WO2000055382A1 - Method for producing a cage for an antifriction bearing and cage produced according to said method - Google Patents

Method for producing a cage for an antifriction bearing and cage produced according to said method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000055382A1
WO2000055382A1 PCT/EP2000/000417 EP0000417W WO0055382A1 WO 2000055382 A1 WO2000055382 A1 WO 2000055382A1 EP 0000417 W EP0000417 W EP 0000417W WO 0055382 A1 WO0055382 A1 WO 0055382A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cage
welding
joints
weld seam
area
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2000/000417
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Karl-Ludwig Grell
Original Assignee
INA Wälzlager Schaeffler oHG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by INA Wälzlager Schaeffler oHG filed Critical INA Wälzlager Schaeffler oHG
Priority to DE10080504T priority Critical patent/DE10080504D2/en
Publication of WO2000055382A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000055382A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
    • B23K11/02—Pressure butt welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
    • B23K11/08—Seam welding not restricted to one of the preceding subgroups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0006—Electron-beam welding or cutting specially adapted for particular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0046—Welding
    • B23K15/0086—Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
    • B23K26/211—Bonding by welding with interposition of special material to facilitate connection of the parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
    • B23K26/24—Seam welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/20—Bonding
    • B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
    • B23K26/24—Seam welding
    • B23K26/28—Seam welding of curved planar seams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B23P15/003—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass bearings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/46—Cages for rollers or needles
    • F16C33/54—Cages for rollers or needles made from wire, strips, or sheet metal
    • F16C33/542—Cages for rollers or needles made from wire, strips, or sheet metal made from sheet metal
    • F16C33/543—Cages for rollers or needles made from wire, strips, or sheet metal made from sheet metal from a single part
    • F16C33/545—Cages for rollers or needles made from wire, strips, or sheet metal made from sheet metal from a single part rolled from a band
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2226/00—Joining parts; Fastening; Assembling or mounting parts
    • F16C2226/30—Material joints
    • F16C2226/36—Material joints by welding

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a cage for a rolling bearing, consisting of two side rings which are connected to one another by webs, the cage being rolled out of a flat band after punching the pockets into a cylindrical or a conical shape and at its abutments is welded.
  • the invention also relates to a cage produced by the method according to the invention.
  • connection welding creates welding poses which have to be removed in a subsequent work step, since they could otherwise damage the bearing.
  • imperfections arise during the connection welding. These are to be understood as geometrical irregularities going inwards, which can occur in different gradations.
  • the imperfections Their spectrum begins within the roughness and ends at a depth in which they have a lasting effect on the function of the component, ie in extreme cases make the component unusable.
  • Such imperfections now have a notch effect, ie they cause a disturbance in the uniform flow of force in the component due to the sudden change in the cross section or the surface contour.
  • a stress concentration develops at these notches, whereby a stress peak forms in the notch base.
  • This notch now has two effects. Firstly, the load-bearing cross-section is reduced, secondly, the stress is concentrated on the notch base. This notch effect within the weld between the two joints of the cage now has the effect that its fatigue strength is not guaranteed under high loads.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to develop a welded cage for a rolling bearing, which ensures reliable fatigue strength even under the highest loads.
  • this object is achieved according to the characterizing part of claim 1 in that the cage is subjected to an additional fusion welding in the area of the weld seam after the connection welding.
  • the material of the butt joints joined together during the joint welding is melted again briefly.
  • the weld seam is smoothed by material coming from protruding tips into existing depressions.
  • this increases the effective connection cross section in the area of the joints compared to the theoretically possible connection cross section.
  • the notch effect is reduced by this material shift, so that a uniform flow of force within the weld seam can take place, ie the voltage peaks are reduced.
  • the joints are connected by butt welding. This is done in a known manner such that the two ends of the curved cage are received with their abutments in clamping jaws made of copper and are pressed firmly against one another.
  • the heating occurs due to the electrical resistance of the cage, in particular due to the high resistance at the joints, which are combined under pressure after the welding temperature has been reached, with material liquefaction occurring at the joints.
  • the current is supplied directly via appropriate electrodes or inductively. After the welding temperature has been reached, the current is switched off and the upsetting pressure for welding is increased again.
  • the fusion welding should be carried out with or without filler material.
  • the filler materials are fed in rod or wire form and serve to fill the weld joint.
  • the filler material normally has the same composition as the base material of the cage and occasionally contains minor alloy additions to improve the flow or to achieve a particularly fine-grained weld structure.
  • the welding wires or rods are often still provided with special coatings which serve as fluxes, remove the existing oxides or other disruptive substances, improve the wettability of the workpiece surface, protect the welding points from external influences and prevent rapid cooling.
  • the fusion welding is carried out as electron beam or as laser beam welding.
  • beam welding the heat is generated by converting concentrated, high-energy radiation when it strikes or penetrates the workpiece.
  • the electron beam welding an electron beam controlled and sharply focused by electric or magnetic fields serves as a heat source and penetrates into the material due to the melting and evaporation of the metal.
  • laser beam welding the energy is generated with laser beams, ie with sharply focused light beams with a high energy density.
  • the cage produced by the method according to the invention is characterized in that a cross section welded in the area of the joints is at least 80% of a computationally possible cross section of the joints. This is an increase in the effective cross section compared to cages manufactured according to conventional welding processes, so that the strength of the cage is increased overall.
  • the joints of the cage should have a chamfer in the axial and / or radial direction. This means that the ends of the cage in the circumferential direction decrease in cross-section when merging. This ensures that the joints can be found better and easier when the cage ends are brought together and that there is a good possibility of receiving the welding material.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a weld seam at the joints of a cage according to the invention
  • Figure 3 shows an axial section through a board of a cage in
  • Figure 4 is a perspective view of a chamfer
  • FIG. 7 shows a side ring or rim 1 of a cage, the ends 2 and 3 of which are connected by a weld 4 according to the prior art.
  • the weld seam 4 has a doughy or melted area 5, which is adjoined on both sides by an area 6 with a normalization structure, which is again delimited on both sides by an area 7 with a recrystallization structure.
  • the weld seam 4 is designed very irregularly, i. H. it has a welding bead 8, welding notches 9 and punch chamfers 10. A person skilled in the art knows that such an irregularly shaped weld seam 4 has a notch effect.
  • the irregularly shaped surface causes a disturbance in the flow of force in the board 1, which negatively affects the fatigue strength of the cage.
  • small notch radii mean a high number of shapes, this being defined by the ratio of maximum stress to nominal stress.
  • the shape number is a constant numerical value, regardless of the amount of stress and the material, which is primarily determined by the geometric shape, secondly by the type of stress.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 show how a radial 11 and an axial offset 12 can occur at the ends 2 and 3 of the cage due to manufacturing inaccuracies.
  • This radial and axial offset 11, 12 affects the fatigue strength of the cage twice in a negative way.
  • the maximum possible connection cross section is reduced at the joints of the ends 2 and 3 and, on the other hand, this offset also makes the weld seam 4 irregular, ie it has a notching effect.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show the connection of cage ends 2 and 3 made of a steel material with the aid of a weld seam 13, which was subjected to additional fusion welding in the manner according to the invention after the actual connection welding.
  • This can be done in such a way that the connecting weld seam is taken over in an aggregate, the beads and folds of the butt weld resulting from melting and remelting giving a uniform weld ramp with milder notches.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 with FIG. 7 shows, the imperfections have disappeared, i. H. the surface of the weld 13 is smoothed. The consequence of this is that the notch effect of the weld seam 13 is significantly reduced, so that harmful stress peaks which negatively influence the fatigue strength cannot occur.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 show the connection of cage ends 2 and 3 made of a steel material with the aid of a weld seam 13, which was subjected to additional fusion welding in the manner according to the invention after the actual connection welding.
  • the weld seam 13 is formed without the addition of filler material, while in FIG. 2 the weld seam 13 is formed with filler material. This can be seen from the fact that the weld seam in FIG. 2 is convex and that in FIG. 1 is concave.
  • FIG 3 the joint of the end 3 of board 1 is shown. If all manufacturing inaccuracies are eliminated and there is a theoretical one hundred percent welded joint, the maximum possible area a • b results in the area of the joint.
  • the hatched face 14 corresponds to the butt area according to the previous method and amounts to a maximum of 60% of the arithmetically possible area, while the butt face 15 is to be assigned to the weld seam 13 according to the invention and is composed of the hatched butt face 14 and the dotted part of the ellipse.
  • FIG. 4 shows one end of a rim 1, the abutting surface 16 of which has a chamfer 17 in the radial direction at the upper and lower ends.
  • the other bevels 17, which are also associated are formed with a triangular groove, which can advantageously accommodate the welding material to be added.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a cage for antifriction bearings which consists of two lateral rings (1) that are interlinked via webs, said cage being rolled to a cylindrical or cone-shaped form from a planar strip once the pockets are punched and the cage is welded together at its joints (14, 15, 16). The inventive method is characterized in that the cage is subjected to an additional melt-welding in the area of the weld seam (4) after the joint welding, thereby substantially reducing the notch effect of the weld seam (13) while increasing the fatigue strength of the cage.

Description

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Käfigs für ein Wälzlager und nach dem Method of manufacturing a cage for a rolling bearing and after
Verfahren hergestellter KäfigProcessed cage
Anwendungsgebiet der ErfindungField of application of the invention
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Käfigs für ein Wälzlager, bestehend aus zwei Seitenringen, die durch Stege miteinander verbunden sind, wobei der Käfig aus einem ebenen Band nach dem Einstanzen der Taschen in eine zylindrische oder in eine kegelig Form gerollt und an seinen Stoßstellen verschweißt ist. Außerdem betrifft die Erfindung einen nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Käfig.The invention relates to a method for producing a cage for a rolling bearing, consisting of two side rings which are connected to one another by webs, the cage being rolled out of a flat band after punching the pockets into a cylindrical or a conical shape and at its abutments is welded. The invention also relates to a cage produced by the method according to the invention.
Hintergrund der ErfindungBackground of the Invention
Es ist schon seit langem bekannt, Lagerkäfige für Wälzlager derart herzustel- len, daß zunächst in einem flachen Metallband durch einen Stanzvorgang Wälzkörper aufnehmende Taschen erzeugt werden. Nach dem Ablängen dieses Metallbandes entsprechend dem gewünschten Käfigdurchmesser wird dieses in eine zylindrische Form gerollt, so daß die beiden Stoßstellen aneinan- derliegen. Zur Fertigstellung des Käfigs werden dann die aneinanderliegenden Stoßstellen durch einen Schweißvorgang miteinander verbunden (DE 15 52 099).It has been known for a long time to produce bearing cages for rolling bearings in such a way that pockets which receive rolling elements are first produced in a flat metal strip by a stamping process. After this metal strip has been cut to length in accordance with the desired cage diameter, it is rolled into a cylindrical shape so that the two abutting points lie against one another. To complete the cage, the abutting joints are then connected to one another by a welding process (DE 15 52 099).
Nachteilig dabei ist, daß durch das Verbindungsschweißen Schweißaufwürfe entstehen, die in einem nachfolgenden Arbeitsgang abgetragen werden müs- sen, da sie ansonsten das Lager beschädigen könnten. Es ist weiter von Nachteil, daß beim Verbindungsschweißen sogenannte Ungänzen entstehen. Darunter sind nach innen gehende geometrische Unregelmäßigkeiten zu verstehen, die in verschiedenen Abstufungen auftreten können. Die Ungänzen beginnen ihr Spektrum innerhalb der Rauheit und enden in einer Tiefe, in der sie die Funktion des Bauteiles nachhaltig beeinflussen, d. h. im Extremfall das Bauteil unbrauchbar machen. Derartige Ungänzen weisen nun eine Kerbwirkung auf, d. h. sie bewirken durch die plötzliche Änderung des Querschnittes oder der Oberflächenkontur eine Störung des gleichmäßigen Kraftflusses im Bauteil. An diesen Kerben entsteht eine Spannungskonzentration, wobei sich eine Spannungsspitze im Kerbgrund bildet. Diese Kerbung bringt nun zwei Effekte mit sich. Zum einen wird der tragende Querschnitt verringert, zum zweiten konzentriert sich die Beanspruchung auf den Kerbgrund. Diese Kerb- Wirkung innerhalb der Schweißverbindung zwischen den beiden Stoßstellen des Käfigs wirkt sich nun so aus, daß dessen Dauerfestigkeit unter hohen Beanspruchungen nicht gewährleistet ist.The disadvantage here is that the connection welding creates welding poses which have to be removed in a subsequent work step, since they could otherwise damage the bearing. It is a further disadvantage that so-called imperfections arise during the connection welding. These are to be understood as geometrical irregularities going inwards, which can occur in different gradations. The imperfections Their spectrum begins within the roughness and ends at a depth in which they have a lasting effect on the function of the component, ie in extreme cases make the component unusable. Such imperfections now have a notch effect, ie they cause a disturbance in the uniform flow of force in the component due to the sudden change in the cross section or the surface contour. A stress concentration develops at these notches, whereby a stress peak forms in the notch base. This notch now has two effects. Firstly, the load-bearing cross-section is reduced, secondly, the stress is concentrated on the notch base. This notch effect within the weld between the two joints of the cage now has the effect that its fatigue strength is not guaranteed under high loads.
Zusammenfassung der ErfindungSummary of the invention
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, einen geschweißten Käfig für ein Wälzlager zu entwickeln, der eine zuverlässige Dauerfestigkeit auch unter höchsten Beanspruchungen gewährleistet.The object of the invention is therefore to develop a welded cage for a rolling bearing, which ensures reliable fatigue strength even under the highest loads.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe nach dem kennzeichnenden Teil von Anspruch 1 dadurch gelöst, daß der Käfig im Bereich der Schweißnaht nach dem Verbindungsschweißen einem zusätzlichen Schmelzschweißen unterworfen ist.According to the invention this object is achieved according to the characterizing part of claim 1 in that the cage is subjected to an additional fusion welding in the area of the weld seam after the connection welding.
Beim Schmelzschweißen wird das Material der beim Verbindungsschweißen aneinander gefügten Stoßstellen nochmals kurzzeitig aufgeschmolzen. Durch das Aufschmelzen des Werkstoffes wird dieser innerhalb der Schweißnaht neu verteilt, d. h. durch diesen Materialausgleich wird die Schweißnaht geglättet, indem Werkstoff von hervorstehenden Spitzen in vorhandene Vertiefungen gelangt. Damit wird einerseits im Bereich der Stoßstellen der effektive Verbindungsquerschnitt im Vergleich zum theoretisch möglichen Verbindungsquerschnitt erhöht. Andererseits wird durch diese Materialverlagerung die Kerbwirkung verringert, so daß innerhalb der Schweißnaht ein gleichmäßiger Kraftfluß erfolgen kann, d. h. die Spannungsspitzen werden vermindert. Durch die Erhöhung des Querschnittes und durch die Verringerung der Kerbwirkung wird die Dauerfestigkeit des Wälzlagerkäfigs im Bereich der Schweißnaht entscheidend verbessert.During fusion welding, the material of the butt joints joined together during the joint welding is melted again briefly. By melting the material, it is redistributed within the weld seam, that is, by this material compensation, the weld seam is smoothed by material coming from protruding tips into existing depressions. On the one hand, this increases the effective connection cross section in the area of the joints compared to the theoretically possible connection cross section. On the other hand, the notch effect is reduced by this material shift, so that a uniform flow of force within the weld seam can take place, ie the voltage peaks are reduced. By increasing the cross-section and reducing the notch effect, the fatigue strength of the roller bearing cage in the area of the weld seam is significantly improved.
Nach Anspruch 2 ist vorgesehen, daß die Stoßstellen durch Widerstandsstumpfschweißen miteinander verbunden sind. Dies erfolgt in bekannter Weise derart, daß die beiden Enden des rundgebogenen Käfigs mit ihren Stoßstellen in Spannbacken aus Kupfer aufgenommen sind und fest aufeinandergepreßt werden. Die Erwärmung tritt beim Stromdurchgang durch den elektrischen Widerstand des Käfigs, insbesondere durch den hohen Widerstand an den Stoßstellen ein, die nach Erreichen der Schweißtemperatur unter Druck vereinigt werden, wobei an den Stoßstellen eine Materialverflüssigung eintritt. Der Strom wird direkt über entsprechende Elektroden oder induktiv zugeführt. Nach Errei- chen der Schweißtemperatur wird der Strom abgeschaltet und der Stauchdruck zur Verschweißung nochmals erhöht.According to claim 2 it is provided that the joints are connected by butt welding. This is done in a known manner such that the two ends of the curved cage are received with their abutments in clamping jaws made of copper and are pressed firmly against one another. During the passage of current, the heating occurs due to the electrical resistance of the cage, in particular due to the high resistance at the joints, which are combined under pressure after the welding temperature has been reached, with material liquefaction occurring at the joints. The current is supplied directly via appropriate electrodes or inductively. After the welding temperature has been reached, the current is switched off and the upsetting pressure for welding is increased again.
Nach einem weiteren zusätzlichen Merkmal der Erfindung gemäß Anspruch 3 soll das Schmelzschweißen mit oder ohne Zusatzwerkstoff erfolgen. Die Zu- satzwerkstoffe werden in Stab- oder in Drahtform zugeführt und dienen der Füllung der Schweißfuge. Der Zusatzwerkstoff hat normalerweise die gleiche Zusammensetzung wie der Grundwerkstoff des Käfigs und enthält gelegentlich zur Verbesserung des Flusses oder zur Erzielung eines besonders feinkörnigen Schweißgefüge geringfügige Legierungszusätze. Die Schweißdrähte oder Stäbe sind häufig noch mit speziellen Umhüllungen versehen, die als Flußmittel dienen, die vorhandenen Oxide oder andere störende Stoffe entfernen, die Benetzbarkeit der Werkstückoberfläche verbessern, die Schweißstellen vor äußeren Einflüssen schützen sowie eine zu schnelle Abkühlung verhindern.According to a further additional feature of the invention according to claim 3, the fusion welding should be carried out with or without filler material. The filler materials are fed in rod or wire form and serve to fill the weld joint. The filler material normally has the same composition as the base material of the cage and occasionally contains minor alloy additions to improve the flow or to achieve a particularly fine-grained weld structure. The welding wires or rods are often still provided with special coatings which serve as fluxes, remove the existing oxides or other disruptive substances, improve the wettability of the workpiece surface, protect the welding points from external influences and prevent rapid cooling.
Aus Anspruch 4 geht hervor, daß das Schmelzschweißen als Elektronenstrahl-, oder als Laserstrahlschweißen erfolgt. Beim Strahlschweißen entsteht die Wärme durch Umwandlung gebündelter energiereicher Strahlung bei ihrem Auftreffen auf bzw. beim Eindringen in das Werkstück. Dem Elektronenstrahl- schweißen dient ein durch elektrische oder magnetische Felder gesteuerter und scharf gebündelter Elektronenstrahl als Wärmequelle und dringt infolge Aufschmelzung und Verdampfung des Metalls in den Werkstoff ein. Beim Laserstrahlschweißen wird die Energie mit Laserstrahlen erzeugt, d. h. mit scharf gebündelten Lichtstrahlen hoher Energiedichte.It is apparent from claim 4 that the fusion welding is carried out as electron beam or as laser beam welding. In beam welding, the heat is generated by converting concentrated, high-energy radiation when it strikes or penetrates the workpiece. The electron beam welding, an electron beam controlled and sharply focused by electric or magnetic fields serves as a heat source and penetrates into the material due to the melting and evaporation of the metal. In laser beam welding, the energy is generated with laser beams, ie with sharply focused light beams with a high energy density.
Der nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellte Käfig zeichnet sich gemäß Anspruch 5 dadurch aus, daß ein im Bereich der Stoßstellen verschweißter Querschnitt wenigstens 80 % eines rechnerisch möglichen Quer- Schnitts der Stoßstellen ist. Dies ist gegenüber nach herkömmlichen Schweißverfahren gefertigten Käfigen eine Erhöhung des effektiven Querschnittes, so daß die Festigkeit des Käfigs insgesamt erhöht ist.The cage produced by the method according to the invention is characterized in that a cross section welded in the area of the joints is at least 80% of a computationally possible cross section of the joints. This is an increase in the effective cross section compared to cages manufactured according to conventional welding processes, so that the strength of the cage is increased overall.
Schließlich geht aus Anspruch 6 hervor, daß die Stoßstellen des Käfigs in axialer und/oder radialer Richtung eine Fase aufweisen sollen. Damit ist gemeint, daß die Enden des Käfigs in Umfangsrichtung beim Aufeinanderzugehen in ihrem Querschnitt abnehmen. Dadurch ist gewährleistet, daß sich die Stoßstellen beim Aufeinanderzuführen der Käfigenden besser und einfacher finden lassen und daß eine gute Aufnahmemöglichkeit für das Schweißmaterial gegeben ist.Finally, it is apparent from claim 6 that the joints of the cage should have a chamfer in the axial and / or radial direction. This means that the ends of the cage in the circumferential direction decrease in cross-section when merging. This ensures that the joints can be found better and easier when the cage ends are brought together and that there is a good possibility of receiving the welding material.
Die Erfindung wird an nachstehendem Ausführungsbeispiel näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail using the following exemplary embodiment.
Kurze Beschreibung der ZeichnungenBrief description of the drawings
Es zeigen:Show it:
Figuren 1 und 2 eine Schweißnaht an den Stoßstellen eines erfindungsgemäßen Käfigs,FIGS. 1 and 2 show a weld seam at the joints of a cage according to the invention,
Figur 3 einen Axialschnitt durch einen Bord eines Käfigs imFigure 3 shows an axial section through a board of a cage in
Schwei ßnahtbereich , Figur 4 eine perspektivische Darstellung eines angefastenWeld area, Figure 4 is a perspective view of a chamfer
Bordes eines Käfigs,Board a cage,
Figuren 5 und 6 Darstellung des Versatzes aufeinandertreffender Stoßstellen undFigures 5 and 6 representation of the offset of colliding joints and
Figur 7 eine Schweißnaht nach dem bisherigen Stand der7 shows a weld seam according to the previous state of the
Technik.Technology.
Ausführliche Beschreibung der ZeichnungenDetailed description of the drawings
In Figur 7 ist ein Seitenring oder Bord 1 eines Käfigs gezeigt, dessen Enden 2 und 3 durch eine Schweißnaht 4 nach dem bisherigen Stand der Technik verbunden sind. Die Schweißnaht 4 weist einen teigigen bzw. geschmolzenen Bereich 5 auf, an den sich beidseitig ein Bereich 6 mit Normalisierungsgefüge anschließt, der wieder beidseitig von einem Bereich 7 mit Rekristallisationsge- füge begrenzt ist. Wie Figur 7 weiter zeigt, ist die Schweißnaht 4 sehr unregelmäßig gestaltet, d. h. sie weist eine Schweißwulst 8, Schweißkerben 9 sowie Stanzfasen 10 auf. Der Fachmann weiß, daß eine derart unregelmäßig gestaltete Schweißnaht 4 eine Kerbwirkung ausübt. Die unregelmäßig gestaltete Oberfläche bewirkt eine Störung des Kraftflusses im Bord 1 , die die Dauerfestigkeit des Käfigs negativ beeinflußt. Dem Fachmann ist in diesem Zusammenhang auch bekannt, daß kleine Kerbradien eine hohe Formzahl bedeuten, wobei diese durch das Verhältnis von Maximalspannung zu Nenn- Spannung definiert ist. Die Formzahl ist ein konstanter Zahlenwert, unabhängig von der Beanspruchungshöhe und vom Werkstoff, die in erster Linie von der geometrischen Form, in zweiter Linie von der Beanspruchungsart bestimmt wird.FIG. 7 shows a side ring or rim 1 of a cage, the ends 2 and 3 of which are connected by a weld 4 according to the prior art. The weld seam 4 has a doughy or melted area 5, which is adjoined on both sides by an area 6 with a normalization structure, which is again delimited on both sides by an area 7 with a recrystallization structure. As FIG. 7 further shows, the weld seam 4 is designed very irregularly, i. H. it has a welding bead 8, welding notches 9 and punch chamfers 10. A person skilled in the art knows that such an irregularly shaped weld seam 4 has a notch effect. The irregularly shaped surface causes a disturbance in the flow of force in the board 1, which negatively affects the fatigue strength of the cage. In this context, the person skilled in the art is also aware that small notch radii mean a high number of shapes, this being defined by the ratio of maximum stress to nominal stress. The shape number is a constant numerical value, regardless of the amount of stress and the material, which is primarily determined by the geometric shape, secondly by the type of stress.
In den Figuren 5 und 6 ist dargestellt, wie durch Fertigungsungenauigkeiten ein radialer 11 und ein axialer Versatz 12 an den Enden 2 und 3 des Käfigs entstehen kann. Dieser radiale und axiale Versatz 11 , 12 beeinflußt die Dauerfestigkeit des Käfigs gleich zweifach in negativer Weise. Zum einen wird, wie insbesondere aus Figur 6 ersichtlich, an den Stoßstellen der Enden 2 und 3 der maximal mögliche Verbindungsquerschnitt verringert und zum anderen wird durch diesen Versatz auch die Schweißnaht 4 unregelmäßig gestaltet, d. h. sie weist eine kerbende Wirkung auf.FIGS. 5 and 6 show how a radial 11 and an axial offset 12 can occur at the ends 2 and 3 of the cage due to manufacturing inaccuracies. This radial and axial offset 11, 12 affects the fatigue strength of the cage twice in a negative way. First, how in particular from FIG. 6, the maximum possible connection cross section is reduced at the joints of the ends 2 and 3 and, on the other hand, this offset also makes the weld seam 4 irregular, ie it has a notching effect.
In den Figuren 1 und 2 ist die Verbindung von aus einem Stahlwerkstoff bestehenden Käfigenden 2 und 3 mit Hilfe einer Schweißnaht 13 gezeigt, die in erfindungsgemäßer Weise nach dem eigentlichen Verbindungsschweißen einem zusätzlichen Schmelzschweißen unterworfen war. Dies kann derart erfolgen, daß die Verbindungsschweißnaht in ein Aggregat übernommen wird, wobei die Wulste und Falten der Stumpf schweißung durch Ab- und Umschmelzen eine gleichmäßige Schweißnahtrampe mit milderen Kerben ergeben. Wie ein Vergleich der Figuren 1 und 2 mit Figur 7 verdeutlicht, sind die Ungänzen verschwunden, d. h. die Oberfläche der Schweißnaht 13 ist geglättet. Dies hat zur Folge, daß die Kerbwirkung der Schweißnaht 13 wesentlich verringert ist, so daß schädliche Spannungsspitzen, die die Dauerfestigkeit in negativer Weise beeinflussen, nicht auftreten können. In Figur 1 ist die Schweißnaht 13 ohne Zufuhr von Zusatzwerkstoff gebildet, während in Figur 2 die Schweißnaht 13 mit Zusatzwerkstoff entstanden ist. Dies ist daran zu sehen, daß die Schweiß- naht in Figur 2 konvex und die in Figur 1 konkav ausgebildet ist.FIGS. 1 and 2 show the connection of cage ends 2 and 3 made of a steel material with the aid of a weld seam 13, which was subjected to additional fusion welding in the manner according to the invention after the actual connection welding. This can be done in such a way that the connecting weld seam is taken over in an aggregate, the beads and folds of the butt weld resulting from melting and remelting giving a uniform weld ramp with milder notches. As a comparison of FIGS. 1 and 2 with FIG. 7 shows, the imperfections have disappeared, i. H. the surface of the weld 13 is smoothed. The consequence of this is that the notch effect of the weld seam 13 is significantly reduced, so that harmful stress peaks which negatively influence the fatigue strength cannot occur. In FIG. 1, the weld seam 13 is formed without the addition of filler material, while in FIG. 2 the weld seam 13 is formed with filler material. This can be seen from the fact that the weld seam in FIG. 2 is convex and that in FIG. 1 is concave.
In Figur 3 ist die Stoßstelle des Endes 3 von Bord 1 gezeigt. Bei Ausscheidung aller Fertigungsungenauigkeiten und bei einer theoretischen hundertprozentigen Schweißverbindung ergibt sich im Bereich der Stoßstelle eine maximal mögliche Fläche a • b. Die schraffiert dargestellte Stoßfläche 14 entspricht der Stoßfläche nach dem bisherigen Verfahren und beträgt maximal 60 % der rechnerisch möglichen Fläche, während die Stoßfläche 15 der erfindungsgemäßen Schweißnaht 13 zuzuordnen ist und sich aus der scharffierten Stoßfläche 14 und dem punktierten Teil der Ellipse zusammengesetzt ist.In Figure 3, the joint of the end 3 of board 1 is shown. If all manufacturing inaccuracies are eliminated and there is a theoretical one hundred percent welded joint, the maximum possible area a • b results in the area of the joint. The hatched face 14 corresponds to the butt area according to the previous method and amounts to a maximum of 60% of the arithmetically possible area, while the butt face 15 is to be assigned to the weld seam 13 according to the invention and is composed of the hatched butt face 14 and the dotted part of the ellipse.
Schließlich ist in Figur 4 ein Ende eines Bordes 1 gezeigt, dessen Stoßfläche 16 in radialer Richtung am oberen und unteren Ende eine Fase 17 aufweist. Beim Aneinanderliegen mit der dazugehörigen anderen Stoßfläche und den ebenfalls zugehörigen anderen Fasen 17 ist auf diese Weise eine drei- eckförmige Nut gebildet, die in vorteilhafter Weise das zuzusetzende Schweißmaterial aufnehmen kann. Finally, FIG. 4 shows one end of a rim 1, the abutting surface 16 of which has a chamfer 17 in the radial direction at the upper and lower ends. When lying next to each other with the associated butt surface and In this way, the other bevels 17, which are also associated, are formed with a triangular groove, which can advantageously accommodate the welding material to be added.
Bezugszeichenreference numeral
BordBoard
EndeThe End
EndeThe End
SchweißnahtWeld
BereichArea
BereichArea
BereichArea
SchweißwulstSweat
SchweißkerbeWeld notch
Stanzfase radialer Versatz axialer VersatzPunch chamfer radial misalignment axial misalignment
SchweißnahtWeld
StoßstelleJoint
StoßstelleJoint
StoßstelleJoint
Fase chamfer

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Käfigs für ein Wälzlager, bestehend aus zwei Seitenπ «gen (1), die durch Stege miteinander verbunden sind, wobei der Käfig aus einem ebenen Band nach dem Einstanzen der Taschen in eine zylindrische oder in eine kegelige Form gerollt und an seinen Stoßstellen (14, 15, 16) verschweißt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Käfig im1. A method for producing a cage for a rolling bearing, consisting of two Seitenπ «gen (1), which are connected to each other by webs, the cage rolled out of a flat band after punching the pockets in a cylindrical or in a conical shape and is welded at its joints (14, 15, 16), characterized in that the cage in
Bereich der Schweißnaht (4) nach dem Verbindungsschweißen einem zusätzlichen Schmelzschweißen unterworfen ist.Area of the weld seam (4) is subjected to additional fusion welding after the connection welding.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stoßstellen (14, 15, 16) durch Widerstandsschweißen miteinander verbunden sind.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the joints (14, 15, 16) are connected to one another by resistance welding.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Schmelzschweißen mit oder ohne Zusatzwerkstoff erfolgt.3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fusion welding is carried out with or without filler material.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Schmelzschweißen als Elektronenstrahl- oder als Laserstrahlschweißen erfolgt.4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fusion welding is carried out as electron beam or as laser beam welding.
5. Nach dem Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1 hergestellter Käfig, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein im Bereich der Stoßstellen (15) verschweißter Querschnitt wenigstens 80 % eines rechnerisch möglichen Querschnittes der Stoßstellen ist.5. Cage produced by the method according to claim 1, characterized in that a cross-section welded in the region of the joints (15) is at least 80% of a mathematically possible cross-section of the joints.
6. Käfig nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stoßstellen (14, 15, 16) in axialer und/oder in radialer Richtung eine Fase (17) aufweisen. 6. Cage according to claim 5, characterized in that the joints (14, 15, 16) have a chamfer (17) in the axial and / or in the radial direction.
PCT/EP2000/000417 1999-03-12 2000-01-20 Method for producing a cage for an antifriction bearing and cage produced according to said method WO2000055382A1 (en)

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DE19910928.1 1999-03-12
DE19910928A DE19910928A1 (en) 1999-03-12 1999-03-12 Method of manufacturing a cage for a rolling bearing and cage made by the method

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