opening in the lid. Above the fan, on one
- Rust a 100 ml beaker with the calculated amount of NaNO 2 , which corresponds to the desired amount of gas, was placed under the outlet of the dropping funnel.
- the sample or samples prepared as above were placed in the desiccator, this was closed, the fan activated and a sufficient amount, at least however, 5 ml of 70% sulfuric acid was added to the NaNO 2 .
- the dropping funnel remains open for approx. 5 seconds to equalize the pressure and is then closed.
- the samples are removed, placed in a fume hood for 20 minutes and then the second film window removed. It should be noted that the films of the middle strips are not removed. The samples are then conditioned and gassed again. The process continues until all four windows are open, as shown in Fig. 3 in the picture. After the last gassing process, the film covers of the middle strips are then completely removed (see FIG. 4) and the individual gassing stages are assessed separately using the "gray scale for evaluating the change in color according to DIN / ISO / EN / AATCC", which then results in four Grades, each from 1 to 5. According to this standard, five stands for no change and one for a major change.
- Table 2 shows the results of these modified tests.
- Anti-yellowing agent equipped with fatty acid condensate (fabric softener)
- Anti-yellowing 4 3-4 4 4 3-4 3-4 II Examination of the anti-yellowing agents by the laying method
- the so-called layout method was carried out, i.e. the corresponding samples were laid out in exposed areas, where possible with high air circulation and a high level of pollutants in the air, parts being covered by foils and after longer storage periods of at least 1 month to 3 months by evaluating the color depth differences between the covered ones and the ventilated parts were evaluated.
- This test also confirmed the differences found in Table 1.
- the jeans not finished with the yellowing inhibitors according to the invention were already clearly (visually visible) yellowed after 3 weeks, the finished after 3 months were still in their original condition.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Coloring (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2001287535A AU2001287535A1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2001-08-14 | Anti-yellowing agent for blue denim textiles |
DE10193393T DE10193393B4 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2001-08-14 | Use of aromatic sulfones and their derivatives to stabilize blue denim fabrics against yellowing |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10040631.9 | 2000-08-16 | ||
DE2000140631 DE10040631A1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2000-08-16 | Yellowing inhibitor for blue denim textiles |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002014597A1 true WO2002014597A1 (en) | 2002-02-21 |
Family
ID=7653020
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE2001/003092 WO2002014597A1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2001-08-14 | Anti-yellowing agent for blue denim textiles |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU2001287535A1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10040631A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002014597A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005073457A1 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2005-08-11 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the treatment of fibrous material |
CN111778711A (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2020-10-16 | 鲁泰纺织股份有限公司 | Production process for solving oxidative yellowing of jean shirts |
CN114481624A (en) * | 2022-02-08 | 2022-05-13 | 东莞市中纺化工有限公司 | Anti-yellowing additive and preparation method and application thereof |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5096726A (en) * | 1990-10-01 | 1992-03-17 | University Of Delaware | Prevention of fabric staining |
DE19722680A1 (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-03 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Silicone softener for jeans |
WO1999018280A1 (en) * | 1997-10-03 | 1999-04-15 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Finishing for jeans material |
US5914443A (en) * | 1997-04-28 | 1999-06-22 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Enzymatic stone-wash of denim using xyloglucan/xyloglucanase |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU549000B2 (en) * | 1981-02-26 | 1986-01-09 | Colgate-Palmolive Pty. Ltd. | Base beads for detergent compositions |
DE4018678A1 (en) * | 1989-06-14 | 1990-12-20 | Sandoz Ag | Partially metallised ammonium salts of sulpho-gp. contg. cpds. |
US5322637A (en) * | 1990-11-09 | 1994-06-21 | O'grady Richard | Composition, bleaching element, method for making a bleaching element and method for inhibiting the yellowing of intentionally distressed clothing manufactured from dyed cellulose fabric |
US5380447A (en) * | 1993-07-12 | 1995-01-10 | Rohm And Haas Company | Process and fabric finishing compositions for preventing the deposition of dye in fabric finishing processes |
AU1366897A (en) * | 1996-01-12 | 1997-08-01 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Textiles bleaching/brightening |
ATE282687T1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 2004-12-15 | Procter & Gamble | BLEACH COMPOSITIONS |
DE19915439A1 (en) * | 1999-04-07 | 2000-10-12 | Cognis Deutschland Gmbh | Process for stabilizing dyed textile against yellowing |
-
2000
- 2000-08-16 DE DE2000140631 patent/DE10040631A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-08-14 WO PCT/DE2001/003092 patent/WO2002014597A1/en active Application Filing
- 2001-08-14 AU AU2001287535A patent/AU2001287535A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-08-14 DE DE10193393T patent/DE10193393B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5096726A (en) * | 1990-10-01 | 1992-03-17 | University Of Delaware | Prevention of fabric staining |
US5914443A (en) * | 1997-04-28 | 1999-06-22 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Enzymatic stone-wash of denim using xyloglucan/xyloglucanase |
DE19722680A1 (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-03 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Silicone softener for jeans |
WO1999018280A1 (en) * | 1997-10-03 | 1999-04-15 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Limited | Finishing for jeans material |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005073457A1 (en) * | 2004-01-30 | 2005-08-11 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the treatment of fibrous material |
CN111778711A (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2020-10-16 | 鲁泰纺织股份有限公司 | Production process for solving oxidative yellowing of jean shirts |
CN111778711B (en) * | 2020-06-12 | 2022-12-23 | 鲁泰纺织股份有限公司 | Production process for solving oxidative yellowing of jean shirts |
CN114481624A (en) * | 2022-02-08 | 2022-05-13 | 东莞市中纺化工有限公司 | Anti-yellowing additive and preparation method and application thereof |
CN114481624B (en) * | 2022-02-08 | 2024-05-03 | 东莞市中纺化工有限公司 | Anti-yellowing additive and preparation method and application thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2001287535A1 (en) | 2002-02-25 |
DE10193393B4 (en) | 2008-04-24 |
DE10040631A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
DE10193393D2 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
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