WO2000067350A1 - Dispositif a fibre optique - Google Patents

Dispositif a fibre optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000067350A1
WO2000067350A1 PCT/GB2000/001664 GB0001664W WO0067350A1 WO 2000067350 A1 WO2000067350 A1 WO 2000067350A1 GB 0001664 W GB0001664 W GB 0001664W WO 0067350 A1 WO0067350 A1 WO 0067350A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optical
amplifying
optical fibre
pump
fibre
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2000/001664
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Anatoly Borisovich Grudinin
David Neil Payne
Paul William Turner
Lars Johan Albinsson Nilsson
Michael Nickolaos Zervas
Morten Ibsen
Michael Kevan Durkin
Original Assignee
University Of Southampton
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9910165.1A external-priority patent/GB9910165D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9917594.5A external-priority patent/GB9917594D0/en
Application filed by University Of Southampton filed Critical University Of Southampton
Priority to CA2371100A priority Critical patent/CA2371100C/fr
Priority to DE60041329T priority patent/DE60041329D1/de
Priority to AU45877/00A priority patent/AU779320B2/en
Priority to EP00927474A priority patent/EP1175714B1/fr
Priority to DK00927474T priority patent/DK1175714T3/da
Publication of WO2000067350A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000067350A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/094003—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
    • C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
    • C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
    • C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
    • C03B37/028—Drawing fibre bundles, e.g. for making fibre bundles of multifibres, image fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/075—Manufacture of non-optical fibres or filaments consisting of different sorts of glass or characterised by shape, e.g. undulated fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
    • C03C13/04—Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions
    • C03C13/045—Silica-containing oxide glass compositions
    • C03C13/046—Multicomponent glass compositions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G02B6/2821—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals
    • G02B6/2835—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals formed or shaped by thermal treatment, e.g. couplers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C2213/00—Glass fibres or filaments
    • C03C2213/04—Dual fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02347—Longitudinal structures arranged to form a regular periodic lattice, e.g. triangular, square, honeycomb unit cell repeated throughout cladding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
    • H01S3/06758—Tandem amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/094003—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre
    • H01S3/094019—Side pumped fibre, whereby pump light is coupled laterally into the fibre via an optical component like a prism, or a grating, or via V-groove coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
    • H01S3/2383—Parallel arrangements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49885—Assembling or joining with coating before or during assembling

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an optical fibre arrangement, optical fibre lasers and optical fibre amplifiers.
  • the optical fibre amplifier may be a
  • optical amplifiers that can output powers of 1 W or greater, can amplify many wavelength channels simultaneously with
  • amplifiers and transmitters optically pumped by, e.g., laser diodes, should
  • optical amplifiers use single-mode optical fibre whose core is doped with one or more rare-earth ions such as Erbium.
  • amplifiers provide limited power output that is insufficient for multi-channel
  • Higher-power optical amplifiers and fibre lasers can be constructed using double-clad optical fibres containing a single-mode waveguiding core
  • rare-earth ions such as Erbium or Erbium/Ytterbium
  • This outer cladding is typically a
  • An associated problem is that introducing signal conditioning into the optical amplifier can be difficult. For example, it is often desirable to compensate for the spectral gain variation within the optical amplifier, or to introduce a filter to compensate for the dispersion in a telecommunication link. This requires ready access to the signal, which can be difficult for
  • wavelength channels prior to amplification amplify the channels, and then recombine the channels for retransmission.
  • optical amplifiers are also a problem as the networks expand into the metropolitan areas, the expansion being driven by the insatiable demand for bandwidth for internet, data, mobile phones and cable
  • Erbium-doped fibre amplifiers have revolutionized optical telecommunications over the last ten years. They are finding more and more uses, for instance for compensation of switching losses. The increasing need for capacity in telecommunication networks drives not only amplification
  • an optical fibre arrangement comprising at least two optical fibre sections, the optical fibre sections each having an outside longitudinally extending surface, and the outside longitudinally extending
  • the invention further includes an optical amplifier constructed from
  • optical fibre arrangement and especially a parallel optical amplifier with multiple amplifying fibres.
  • This invention is believed to have far- reaching commercial application in optical telecommunication networks.
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may enable pump power to be conveniently coupled into optical amplifiers and lasers.
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may enable optical amplifiers and lasers to be constructed that are more immune to pump
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may enable optical amplifiers and lasers to be conveniently constructed having additional
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may enable a route for lower cost optical amplification that will have important application in
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may reduce the effects of granularity in optical networks.
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may enable individual
  • wavelength channels in WDM networks to be amplified and balanced.
  • the apparatus and method of the invention may enable high-power
  • optical amplifiers and high-power fibre lasers to be constructed.
  • the invention also provides an optical fibre arrangement comprising a plurality of optical fibres each having an outside surface, and wherein the outside surface of at least two adjacent optical fibres are in optical contact
  • the optical fibre arrangement may comprise a plurality of optical fibres that are surrounded by a coating material along the length of the optical fibre arrangement.
  • the invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical fibre arrangement comprising the following stages: providing a plurality of
  • optical fibre preforms mounting the plurality of optical fibre preforms in a
  • fibre drawing tower drawing a plurality of optical fibre from the plurality of optical fibre preforms under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed, twisting the plurality of optical fibre during the drawing process, the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of at least two adjacent optical fibres are in optical contact along at
  • the plurality of optical fibres may be coated by passing the fibres through a coating cup filled with a coating material.
  • the invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical component
  • fibre arrangement comprising the following stages: providing a plurality of optical fibres, pulling the plurality of optical fibre under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed, and twisting the plurality of optical fibre during the
  • drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of at least two adjacent optical fibres are in
  • the invention also provides an amplifying optical device having an optical pump and an optical fibre arrangement comprising a plurality of lengths of at least one optical fibre, each length of the optical fibre having a
  • the outside surfaces of at least two adjacent lengths of the optical fibre are in optical contact with each other.
  • the amplifying optical device may be an amplifier comprising a plurality of amplifying fibres, each having an input and an output, at least one pump optical fibre having two ends and a pump that supplies pump
  • the amplifier being configured
  • the amplifying optical device may be an amplifier comprising at least one input fibre, a first multiplexer connected to the input fibre, a coupler, and at least one output port connected to the coupler, the amplifier
  • fibres is connected to the coupler.
  • the invention also provides an amplifying arrangement comprising a
  • plurality of optical amplifiers each having a plurality of amplifying optical fibres and further comprising a second multiplexer connected to each first
  • the amplifying optical arrangement may comprise a plurality of optical amplifiers and an optical device, the amplifying optical arrangement
  • optical device being configured such that the optical device is connected to at least one optical amplifier.
  • the optical device may be selected from the group comprising an optical router, an optical switch, a polariser, an isolator, a circulator, a grating, an optical fibre Bragg grating, a long-period grating, an acousto-
  • a Pockels cell a dispersive element, a non-linear dispersive element, an
  • optical switch a phase modulator, a Lithium Niobate modulator, and an
  • the invention also provides an amplifying optical device comprising a fibre anangement formed as a coil of a plurality of turns of amplifying optical fibre, the fibre comprising a core and a cladding, the anangement
  • the coil may be coated and the coil may comprise at least one amplifying optical fibre and at least one pump optical fibre.
  • fibre laser designs This reduces the losses that arise at such an interface.
  • a pump coupler can be side-spliced to the
  • the pump energy may be introduced with a plurality of pump optical fibres that
  • the structure may, at least to some extent, eliminate the geometrical similarities and symmetries between the pump waveguide and signal waveguide (core). This improves the pump absorption even in the
  • the invention also provides an optical fibre laser comprising an
  • amplifying optical device comprising a pump source and an optical fibre
  • the invention also provides a method for reducing the granularity in optical telecommunications network, which method comprises providing at least one amplifying optical anangements having a plurality of amplifying
  • optical fibres in at least one location within the network.
  • the invention also provides an optical telecommunications network comprising at least one of the amplifying optical anangements having a
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of a prior art fibre amplifier
  • Figure 2 is a diagram of a prior art double clad fibre structure
  • Figure 3 is a diagram of a prior art fibre laser
  • Figure 4 is a diagram of a prior art pump scheme
  • Figure 5 is a diagram of a prior art multiple pump scheme
  • Figure 6 is a diagram of a prior art pump coupling scheme
  • Figure 7 is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which the optical fibre sections are from the same optical fibre
  • Figure 9 is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which the optical fibre sections are from different optical fibres
  • Figure 10 is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • fibres have different diameters
  • Figure 11 is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention in which the optical fibre sections are fused together;
  • Figures 12 to 19 depict various optical fibre anangements with a plurality of first and second optical fibres according to the present invention
  • Figure 20 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the
  • present invention including a holey fibre
  • Figure 21 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the
  • Figure 22 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the
  • Figure 23 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the present invention in which a pump optical fibre is twisted around two
  • Figure 24 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the
  • Figure 25 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the present invention in which third optical fibres are twisted around first and second optical fibres;
  • Figure 26 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the present invention in which the optical fibre sections are coated
  • Figure 27 depicts an apparatus for manufacturing an optical fibre
  • Figure 28 depicts an apparatus for manufacturing an optical fibre anangement having a coating according to the present invention
  • Figure 29 depicts an optical fibre anangement according to the
  • Figure 30 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention
  • Figure 31 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention in which a pump optical fibre is twisted around an
  • Figure 32 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention comprising two pump optical fibres
  • Figure 33 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention comprising two amplifying optical fibres
  • Figures 34 to 36 depict an amplifying optical device according to the
  • Figure 37 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention and including an optical element
  • Figure 38 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention in which the optical element is an optical fibre Bragg
  • Figure 39 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the
  • the optical element connects two amplifying
  • Figure 40 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention in which an optical element and a reflecting device are configured to reflect optical energy to the same amplifying optical fibre;
  • Figure 41 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the
  • Figure 42 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention in which an amplifying optical fibre is configured in a coil and including a pump optical fibre;
  • Figure 43 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the
  • optical fibres are configured in a coil
  • Figure 44 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the present invention in which multiple amplifying optical fibres are configured in a coil;
  • Figure 45 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the
  • Figure 46 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the
  • Figure 47 depicts an amplifying optical device according to the
  • fibre are wound around a former
  • Figure 48 depicts a laser according to the present invention
  • Figure 49 depicts a laser according to the present invention
  • Figure 50 depicts an optical amplifier according to the present invention
  • Figure 51 depicts an amplifier according to the present invention
  • Figure 52 depicts an amplifying optical anangement according to the
  • Figure 53 depicts an amplifying optical anangement according to the present invention comprising an optical device
  • Figure 54 depicts an optical network according to the present
  • Figure 55 depicts a power splitter according to the present invention
  • Figure 56 depicts a serial power splitter according to the present invention.
  • Figure 57 depicts a power splitter and amplifiers according to the
  • Figure 58 depicts an amplifier according to the present invention.
  • Figures 59 to 62 depict perfo nuance results measured on an amplifier according to the present invention. Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments of the Invention
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a conventional optical amplifier 10 according to prior art.
  • the optical amplifier 10 is based on an erbium (Er) - doped optical fibre 11 that is optically pumped by two pump lasers 12 whose pump energy is coupled into the Er-doped optical fibre 1 1 via first and second wavelength division multiplexers 14 and 15.
  • Er erbium
  • wavelength division multiplexer 14 is amplified by the Er-doped optical
  • fibre 11 is coupled to an output port 17 via the second wavelength
  • the Er-doped optical fibre 11 is a single mode optical fibre containing the erbium doping within its core.
  • the single mode core guides both the signal 16 and the pump energy from the pump lasers 12.
  • This source combines the output of up to four pump modules to obtain up to 500 mW of pump power [see for example Spectra Diode Labs product catalogue, part # SDLO WM4].
  • this module four individual pumps are spectrally separated by 5 nm so that all pumps are within the erbium absorption band. This method offers some protection against failure of pump diodes, but the module itself is quite expensive and cannot be easily upgraded to a greater number of
  • a double-clad fibre 21 comprises a core 23, a primary (inner) cladding 24, and a secondary (outer) cladding 25.
  • Pump light 22 is
  • secondary cladding 25 is typically a polymer coating that is applied during the manufacture of the double-clad fibre 21.
  • the core 23 is usually doped with
  • the diameter of the core 23 is in the region of 5 - 25
  • primary cladding 23 allows the use of broad stripe, semiconductor-laser
  • double-clad fibre 21 can deliver much higher output power in comparison
  • FIG. 3 shows the double-clad fibre 21 configured as a fibre laser 31.
  • a pump beam 32 is launched through a dichroic
  • a high-reflectivity minor 34 is used to reflect back both pump and signal.
  • laser 31 is separated from the pump beam 32 by the dichroic minor 33.
  • Cladding-pumped optical amplifiers can be constructed using dichroic minors in similar configurations to the fibre laser 31 shown in Figure 3. However, a problem associated with this and many other
  • FIG. 4 shows a multimode fibre coupler 40.
  • An auxiliary pump optical fibre 41 is used to launch pump light 42 into a double-clad fibre 21 that is doped with rare-earth ions in its core 23. The resulting amplified
  • a main advantage of this scheme is that both ends of the double-clad fibre 21 are now accessible for launching and out-coupling signal power for signal manipulation [see for example D. J. DiGiovanni, R. S. Windeler, A.
  • auxiliary pump optical fibres 41 as shown in Figure 5.
  • the solution shown in Figures 4 and 5 is therefore highly flexible allowing many configurations of fibre lasers and amplifiers to be constructed.
  • NA numerical aperture
  • the aperture for the inner cladding This depends on the refractive indices of the inner and outer cladding.
  • the refractive index of the inner cladding is determined by choice of material, a choice that depends on several other parameters besides the refractive index. Fused silica is one prefened
  • a polymer cladding is one possibility. For instance, silicone rubber would lead to an NA for the inner cladding of 0.4.
  • An all-glass structure with a glass outer cladding is prefened from
  • laser diodes offer brightness in the region of 0.3 W/ ⁇ m 2
  • real brightness is in the region of 0.1 W/ ⁇ m 2 .
  • fibre laser system requires about 50 W of pump power delivered by 25 to 50
  • the fibre outer diameter based on a fibre with inner and outer claddings of different glass materials with an NA of 0.25 for typical choices of glasses, the fibre outer diameter
  • fibre OD should be in the region of 1 mm. This creates problems in that the large inner cladding reduces the interaction between the pump beam and the
  • a typical double-clad fibre with a silica inner cladding according to
  • the prior art can either have a low-index polymer coating with a high NA and low power handling, or a relatively higher index glass outer cladding
  • the pump waveguide be formed by glass sunounded by air, with NA > 1.
  • the structure is then supported by a thin outer glass shell that sunounds the fibre and runs along its length.
  • this type of fibre is not readily used together with the pump-couplers of Figures 4-and 5.
  • it is quite difficult to make a pump waveguide with sufficiently low loss.
  • coupler can handle.
  • optical fibre anangement 70 which optical fibre anangement 70 comprises at least two optical fibre sections 71, 72, the optical fibre sections 71, 72 each having an
  • optical contact there is meant that light propagating in the near
  • one of the optical fibre sections 71 can penetrate into the near-surface region of the other adjacent optical fibre section 72. This will clearly not be the case if one of the optical fibre sections is coated with a typical coating such as an acrylate or silicone compound.
  • optical fibre sections 71, 72 may be of constant cross-section along their length.
  • the optical fibre sections 71 , 72 can comprise a core and at least one cladding.
  • the core can be circular or non-circular.
  • the core can be in the located in the centre of the cladding or offset from the centre.
  • the cladding can be circular or non-circular.
  • ком ⁇ онент 72 can comprise a glass rod that can be silica or soft glass.
  • optical fibre sections 71, 72 can be constructed from the same optical fibre 81 as shown in Figure 8, or from different optical fibres 91, 92
  • Figure 10 shows a cross-section through an optical fibre anangement in which a first optical fibre 101 having a core 103 and a cladding 104 is in
  • optical contact with a second optical fibre 102 having only a cladding 105 optical contact with a second optical fibre 102 having only a cladding 105.
  • the first optical fibre may be a single-mode or multi-mode optical fibre and
  • the second optical fibre 102 may be silica rod.
  • the optical fibre anangement is preferably constructed from freshly drawn optical fibre.
  • Figure 1 1 shows a similar optical fibre anangement in which a first optical fibre 1 11 is fused to a second optical fibre 112.
  • the first and second topical fibres are preferably fused during the fibre drawing process (in which the optical fibre is manufactured) or subsequently.
  • 111, 112 may be single-mode or multi-mode optical fibres.
  • Figures 12 to 20 show alternative optical fibre anangements in which at least one first optical fibre 120 is optically connected to at least one
  • Each of the first and second optical fibres 120, 121 is identical to each of the first and second optical fibres 120, 121.
  • first and second optical fibres 120, 121 can each contain waveguiding cores that can be situated in the centre of the optical fibre 120,
  • the first and second optical fibres 120, 121 can be formed from a
  • glass selected from the group comprising silica, doped silica, silicate, phosphate, and soft glass.
  • the first optical fibre 120 can be an amplifying optical fibre doped
  • the amplifying optical fibre preferably has a single multimode
  • the core and/or cladding can comprise at least one rare earth dopant selected from the group comprising Ytterbium, Erbium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Thulium, Samarium, Holmium, Dysprosium or is doped with a transition metal or semiconductor.
  • the core and/or cladding can be co-doped with Erbium/Ytterbium.
  • the core and/or cladding can be doped with germanium, phosphorous, boron, aluminium
  • the core diameter can be substantially in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the cladding area can be at least 10 to 1000 times larger then
  • More than one amplifying optical fibre may be included in the optical fibre anangement 70, each one of the amplifying optical fibres containing the same dopants or different dopants.
  • the second optical fibre 121 can be a pump optical fibre, the pump
  • optical fibre being in optical contact with the amplifying optical fibre along at least a portion of its length.
  • Figure 20 shows a cross-section through an amplifying optical
  • the first optical fibre 120 is a so-called “holey fibre” 201 (or “photonic bandgap fibre") that comprises a waveguide constructed from a lattice of azimuthal holes 202 extending along the axis of
  • the holey fibre 201 may be doped with one or more of the
  • rare earth dopants selected from the group comprising Ytterbium, Erbium,
  • the core and/or cladding can be co-doped with Erbium/Ytterbium.
  • the lattice may be a regular lattice or an inegular lattice.
  • the second optical fibre 121 can be a pump optical fibre, the pump
  • the amplifying optical arrangement may contain a
  • the second optical fibre 121 can be a pump optical fibre, the pump optical fibre being in optical contact with the amplifying optical fibre along at least a portion of its length.
  • Figure 21 shows an optical fibre anangement in which the optical
  • fibre sections 71, 72 are twisted about each other.
  • the term "twisted" is
  • FIG. 22 and 23 where a pump optical fibre 221 is shown twisted around at least one amplifying optical fibre 222.
  • the pump optical fibre 221 is shown as having a diameter very much less than that of the amplifying optical fibre 222.
  • amplifying optical fibres 222 in Figure 23 are shown in optical contact with each other and with the pump optical fibre 221.
  • the amplifying optical fibre 222 preferably has a single multimode
  • the core and/or cladding can comprise at
  • the core and/or cladding can be co-doped with Erbium/Ytterbium.
  • the core and/or cladding can be doped with germanium, phosphorous, boron, aluminium
  • the core diameter can be substantially in the range of 2 ⁇ m
  • the cladding area can be at least 10 to 1000 times larger then
  • the rare earth dopant can be disposed in the core, in the cladding, in regions in the core and the cladding, or in a ring around the core.
  • More than one amplifying optical fibre 222 may be included in the
  • each one of the amplifying optical fibres 222 containing the same dopants or different dopants.
  • the amplifying optical fibre 222 may comprise a waveguide constructed from so-called “holey fibre” or “photonic bandgap fibre” and
  • the pump optical fibre 221 can have a substantially uniform refractive index across its cross-
  • section and may be drawn from a silica rod.
  • Figure 24 shows a first optical fibre 241 and six second optical fibres 242 twisted together in a such way that the outside surface of at least two adjacent fibres are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of the
  • the first optical fibre 241 can be the amplifying optical fibre 222
  • the second optical fibre 242 can be the
  • the first optical fibre 241 can be the
  • Figure 25 demonstrates yet another anangement in which four first
  • Figure 26 shows an optical fibre anangement in which the optical fibre sections 71 , 72 are sunounded by a coating material 262 along a length of the optical fibre anangement. For clarity, the optical fibre sections 71, 72
  • the coating material can be a polymer with a refractive index less than the refractive index of a cladding material of at least one of the optical
  • the coating material can be silicone rubber.
  • the optical fibre sections 71, 72 may be a section of the amplifying optical fibre 222 and/or a section of the pump optical fibre 221.
  • one of the optical fibre sections 71, 72 can be
  • optical fibre section or sections 71, 72 This is a very desirable feature that has far-reaching commercial significance for the design and manufacture of a range of optical
  • Figure 27 shows an apparatus for manufacturing long lengths of an optical fibre anangement in the form of an optical fibre cable 277.
  • first and second optical fibre preform 271, 272 is placed in a chuck 273 on a fibre drawing tower 270 and lowered into a furnace 274.
  • a first and second optical fibre 275, 276 is drawn from the first and second optical fibre preforms 271, 272, twisted together, and wrapped around a drawing drum
  • the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 are drawn by rotating the drawing drum 278, and rotating the first and second optical fibre preforms 271, 272 while lowering the first and second
  • optical fibre preforms 271, 272 into the furnace The first and second optical fibres 275, 276 may be twisted together by rotating the chuck 273.
  • Figure 28 shows a similar apparatus, which includes a coating cup
  • the curing apparatus can be a furnace or a UV curing chamber depending on the type of coating material being applied.
  • the invention therefore provides the following method for manufacturing an optical fibre anangement comprising: providing a first
  • optical fibre preforms 271, 272 in a chuck 273 on a fibre drawing tower 270; drawing a first and second optical fibre 275, 276 from the first and second optical fibre preforms 271, 272 under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed; and twisting the first and second optical fibre 275, 276 during the drawing process; the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected
  • the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 can be passed through a coating cup
  • uncoated optical fibre which may be unwound from drums.
  • Such a method would comprising the following stages: providing a first and second optical
  • optical fibres 275, 276 during the drawing process; the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of its length.
  • first and second optical fibres 275, 276 when they are first manufactured that can be removed immediately prior to manufacturing the optical fibre anangement. Care needs to be taken
  • the coating material 262 may also be a glass having a refractive index less than the refractive index of the pump
  • the glass may be applied using a sol-gel process.
  • the glass may be silica glass, a doped silica glass, or a soft glass.
  • the glass can be leached away for example by acid etching
  • Figure 29 shows a cross-section of an optical fibre anangement in which the first and second optical fibre sections 71, 72 are joined together
  • optical glue 291 means that in an anangement where two adjacent fibres are in close proximity but separated
  • Figure 30 shows an amplifying optical device 300 comprising the
  • the optical fibre anangement 70 may be an amplifying optical fibre 222, a pump optical fibre 221.
  • the pump optical fibre 221 and the amplifying optical fibre 222 are shown in optical contact with each other and thus pump energy propagating along the pump optical fibre 221 couples
  • the pump optical fibre 221 preferably has a small diameter than the
  • An optical amplifier based upon the amplifying optical device 300 preferably includes at least one optical isolator orientated to amplify an optical signal at the input of the amplifier and a filter to filter out amplified
  • the pump optical fibre 221 may have a reflecting device 225 deposited or positioned at or near its face.
  • the reflecting device 225 may be
  • optical grating an optical grating, a minor, or a loop of optical fibre.
  • amplifying optical device we mean an optical amplifier, a power amplifier, a laser, a broadband source of amplified spontaneous emission.
  • the amplifying optical fibre 222 can be a single-clad uncoated
  • optical fibre optical fibre
  • the pump optical fibre 221 can be twisted around the amplifying
  • optical fibre 222 as shown in Figure 31.
  • Figure 32 shows an amplifying optical device comprising an optical fibre anangement 70 in which the optical fibre sections 71, 72 comprise one
  • Each end of the pump optical fibres 221 is shown connected to a separate one of the pump sources 302.
  • FIG. 33 shows an amplifying optical device comprising two amplifying optical fibres 222.
  • the pump energy being supplied by the pump optical sources 302 is shared by more than one of the amplifying optical fibres 222 by virtue of the optical contact between the pump optical fibres 221 and the amplifying optical fibres 222. Further amplifying optical fibres 222 can be added and the amplifying optical device used as a parallel (or multi-channel)
  • optical amplifier Surprisingly, such an amplifier tends to equalise the
  • each amplifying optical fibre 222 is capable of amplifying individual signals having different wavelengths with low cross-talk and low interference between signals having the same wavelength being amplified by different ones of the amplifying optical fibres 222.
  • Figures 34 to 36 show an amplifying optical device comprising a
  • the optical fibre anangement 70 is configured such that a portion of the optical energy guided by each of the pump optical fibres 221 is coupled into at least
  • amplifying optical fibres 222 are connected together.
  • the amplifying optical fibres 222 are connected together.
  • optical devices shown in Figures 34 to 36 can comprise the coating 262.
  • the differences between the embodiments shown in Figures 34 to 36 is in the number of connections between the amplifying optical fibres 221 and in the connection of the pump optical fibres 221 to the pump sources 302.
  • the pump optical fibres 221 are joined together at one end of the amplifying optical device, whereas in Figures 34 and 36, each of
  • the ends of the pump optical fibres 221 are connected to different pump sources 302.
  • fibre anangement 70 is an important advantage that is achieved with the present invention.
  • the amplifying optical device shown in Figure 35 can be
  • the amplifying optical device shown in Figure 34 is a parallel (or multi-channel) optical amplifier that in effect comprises several amplifiers that share pump energy derived from common pump sources 302, wherein amplification in each amplifier is achieved in more than one pass through
  • Figures 35 and 36 show amplifying optical devices wherein all the
  • amplifying optical fibres 222 are joined together in series, the configurations being high power optical amplifiers.
  • the amplifying optical fibres 222 in Figure 35 are connected such that an optical signal would pass in both directions through the optical fibre anangement 70 while being amplified,
  • fibre arrangement 70 while being amplified.
  • the amplifying optical device as shown in Figure 36 - for example it may provide a lower noise figure.
  • the parallel optical amplifier of Figure 34 can be configured
  • the parallel optical amplifier of Figure 33 provides significant flexibility in its use. These configurations also further illustrate that the importance of being able to individually separate the pump optical fibres 221 and the amplifying optical fibres 222 clearly increases as the numbers of pump
  • optical fibres 221 and amplifying optical fibres 222 increases.
  • Figures 33 to 36 indicate the use of multiple pump optical sources 302. Clearly these embodiments will operate with a single pump optical source 302. However, the use of multiple pump optical sources 302
  • Figure 37 shows an amplifying optical device 370 which includes an
  • optical element 371 inserted along the length of the amplifying optical fibre
  • the optical element 371 being selected from the group comprising a polariser, an isolator, a circulator, a grating, an optical fibre Bragg grating, a long-period grating, an acousto-optic modulator, an acousto-optic tuneable filter, an optical filter, a Ken cell, a Pockels cell, a dispersive element, a
  • non-linear dispersive element an optical switch, a phase modulator, a
  • Lithium Niobate modulator and an optical crystal.
  • the amplifying optical device 370 can be considered to be either a
  • the amplifying optical device 370 may comprise the coating 262.
  • the amplifying optical device 370 may be constructed from an optical fibre
  • Figure 38 shows an embodiment of the amplifying optical device of Figure 37 in which the optical element 371 is an optical fibre Bragg grating
  • optical energy propagating in the amplifying optical fibre 222 is coupled into the optical fibre Bragg grating 382 via an optical circulator 381.
  • the optical fibre Bragg grating 382 can be one or both of a gain-flattened grating and a dispersion compensating grating. These are believed to be especially important embodiments of the present invention with application in telecommunication systems.
  • gain flattening we mean that the fibre
  • grating compensates for the spectral variation in the optical gain provided by
  • Figure 39 shows an amplifying optical device in which the optical element 371 connects two amplifying optical fibres 282.
  • Figure 40 shows an amplifying optical device in which the optical element 371 and a reflecting device 401 is configured to reflect optical
  • the reflecting device 401 may be a
  • the amplifying optical device shown in Figure 40 can be configured as a laser by adding the second reflecting device 401 as shown.
  • the laser can be configured as a Q-switched or a mode-locked laser.
  • Figure 41 shows an amplifying optical device comprising a single
  • amplifying optical fibre 222 configured as a coil 41 1 such that at least two adjacent turns of the single amplifying optical fibre 222 are in optical contact with each other.
  • Optical pump power 412 can be coupled into the
  • amplifying optical device by side illumination from at least one optical pump source 302 as shown in Figure 41, or by utilizing one of the prior art
  • the amplifying optical fibre 222 is preferably an unclad optical fibre that can be either single-mode or multimode, and have a circular or non-
  • the coil 411 can be supported by at least one support 415.
  • the support 415 can be a ceramic, glass or silica rod, tube, cylinder, or bead, epoxied or otherwise bonded to the coil 411.
  • the support 415 may be a support means.
  • the coil 411 can be enclosed within an enclosure, which
  • inert gas such as nitrogen
  • Figure 42 shows an amplifying optical device comprising a single amplifying optical fibre 222 configured as a coil 421 such that at least two
  • adjacent turns of the single amplifying optical fibre 222 are in optical contact with each other, and including at least one pump optical fibre 221 disposed with respect to the coil 421 of amplifying optical fibre 222 so that the pump optical fibre 221 touches the amplifying optical fibre 222 along at
  • amplifying optical device can comprise a plurality of pump optical fibres 221 to form a coil 431.
  • the amplifying optical fibre 222 and the pump optical fibres 221 are shown laying in a clockwise direction.
  • the amplifying optical device can comprise a plurality of amplifying optical fibres 222 as shown in Figure 44.. This is conveniently constructed
  • the amplifying optical device of Figure 44 is a parallel optical amplifier with the performance advantages of the amplifying optical device described with reference to Figure 33.
  • the coils 411, 421, 431 and 441 can be potted in a polymer 443 as shown in Figure 44.
  • the polymer 433 preferably has a refractive index
  • the polymer 443 can be a silicone rubber.
  • the pump optical fibre 221 in Figures 42 to 44 can have a diameter much less than the diameter of the amplifying optical fibre 222.
  • the pump optical fibre 221 can be disposed in interstitial gaps between turns of the amplifying optical fibre 222 as illustrated in
  • the pump optical fibre 221 shown in Figure 45 can either be a single pump optical fibre or be many pump optical fibres - a configuration that is important for high-power amplifiers and lasers as well as providing a
  • the pump optical fibre 221 can be formed from a material having a lower melting point than the material of the amplifying optical fibre 222.
  • the pump optical fibres 221 can be between 1 and 100, or even higher for applications involving amplifiers and lasers requiring high power outputs (> 1 W to 5W).
  • the pump optical fibre 221 is preferably a multimode fibre
  • optical fibre 222 ie in the range 5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the pump optical fibre 221 should be of a comparable size or even much larger than the amplifying optical fibre 222. For example, when coupling to
  • the pump optical fibre 221 can conveniently be in the region
  • the coil turns in the pumped coil can be melted to each other.
  • the diameter of the pumped coil can be in
  • Figure 46 shows a coil 461 comprising amplifying optical fibre
  • the amplifying optical signal can be the pump source 302.
  • fibre 222 has a longitudinally extending outside surface that is in optical contact with the former 462 along at least a portion of the longitudinally extending outside surface.
  • Figure 47 shows a pump optical fibre 221 in optical contact with the former 462, the pump optical fibre 221 being connected to a pump source
  • pump light will be coupled from the pump optical fibre 221 into the amplifying optical fibre 222 via the former 472.
  • the coils can be conveniently wound around the hoop in a toroidal
  • the glass can be a soft glass, or can be silica or doped silica glass.
  • the refractive index of the glass should be substantially the same
  • Figure 48 shows a laser 480 constructed from an amplifying optical
  • the amplifying optical device 481 can be
  • the optical feedback anangement 482 can comprise two reflecting
  • the optical feedback anangement 482 can be configured such that the laser 480
  • optical feedback anangement 482 is shown as a coupler 491 to provide two output ports 492. If unidirectional operation is required, an optical isolator can be added into the ring according to prior art.
  • Figure 50 shows a prefened embodiment for an optical amplifier 500 configured as a parallel optical amplifier, which will be refened to frequently in the following description to demonstrate the major advantages
  • the amplifier 500 contains
  • the amplifier 500 comprises at least one pump source 302 for
  • the amplifier 500 preferably comprises a plurality of pump optical fibres 221 - although as seen in Figure 41, this feature is not strictly necessary, and is not meant to limit either this embodiment or the embodiments that will be
  • the amplifier 500 can either be used for single-pass amplification, or for multi-pass amplification by
  • the amplifier 500 provides a number of substantially independent amplification channels that can simultaneously amplify signals at the same wavelength or at different wavelengths.
  • the pump source 302 preferably contains at least one semiconductor laser diode and there are preferably more than one pump source 302
  • semiconductor laser diode can be a broad stripe laser diode or a diode bar.
  • optical fibre 222 and to amortize the investment of the relatively expensive semiconductor laser diodes over several amplifying optical fibres 222.
  • amplification for example for application in metropolitan areas.
  • Figure 6 schematically illustrates a prior art technique for launching
  • the pump light from a laser diode 61 into the pump optical fibre 221.
  • the pump light is emitted from an emission stripe 62 of the laser diode 61.
  • a cylindrical lens 63 formed as a piece of optical fibre is used to
  • the fibre 64 and the taper 65 may be constructed from the same optical fibre, or different optical fibres, and may be a part of the pump optical fibre 221. This technique can also be used to launch light into other types of optical fibre. -
  • Figure 51 shows an amplifier 510 comprising the amplifier 500, at
  • the amplifying optical fibres 222 are connected to the first multiplexer 512.
  • the first multiplexer 512 may be a coupler dividing the power
  • the coupler may be constructed
  • optical fibre couplers may be a planar-optical device having a single
  • the first multiplexer 512 can be a wavelength division multiplexer as an anayed waveguide grating AWG.
  • the first multiplexer 512 can also
  • the first multiplexer 512 can be used to separate out wavelength channels input by
  • each amplifying optical fibre 222 amplifies
  • the separate wavelength channels can be combined into a single output port 513 using a coupler 514 as shown in Figure 52.
  • the coupler 514 can be a planar-optics coupler, one or more optical fibre couplers, a wavelength division multiplexer, an add mulitplexer, a drop multipexer, or an add-drop multiplexer constructed from thin-film filters and/or optical fibre gratings.
  • Figure 61 shows eight wavelength channels 611 to 618
  • Wavelength channels 61 1 and 612 are adjacent and so are wavelength channels 613 and 614. It is preferable that each amplifying optical fibre 222 amplifies only a single one of the wavelength
  • Figure 52 shows an amplifying optical anangement comprising a
  • the second multiplexer 521 can be an interleaver that directs adjacent wavelength channels to different ones of the first
  • multiplexers 512 and hence to different ones of the amplifiers 500 or a coupler that divides the input power between the two input fibres 511.
  • the configuration with the interleaver is prefened.
  • Figure 53 shows an amplifying anangement comprising a plurality
  • the amplifying anangement being configured such that the optical device 531 is connected to the amplifiers 500.
  • the figure shows one of the pump optical fibres 221 being
  • the optical device 531 can be an optical router, an add-drop multiplexer, an add multiplexer, a drop multiplexer, an optical switch, a polariser, an isolator, a circulator, a grating, an optical fibre Bragg grating, a
  • an acousto-optic modulator an acousto-optic tuneable filter, an optical filter, a Ken cell, a Pockels cell, a dispersive element, a non-linear dispersive element, an optical switch, a phase modulator, a
  • the optical device 531 Lithium Niobate modulator, and an optical crystal.
  • the optical device 531 Lithium Niobate modulator, and an optical crystal.
  • a prefened embodiment is where the optical device 531 is an optical router which comprises an optical switch configured such that optical
  • signals output from one of the amplifiers 500 are routed to at least two more
  • Figure 54 shows an optical network 540 comprising at least one first optical fibre 541 that may be configured in at least one ring 545.
  • the network includes at least one multi-wavelength transmitter 542 comprising a
  • plurality of signal sources (not shown) that may be distributed feedback lasers, either directly modulated or with external modulation.
  • wavelength transmitter 542 outputs a plurality of telecommunication signals
  • each telecommunication signal 5402 into the first optical fibre 541 via a multiplexer 543 and/or a first add/drop multiplexer 544, each telecommunication signal 5402 having a different wavelength.
  • An amplifier 5403 is shown in the ring 545.
  • a second add/drop multiplexer 546 may be included to remove at
  • optical fibre 5401 may be included.
  • the telecommunication network 540 is not meant to be limited to the
  • the amplifier 5403 may be the amplifying optical device shown in Figure 38 that includes an optical fibre Bragg grating to condition at least one telecommunication signal 5402.
  • the amplifier 5403 may be the amplifier 500.
  • the first add/drop multiplexer 544 may include an amplifier according to Figure 51 or an amplifying anangement according to Figure 52
  • the second add/drop multiplexer 546 may include an amplifier according to Figure 51 or an amplifying anangement according to Figure 52
  • the amplifier 548 may be an amplifying optical device according to
  • amplifier 548 may be required to boost the telecommunication signal 5402 significantly in order
  • the invention therefore provides a method to reduce the granularity in an optical telecommunications network comprising providing at least one of the amplifiers shown in Figures 50 and Figure 51, and/or at least one of
  • Figure 55 shows a power splitter 550 comprising at least one pump source 302 and an optical fibre anangement 70 comprising a plurality of
  • the plurality of pump optical fibres 221 is configured in a coil 551, wherein at least one of the pump optical fibres 221 is connected to the pump source 302.
  • each of the pump optical fibres 221 has the same diameter, the optical power provided by the pump optical source 302 is
  • each output 556 of the pump optical fibres 221 can be predetermined by selecting the relative diameters
  • the pump optical fibres 221 may be twisted or may be left untwisted.
  • the coil 551 can be constructed by forming an interim cable 552.
  • the coil 551 can be potted in a polymer 443.
  • the polymer 433
  • the polymer 443 can be a silicone
  • Figure 56 shows a power splitter 560 comprising at least one pump source 302 and at least one optical fibre anangement 70 comprising a plurality of pump optical fibres 221 each having an input 565 and an output 566, wherein at least one of the pump optical fibres 221 is connected to the pump source 302.
  • the pump optical fibres 221 may be twisted or may be left untwisted.
  • optical fibre arrangement 70 can be constructed
  • optical fibre anangements based on the optical fibre 277 or the optical fibre 284.
  • Such an approach provides a very cost-effective solution for sharing pump energy from a single pump source amongst a plurality of amplifiers, especially since many optical power splitters may be fabricated from a
  • Figure 57 shows optical pump power from a pump source 302 being
  • the output fibres 572 can be pump optical fibres 221.
  • the power splitter 571 can be the power splitter 550 or the power splitter 560.
  • the anangement shown in Figure 57 provides a very cost- effective and reliable way of sharing output from a single pump source amongst several optical amplifiers.
  • This Example is based on the configuration depicted in Figure 32.
  • the amplifying optical fibre 222 has an outer diameter (OD) of 200 ⁇ m and
  • the core is single-moded at the signal
  • the pump power is provided by 4
  • This Example is a mode-locked cladding pumped fibre laser with repetition rate frequency in the region of 50-200 MHz.
  • the laser is based on the two fibre anangement shown in Figure 40.
  • the core is single-moded at the signal wavelength and made of Yb3+-activated aluminosilicate glass.
  • the pump abso ⁇ tion cross section at 980 nm is 20
  • a i m long fibre absorbs approximately 90 % of launched pump power.
  • the pump power is provided by 2 laser diodes with rated
  • the laser is capable of generating 1 ps pulses at repetition rate of 100
  • Minors 401 form an optical resonator for the signal.
  • This Example is a multi-fibre anangement including two or more pump diodes pumping simultaneously several amplifying optical fibres as
  • the amplifying optical fibres have an outer
  • the core is single-
  • the output power from an individual channel It should be also understood that it is prefened in a transmission system that optical power in any one channel should not exceed 10 to 15 mW to avoid non-linear effects. Thus if the number of doped fibres is equal to the number of channels, then the output power from the individual channels will be below 20 mW.
  • the present invention also makes it possible to increase the number of
  • This Example is a laser structure formed by coiling a fibre with a longitudinal pump abso ⁇ tion of 50 dB/m at 975 nm.
  • the fibre has an
  • outside diameter of 50 ⁇ m and a core diameter of 10 ⁇ m.
  • the core is
  • the pump abso ⁇ tion cross-section is 20x10 " m ,
  • a 10 m long fibre is coiled to a torus of 10 cm diameter, i.e., with approximately 30 turns and with a cross-sectional area of approximately
  • the thickness of the torus is similar to the thickness of
  • This Example is a laser structure formed by coiling a fibre with longitudinal pump abso ⁇ tion of 2 dB/m at 975 nm.
  • the fibre has an OD of
  • the core is single-moded at the
  • fibre is coiled to a torus of 10 cm diameter, i.e., with approximately 600
  • laser diode sources each at 20 W and coupled to a fibre with 300 ⁇ m
  • the numerical aperture of a pump beam injected into the torus is 0.3.
  • the couplers are thus spaced by 6 cm.
  • the beam should propagate approximately 5 m (10 dB abso ⁇ tion) around the loop, and in this distance
  • This Example is a laser structure formed by coiling a fibre with
  • the fibre has an OD
  • the core is single-moded at the
  • fibre is coiled to a torus of 10 cm diameter, i.e., with approximately 300
  • couplers are thus spaced by 6 cm.
  • the beam should propagate approximately 100m (lOdB abso ⁇ tion) around the loop,
  • This Example is a fibre laser operating at 975 nm. It is well known that Yb ions in silica glass have a large emission cross-section at 975 nm which makes a Yb-doped fibre laser a candidate to replace conventional
  • the far end of the laser should be in the region of 3-10 4 W/cm 2 in order to
  • the pump-through power will be 10
  • the pump intensity inside the laser can be made very high provided pump optical fibres are thin enough, which makes a high power 976 nm fibre laser feasible.
  • One possible configuration is based on 4W pump diodes operating at 915 nm pigtailed to
  • the fibre is silica rod with silicone rubber cladding.
  • the pump power NA can be kept as low as 0.1 which allows preservation of pump brightness by tapering output (uncoated) end of
  • Fibre with OD 1 mm is able to handle 4 kW of pump; iii. Structure similar to that shown in Fig. 8 can accept virtually unlimited amount of power (more than 10 kW);
  • this type of fibre lasers does not suffer from thermal problems associated with pump abso ⁇ tion and thermally non-matching materials (glass and silicone rubber, for example);
  • Pump power can be delivered to the system via dedicated pump optical
  • optical fibres at different azimuthal positions one can excite different modes - so there is no pump leakage at entrance points of adjacent
  • the parallel optical amplifier 580 is a prefened embodiment of the parallel amplifier 500 that includes optical
  • the Example demonstrates drastically increased amplification capacity compared to the prior art in a compact, low-cost configuration.
  • the amplifier 580 has eight independent ports (or amplifying
  • each port comprising the input fibre 582 connected to the isolator 583, connected to the amplifier 500,
  • the amplifier 580 can replace eight single-port amplifiers and bring down the amplifier count in a large system by nearly an order of
  • the amplifier 580 can be configured in different ways to fulfill different roles.
  • the Example is based on an optical fibre anangement that comprises eight Er/Yb co-doped amplifying optical fibres for signal amplification and
  • Each of the amplifier optical fibres 282 has a 100 ⁇ m cladding and a
  • the pump optical fibres 281 have a diameter of 125 ⁇ m.
  • 580 can be considered as a set of eight independent fibre amplifiers.
  • the pump source 302 was provided by a module comprising six
  • the pump module had built-in laser diode driver and control electronics in a compact package.
  • the pump module can be
  • optical fibre 282 at this wavelength was approximately 5 dB/m so that the
  • each amplifier fibre was below 2 m.
  • the pump optical source 320 was connected to one end of a single
  • Figure 59 depicts the spectral dependence of signal gain for two arbitrary amplifying channels. The gain curves for the other six channels were similar. The results demonstrate nearly identical performance of two
  • amplifiers varied from 15 - 18 dBm.
  • the variation is caused by non- uniform pump power distribution between individual amplifying optical
  • fibres The uniformity can be improved by further developments of the system.
  • Figure 60 shows the noise figure. All eight amplifying channels offer
  • the total output power from the amplifier 580 is almost an order of magnitude higher.
  • the amplifier configuration allows two or more fibre amplifying channels to be cascaded (as described with reference to Figures 34 to 36) in order to increase the gain or saturated output power, while at the same time retaining the low noise figure.
  • Figure 60 shows gain and noise figure for
  • the small signal gain exceeds 50 dB with a noise figure still below 5 dB.
  • the DFB fibre lasers were individually pumped and the output
  • Figure 61 shows the output power in the individual wavelength channels 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618. The results demonstrate high contrast output spectra with significant power equalization.
  • Another way of using the amplifier 580 is for amplification of
  • the amplifier's inter-channel cross-talk is very low.
  • the cross-talk was measurable only when three amplifiers were cascaded and is below -50 dB.
  • the system comprises eight, parallel, amplifying optical fibres pumped by a
  • the amplifying optical fibres have a length of 1.5 m, possess low cross-talk and low
  • the system can be reconfigured by cascading two or more amplifiers in order to increase gain or saturated power, retaining at the same time a very-low noise figure.
  • This parallel amplifier is

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  • Lasers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un dispositif à fibre optique (70) qui comprend au moins deux segments de fibre optique (71, 72). Chaque segment présente une surface extérieure longitudinale en contact optique avec la surface extérieure longitudinale de l'autre segment. Dans une forme de réalisation préférée, on décrit un amplificateur optique parallèle.
PCT/GB2000/001664 1999-04-30 2000-04-28 Dispositif a fibre optique WO2000067350A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2371100A CA2371100C (fr) 1999-04-30 2000-04-28 Dispositif a fibre optique
DE60041329T DE60041329D1 (de) 1999-04-30 2000-04-28 Verfahren zur herstellung eines faseroptischen verstärkers
AU45877/00A AU779320B2 (en) 1999-04-30 2000-04-28 An optical fibre arrangement
EP00927474A EP1175714B1 (fr) 1999-04-30 2000-04-28 Procede de fabrication d'un dispositif d'amplification a fibre optique
DK00927474T DK1175714T3 (da) 1999-04-30 2000-04-28 Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af en fiberoptisk for-stærkeranordning

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9910165.1 1999-04-30
GBGB9910165.1A GB9910165D0 (en) 1999-04-30 1999-04-30 Laser and optical amplifier
GBGB9911958.8A GB9911958D0 (en) 1999-04-30 1999-05-21 Laser and optical amplifier
GB9911958.8 1999-05-21
GB9917594.5 1999-07-27
GBGB9917594.5A GB9917594D0 (en) 1999-07-27 1999-07-27 An optical fibre arrangement

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WO2000067350A1 true WO2000067350A1 (fr) 2000-11-09

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US (5) US6826335B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1175714B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU779320B2 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2000067350A1 (fr)

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EP1388018B1 (fr) * 2001-04-30 2007-08-29 Crystal Fibre A/S Fibre optique microstructurée
WO2003017440A2 (fr) * 2001-08-13 2003-02-27 Ram Oron Systeme d'amplification optique
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JP2012186443A (ja) * 2011-03-07 2012-09-27 Licom Co Ltd 超小型光ファイバ増幅器
JP2012209430A (ja) * 2011-03-30 2012-10-25 Fujikura Ltd 増幅用光学部品、及び、これを用いた光ファイバ増幅器、並びに、ファイバレーザ装置
JP2012209431A (ja) * 2011-03-30 2012-10-25 Fujikura Ltd 光学部品、及び、これを用いた光ファイバ増幅器、及び、ファイバレーザ装置
WO2012132512A1 (fr) * 2011-03-30 2012-10-04 株式会社フジクラ Composant optique utilisable à des fins d'amplification, amplificateur à fibre optique utilisant celui-ci, et dispositif laser à fibre
WO2012132511A1 (fr) * 2011-03-30 2012-10-04 株式会社フジクラ Composant optique utilisable à des fins d'amplification, amplificateur à fibre optique utilisant celui-ci, et dispositif laser à fibre
CN102299466A (zh) * 2011-07-21 2011-12-28 西北大学 双包层光纤激光器盘曲装置及其盘曲方法
WO2016060623A1 (fr) * 2014-10-13 2016-04-21 Žilinska Univerzita V Žiline Technologie pour préparer des coupleurs de guides d'ondes optiques à partir de fibres polymères de siloxane
CN105305212A (zh) * 2015-11-02 2016-02-03 河北大学 一体化无源子腔模块和制造方法以及光纤激光器
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CA2371100C (fr) 2012-10-02
US20100188734A1 (en) 2010-07-29
US20080174857A1 (en) 2008-07-24
US8270070B2 (en) 2012-09-18
US7221822B2 (en) 2007-05-22
AU4587700A (en) 2000-11-17
US20050105866A1 (en) 2005-05-19
US7660034B2 (en) 2010-02-09
US6826335B1 (en) 2004-11-30
AU779320B2 (en) 2005-01-13
US20120314279A1 (en) 2012-12-13
EP1175714A1 (fr) 2002-01-30

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