WO2001043930A2 - Method and installation for forming a concrete element - Google Patents

Method and installation for forming a concrete element Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001043930A2
WO2001043930A2 PCT/NL2000/000921 NL0000921W WO0143930A2 WO 2001043930 A2 WO2001043930 A2 WO 2001043930A2 NL 0000921 W NL0000921 W NL 0000921W WO 0143930 A2 WO0143930 A2 WO 0143930A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
concrete mix
shuttering
concrete
oveφressure
mix
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2000/000921
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2001043930A3 (en
Inventor
Peter Schaap
Gerardus Adrianus Waayer
Original Assignee
Hollandsche Beton Groep N.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hollandsche Beton Groep N.V. filed Critical Hollandsche Beton Groep N.V.
Priority to AU32427/01A priority Critical patent/AU3242701A/en
Publication of WO2001043930A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001043930A2/en
Publication of WO2001043930A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001043930A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/021—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles by fluid pressure acting directly on the material, e.g. using vacuum, air pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/24—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by injection moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/0002—Auxiliary parts or elements of the mould
    • B28B7/0008—Venting channels, e.g. to avoid vacuum during demoulding or allowing air to escape during feeding, pressing or moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/0091—Transformable moulds allowing the change of shape of an initial moulded preform by preform deformation or the change of its size by moulding on the preform

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the formation of a concrete element. This can take place in a wide variety of ways.
  • the production of floor components or roof components in enclosed factory shuttering may be mentioned by way of example.
  • the concrete element is formed in an existing framework, such as the opening between columns and beams present in an existing building.
  • the water component of the concrete comprises water of crystallisation, water that is bound as a consequence of differences in electrostatic charge and free water.
  • the free water from the mixture evaporates through it. Partly as a consequence of cooling of the mix, the concrete element shrinks somewhat compared with the formwork cavity.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a method as described above for forming a concrete element, with which the formation of cracks, gaps and the like can be avoided.
  • Said aim is achieved by a method for forming a concrete element comprising the following steps: the provision of a framework, such as a border or a frame and the like to define the periphery of the concrete element, closing off the frame and the like on both sides to form a formwork cavity, - provision of a feed for concrete mix, as well as a discharge for the air displaced when feeding in the concrete mix, completely filling the formwork cavity with concrete mix, applying an overpressure to the concrete mix, allowing the concrete mix to set whilst maintaining the ove ⁇ ressure of the shuttering walls, removal of the shuttering walls.
  • the method therefore also comprises applying an ove ⁇ ressure to the concrete mix such that said ove ⁇ ressure is at least 0.5 bar at the highest level of the concrete mix.
  • Complete filling of the formwork cavity can best be achieved by the use of flow concrete or self-levelling concrete.
  • the durability of the concrete element obtained mainly depends on the quality of the outermost layer. This quality can be improved by attaching a fine-mesh fabric to that side of the shuttering walls that faces the formwork cavity and then introducing the concrete mix.
  • the fine-mesh fabric is permeable to water but not to the various components of the mix. As a result free discharge of water and air is possible, which is further improved by the ove ⁇ ressure in the formwork cavity.
  • Applying an ove ⁇ ressure to the mix can take place in one or more stages, by means of the pump for filling the formwork cavity, and optionally as a function of the pressure in the formwork cavity.
  • the pressure can also be raised by means of, for example, a pneumatic accumulator that is connected to the feed line for the mix.
  • the invention also relates to shuttering for carrying out the method as described above, comprising a framework, such as a border or frame which defines the periphery of the formwork cavity, as well as two shuttering walls that can be joined to the sides of the framework, and a feed for concrete mix and discharge for displaced air provided in the framework and/or a shuttering wall.
  • a framework such as a border or frame which defines the periphery of the formwork cavity
  • two shuttering walls that can be joined to the sides of the framework
  • a feed for concrete mix and discharge for displaced air provided in the framework and/or a shuttering wall.
  • the discharge is located in that part of the framework and/or at least one of the shuttering walls that is at the highest level, whilst the feed is located in that part of the framework and/or at least one of the shuttering walls that is at the lowest level.
  • the shuttering can have to be modified somewhat. According to the invention this can be achieved by means of a shuttering where at least one of the shuttering walls is of relatively low rigidity, such that, as a consequence of membrane behaviour, this shuttering wall bulges outwards under the influence of applying an ove ⁇ ressure to the concrete mix and the bulging decreases on shrinkage of the concrete mix as a consequence of the hydration and/or cooling thereof in order at least partially to counteract the decrease in pressure associated with shrinkage and in order to fill any shrinkage cavities arising as a consequence of the shrinkage.
  • Figure 1 shows an installation for forming a concrete element according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a second embodiment.
  • Figure 3 shows a possible application for installing a concrete element according to the invention.
  • the installation shown in Figure 1 for carrying out the method according to the invention comprises a shuttering 1 , consisting of a frame 2 as well as two shuttering walls 3, 4 adjoining the latter. At least one of the shuttering walls 3 has a connection point 5 to which a feed line 6 is connected. A mixture of aggregate, cement and water for forming a concrete element is fed via said line 6, under the control of the capacity regulator 7, by means of a concrete pump, which is not shown, to the formwork cavity in the shuttering 1. The pressure under which said mix is fed can be read off by means of the manometer 8.
  • Risers or discharges 9, via which the air is able to escape from the formwork cavity, are located at the top of the frame 2. As soon as the mix appears in these risers 9 it is guaranteed that the entire formwork cavity has been filled with the concrete mix. The risers 9 are then closed off by means of the valves 20.
  • Reinforcement can optionally be accommodated in the shuttering 1 before the latter is closed.
  • the pressure is so controlled that an ove ⁇ ressure of at least 0.5 bar prevails in the upper section of the formwork cavity.
  • the pressure can, for example, reach values of 200 to 300 bar.
  • the shuttering walls 3, 4 bulge slightly outwards under the influence of this ove ⁇ ressure.
  • the shuttering walls 3 are able to spring back to some extent as a consequence of their membrane behaviour.
  • the mix which is still plastic, can be held continuously under pressure, such that any holes or gaps which form between the mix and the walls of the formwork cavity can be filled as they arise. In this way it can be ensured that the concrete element fills the entire formwork cavity even when it is set, as a result of which a precise product is guaranteed.
  • a pneumatic or hydraulic accumulator 13 can also have been connected to the feed line 6.
  • the pu ⁇ ose of this pneumatic accumulator 13 is to guarantee a continuous ove ⁇ ressure in the mix 12 during and after pumping of the latter.
  • the pressure build-up in the shuttering 1 can be influenced by suitable manipulation of the valves 18, 19 and 20.
  • the shuttering 1 can be pressurised in one continuous pumping phase, after which the valve 18 is closed and the accumulator 13 ensures that the pressure is maintained.
  • the pressure build-up can also take place in stages.
  • the valve 19 is closed when a first pressure is achieved.
  • the pumping action is then continued such that the pressure in the accumulator 13 rises.
  • Valve 18 is then closed and valve 19 opened, such that a supplementary rise in pressure is obtained in the shuttering.
  • An example of a possible application of the method according to the invention is shown in Figure 3.
  • the underground car park shown in this figure has a blinding 14 which is some distance below the parking level 15.
  • Said parking level 15 is supported by the walls 16, as well as by the columns 17 which bear on the blinding 14.
  • With a view to closing the open spaces between adjacent columns 17, the blinding 14 and the parking level 15, the shuttering walls 3, 4 can be erected in
  • the spaces between these columns 17 and the floors 14, 15 can reliably be completely filled with the mix, the concrete element thus obtained between said columns 17 and floors 14, 15 abutting completely, despite the shrinkage that takes place therein during setting.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
  • On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)

Abstract

A method for forming a concrete element comprises the following steps: the provision of a framework (1), such as a border or a frame (2) and the like to define the periphery of the concrete element, closing off the frame (1) and the like on both sides (3, 4) to form a formwork cavity, provision of a (6, 7) feed for concrete mix, as well as a discharge (9) for the air displaced when feeding in the concrete mix, completely filling the formwork cavity (1) with concrete mix (12), applying an overpressure to the concrete mix, allowing the concrete mix to set whilst maintaining the overpressure of the shuttering walls (3, 4), removal of the shuttering walls (3, 4).

Description

Method and installation for forming a concrete element
The invention relates to the formation of a concrete element. This can take place in a wide variety of ways. The production of floor components or roof components in enclosed factory shuttering may be mentioned by way of example. According to yet another possibility the concrete element is formed in an existing framework, such as the opening between columns and beams present in an existing building.
In all of these cases the problem arises that the set concrete mix no longer fully abuts the framework because of the occurrence of shrinkage. This shrinkage is the consequence of the reduction in volume resulting from the chemical processes during setting and of a fall in temperature. As is known, concrete is a mixture that at least consists of aggregate, cement, sand and water. Hydration occurs during setting of this mixture, as a result of which the temperature in the mixture can rise to approximately 70 °C.
The water component of the concrete comprises water of crystallisation, water that is bound as a consequence of differences in electrostatic charge and free water. The free water from the mixture evaporates through it. Partly as a consequence of cooling of the mix, the concrete element shrinks somewhat compared with the formwork cavity.
The aim of the invention is to provide a method as described above for forming a concrete element, with which the formation of cracks, gaps and the like can be avoided. Said aim is achieved by a method for forming a concrete element comprising the following steps: the provision of a framework, such as a border or a frame and the like to define the periphery of the concrete element, closing off the frame and the like on both sides to form a formwork cavity, - provision of a feed for concrete mix, as well as a discharge for the air displaced when feeding in the concrete mix, completely filling the formwork cavity with concrete mix, applying an overpressure to the concrete mix, allowing the concrete mix to set whilst maintaining the oveφressure of the shuttering walls, removal of the shuttering walls. Various phenomena arise as a consequence of applying an overpressure to the mix. First of all the formwork cavity concerned is completely and reliably filled. Complete filling is a primary requirement in order to obtain the desired result, but frequently is made more difficult by inadequate means of control. However, the degree of filling can be reliably determined by means of so-called risers in the discharge.
Furthermore, bulging of the shuttering walls occurs under the influence of the oveφressure in the mix. As a consequence these walls start to behave as a membrane. The shuttering walls are consequently able to follow the shrinkage of the mix to some extent by springing resiliently back into the flat state. As a result the mix initially remains under oveφressure, despite the shrinkage, and is pressed into those areas where there is a possible risk of cracking or cavity formation. It is true that the shrinkage that results in the shuttering walls springing back into shape takes place only after the mix has already acquired a plastic nature to some extent. A few crystalline compounds have already formed in this stage, but the degree of crystallisation is still so low that deformation of the mix under the influence of pressing by the shuttering walls is still possible. The best results are obtained if the oveφressure prevails in the entire formwork cavity. The method therefore also comprises applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix such that said oveφressure is at least 0.5 bar at the highest level of the concrete mix.
Complete filling of the formwork cavity can best be achieved by the use of flow concrete or self-levelling concrete. The durability of the concrete element obtained mainly depends on the quality of the outermost layer. This quality can be improved by attaching a fine-mesh fabric to that side of the shuttering walls that faces the formwork cavity and then introducing the concrete mix.
The fine-mesh fabric is permeable to water but not to the various components of the mix. As a result free discharge of water and air is possible, which is further improved by the oveφressure in the formwork cavity.
Water, air and vapour are able to escape through the discharge, but also through any small gaps which will virtually always be present in the joins between the shuttering walls and the frame. Minor leakage of this type is acceptable and does not have to lead to an excessive reduction in the oveφressure in the formwork cavity. After some time small openings of this type become clogged as a consequence of the minuscule particles of the mix which pass through.
Applying an oveφressure to the mix can take place in one or more stages, by means of the pump for filling the formwork cavity, and optionally as a function of the pressure in the formwork cavity. As an alternative, the pressure can also be raised by means of, for example, a pneumatic accumulator that is connected to the feed line for the mix.
The invention also relates to shuttering for carrying out the method as described above, comprising a framework, such as a border or frame which defines the periphery of the formwork cavity, as well as two shuttering walls that can be joined to the sides of the framework, and a feed for concrete mix and discharge for displaced air provided in the framework and/or a shuttering wall.
The discharge is located in that part of the framework and/or at least one of the shuttering walls that is at the highest level, whilst the feed is located in that part of the framework and/or at least one of the shuttering walls that is at the lowest level.
In order to obtain as advantageous as possible a membrane behaviour as explained above, the shuttering can have to be modified somewhat. According to the invention this can be achieved by means of a shuttering where at least one of the shuttering walls is of relatively low rigidity, such that, as a consequence of membrane behaviour, this shuttering wall bulges outwards under the influence of applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix and the bulging decreases on shrinkage of the concrete mix as a consequence of the hydration and/or cooling thereof in order at least partially to counteract the decrease in pressure associated with shrinkage and in order to fill any shrinkage cavities arising as a consequence of the shrinkage.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to a few illustrative embodiments shown in the figures.
Figure 1 shows an installation for forming a concrete element according to the invention. Figure 2 shows a second embodiment.
Figure 3 shows a possible application for installing a concrete element according to the invention.
The installation shown in Figure 1 for carrying out the method according to the invention comprises a shuttering 1 , consisting of a frame 2 as well as two shuttering walls 3, 4 adjoining the latter. At least one of the shuttering walls 3 has a connection point 5 to which a feed line 6 is connected. A mixture of aggregate, cement and water for forming a concrete element is fed via said line 6, under the control of the capacity regulator 7, by means of a concrete pump, which is not shown, to the formwork cavity in the shuttering 1. The pressure under which said mix is fed can be read off by means of the manometer 8.
Risers or discharges 9, via which the air is able to escape from the formwork cavity, are located at the top of the frame 2. As soon as the mix appears in these risers 9 it is guaranteed that the entire formwork cavity has been filled with the concrete mix. The risers 9 are then closed off by means of the valves 20.
Reinforcement can optionally be accommodated in the shuttering 1 before the latter is closed.
The pumping action when feeding in the mix via the feed line 6 is continued until an oveφressure prevails in the entire mix in the formwork cavity. This pressure can optionally be measured by pressure gauges 10 fitted in the shuttering walls 3.
Preferably, the pressure is so controlled that an oveφressure of at least 0.5 bar prevails in the upper section of the formwork cavity. The pressure can, for example, reach values of 200 to 300 bar.
The shuttering walls 3, 4 bulge slightly outwards under the influence of this oveφressure. As the mix shrinks as a consequence of the setting thereof, the shuttering walls 3 are able to spring back to some extent as a consequence of their membrane behaviour. As this takes place the mix, which is still plastic, can be held continuously under pressure, such that any holes or gaps which form between the mix and the walls of the formwork cavity can be filled as they arise. In this way it can be ensured that the concrete element fills the entire formwork cavity even when it is set, as a result of which a precise product is guaranteed.
In the variant in Figure 2 it is shown that a pneumatic or hydraulic accumulator 13 can also have been connected to the feed line 6. The puφose of this pneumatic accumulator 13 is to guarantee a continuous oveφressure in the mix 12 during and after pumping of the latter.
The pressure build-up in the shuttering 1 can be influenced by suitable manipulation of the valves 18, 19 and 20. For instance, the shuttering 1 can be pressurised in one continuous pumping phase, after which the valve 18 is closed and the accumulator 13 ensures that the pressure is maintained. The pressure build-up can also take place in stages. In this case, the valve 19 is closed when a first pressure is achieved. The pumping action is then continued such that the pressure in the accumulator 13 rises. Valve 18 is then closed and valve 19 opened, such that a supplementary rise in pressure is obtained in the shuttering. An example of a possible application of the method according to the invention is shown in Figure 3. The underground car park shown in this figure has a blinding 14 which is some distance below the parking level 15. Said parking level 15 is supported by the walls 16, as well as by the columns 17 which bear on the blinding 14. With a view to closing the open spaces between adjacent columns 17, the blinding 14 and the parking level 15, the shuttering walls 3, 4 can be erected in contact therewith.
By means of the method according to the invention the spaces between these columns 17 and the floors 14, 15 can reliably be completely filled with the mix, the concrete element thus obtained between said columns 17 and floors 14, 15 abutting completely, despite the shrinkage that takes place therein during setting.

Claims

Claims
1. Method for forming a concrete element comprising the following steps: the provision of a framework, such as a border (2) or a frame (14, 15, 17) and the like to define the periphery of the concrete element, closing off the frame (2; 14, 15, 17) and the like on both sides to form a formwork cavity (11), provision of a feed (5) for concrete mix (12), as well as a discharge (9) for the air displaced when feeding in the concrete mix (12), - completely filling the formwork cavity (11) with concrete mix (12), applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix (12), allowing the concrete mix (12) to set whilst maintaining the oveφressure of the shuttering walls (3, 4), removal of the shuttering walls (3, 4).
2. Method according to Claim 1, comprising applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix (12) such that the oveφressure is at least 0.5 bar at the highest level of the concrete mix (12).
3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, comprising the use of a mix (12) for flow concrete or self-levelling concrete.
4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising attaching a fine-mesh fabric to that side of the shuttering walls (3, 4) that faces the formwork cavity (11) and then introducing the concrete mix (12).
5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix (12) in two successive stages.
6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix (12) by means of a pump.
7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix (12) by means of an accumulator (13).
8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising installing reinforcement in the formwork cavity (11).
9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising controlling the step for applying and/or maintaining the oveφressure as a function of the pressure in the concrete mix (12).
10. Shuttering for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a framework, such as a border (2) or frame (14, 15, 17) which defines the periphery of the formwork cavity (11), as well as two shuttering walls (3, 4) that can be joined to the sides of the framework (2; 14, 15, 17), and a feed (5) for concrete mix (12) and discharge (9) for displaced air provided in the framework (2; 14, 15, 17) and/or a shuttering wall (3, 4).
11. Shuttering according to Claim 10, wherein the discharge (9) is located in that part of the framework (2; 14, 15, 17) and/or at least one of the shuttering walls (3, 4) that is at the highest level.
12. Shuttering according to Claim 10 or 11, wherein the feed (5) is located in that part of the framework (2; 14, 15, 17) and/or at least one of the shuttering walls (3, 4) that is at the lowest level.
13. Shuttering according to one of Claims 10 - 12, wherein at least one of the shuttering walls (3, 4) is of relatively low rigidity, such that, as a consequence of membrane behaviour, this shuttering wall (3, 4) bulges outwards under the influence of applying an oveφressure to the concrete mix (12) and the bulging decreases on shrinkage of the concrete mix (12) as a consequence of the hydration and/or cooling thereof in order at least partially to counteract the decrease in pressure associated with shrinkage and in order to fill any shrinkage cavities arising as a consequence of the shrinkage.
PCT/NL2000/000921 1999-12-15 2000-12-15 Method and installation for forming a concrete element WO2001043930A2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU32427/01A AU3242701A (en) 1999-12-15 2000-12-15 Method and installation for forming a concrete element

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1013857A NL1013857C2 (en) 1999-12-15 1999-12-15 Method and device for forming a concrete element.
NL1013857 1999-12-15

Publications (2)

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WO2001043930A2 true WO2001043930A2 (en) 2001-06-21
WO2001043930A3 WO2001043930A3 (en) 2002-05-10

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NL (1) NL1013857C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2001043930A2 (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2923175A1 (en) * 2007-11-02 2009-05-08 Clotures Nicolas Soc Par Actio Fluid-concrete fence element e.g. plate, fabricating method, involves orienting mold such that opposite end of mold is located upwards, and casting concrete by outlet opening by maintaining section of outlet opening with full of concrete
EP2167753A1 (en) * 2007-06-28 2010-03-31 Composite Technologies Corporation Method of fabricating integrally insulated concrete wall or wall components
EP2332707A1 (en) * 2008-09-12 2011-06-15 Nippon Oil Corporation Formwork apparatus for solidified sulfur product
ES2374123A1 (en) * 2009-04-22 2012-02-14 Carmelo Vázquez del Campo Improvements introduced in the patent of invention number 200602721, by "constructive system for fa¿ades". (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
WO2020025762A1 (en) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-06 Sdo Zt Gmbh Method and formwork for producing a plate, and plate

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2167753A1 (en) * 2007-06-28 2010-03-31 Composite Technologies Corporation Method of fabricating integrally insulated concrete wall or wall components
EP2167753A4 (en) * 2007-06-28 2012-01-04 Composite Technologies Corp Method of fabricating integrally insulated concrete wall or wall components
FR2923175A1 (en) * 2007-11-02 2009-05-08 Clotures Nicolas Soc Par Actio Fluid-concrete fence element e.g. plate, fabricating method, involves orienting mold such that opposite end of mold is located upwards, and casting concrete by outlet opening by maintaining section of outlet opening with full of concrete
EP2332707A1 (en) * 2008-09-12 2011-06-15 Nippon Oil Corporation Formwork apparatus for solidified sulfur product
EP2332707A4 (en) * 2008-09-12 2012-08-01 Nippon Oil Corp Formwork apparatus for solidified sulfur product
ES2374123A1 (en) * 2009-04-22 2012-02-14 Carmelo Vázquez del Campo Improvements introduced in the patent of invention number 200602721, by "constructive system for fa¿ades". (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
WO2020025762A1 (en) * 2018-08-03 2020-02-06 Sdo Zt Gmbh Method and formwork for producing a plate, and plate

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