WO2000039414A1

WO2000039414A1 - Multipurpose lightened building structure, basic element and skeletal frame, and production methods thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2000039414A1
Application number: PCT/HU1999/000103
Authority: WO
Inventors: Béla BOLDOGHY; József KUMMERT; Lajos Lieberman; Zsolt VÍGH; István BALLABÁS
Original assignee: Boldoghy Bela; Kummert Jozsef; Lajos Lieberman; Vigh Zsolt; Ballabas Istvan
Priority date: 1998-12-28
Filing date: 1999-12-28
Publication date: 2000-07-06
Also published as: HU223387B1; HUP9803027A3; HUP9803027A2; HU9803027D0; AU3068200A

Abstract

A multipurpose lightened building structure made preferably with internal framework (4) and with permanent formwork, consisting of concrete (2) or reinforced concrete (2) load-bearing structures made between shaped formwork elements. The building structure consists of basic elements (1) serving as permanent formwork and concrete (2) or reinforced concrete (2) structure located in the hollow space created by the adjacent fitting of basic elements (1) and the basic elements (1) serve as permanent formwork providing one or more surface of the ultimate building structure and method for producing such structure.

Description

Multipurpose lightened building structure, basic element and skeletal frame, and production methods thereof

The invention relates to a multipurpose lightened building structure made preferably with internal framework and with permanent formwork, and a method for construction thereof, further to a basic element applied in the building structure as formwork, and a method for construction thereof, and to a skeletal frame applied in the building structure, and a method for construction thereof.

There are different solutions for shaping and creating light-weight building structures according to prior art. The patent description HU 165 514 makes known a solution regarding double-walled light structural element first of all for sound-proof walls. The subject of the patent description HU 181 119 is first of all process for assembling reinforced concrete structures built from pre-cast surface elements made of materials including water-absorbing, porous material including capillaries and steel construction forming the structural reinforcement with floated concrete into a monolithic load-bearing structure. Patent HU 174 868 makes known a process suitable for producing light-concrete with additives for concrete respectively reinforced concrete building structures. WO 96/24476 publication document makes known a process for producing large-size thermal- insulating panels. A lightweight structure with permanent shuttering for connecting light-weight structures can be known from WO 87/04478 publication document. The general disadvantage of the already known light-weight structures is that the components of the system have only limited use at certain sphere of the building structures. The structural forming of the building structure and the relative building technology does not make it possible to apply adaptive shaping of the building elements adjusting to the field of application and widespread application of the relative building technology and production technology of the components.

Working out the solution according to the invention we set the aim to make a building structure and method of its realisation, which, as a building system allows users the highest possible extent of freedom with the least possible production and assembling technological limitations among different building structures, mainly light, thermal insulated, quickly realisable structures with lower cost and time consumption than solutions known so far. Further our aim was to make a basic element and a framework which can be applied as permanent formwork in the building structure, and to work out appropriate methods for realising these aims. Working out the solution of the building structure according to the invention, we realised, that in the case a basic element is applied in the concrete or reinforced concrete structure of the building structure as permanent formwork functioning as concrete supporting and concrete forming element, joining the building structure as shaped form besides acting as surface bonding, which basic element fulfils preferably additional functions, then the set aim can be achieved and the thermal insulation, sound isolation and the forming of plane or arched or patterned surface and easy building-in of wire-networks and components of those are possible with more flexibility compared with the prior art solutions.

Working out the method for making the building structure according to the invention, we realised, that in case during the shaping of the building structure first those hollows or that hollow system are shaped, in which the load-bearing concrete or reinforced concrete framework is located by putting the basic elements next to and/or above each other, then the located basic elements are temporarily or permanently fastened to each other and/or to the receiving platform and/or to the skeletal framework, then in the given case additional accessories and temporary supplements necessary for the building structure are placed, then the concrete is filled in sections or continuously to the hollows and/or the system of the hollows formed this way, then the set aim can be achieved.

When shaping the basic element as permanent formwork in the building structure we realised, that if the basic element has at least one exterior surface of structure further has interior surface of structure, and has at least one complex side surface, the angle γ of which to the n normal of the exterior surface of structure taken in this range is 90° > γ > 0°, preferably γ an acute angle, for example 5°...15°, and the area of the sectional surfaces parallel with the exterior surface of structure on this part of the side surface of the basic element is increasing moving away from the exterior surface of structure, and a part or the whole of the section of the side surface is point-symmetric, and there is a projection of the exterior surface of structure the shape of which is a polygon of K sides, determined by straight lines, where K > 3, for example a triangle, quadrangle, pentagon, hexagon, then the set aim can be achieved and due to the shape of the basic element no additional formwork is required when placing them next to each other, and in the given case the building structure can be formed by self-retaining permanent formwork.

When working out the method for making the basic element we realised, that if the basic element is cut so that the basic block or pre-cut block placed preferably once or repeatedly to a different direction on a cutting plate and is cut along a determined cutting path by a given straight cutting wire along the same or repeating form cutting line, and the cutting path is a closed line returning to itself the shape of which or part of the shape of which is identical with the sectional line or a part of it of any of the surfaces of the produced basic element then the set aim can be achieved and the basic element can be produced waste-free or low in waste. When working out the skeletal frame which can be applied preferably in the building structure, we realised, that if the skeletal frame consisting of lengthwise elements along the skeletal frame and the skeletal elements connecting them are shaped so, that the skeletal element formed from plane sheets connecting preferably four lengthwise elements in space, due to its shape stiffened in its own plane, consists of alternately repeating articulated elements along the axis of the skeletal frame which articulation is located in one of the main directions to the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame continuously repeating then the set aim can be achieved.

When working out the method for producing skeletal frame applicable preferably in the building structure, we realised, that if the skeletal element is assembled in a repetitive manner from forms of steel plates shaped by pressing and bending and in the middle of which a stiffening is shaped by embossing located along the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame and is connected with the lengthwise elements made preferably of steel of circular section with ribbed surface by pressing, and/or welding, then the set aim can be achieved.

The invention is a multipurpose lightened building structure made preferably with internal framework and with permanent formwork, consisting of concrete or reinforced concrete load-bearing structures made between shaped formwork elements. It is characterised by that the building structure consists of basic elements serving as permanent formwork and concrete or reinforced concrete structure located in the hollow space created by the adjacent fitting of basic elements and the basic elements serve as permanent formwork providing one or more surface of the ultimate building structure.

Further the invention is a method for producing multipurpose lightened building structure made preferably with internal framework and with permanent formwork, which method is applied so that the assembly of the structural elements is started on an appropriately prepared receiving platform putting the basic elements to the proper place and position of the building structure then filling in the spaces between the basic elements with concrete. Its characteristic feature is, that first the hollows or the system of the hollows are formed by placing the basic elements next to and above each other fixing the load-bearing concrete or reinforced concrete structure, then the properly located basic elements are temporarily or ultimately connected with each other and/or with the receiving platform and/or with the interior framework, then in given case other necessary accessories and temporary supplements are placed, then the concrete is filled in sections or continuously to the hollows and/or the system of the hollows formed

Further the invention is a basic element, to be applied preferably in the building structure and/or for the method producing the building structure according to the invention, which basic element consists of a body the boundary of which is formed by structurally plane and/or sectioned and/or curved surfaces, or consists of bodies completely or partly hollow shaped by assembling the above surfaces. It is characterised by that, the basic element has at least one exterior surface of structure which shapes the building structure, further has interior surface of structure, and has at least one complex side surface , the angle γ of which to the n normal of the exterior surface of structure taken in this range is 90° > γ > 0°, preferably γ an acute angle, for example 5°...15°, and the area of the sectional surfaces parallel with the exterior surface of structure on this part of the side surface of the basic element is increasing in the opposite direction of the exterior surface of structure, and a part or the whole of the section of the side surface is point-symmetric, and there is a projection of the exterior surface of structure the shape of which is a polygon of K sides, determined by straight lines, where K > 3, for example a triangle, quadrangle, pentagon, hexagon.

Further the invention is a method for producing basic element during which the basic element is cut from a basic block by heat effect and/or mechanical effect. It is characterised by that, the basic element is cut waste-free or low on waste so that the basic block or pre-cut block placed preferably once or repeatedly to a different direction on a cutting plate and it is cut along a determined cutting path by a given straight cutting wire along the same or repeating form continuous cutting line, and the cutting path is a closed line returning to itself the shape of which or part of the shape of which is identical with the sectional line or a part of it of any of the surfaces of the produced basic element.

Further the invention is a skeletal frame to be applied preferably for building structure according to the invention, which skeletal frame consists of lengthwise elements and skeletal elements connecting them. It is characterised by that, the skeletal element formed from a plane sheet connecting preferably four lengthwise elements in space, stiffened due to its shape in its own plane, consists of alternately repeating articulated elements along the axis of the skeletal frame which articulation is located in one of the main directions to the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame in a repetitive manner.

Further the invention is a method for producing skeletal frame during which lengthwise elements running along the skeletal frame are connected in space with skeletal elements. It is characterised by that, the skeletal elements are assembled from alternately repeating forms along the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame and are connected preferably with the lengthwise element made preferably of ribbed surface steel of circular section through pressing and/or welding and in the middle of it a stiffener is formed by embossing.

The building structure according to the invention preferably formed as base plate or ceiling or roof or .as arched space-covering assembly characterised by that, there is fibre element or framework resolving the tensile stress among basic elements, further there is concrete above the basic elements preferably with mesh reinforcement. Building structure according to the invention, characterised by that, the basic elements shaped as wall structures or as beams or columns are placed on one or both sides of the wall and the hollows or the system of the hollows between them are filled with concrete. In the hollow(s) of the basic elements preferably reinforcement, for example mesh grid is fixed.

In a preferred embodiment of the building structure the basic elements are connected with each other or with other components of the building structure by using adhesives and/or mechanical methods of jointing, for example fastening elements. In given case the concrete contains fibre additives of steel and/or plastic, and/or carbon, and/or silicate, and/or cellulose fibre, and/or plant fibre, and/or fibre element and/or framework resolving tensile stress, the material of which is for example steel, ribbed reinforcement, carbon cable-strand, stranded fibre-glass, stranded synthetic fibre.

Further in the case of a preferred embodiment of the building structure strutting is placed on the opposite side of the basic element of the building structure forming the boundary surface of concrete. Either on the exterior surface of the basic elements and/or along the exterior surface of the strutting a temporary support fastened to the interior frame of the structure is placed. In the case of a further preferable embodiment of the building structure according to the invention as an earth-quake-proof foundation there are pier foundations below the horizontal ground level allowing movement freely and independently of each other above which the base plate maintaining the super-structure is placed as a grid system of concrete so that between the upper level of the pier foundation and the bearing points of the grid system of concrete there are load- transmitting bodies allowing horizontal movement and/or taking up vertical load. There is waterproofing on the horizontal sliding plane above the pier foundation and it is preferably extended to the plinth next to the exterior flashing element.

In the case of the preferred embodiments of the building structure the concrete component used in the structure is lightweight-concrete, for example foam- cement, foam-concrete, polystyrene pearl-concrete, lightweight expanded clay- concrete.

In the case of a preferred application of the method for producing the building structure during the shaping of the building structure the connecting of the basic elements takes place partly or fully by pre-moulding method. In the case of producing walls or piers preferably the structurally specified units of the building structure are entirely pre-moulded and these pre-moulded main elements are assembled on the building site. Further the given building structure is preferably constructed in technologically finished sections, and from these finished sections as parts are built the completely produced building structure. In the case of a preferred application of the method for producing the building structure according to the invention the building structure realised as thermal insulated tie beam is placed on pier foundation and/or base platform of concrete with a framework located in the interior hollow space system of the building structure. The receiving platform is the pier foundation or strip foundation or grade beam or basement walls or the upper level of the base platform of concrete to which the framework of the tie beam is fastened by concrete through a connecting element protruding from the receiving platform further the tie-beam is preferably connected with the wall system placed and joined to the tie beam through connecting elements protruding from the concrete structure of the tie beam. The waterproofing of the tie beam is lapped to the waterproofing of the adjoining wall structure, further after the tie beam is ready, a frost-proof covering or equivalent protecting covering is made preferably as part of the covering of the plinth to ensure root-protection on the exterior plane of the tie beam.

In another preferable application of the method for producing the building structure according to the invention the building structure realised as foundation slab it is located on or below level on the planed, compacted, arranged ground level so first a plastic sheet, and on the plastic sheet the basic elements, or groups of the connected basic elements are located, then the basic elements are stabilised against sliding by local connecting or retaining. Then the fibre elements and/or the frameworks are located, after their bonding the hollow space system shaped this way in the foundation slab as grid system and the slab above it is filled with concrete. The plastic sheet serves as waterproofing as well, or the waterproofing is made on the upper concrete level of the foundation slab, further if the foundation slab is located on the level frost-proof plaster or equivalent surface covering is made as root-protection on the exterior plane of the exterior rim of the basic elements as part of shaping plinth.

In another preferable application of the method for producing the building structure according to the invention the building structure realised as earth- quake-proof foundation slab pier foundations of stone and/or concrete of structurally defined density and extent are made, the upper level of which is the same as that of the consolidated ground level, then on the joining surface of the grid system of foundation slab and the upper part of the pier foundation, in the hollow space shaped in the basic elements enveloping the waterproofing sheet located in each case on the level or above, damping arrangement, allowing horizontal movement, but taking up vertical load is made, the material of which is for example light-weight concrete, or rubber sheet, or cork-wood, or plastic, or plastic foam, for example polyurethane-, polystyrene-foam, and alkali-proof reinforcing fibre, for example steel-fibre, and/or silicate-fibre, and/or synthetic fibre, and/or carbon filament and/or plant fibre is mixed into the filled concrete.

In the case of another further preferable application of the method for producing the building structure according to the invention the building structure realised as substructure, instead of the whole pier foundation or a part of the pier foundation for example basement wall, and/or deep foundation, and/or grade beam is applied so, that in every case the joining plane of the structures is shaped as unbroken horizontal surface.

In another possible preferable application of the method according to the invention the building structure realised as wall or pier or column structure a ranging line is situated with horizontal planishing to the joint elements of the receiving platform - occasionally inserting waterproofing as well, - and starting from here, the wall is built in sections or continuously including filling in with concrete up to the capping, and during the building of the wall structure, but before starting concrete works the wall openings are made on the given places by aligning or cutting, the crowning of the wall openings is temporarily supported in accordance with the shape specified by the plan. The basic elements are completed with built-in sections on the free or freed surfaces of the wall opening, further in the required phases of the technological order the applied fibre elements and/or frameworks are fixed, further - if required by the technology - in given case before the concrete works the assembled wall elements are supported by the temporary constructions maintaining vertical plane until the concrete sets.

In another possible preferable application of the method according to the invention the building structure realised as self-retaining slab or self-retaining beam is made as a self-supported construction technology so, that the cappings already built as work platforms are occasionally supported by corbel course and the frameworks completed by suspension elements are located to the planned position on the receiving platform shaped this way, on the lower plane of the frameworks fitted temporarily to the suspension elements the basic elements are fixed from below. In the next step the suspension elements are fitted in streaks with the previously height-regulated auxiliary formworks, then before starting the concrete work the horizontal or/and sloping position of the slab is accurately adjusted by regulating the auxiliary formworks and corbel course. Finally concrete works take place from the top by filling in the hollow space system between the basic elements and forming the prescribed slab thickness according to the plan, advantageously by even spreading.

In another possible preferable application of the method according to the invention the building structure is a preferably structurally dense slab realised as a shuttered flooring or beam, where the capping and the formwork of unbroken or of spaced surface adjusted in height serve as receiving platform on which preferably the network of closely spaced grids of the basic elements is located, then the placing of the fibre elements and the framework follows.

In a possible preferable application of the method according to the invention the building structure realised as a roof, horizontal or sloping or the combination of these, is sized on basis of a thermodynamical vapour-diffusion calculation so that the condensation of vapour of the base of the grid system of concrete located inside the hollows can be eliminated and the basic elements are accurately assembled on the location prescribed by the plan. During the assembling the required shape of the slab is determined with the help of the supporting constructions, for which in the given case auxiliary formwork is used to support technological forces due to sloping, until setting of the concrete. If required by sloping, temporary or if additional thermal insulation is required, permanently built-in strutting is applied, and the ready thermal insulated structure of the roof sheathing determined by the sloping of the roof is planned on basis of thermodynamical vapour diffusion calculation.

In a possible preferable application of the method according to the invention the platform of the building structure realised as roof sheathing is the capping curved in one or more directions and/or corbel course and/or continuous or spaced formwork preferably completed with fibre elements or framework of straight or curved axis, the assembling of this building structure is started with placing and fitting of the basic elements on the receiving platform, and installing and fixing of the occasionally necessary additional complementary structures, and is continued by fitting of struttings to places required by concrete technology, then filling of normal concrete or fibre reinforced concrete to the hollows or hollow systems between the basic elements takes place.

In the preferable application of the method according to the invention before starting the filling of concrete in the advantageously supported building structure the fibre elements or frameworks, the electrical, sanitary and heating installations are placed and fixed by working on the upper level of the structure and rims of the necessary openings are made by cutting of the basic elements. The applied concrete as component is lightweight concrete, for example foamed-cement, foam-concrete, polystyrene pearl-concrete, lightweight expanded clay-concrete, where load-bearing is ensured by framework or fibre elements put into the lightweight concrete.

In a preferable embodiment of the basic element according to the invention there is rim on the part of the side surface joining the exterior surface of structure and there is groove of the same geometric shape as that of the rim on the part of the side surface joining the interior surface of structure. The side surface is of linear generatrix and the section of the side surface is a line, for example broken and/or curved line with at least one point of inflexion. The exterior surface of structure and the interior surface of structure are parallel to each other and are plane or curved arched surfaces for example cylinder, ball-, cone, hyperbolic paraboloid shapes.

In case of further preferable embodiment of the basic element the unbroken interior surface of structure and the side surfaces are formed as repeating surface configurations. The basic element has more than one exterior surface of structure the section of which is a sectional broken or curved line. In a preferable embodiment the basic element is shaped so that it has lightenings and/or ribs started from any optional surface of it and extended into its inside. The material of the basic element is plastic foam for example polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, phenolic resin foam, or silicate foam, for example foamed cement, gypsum foam, lightweight concrete or gypsum-bonding lightweight concrete, or glass pearl foam, foam with polystyrene-pearl additive.

In case of a possible preferable application of the method for producing the basic element according to the invention the cutting wire moved preferably along the cutting path is an electrically heated wire and the material of the basic block is thermoplastic or thermoplastic foam for example polystyrene, polyurethane foam or phenolic resin foam.

In case of another possible preferable application of the method for producing the basic element according to the invention continuous or pulsing movement of the cutting wire in the direction of its own axis takes place by mechanically stressed cutting wire moved with constant preferably high speed along the cutting path along the axis in one or alternate directions ripping the material to be cut by highspeed wearing out. In both cases the cutting wire is vibrated lengthwise and/or perpendicularly by ultrasonic waves completing the cutting.

In case of a further possible preferable application of the method for producing the basic element according to the invention a virtual cutting wire is applied, which is a laser beam of continuous or impulse-like operation moved with preferably constant speed along the cutting path. In case of a possible application of the method the cutting surface is shaped so that the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed on the cutting table is cut along the plane cutting path by moving the cutting wire at a preferably constant speed.

In case of another possible application of the method for producing the basic element the cutting surface is shaped so that the cutting wire is preferably moved with the help of the cutting frame in the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed in two directions, independent of each other perpendicular to each other controlled according to the required cutting surface. In case of a further possible application of the method for producing the basic element the cutting surface is shaped so that the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed on the cutting table is moved to a favoured direction, for example horizontally, the cutting wire is preferably moved with the help of the cutting frame to another direction preferably prependicular to that, for example vertically, controlled according to the required cutting surface.

In case of a further preferable application of the method for producing the basic element the cutting surface is shaped so that the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed on the cutting table is moved together with the cutting table along two possibilities to two directions independent of each other perpendicular to each other conforming with the cutting path controlled according to the required cutting surface and the cutting wire is kept in fixed position preferably with the help of the cutting frame. In case of a preferable application of the method for producing the basic element according to the invention the cutting wire fixed to the cutting frame is moved along the cutting path located by the roller-guides fixed to the back frame with the help of the frame-guide or chain preferably with constant speed in the basic block placed on the cutting table so, that the cutting frame is moved by a pivot placed on the frame-guide and the maintaining and two-way running of the cutting frame is preferably ensure by guides and rolling frames located perpendicular to each other for example horizontally and vertically.

In a preferred embodiment of the skeletal frame according to the invention the articulation of the skeletal element is located in one of the main directions to the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame in a repetitive manner with positive and negative directional angles and there are preferably parallel passages between the positive and negative passages of the skeletal element. There is stiffening in the inclined passages of the skeletal element formed preferably by embossing. The material of the lengthwise elements is of circular section preferably steel with ribbed surface, the material of the skeletal element is steel plate shaped by pressing, bending, cutting, piercing. The lengthwise element is connected with the skeletal element with welding or nitting at the two-way drive embossed flaps.

The flaps are located in the reversal zone and/or in the parallel passage of the skeletal element to the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame, the number of the flaps is two or more and the adjoining flaps are opened in opposite direction.

In case of a possible preferable application of the method for producing skeletal frames according to the invention the skeletal element is formed preferably from strips or plates by pressing, creasing, cutting, piercing. During connecting of the skeletal elements four lengthwise elements are preferably fitted on the skeletal elements temporarily fixed on the receiving platform or machine or production line, then the actual three elements to be connected are clamped along the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame on opposite points in space, then these are welded and/or nitted and then the next three joining elements in order are welded and/or nitted, where order is meant following the skeletal element. The welding is pointwelding or other generally applied welding technology, for example electric welding or protective atmosphere electric welding. In a preferable solution the part of the welder providing the positions of welding is formed so that it conforms with the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame in both main directions.

In case of a preferable application of the method according to the invention for the production of the skeletal frame the first step of the assembling of the skeletal frame is the connecting process, during which the blocks of the work stand, machine or production line are located along the required lengthwise axis of the skeletal frame, then they are fixed on the work stand, machine or production line. As the second step the previously prepared and properly shaped skeletal element(s) is placed and fixed on the maintaining blocks. The third step is in given case to place and temporarily fix the accessory elements to be assembled together with the skeletal frame, but not belonging to it, for example the suspension element. The fourth step is to place and temporarily fix the preferably four lengthwise elements to the sectional channel shaped by the flaps. The fifth step is to make the connections in space and time in appropriate order then parallel with the connecting after completing certain passages or after completing the whole skeletal frame the temporary bondings are broken and the completed skeletal frame is moved from the work-stand or machine or production line.

The solutions according to the invention are presented with the help of the enclosed figures as follows:

Figs 1 to 4 show examples of the preferable embodiment of the building structure as slab structure.

Figs 5 to 9 show examples of the preferable embodiment of the building structure as wall system. Figs. 10 to 13 show examples of the preferable embodiment of the building structure as shell construction for example as vault.

Figs. 14 and 15 show fastening of a preferable embodiment of a suspended ceiling in sections perpendicular to the side-rib respectively to the main-rib of the building structure as slab structure. Figs. 16 to 18 show the shaping of the self-retaining slab.

Figs. 19 and 20 show an example of a conventional framework applicable in the slab structure according to the invention.

Figs. 21-25 show the shaping and details, accessories of the slab structure of self- retaining shuttering. Fig. 26 shows a characteristic sectional view of a building construction with the preferable application of the building structure according to the invention.

Figs. 27-32 show the preferable embodiment of an earth-quake-proof building structure according to the invention and the shaping of substructure and building structure preferably applied to these. Figs. 33-41 show the details and various possibilities of the structural forming of the basic element according to the invention.

Figs. 42-45 show the preferable possible realisation of the cutting machine suitable for shaping the basic element and a possible realisation of the applicable cutting method. Figs. 46-55 show the structural forming and production details of the skeletal frame according to the invention.

Figure 1 shows the building structure as slab without reinforcement according to the invention. In the form according to the Figure the building structure consists of 1 basic elements placed next to each other, the gaps between them filled in with 2 concrete, and there is no separate bracing or load-bearing element in the gaps. The 2 concrete depending on structural requirements can be preferably concrete with fibre additive. It can be seen in the Figure, that the lower part of the building structure, in the given case the ceiling is formed by the 49 exterior surface of structure of the 1 basic elements, while the 48 interior surface of structure is below the 2 concrete layer. The 47 side surface of the 1 basic elements form the boundary of the load-bearing grids of concrete. The shaping of the 47 side surface ensuring blocking bonding as well can be seen well in the Figure, which is due to the angle (γ) of a part of the 47 side surface to the normal (n) of the 49 exterior surface of structure taken in this range is 90° > γ > 0°, preferably an acute angle (γ), for example 5°...15°. The 45 rim joining the 49 exterior surface of structure of the 47 side surface can be seen well, and 46 groove of the same geometrical shape as the 45 rim is formed joining the 48 interior surface of structure of the building structure.

Figure 2 shows the building structure as slab according to the invention with the 3 fibre element placed between the gaps of the basic elements. The arrangement is similar to that of the one in Figure 1 with the difference, that here the load- bearing of the grid of concrete surrounded by the 1 basic elements is ensured by 3 fibre element. In case of the preferred embodiment of the Figure the load-bearing can be increased by 2 concrete with fibre additives. Figure 3 shows the building structure as slab in section, with the 3 fibre element located between the 1 basic elements, and supported by 10 spacer, further with the 5 mesh reinforcement placed above the 1 basic elements. The shaping of the 1 basic elements as seen in Figure 1 gives an example of the possibility of shaping complex 47 side surface by waste-free mirror-cutting. No stirrups are required between the 1 basic elements as shown in the Figure, it is sufficient to put two-way 5 mesh reinforcement sized according to the structural calculations, to the top or bottom of the slab, which means this case a steel bar in the patten of the grid of concrete in every 40-50 centimetres, another steel bar in the opposite direction in every 1 ,5 metres. Fitting of the steel bars is very simple, as the steel bars are not connected, only sporadically in order to keep the distances. This is the fixing reinforcement with wires. These proportions are justified by the fact, that in such a case the cross sections are big enough to bear the shearing stress present in such structures without cracking. In case of keeping the ratio of the thickness, distance and height of the grid of concrete determined by the relative standards, this structural slab model can be sized simply as compact plate, which is very economical due to the low dead low.

The building structure shown in the Figure 3 and dealt with as preferably structurally dense slab realised as a shuttered slab or beam, where the capping and the formwork of unbroken or of spaced surface adjusted in height serve as receiving platform on which preferably the network of closely spaced grids of the 1 basic elements is located, then the placing of the 3 fibre elements and the 5 mesh reinforcement follows. Figure 4 shows the building structure in section according to the invention, in case of self-retaining slab with steel 4 framework placed between the 1 basic elements and with 5 mesh reinforcement placed above the 1 basic elements. It can be seen on the Figure the location of the 4 framework between the 1 basic elements and the 2 concrete in given case reinforced with fibre, located above and between the 1 basic elements. The 11 spacers adjusting the 5 mesh reinforcement for the concrete work are marked in the Figure. The 4 framework applicable with this preferable embodiment is either of traditional form or 70 skeletal frame according to the invention to be detailed later. The Figures 5 to 9 show examples of the preferable embodiment of the building structure as walls.

Figure 5 shows the building structure as walls according to the invention with the surface 14 ornamental design formed on the 1 basic element. The wall shown in Figure 5 is a special application of the 1 basic element with dovetail joint. Here the 1 basic elements shape both sides of the building structure formed as walls and they join with their 48 interior surface of structure.

In given case the 1 basic elements cut as wall elements are not fixed to each other by mechanical fasteners, but they are simply connected with the opposite 48 interior surface of structure by 12 use of adhesives or 7 fastening element. This way an interior system of hollows is shaped between the 1 basic elements, which is in given case filled in with 2 concrete with fibre additives as reinforcement. Fastening by the use of adhesives is justified when it is more economical, than fixing by 7 fastening element. It can be seen in the Figure, that the surface 14 ornamental design of the exterior surface of the walls is preferably formed together with the 1 basic element and is parged together with the 49 exterior surface of structure with 13 plaster. The walls can be formed with or without reinforcement. In given case 9 mesh-grid put into the hollows of the 1 basic element serves as reinforcement. The exterior surfaces of the shaped walls can be covered, in given case by 13 plaster. Figure 6 shows another preferable embodiment of the building structure as walls. This case the 1 basic elements are not directly joined. The 2 concrete is filled into the grooves of the 1 basic elements and into the spaces between them. The location of the 1 basic elements, the spacing before building-in is solved by coupling and stay elements, for example by 8 bolts. The 8 bolt is used for joining permanently or temporarily the 1 basic elements to each other or to other temporary or permanent elements of the building structure. In case of the preferred embodiment shown in the Figure in given case there is not any reinforcement or other mechanical fastening. The exterior surfaces of the shaped walls can be covered, in given case by 13 plaster. The building structure realised as wall or pier or column structure the ranging line is situated with horizontal planishing to the joint elements of the receiving platform protruding from the receiving platform - occasionally inserting waterproofing as well, - and starting from here, the wall is built in sections or continuously including filling in with concrete up to the capping. During the building of the wall structure, but before starting concrete works the wall openings are made on the given places by aligning or cutting, the crowning of the wall openings is temporarily supported in accordance with the shape specified by the plan. The 1 basic elements are completed with built-in sections on the free or freed surfaces of the wall opening, further in the required phases of the technological order the applied 3 fibre elements and/or 4 frameworks and different sanitary and electrical elements to be placed into the inside of the walls are fixed. If required by the technology - in given case before the concrete works the assembled wall elements are supported by the temporary constructions maintaining vertical plane until 2 concrete sets. Figure 7 shows arched wall structure on both sides with the 1 basic element according to the invention. We show the horizontal section of an arched wall structure in the Figure. In this form the 48 exterior surfaces of structure are of plane shape and they together form a surface of polygon following the arch, where the arched surface is formed ultimately by surface treating. The 2 concrete or reinforced concrete of cassette form is situated between the 1 basic elements.

Figure 8 shows the arched wall structure made with 1 basic elements of curved surfaces of Rl radius on one side and with permanent or non-permanent 15 strutting elements of foam or other material. The 2 concrete of cassette form or framework is situated between the 1 basic elements cut arched, similar to stave form element and the 15 struttings. The 15 strutting, which is preferably of planed character, is distorted to the arched shape, as for example a thinner plastic sheet, a 4 cm thick polystyrene foam can be bent so as to form a surface of long band, without cutting it.

Figure 9 shows the horizontal section of a straight wall structure with the 1 basic elements on the one side, and with the screwed 15 struttings and the 2 concrete or reinforced concrete structure located between them on the other side. In given case the 1 basic elements and the 15 strutting are fixed to each other, respectively to the building structure with the help of the 8 bolt. The 1 basic elements and the 15 struttings are fastened preferably on the spot with the help of the 8 bolts. The building structure according to the invention formed as walls or piers or beams the 1 basic elements are placed on one or both sides of the wall and the hollows or system of hollows are filled in with 2 concrete. The 1 basic elements and the 15 strutting are fixed to each other, or to the other elements of the building structure by the use of adhesives and\or mechanical fastening, for example with 7 fastening element or coupling or stay 8 bolt. In a preferred embodiment the 2 concrete contains fibre additives the material of which is steel and/or plastic, and/or carbon, andor silicate, and/or cellulose fibre, and/or plant fibre. The 2 concrete contains 3 fibre element resolving tensile stress, and/or 4 framework material of which is for example steel, ribbed reinforcement, carbon cable-strand, stranded fibre-glass, stranded synthetic fibre. The 15 strutting forming boundary to the 2 concrete is placed preferably on the opposite side of the 1 basic element.

The 7 fastening element and the coupling and stay 8 bolt are thin stalks preferably made of plastic the surface of which is suitable for going in easily into the 1 basic element, but coming out with difficulty. These elements are to take up the hydrostatic pressure as tensile stress of the filled-in concrete without coming out of the 1 basic element.

During the making of the building structure as wall structure according to the invention a wall can be made with the joining of the 1 basic elements formed waste-free, where for example, the 1 basic elements are placed on the two exterior surfaces of the wall and the 2 concrete is poured between them. This case the 1 basic elements function as permanent formwork. If the 2 concrete is continuous and is not broken it ensures complete crowning between the spaces regarding air-borne sound isolation and protection against fire. During the making of the wall the location of two 1 basic elements must be ensured between the pouring of the 2 concrete and the setting of the 2 concrete. We apply a 8 bolt preferably made of plastic for this purpose. Its thin axis i.e. thin cross section and the shape of the screw blade make the going into the polystyrene easy. Due to the continuous screw-thread the 8 bolt can connect the two 1 basic elements so, that it keeps distance and at the same time can take up forces opposite to connecting. The connecting of the 1 basic elements can take place on the spot with the help of the 8 bolts, or in advance in the workshop. The 8 bolt is suitable for fixing other polystyrene elements, complementary elements, for example crown elements, pier elements, ornaments as well.

With connecting the 1 basic elements of polystyrene raw material can take up force equal to its own tensile strength on its exterior mantle, and this will define the spacing density of the bolt. The material of the 8 bolt can be preferably made of reusable material. In this form of shaping the wall the 8 bolt goes through the concrete, but the cross section in question is so tiny that it does not influence the resistance to fire of the concrete, as plastic of so small cross section does not burn through. In case of forming the wall this way the resistance to fire of the wall is as big as the fire resistance of the cross section of the thinnest concrete. This form of connecting ensures fastening of the polystyrene formwork elements of various functions, sizes and shapes.

The building structure as wall structure according to the invention can be preferably made by the sandwich construction shown here so for example in case of higher thermodynamic requirements the thickness of the exterior 1 basic element can be considerably bigger than that of the interior 1 basic element. In case due to requirements of the supporting structure the layer-thickness of the 2 concrete or reinforced concrete should be thinner or thicker, this can be adjusted by the spacing of the distance of the basic elements as required.

The 1 basic elements of bigger units of two or more components can be preferably pre-cast, and the speed of the construction can be considerably increased apart from simplification of the assembling on site. Obviously the pre- casting can be carried out so as well, that the complete structure is divided into parts that can be joined structurally and the ultimate building structure is assembled on the spot from these complete parts.

We show the example of preferred embodiment of the building structure according to the invention as roof sheathing, for example as vault in Figures 10 to 13.

Figure 10 shows the vertical section of the arched vault without reinforcement (barrel) vault, where the 48 interior surface of structure and the 49 exterior surface of structure of the 1 basic elements are plane surfaces. The vault or spherical shell is this case of dense grids of concrete as from production point of view the forming of the plane surfaces of the 48 interior surface of structure and that of the 49 exterior surface of structure is simpler and cheaper solution, and the dense fitting respectively joining line can follow the long band. The 2 concrete, preferably concrete with fibre additive reinforcement is situated between the 1 basic elements on the exterior surface of the structure.

Figure 11 shows the vertical cross section of an arched vault, in which 1 basic elements of curved surface of R2 radius and 3 fibre elements are applied. The 48 interior surface of structure and the 49 exterior surface of structure of the 1 basic elements are produced with R2 curve due to the spherical shell of R2 curve. In case of this structural forming it is possible to work with much bigger size 1 basic elements, and this forming is also suitable for making the barrel vault with the same grid reinforcement as in case of a slab. This case the barrel vault needs formwork only on a few places, along the main line or component, because the various formwork elements can be maintained at the permanent framework as at plane slabs.

Figure 12 shows preferred embodiment of the building structure according to the invention in case of shells suspended or curved two-way. The slab is formed with curves of one-way or two-way, with 3 fibre elements of cable reinforcement and 1 basic elements of plane surface. This Figure shows, that the building structure according to the invention can be applied as combination of negative and negative-and-positive curves, because the shape and ranging of the 1 basic elements are suitable for it. The size of the 1 basic elements and the forming of the 47 side surface can be determined according to the local curve of the shell structure so, that between and above the adjoining 1 basic elements the 2 concrete preferably concrete with fibre reinforcement can be filled in.

Figure 13 shows the vertical section of the bearing edge of the building structure according to the invention as arched vault or shell. We show here, that use of 15 strutting is preferable along the long bands. In case of the forming of the arched vault the long band of the pattens makes necessary the use of exterior 15 strutting. The 15 strutting can be made of polystyrene or other material, it can be permanent or non-permanent formwork.

In case of the solutions in Figures 10 to 13 the thickness of the patten of the grid is sized on basis of a thermodynamical vapour-diffusion calculation so that the condensation of vapour can be avoided. During the assembling of the structures partial, sectional or full shuttering is needed. The receiving platform of the building structure realised as roof sheathing can be capping curved in one or more directions and\or corbel course and\or continuous or spaced formwork preferably completed with 3 fibre elements or 4 framework of straight or curved axis. The assembling of the building structure is started with placing and fitting of the 1 basic elements on the receiving platform, and installing and fixing of the occasionally necessary additional complementary structures, and is continued by fitting of 15 struttings to places required by concrete technology. Then filling of normal 2 concrete or concrete with fibre reinforcement to the hollows or hollow systems and the upper surface of the 1 basic elements takes place. Figures 14 and 15 show the fixing of the suspended ceiling as a preferred embodiment of the slab according to the invention in sections perpendicular to the side-grid, respectively main-grid. Figure 14 shows the cross section of the slab structure according to the invention perpendicular to the side-grid, with sound-proofing suspended ceiling. In the side-grids between the 1 basic elements both on the bottom and on the top there is a 3 fibre element in the 2 concrete, and above this there are the 5 mesh reinforcement and the 16 flooring. Figure 15 shows the cross section of the slab structure according to the invention perpendicular to the main grid system of structure with the 4 framework put in this direction, and the steel 5 mesh reinforcement and 16 flooring placed above the 1 basic elements.

The 18 frame and 19 suspension element used for the shaping of this ceiling ensuring the formwork for the ceiling during the concrete works, are suitable for suspending the ceiling 17 crust later. We show a solution of the suspended ceiling in the Figure, which is suitable for airborne sound isolation as well. On one hand sound isolation is ensured by this system so, that 20 thermal insulation and/or sound isolation, for example isolite or glass wool is located on the 19 suspension element and above the suspended ceiling 17 crust fixed to the 18 frame from below.

On the other hand there is gypsum board 18 frame suspended with an acoustic stirrup on the 19 suspension element protruding from the lower plane of the slab, the unbroken gypsum board or other building sheet covering can be fixed. The gypsum board can be of two functions, providing fire protection and structure born sound isolation as well. The suspended ceiling can be made so as well, that it decreases the noise level of the lower space by absorbing the sound in the interior space and solves the problem of structure born sound isolation. This way during the planning phase more functions can be integrated resulting in lower total costs.

In this solution the upper surface of the slab is the upper surface of the concrete works, on which the 16 flooring is put, so it is not necessary to form the above- mentioned sound isolation, as the suspended ceiling hung from below provides this function as well. The 19 suspension element of the above-mentioned slab system, which maintains the formwork, can be used for other purposes as well, for example mechanical ductwork, electrical conduit, light fixtures etc.

Figures 16 to 18 show the forming of the self-retaining slab.

Figure 16 shows the top view of plane surface with the 22 walls, the 1 basic elements ranging in two direction, 4 framework located in the main-grid, with the 19 suspension elements hanging below the lower plane of the slab from the framework and with the 21 auxiliary formwork fixed with 23 winged nut perpendicular to the main-grid. Figure 17 shows the section of the Figure 16 perpendicular to the main-grid. Figure 18 shows the section of the Figure 16 perpendicular to the side-grid. The building structure according to the invention realised as self-retaining slab or self-retaining beam is made by self-supported construction technology so, that the cappings of the 22 walls already built as receiving platforms are occasionally completed by corbel course and the 4 frameworks completed by 19 suspension elements are located to the planned position on the receiving platform shaped this way, on the lower plane of the frameworks fitted temporarily to the 19 suspension elements the 1 basic elements are fixed from below. In the next step the previously height-regulated 21 auxiliary formworks are fitted in spaces to the 19 suspension elements, then before starting the concrete work the horizontal and/or sloping position of the slab is accurately adjusted by regulating the 21 auxiliary formworks and corbel course. Finally concrete works take place from the top by filling in the hollow space system between the 1 basic elements and forming the prescribed slab thickness according to the plan, preferably by even spreading.

The stripping of the 21 auxiliary formwork can take place at 20% curing of the concrete, while corbel course can be stripped according to the prescriptions of the concrete technology, at 80-90% curing of the concrete.

Figures 19 and show the example of a framework of conventional form in the slab structure according to the invention. Figure 19 shows the end face joining the capping of a conventional 4 framework applicable in the building structure with a shape of patten preventing the turning. Figure 20 shows the shaping of the general cross section of a conventional 4 framework applicable in the building structure with a built-in 19 suspension element. Figures 21 to 25 show the details and accessories of the shaping of the slab structure of self-retaining shuttering in connection with the general assembling shown in Figures 16, 17 and 18.

Figure 21 shows the 27 walls built with 1 basic elements according to the invention, and the bearing edge of the 4 framework of the slab placed on them, showing the connecting of the 19 suspension element, 21 auxiliary formwork and 23 wing nut. The end face of the 4 framework shown in Figure 19 is supported by the middle third of the 2 concrete core of the 27 walls.

Figure 22 shows the slab structure according to the invention with the section of the 1 basic elements and that of the 70 skeletal frame according to the invention placed between the 1 basic elements. Figure 23 shows the location of the 70 skeletal frame in side section. In the Figures we show the 24 fastening plate installed to the 19 suspension element fixed to the 70 skeletal frame, the 21 auxiliary formwork and the 23 wing nut, which together distribute the weight of the 1 basic elements and that of the 2 concrete during making of the slab to the 70 skeletal frame as load-bearing element. With the help of the 24 fastening plate the 1 basic elements are directly fixed to the 19 suspension element until the fitting of the 21 auxiliary formwork. It aims to increase the speed of assembling and the accuracy of the building. Figure 24 shows the cross section shaping and sizing of the 21 auxiliary formwork, the top view and the sizing of the 21 auxiliary formwork can be seen in Figure 25. The 21 auxiliary formwork provides suspension for the 19 suspension elements protruding at the bottom of the skeletal frame to realise self- retaining shuttering. It can be achieved if the 21 auxiliary formwork is threaded to the 19 suspension element through the 25 lengthwise slot shaped in the formwork and the required height is adjusted with the 23 wing nut. The parameters a21, b21, and v21 are determined so, that the 21 auxiliary formwork conform as a load-bearing structure with the requirements of the building technology weights and the planned distance of the 70 skeletal frame. The material of the 21 auxiliary formwork is preferably cold-bend, galvanised steel plate, the parameters of which have the following relationship: a=b-4v. It ensures, that the 21 auxiliary formwork can be ranged from the a21 and b21 elements of two width, that taken into consideration the 25 lengthwise slot as well, it can be fitted to the required sizes waste-free. The 21 auxiliary formwork elements are always fitted in pairs with width of a21 respectively b21.

Figure 26 shows a characteristic sectional view of preferable embodiments of a building construction according to the invention. In given case the building structure is realised as thermal insulated 30 tie beam placed on 26 pier foundation. The vertical 27 walls consisting of 1 basic elements on both sides and 2 concrete between them can be seen in the Figure. The horizontal 28 slab consists of the 1 basic elements placed on the lower part of the slab and of the 2 concrete placed between and above the 1 basic elements. The 29 roof of the building structure according to the invention as well consists of 1 basic element and 2 concrete placed between and above the 1 basic elements.

In case of the building construction shown in Figure 26 there is not a base plate but a 26 pier foundation. A thermal insulated 30 tie beam made preferably of polystyrene 1 basic elements is put on this 26 pier foundation providing the spanning with thermal insulation. The required 41 flooring is made after this, and the 27 wall system is started from this substructure on which the 28 slab made also preferably of polystyrene 1 basic elements is joined.

The building is covered by the 29 roof, which is built as a horizontal or sloping structure, or the combination of these. The 1 basic elements are sized on basis of a thermodynamical vapour-diffusion calculation so that the condensation of vapour of the patten of the grid of reinforced concrete located inside and above the hollows of the 1 basic element can be eliminated and the 1 basic elements are accurately assembled on the location prescribed by the plan. During the assembling the required shape of the slab is made with the help of the supporting constructions, for which in given case complementary shuttering is applied to support technological forces due to sloping, until setting of the 2 concrete. Where required by sloping, temporary or if additional thermal insulation is required, permanently built-in 15 strutting is applied and the ready thermal insulated structure of the roof sheathing determined by the sloping of the roof is planned on basis of thermodynamical vapour diffusion calculation.

Before starting filling of the 2 concrete in the preferably supported building structure the 3 fibre elements or 4 frameworks, the electrical, sanitary and heating installations are placed and fixed by working on the upper level of the structure and rims of the necessary openings are made by cutting of the 1 basic elements. The applied 2 concrete as component is lightweight concrete, for example foamed-cement, foam-concrete, polystyrene pearl-concrete, lightweight expanded clay-concrete, where load-bearing is provided by 4 framework or 3 fibre elements put into the lightweight concrete. This is an example of planning and constructing to prove, that it is advantageous for the architect to apply the building structure according to the invention, because the architect can plan the size of the skeletal frame, the beam, the elements of the slab and they can be adjusted to the distances of the walls of the building chosen by the architect. Figures 27 to 32 show the building structure according to the invention realised as earth-quake-proof structure and the preferable shaping of the substructure and the building structure.

Figure 27 shows the preferred embodiment of the building structure according to the invention as earth-quake-proof foundation slab. The gist of the arrangement is, that different forces acting on the structure are channelled or distributed to 26 pier foundations by the 35 grid system of concrete of lightened structure. In case of an earth-quake-proof foundation there are 26 pier foundations below the horizontal ground level which can move freely and independently of each other above the 26 pier foundation the base plate maintaining the super-structure is placed as a 35 grid system of concrete so that between the upper level of the 26 pier foundation and the bearing points of the 35 grid system of concrete there are 39 load transmitting bodies allowing horizontal movement and/or taking up vertical load. There is 36 waterproofing on the horizontal sliding plane above the 26 pier foundation and it is preferably extended to the plinth next to the 32 exterior flashing element. With the help of the coupling and stay 8 bolt the 32 exterior flashing element is connected with the 31 interior element in order to fix it to its location according to the plan against the hydrostatic pressure caused by the filling of the 2 concrete.

In case of the realisation of the building structure as an earth-quake-proof foundation in the consolidated and compacted 38 ground pier foundations of stone and/or concrete of structurally defined density and extent are made, the upper level of which is the same as that of the compacted horizontal 37 level. When making the earth-quake-proof foundation slab then on the joining surface of the grids of foundation slab and the upper part of the 26 pier foundations, in the hollows shaped in the 1 basic elements enveloping the 36 waterproofing sheet located in each case on the level or above, a 39 load-transmitting body is made as damping arrangement, allowing horizontal movement, but taking up vertical load, the material of which is for example light-weight concrete, or rubber sheet, or cork-wood, or plastic, or plastic foam, for example polyurethane-, polystyrene- foam. Alkali-proof reinforcing fibre, for example steel-fibre, and/or silicate-fibre, and/or synthetic fibre, and/or carbon filament and/or plant fibre is mixed into the filled concrete.

Instead of a part of or the whole of the 26 pier foundations preferably for example a basement wall and/or deep foundation and/or grade beam is applied in a way that the joining surface of the structures is shaped in every case as an unbroken horizontal surface.

When making earth-quake-proof foundation the 26 pier foundation should extend 50-60 centimetres below ground level. This depth is necessary under the ground level to have enough bearing capacity of the soil to avoid the overturning of the foundation from the 38 ground. The lateral thrust of the soil requires generally 50-60 centimetres at the foundations, therefore this minimum depth should be kept. Depth can increase depending on the soil, the loads of the building and the building site. If the frost line is one meter, then footing should extend to that level in order to prevent frost penetration. If frost line is deeper, then ground level should conform with it. If the 38 ground is not stable enough on the top, then this 26 pier foundation should be considered the head of a pile, which is in the 38 ground at the load-bearing depth. The 26 pier foundation can be made by manual digging up shaping a rectangular or by an earth borer or a pile driver shaping a cylindrical form. The size of the footing of the 26 pier foundation must be determined according to the loads of the building and the soil bearing capacity of the 38 ground.

The concrete slab, which is the foundation slab of the building structure according to the invention, bears on the 26 pier foundation. The vertical loads are transmitted to the grids of the 35 grid system of concrete as slab, and below these is situated the 26 pier foundation sized on basis of structural relationships. The 35 grid system of concrete bears the forces coming from the top as a beam due to the height of the grid. Structural calculations give the point of support of the 35 grid system of concrete and the location of 26 pier foundation. The number of piers necessary on the 38 ground must be determined on basis of the weight of the building and then the parameters of the slab above it can be calculated and coordinated with the parameters of the structural elements of the building. It can be structurally determined, but when adapting the solution according to the invention, the system is perfectly open, the actual requirements can always be taken into consideration.

The plane of the 26 pier foundation, respectively the lower plane of the 35 grid system of concrete is the horizontal plane, where the horizontal resonance is cut. The 35 grid system of concrete is preferably shaped of polystyrene 1 basic elements, into which 2 concrete window is cut only where the 26 pier foundation bears the 2 concrete, as there is the point of force transmission, and polystyrene can not transfer a force enough for the support. This plane can be considered at the same time the plane of 36 waterproofing and vapour barrier of soil. The technological method of making the whole is to compact the consolidated ground level, then to cut it, then fill concrete into these 26 pier foundations. Then the waterproofing sheet is placed which is preferably always bigger, than the slab. The preferably polystyrene formwork 1 basic elements are put on it, which form the grid system and reinforcement is put into it. Then the whole is preferably fixed with coupling and stay 8 bolts to itself. If no 8 bolts are applied, then supporting must be solved in an other way, and then filling of concrete follows. The waterproofing of the 38 ground must be made unbroken, therefore 31 interior element and 32 exterior element are applied, where there is a 40 gap in the 32 exterior element, at which the exterior part of the element can be cut. After filling in the concrete the 36 waterproofing film below is extended to the 2 concrete and the superstructure is placed on it. The 36 waterproofing is perfectly closed back to the base plate itself. The 36 waterproofing can be protected by a plinth, then the necessary 38 ground is filled back, which is necessary for forming the ultimate ground level.

Figure 28 shows the section of the building structure according to the invention as reinforced slab placed on 22 walls of light-weight steel construction. The 70 skeletal frame in the slab according to the invention is connected to the steel- structure 22 walls with a connection of steel structure, for example bolting, welding, riveting. The other shaping of the slab conforms with the solutions shown in Figure 16 to 25 as self-supporting slab structure with formwork.

Figure 29 shows the top view detail of the connection of the self-supporting reinforced slab structure according to the invention placed on the 22 walls of light-weight structure shown in Figure 28, and the 1 basic element, the 2 concrete and the 15 strutting fixed on the 22 walls of steel structure can also be seen.

Figures 28 and 29 show the slab of reinforced concrete with grids made on the 22 walls of steel structure, which is not a usual solution, because it is generally not easy to build a reinforced slab on a light-weight steel structure. The parameters of acoustical, structure-born and airborne-sound isolation are extremely unfavourable of the slabs of light-weight steel generally built, and their building cost is the double of that of the self-supporting slab according to the invention. In addition to that the rating of resistance to fire is minimum the double, but usually three times more, than the slabs of steel-structure.

Figures 30, 31 and 32 show a preferred structural embodiment of a building of light-weight steel wall structure built on earth-quake-proof foundation according to the invention with self-supporting reinforced slab according to the invention. Figure 30 shows the location of the 26 pier foundations and the articulation of the 35 grid system of concrete both in case of the base plate and slab according to the invention. It also shows the location of the 1 basic elements and the 4 frameworks. The details of the section A-A respectively B-B are shown in Figure 31 respectively Figure 32.

Figure 31 shows the building structure of earth-quake-proof foundation as in A-A section of Figure 30. The Figure shows the 36 waterproofing placed on the compacted horizontal 37 level of the 38 ground. The 26 pier foundations can be seen below this level and the 35 grid system of concrete with the 31 interior element and 32 exterior element bears on this plane. The 22 walls of light-weight steel structure, which are stiffened in themselves are seated on the base plate shaped as mentioned earlier, and the self-supported reinforced slab according to the invention is built on top of these 22 walls. Figure 32 shows the B-B section of the self-supported slab of the building structure of earth-quake-proof foundation perpendicular to the side ribs.

After completing the building structure shown on the Figures, a system divided from the point of view of foundation systems by two main horizontal forces is made, the elements of which can move entirely independently from each other. The parts of the system are the 26 pier foundations, which move together with the 38 ground, while the 35 grid system of concrete moves together with the superstructure above it. The mass of this 35 grid system of concrete as base plate together with the whole building structure is considerably bigger than that of the 26 pier foundations below it. The gist of the operation of the earth-quake-proof system is, that earth-waves consist of two components, from which the lateral is the critical component, except in the direct surroundings of the epicentre, where the vertical component is significant as well. It means that in general the lateral forces are critical, which can unite in inhomogeneous waves due to different soil structure and due to the differences in propagation speed these wave-forms are uneven within small areas as well.

Having recognised and evaluated the above facts, the 26 pier foundations distributing the vertical loads to the 38 ground are laid out independently from each other, so they start vibrating due to the given local motion in conformity with the vibrating waves. Each one of them can move continuously in itself below the slab of great mass, due to the horizontal separating plane. It will be obvious,- that as the horizontal separating plane can not, or can only in a very small extent transfer this motion to the superstructure of much bigger mass than itself, respectively to the total mass of the body of the building structure,- the lateral components of the seismic forces can transfer to a small extent to the superstructure of the building, so the arrangement according to the invention decreases the effect of seismic forces to the building structure.

The other adverse effect, the vertical movement of the earth-quake waves can be decreased according to the invention so, that the 39 load-transmitting body located between the 26 pier foundation and the 35 grid system of concrete is chosen so, that the presumed value of a possible earth-quake on the building site is damped by a flexible or breaking strain. It is helped by that as well, that the forces acting on the 35 grid system of concrete on the upper plane of the 26 pier foundation are fixed by the soil-cracks as local energy intake areas. The material of the 1 basic elements providing the formwork of the reinforced 35 grid system of concrete reacts to the vertical forces in a similar manner, with partial breaking, which also decreases the vertical load acting on the 35 grid system of concrete due to the dissipation of the vertical forces.

Figures 33 to 41 show details and various ways of shaping the basic element according to the invention. Figure 33 shows shaping of the 47 side surface of the 1 basic element according to the invention with the 51 cutting surface applied during the waste-free cutting. At present case plane and curved surfaces form the boundary of the 47 side surface shaped by the 51 cutting surface of the 1 basic element. The 1 basic element has 49 exterior surface of structure forming the surface of the building structure, further has 48 interior surface of structure. The angle γ of a part of the 47 side surface to the n normal of the 49 exterior surface of structure taken in this range is 90° > γ > 0°, preferably γ an acute angle, for example 5°...15°.

In the preferred embodiment shown on the Figure there is 45 rim joining the 49 exterior surface of structure of the 47 side surface, and 46 groove of the same geometrical shape as the 45 rim is formed joining the 48 interior surface of structure so, that the section of the 47 side surface is point-symmetric. The parameters called dl, el, fl, gl on the Figure show the sizes and parts belonging together due to point-symmetry and the relative relationships.

Figure 34 shows preferable waste-free method of cutting of the 1 basic element from 50 basic block formed of plane surfaces. In given case the waste-free cutting takes place in case of polystyrene 50 basic block so, that the 47 side surfaces planned as point-symmetric ones are cut along the length of the 50 basic block in alternating position and in the required space. When determining the programme of cutting the optimum combination of the sizes to be produced the sizes of the 50 basic block is to be taken into consideration.

Figure 35 shows cutting method of shaping dovetail joints of the 1 basic element applied preferably for the crowning of wall elements. This case the 51 cutting surface is placed in the inside of the 50 basic block so, that the exterior surfaces of the 50 basic block provide the 49 exterior surfaces of structure of the 1 basic elements. This case a part of the 51 cutting surface forms the 47 side surfaces inclined in γ, while the other part of the 51 cutting surface parallel with the 49 exterior surface of structure provides the 48 interior surfaces of structure. The proportions and the resection of the dovetail are determined by the parameters a2 and b2 shown in the Figure. In a preferred embodiment (b2-a2)/2 gives the inclination of the dovetail corresponding with γ. After the cutting the separation of the 50 basic block disintegrated this way is made by the drawing away of the 1 basic elements to the direction of the side surface.

Figure 36 shows the waste-free cutting method of shaping a lightning pattern of the 1 basic element applied preferably for the crowning of slab elements. Fitting of two 1 basic elements cut this way provide together the crowning by dovetail resection. This Figure shows an emphasised detail of the Figure 34 with a3, b3, c3, d3 parameters determining the point-symmetric shaping of the 51 cutting surface.

Figure 37 shows the waste-free cutting method of the 1 basic element applicable for example with shell-constructions with side-profile cutting of wave-pattern and shape and size determined by a4, b4, c4 parameters. The Figure shows a method of the waste-free cutting of 50 basic block as well. The wave line is point-symmetric and fitting of two 1 basic elements cut this way provide together the crowning by resection. The wave line shown on the Figure has also a part, the tangent of which conforms with the prescription of γ angle.

Figure 38 shows the method of waste-free, respectively of low waste cutting method of arched 1 basic elements for shell or wall structures from 50 basic blocks bordered by plane surfaces. The waste-free cutting takes place along arched 51 cutting paths determined by Rl radius of stave. Side-cutting of low waste can ensure the removal of the 52 clipping parts. The 1 basic elements cut this way ensure together the crowning by resection. The 51 cutting surface formed at the 52 clipping parts shown on the Figure has a part, the tangent of which conforms with the prescription of γ angle.

Figures 39, 40, 41 show the shaping of the 1 basic element in case of a definite slab element from top and side views with parameters a5, b5, c5, d5, e5, £5, g5, h5. Two sides of the 1 basic element shown are made by waste-free cutting, the other two sides are made by cutting of low waste. The crowning is provided together by the shaping of the 47 sides surfaces. It can be seen that the area of the F surface sections parallel with the 49 exterior surface of structure on one part of the 47 side surface of the 1 basic element is increasing when moving away from the 49 exterior surface of structure, and a part or the whole of the section of the 47 side surface is point-symmetric. The projection of the 49 exterior surface of structure is square determined by straight lines, in given case rectangular.

In case of the 1 basic element according to the invention the shaping of the 51 cutting surface makes possible of cutting waste-free or of low waste. It is of great importance, as this way additional costs of manipulating the material to be recycled in the factory can be avoided. Amount of waste is to be the minimum to ensure economical use of elements.

In case the disintegration of the elements takes place according to the 51 cutting surfaces, then it can provide a boundary surface serving as 47 side surface of two elements as well. Then two elements are made by one cutting, so the cutting capacity is doubled. These two viewpoints justify the waste-free cutting according to the invention and therefore the system of waste-free surfaces is important factor in decreasing costs. The shape of the 51 cutting surface allowing waste-free cutting is a point- symmetric shaped closed line returning to itself allowing that both parts can be used as identical elements by reversing them. This way the same geometric surfaces and elements can be shaped by cutting one element.

The cutting shape called dovetail seen in the Figures makes possible fixing of the 1 basic elements in 2 concrete without using any fastening element. The crowning is provided by assembling the elements with dovetail shapes.

Figures 42 to 45 show a preferable embodiment of the cutting machine suitable for producing the basic element and that of the applied cutting method.

Figure 42 shows a preferable embodiment of the waste-free cutting of the 1 basic element according to the invention. The section of the 51 cutting surface is this case a point-symmetric line, which is formed by arches and sections. The 51 cutting surface provides the 47 side surface, a part of which fulfils the prescription regarding the γ taken to the n normal of the 49 exterior surface of structure. The 47 side surface is provided with the 45 rim and 46 groove after disintegration and reversing. The reversions of the sections of the 51 cutting surface providing the 47 side surface join arched, with a R3 radius. The size of the R3 radius is determined by the actual radius of the 63 roller-guides determining the cutting path. Figure 42 is determined by dl, el, fl, gl parameters of the 51 cutting surface of the Figure 33, which shows the point-symmetric shape of the section of the 51 cutting surface.

Figure 43 shows a preferable embodiment of the cutting machine according to the invention suitable for cutting from 50 basic block of plane surfaces. The cutting machine consists of 54 horizontal guide placed on 64 back frame. In the 54 horizontal guide the 55 horizontal rolling frame moves. The 56 vertical guide is fixed to the 55 horizontal rolling frame, in which the 57 vertical rolling frame moves. The 57 vertical rolling frame holds the 60 cutting frame, between the two ends of which the 61 cutting wire is stressed. The connection between the 55,57 frames and the 54,56 guides is provided by the 58 guide rollers. The moving of the 60 cutting frame on a determined cutting path is made with the help of the 59 pivot by the 62 frame-guide moving on a path determined by the 63 roller-guides placed on the 64 back frame. The 50 basic block to be cut is placed on the 53 cutting table, posted and fixed. The directions of movement of the 55,57 frames are marked on the figure by arrows.

Figure 44 shows the side view of the cutting machine shown in Figure 43, on which the shape of the 60 cutting frame and its fixing to the 57 vertical rolling frame can be seen. The 61 cutting wire is also presented here besides the 66 wire- stretcher and 65 anchoring device providing the fixing. The vertical moving possibility of the 60 cutting frame is marked on the figure by arrows.

Figure 45 shows a preferred embodiment of the cutting path determining the 51 cutting surface for example for the shaping of the 1 basic element shown in Figures 33 and 42. The cutting path is determined by the 62 frame-guide lead by the 63 roller-guides which are chain or cable. The connection between the 62 frame-guide and the 57 vertical rolling frame is provided by the 59 pivot. The running of the 62 frame-guide is provided by an 67 engine through the 68 running. As the 62 frame-guide moves along the path determined by the 63 roller- guides, it moves the 57 vertical rolling frame holding the 60 cutting frame through the 59 pivot. The movement of the 59 pivot conforming with the cutting path is followed according to the 2-variant possibilities by the 57 vertical rolling frame and the 55 horizontal rolling frame and the 60 cutting frame moving together with these. The required cutting surface is determined by the 63 roller- guides of the 62 frame-guide fixed on the 64 back frame, and this makes possible the determining of the cutting requirements in big sizes according to the 2-variant possibilities. As the 63 roller-guides can be quickly and optionally modified, the cutting programme can be quickly and simply reorganised.

A chain or cable can be used as 62 frame-guide. The R3 radius of the 63 roller- guide is in given case determinant from the viewpoint of the section of the 51 cutting surface and it can be in an extreme case of zero value.

The production of the 1 basic element according to the invention takes place with the help of the cutting machine shown on the Figures 43, 44, 45 as follows: The 63 roller-guides on the 64 back frame are adjusted according to the required section of the 51 cutting surface. Then the 50 basic block is fixed on the 53 cutting table to position. The temperature of the 61 cutting wire is adjusted to the value corresponding with the material to be cut. The optimum cutting speed is adjusted with the help of the 67 engine and 68 running moving the 61 cutting wire. Then a cutting cycle is made, and having finished it the part cut is removed from the machine. Then the 50 basic block is fixed to the next cutting position and the cutting cycle is repeated. In case multidirectional cuts are needed instead of the 50 basic block the previously formed pre-cut block is cut again in given case by a different 51 cutting surface. Obviously the pre-cut block can be cut several times in different directions or in shifted or indexed position, by which the 51 cutting surfaces can be intersected into each other. This way complicated 1 basic elements can be produced, the physical parameters of which can be adjusted to the structurally required one as the production limit of the 1 basic element. The cutting speed depends on the temperature of the 61 cutting wire and the characteristics of the material to be cut. Therefore the speed of the motion and the temperature of the 61 cutting wire can be adjusted on the machine.

Figure 46 to 55 show the structural shaping and production details of the skeletal frame according to the invention. Figure 46 shows the view of a prefened embodiment of the skeletal frame according to the invention. The 70 skeletal frame consists of 71 lengthwise elements running lengthwise along the framework and 72 skeletal elements connecting them.

The 72 skeletal element formed from plane sheets connecting preferably four 71 lengthwise elements in space, due to its shape stiffened in its own plane, consists of alternately repeating articulated elements along the axis (t) of the 70 skeletal frame which articulation is located in one of the main directions to the longitudinal axis (t) of the 70 skeletal frame continuously repeating. There is 73 stiffening in the slanted passages of the 72 skeletal element formed preferably by embossing.

The material of the 71 lengthwise elements is of circular section steel preferably with ribbed surface, the material of the 72 skeletal element is steel plate formed by pressing, bending, cutting, piercing. The 71 lengthwise element is connected with the 72 skeletal element with welding or rutting at the two-way drive embossed 74 flaps. The 74 flaps are located in the reversal zone and/or in the 75 parallel passage of the 72 skeletal element to the longitudinal axis (t) of the 70 skeletal frame, the number of the 74 flaps is two or more and the adjoining.74 flaps are opened in opposite direction.

The cross width of the 72 skeletal element is determinant. It maintains the space between the steel bars and stiffens the horizontal plane as well. Besides it enables the whole 70 skeletal frame to bear on torsional force. The 76 piercing of the 75 parallel passage of the 72 skeletal element has multiple task. It provides the possibility of the adjustment for production of the 72 skeletal elements, and the 70 skeletal frame, besides it ensures also the adjustment in the building structure and in given cases provides the possibility of fitting additional fastening elements.

The anangement of the elements of the 70 skeletal frame shown in Figure 46 shows a structural forming where on one hand the material bearing and transmitting forces is concentrated along the points of application of the forces, on the other hand the geometric forms are made by triangular structures providing the biggest support of forces.

Figure 47 shows a detail of the production of a 70 skeletal frame in perpendicular section of the t lengthwise axis of skeletal frame.

Figure 48 shows the fitting of the 71 lengthwise element and that of the 77 clamp during production. Figure 49 shows the top view of the assembling shown in Figure 48.

During the production process shown in Figures 47,48,49 the elements of the 70 skeletal frame are connected with point- welding. The top of the Figure 47 shows, that the arrangement necessary for the point- welding is provided so, that the 71 lengthwise elements are fixed between the two-way drive 74 flaps of the 72 skeletal element by the 77 clamps serving as electrodes as well. This way the electric connection is established resulting in point-welding connections between the 71 lengthwise elements and the 72 skeletal element.

The detail shown in Figures 48, 49 shows that the surface of the 74 flaps of the 72 skeletal element is an embossed surface, where the 71 lengthwise element always joins through points, because joining of two elements having different embossment and surface texture is possible through points. There are always peaks among the joining points of ties where optimum conditions for welded joints are given. Figure 50 shows the fitting of the circular section steel bars preferably with ribbed surface applied as 71 lengthwise elements of different diameter to the two-way drive 74 flaps of the 72 skeletal element. The shape of the 74 flaps makes it possible, that they join the circular section 71 lengthwise elements on a small surface, necessary for the welding, and the shape and the drive ensure the adjustment of the 71 lengthwise element along the axe independently from the diameter of the 71 lengthwise element. Driving of the 74 flaps to the opposite direction takes place along a convex, curved surface next to one another with reversal of motion. This way a channel is formed, which is suitable for fixing the round 71 lengthwise elements independent of their diameter D1-D5. The welding surfaces are symmetrically divided in space to the t lengthwise axis of the 70 skeletal frame so, that forces due to welding technology are in equilibrium, and therefore the axe of the skeletal frame remains at the required shape. This method of driving out of the 74 flaps is suitable for fixing the steel bar with ribbed surface used as 71 lengthwise element to the double offset arched rim of the 74 flap. It makes also possible the necessary structural connection by manual or automatic weld. Figure 51 shows the top view of a section of the 72 skeletal element in given case made of slab.

Figure 52 shows the side view of a section of the 72 skeletal element in given case made of slab. Figure 53 shows the shape of the 73 stiffening as the B-B section of Figure 52. It can be seen on the Figures 51-53 that the articulation of the 72 skeletal element is located in one of the main directions to the t longitudinal axis of the 70 skeletal frame continuously repeating positive and negative α directional angle and there are preferably 75 parallel passages between the positive and negative passages of the 72 skeletal element. There is 73 stiffening in the inclined passages of the 72 skeletal element formed preferably by embossing. The 72 skeletal element is a steel plate shaped for example by pressing, bending, cutting, piercing. The value of the angle α directional angle depending on the angle of inclination of the t lengthwise axis of skeletal frame, in case of straight skeletal frame, along the 70 skeletal frame is identical, in case of skeletal frame of curved axe is varying. During the production of the 72 skeletal frame there are 78 cuttings preferably next to the 74 flaps providing fitting possibilities for the 71 lengthwise elements. It is advantageous partly because of the offsetting of the 74 flaps, partly because of providing possibility in given case for fitting of the 71 lengthwise elements to the 74 flaps. Stability of the 72 skeletal element and the 70 skeletal frame formed by it is achieved by the 73 stiffenings shaped in given case by embossing in steel plates, which are produced when pressing the 72 skeletal element so, that the width of the 72 skeletal element is changed only by the embossing of the 73 stiffening and not that of the length. The developed cross width of the 72 skeletal element is unchanged in any of the B-B sections.

During the production of the 70 skeletal frame according to the invention during connecting of the skeletal elements preferably four 71 lengthwise elements are fitted on the 72 skeletal elements temporarily fixed on the work-stand or machine or production line, then the actual three elements to be connected are clamped along the t lengthwise axis of the 70 skeletal frame on opposite points in space, then after it these are welded and/or nitted. Then the next three joining elements in appropriate order are welded and/or nitted, the order is meant following the 70 skeletal element. The applied welding can be point-welding or other generally applied welding technology, for example electric welding or protective atmosphere electric welding. In case of preferred application the part of the welder is adjusted so, that in both main directions the t axis of the lengthwise axis of 70 skeletal frame is given.

Figure 54 shows the shaping of the 70 skeletal frame of straight t lengthwise axis. Figure 55 shows the shaping of the 70 skeletal frame of arched or curved t lengthwise axis. The principles of the structural shaping of the 70 skeletal frame according to the invention are the following: The 70 skeletal frame is first of all a grid system, shaped so, that it contains material along the lines qualified as structurally marginal lines only, where forces act. However where there is no load there is no material either, and the system is sized so, or can be sized so, that the consumption of the building material is optimum. The grid system is constructed so, that the 72 skeletal element bears the interior forces and at the same time locates the 71 lengthwise elements as main load-bearing elements. The cross-sections of the 71 lengthwise elements are of different size, conforming with different loads. The number of variants necessary from structural design viewpoint of the 72 skeletal elements is less. This way it is possible to meet several kinds of structural demand with the variants of components kept on minimum level. This way it is possible to conform with the functional requirements of the 70 skeletal frame by the building structure according to the invention.

In the building structures according to the invention the 70 skeletal frame has two functions. One of the functions is the function of hidden supporting structure, as beam maintaining the formwork, which has to conform with the loads and effects of building technology with support of smaller span than that of the ultimate span. The sizing is made accordingly and the parameters of the grid system element are determined accordingly. The other important function of the 70 skeletal frame is forming a part of the main load-bearing elements of the building structure according to the invention with the 71 lengthwise elements as reinforcement. It means, the sizing of an element conforming with double conditions, then costs can be considerably decreased. Additional cut in the costs can be achieved by using preferably steel bars with ribbed surface suitable for welding and with considerably higher tensile strength instead of rolled steel profiles commonly used with skeletal frames. The 76 piercing makes possible the use of the 21 auxiliary formwork with the help of the 19 suspension element and this way the 70 skeletal frame fulfils the function as strutting mentioned above. During a preferable realisation of the 70 skeletal frame the assembling of the 70 skeletal frame is the first step of the connection process, during which the blocks of the work stand, machine or production line are located along the required t lengthwise axis of the skeletal frame, then fixed on the work stand, machine or production line. As the second step the previously prepared and properly shaped 72 skeletal element(s) is placed and fixed on the maintaining blocks. The third step is in given case to place and temporarily fix the accessory elements to be assembled together with the 70 skeletal frame, but not belonging to it, for example the 19 suspension element. The fourth step is to place and temporarily fix the preferably four 71 lengthwise elements to the sectional channel shaped by the 74 flaps, then the fifth step is to make the connections in space and time in appropriate order then parallel with the connecting after completing certain passages or after completing the whole 70 skeletal frame the temporary bondings are broken and the completed 70 skeletal frame is moved from the work-stand or machine or production line.

The 71 lengthwise elements and the 72 skeletal element structurally form a grid system, that acts in one direction as a common skeletal frame, and in the other direction making use of the width of the 72 skeletal elements acts as a support providing cross rigidity as well. This way the grid system has structurally determined rigidity in both main directions, which ensures the application of the very simple production and building technology. This system is suitable for making structures which are curved from one side of the main axis and straight from the other side. Therefore it can be applied as reinforcement of shells in space, providing either positive or negative curves.

In case of preferred embodiments of the solution according to the invention one surface of the permanent formwork provides the shape conforming with the requirements of the reinforcement, the other surface provides the shape for the connecting of the basic elements. The visible surfaces of the building structure can be properly covered by usual methods as designing is made very flexible by this production method. Flexibility and freedom of designing are characteristic of every structure, so on basis of the above architects have wide range of possibilities of choosing the ultimate form and size of the basic element. The advantage of the solutions according to the invention compared with other solutions is, that it is suitable for meeting additional requirements when keeping the basic function unchanged, both during the producing of the formwork and during the assembling on the building site. Every case the building structure is concrete or reinforced concrete,, which is light due to the fact, that the consumption of building material can be kept at the necessary minimum amount due to the use of formwork and permanent formwork. The same is valid for every structure as architects can have a wide range of choices how to shape and size the ultimate basic element.

The problem of making spanning systems suitable for great span range can be solved by the system according to the invention. In case of using the cheap monolithic reinforced concrete building method, greater spanning capability can only be provided by very expensive shuttering methods. In case of the system according to the invention, as the basic elements function as permanent shuttering, the dimensions and proportions of the structural units can be adjusted according to the required span. There is a fundamental relationship between the dimensions of the structural units and the span, which is not only a structural issue, but the question of using of the building as well. That is in order to avoid deformations in other structures, a certain rate of rigidity of the structures is prescribed. For example in case of an 1 :25 rate of the span and the size of the slab, no deformation of the interior structure can follow the possible cracks of the main structure caused by the change of the shape. The slab system according to the invention can perfectly meet this requirement, as the designer's requirements can be fully met. Compared with the modular building structures, where certain dimensions can be made by shuttering systems, the fundamental distinction lies in the limited possibilities, size ranges, because it is very difficult to provide big shuttering systems for companies, as most of them can not afford to buy or rent them.

Though greater spanning capability can also be provided for making monolithic reinforced concrete structures by injection moulded or vacuum-blown plastic elements placed on the shuttering and filling the concrete in between them, but these have limited dimensions, which can not be modified within the element, so possibility of variants is little. On the contrary, the slab respectively the grid system according to the invention allow free designing in all dimensions of space, completed by sizing for load-bearing as additional possibility. So it is possible to design optimum building structures by the solution according to the invention.

List of references:

1 - basic element

2- concrete

3- fibre element

4- framework 5- mesh reinforcement

6- formwork

7- fastening element

8- (coupling and stay) bolt

10.- (steel-fibre) spacer

11.- mesh spacer

12.- use of adhesives

13.- plaster

14.- ornamental design 15.- strutting (foam or other material)

16.- flooring

17.- (suspended ceiling) crust

18.- (suspended ceiling) frame

19. - suspension element 20.- thermal insulation and/or sound isolation

21. - auxiliary formwork

22.- wall

23. - wing nut

24.- (temporary) fastening plate 25.- lengthwise slot

26.- pier foundation

27.- wall system

28. - slab

29.- roof 30. -(thermal insulated) tie beam

31 - interior basic element

32 - exterior basic element

33 - stress bar

34 - stirrup 35.- grid system of concrete

36 - waterproofing

37 - (compacted horizontal) level

38 - ground

39.- load-transmitting body 40.- gap

41- flooring

45 - rim

46 - groove

47 - side surface 48 - interior surface of structure

49 - exterior surface of structure

50 - basic block

51 - cutting surface 52 - clipping part

53 - cutting table

54 - horizontal guide

55 - horizontal rolling frame

56 - vertical guide 57 - vertical rolling frame

58 - guide rollers

59 - pivot

60 - cutting frame

61 - cutting wire 62 - frame-guide

63 - roller-guide

64 - back frame

65 - anchoring device

66 - wire-stretcher 67 - engine

68 - running

70 - skeletal frame

71 - lengthwise element

72 - skeletal element 73 - stiffening

74 - flap

75 - paralel passage

76 - piercing

77 - clamp (and/or electrode) 78 - cutting

79 - welding surface t - lengthwise axis of skeletal frame γ - angle n - normal α - angle F - surface section D1-D5 - diameters

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. Multipurpose lightened building structure made preferably with internal framework and with permanent formwork, consisting of concrete or reinforced concrete load-bearing structures made between shaped formwork elements characterised by that the building structure consists of basic elements (1) serving as permanent formwork and concrete or reinforced concrete structure located in the hollow space created by the adjacent fitting of basic elements (1), and the basic elements (1) serve as permanent formwork providing one or more surface of the exterior surface of the ultimate building structure.

2. Building structure as in claim 1, characterised by that there is a fibre element (3) or framework (4) in the building structure formed as base plate or ceiling or roof or as an arched space-covering assembly resolving the tensile stress among basic elements (1), further there is concrete (2) above the basic elements (1) preferably with mesh reinforcement (5).

3. Building structure as in claim 1, characterised by that the basic elements (1) shaped as wall structures or as beams or columns are placed on one or both sides of the wall and the hollows or the system of the hollows between them are filled with concrete (2).

4. Building structure as in claim 3, characterised by that between the hollow(s) of the basic elements (1) reinforcement, for example mesh grid (9) is fixed.

5. Building structure as in any of the claims 1 to 4, characterised by that the basic elements (1) are connected with each other or with other components of the building structure by using adhesives and/or mechanical methods of jointing, for example fastening elements (7).

6. Building structure as in any of the claims 1 to 5, characterised by that, the concrete (2) contains fibre additives of steel and/or plastic, and/or carbon, and/or silicate, and/or cellulose fibre, and/or plant fibre, and/or the concrete (2) contains fibre element (3) resolving tensile stress, and/or the concrete (2) contains framework (4) material of which is for example steel, ribbed reinforcement, carbon cable-strand, stranded fibre-glass, stranded synthetic fibre.

7. Building structure as in any of the claims 1 to 6, characterised by that a strutting (15) is placed on the opposite side of the basic element (1) of the building structure forming the boundary surface of concrete (2).

8. Building structure as in any of the claims 1 to 7, characterised by that either on the exterior surface of the basic elements (1) and/or along the exterior surface of the strutting (15) a temporary support fastened to the interior frame of the structure is placed.

9. Building structure as in any of the claims 1 to 8, characterised by that in the case of earth-quake-proof foundation there are pier foundations (26) below the horizontal ground level allowing movement freely and independently of each other above which the base plate maintaining the super-structure is placed as a grid system of concrete (35) so that between the upper level of the pier foundation (26) and the bearing points of the grid system of concrete (35) there are load transmitting bodies (39) allowing horizontal movement and/or taking up vertical load.

10. Building structure as in claim 9 characterised by that there is waterproofing (36) on the horizontal sliding plane above the pier foundation (26) and it is preferably extended to the plinth next to the exterior flashing element (32).

11. Building structure as in any of the claims 1 to 10 characterised by that the concrete (2) component used in the structure is lightweight-concrete, for example foam-cement, foam-concrete, polystyrene pearl-concrete, lightweight expanded clay-concrete.

12. Method for producing multipurpose lightened building structure made preferably with internal framework and with permanent formwork, which method is applied so that the assembly of the structural elements is started on an appropriately prepared receiving platform putting the basic elements to the proper place and position of the building structure then filling in the spaces between the basic elements with concrete, characterised by that first the hollows or the system of the hollows are formed by placing the basic elements next to and above each other fixing the load-bearing concrete or reinforced concrete structure, then the properly located basic elements are temporarily or ultimately connected with each other and/or with the receiving platform and/or with the interior framework, then in given case other necessary accessories and temporary supplements are placed, then the concrete is filled in sections or continuously to the hollows and/or the system of the hollows formed this way.

13. Method as in claim 12 characterised by that during the shaping of the building structure the connecting of the basic elements takes place partly or fully by pre-moulding method.

14. Method as in claims 12 or 13 characterised by that structurally specified units of the building structure are entirely pre-moulded and these pre-moulded main elements are assembled on the building site.

15. Method as in any of the claims 12 to 14 characterised by that the given building structure is constructed in technologically finished sections, and from these finished sections as parts are built the completely produced building structure.

16. Method as in any of the claims 12 to 15 characterised by that the building structure realised as thermal insulated tie beam is placed on pier foundation and/or base platform of concrete with a framework located in the interior hollow space system of the building structure, the receiving platform is pier foundation or strip foundation or grade beam or basement walls or the upper level of the base platform of concrete to which the framework of the tie beam is fastened by concrete through a connecting element protruding from the receiving platform, further the tie-beam is preferably connected with the wall system placed and joined to the tie beam through connecting elements protruding from the concrete structure of the tie beam, and the waterproofing of the tie beam is lapped to the waterproofing of the adjoining wall structure, further after the tie beam is ready, a frost-proof covering or equivalent protecting covering is made preferably as part of the covering of the plinth to ensure root-protection on the exterior plane of the tie beam.

17. Method as in any of the claims 12 to 15 characterised by that the building structure realised as foundation slab on or below level is located on the planed, compacted, arranged ground level so first a plastic sheet, and on the plastic sheet the basic elements, or groups of the connected basic elements are located, then the basic elements are stabilised against sliding by local connecting or retaining, then the fibre elements and/or the frameworks are located, after their bonding the hollow space system shaped this way in the foundation slab as grid system and the slab above it is filled with concrete.

18. Method as in claim 17 characterised by that the plastic sheet serves as waterproofing as well, or the waterproofing is made on the upper concrete level of the foundation slab, further if the foundation slab is located on the level frostproof plaster or equivalent surface covering is made as root-protection on the exterior plane of the exterior rim of the basic elements as part of shaping plinth.

19. Method as in any of the claims 17, 18 characterised by that the building structure realised as earth-quake-proof foundation slab pier foundations of stone and/or concrete of structurally defined density and extent are made, the upper level of which is the same as that of the consolidated ground level, then on the joining surface of the grid system of foundation slab and the upper part of the pier foundation, in the hollow space shaped in the basic elements enveloping the waterproofing sheet located in each case on the level or above, damping arrangement, allowing horizontal movement, but taking up vertical load is made, the material of which is for example light-weight concrete, or rubber sheet, or cork-wood, or plastic, or plastic foam, for example polyurethane-, polystyrene-foam, and alkali-proof reinforcing fibre, for example steel-fibre, and/or silicate-fibre, and/or synthetic fibre, and/or carbon filament and/or plant fibre is mixed into the filled concrete.

20. Method as in claim 19 characterised by that as substructure instead of the whole pier foundation or a part of the pier foundation for example basement wall, and/or deep foundation, and/or grade beam is applied so, that in every case the joining plane of the structures is shaped as unbroken horizontal surface.

21. Method as in any of the claims 12 to 15 characterised by the building structure realised as wall or pier or column structure ranging line is situated with horizontal planishing to the joint elements of the receiving platform - occasionally inserting waterproofing as well, - and starting from here, the wall is built in sections or continuously including filling in with concrete up to the capping, and during the building of the wall structure, but before starting concrete works the wall openings are made on the given places by aligning or cutting, the crowning of the wall openings is temporarily supported in accordance with the shape specified by the plan, the basic elements are completed with built-in sections on the free or freed surfaces of the wall opening, further in the required phases of the technological order the applied fibre elements and/or frameworks are fixed, further - if required by the technology - in given case before doing concrete works the assembled wall elements are supported by the temporary constructions maintaining vertical plane until the concrete sets.

22.Method as in any of the claims 12 to 15, characterised by that the building structure realised as self-retaining slab or self-retaining beam is made as a self- supported construction technology so, that the cappings already built as work platforms are occasionally supported by corbel course and the frameworks completed by suspension elements are located to the planned position on the receiving platform shaped this way, on the lower plane of the frameworks fitted temporarily to the suspension elements the basic elements are fixed from below, in the next step the suspension elements are fitted in streaks with the previously height-regulated auxiliary formworks, then before starting the concrete work the horizontal or/and sloping position of the slab is accurately adjusted by regulating the auxiliary formworks and corbel course, finally concrete works take place from the top by filling in the hollow space system between the basic elements and forming the prescribed slab thickness according to the plan, preferably by even spreading.

23. Method as in any of the claims 12 to 15 characterised by that the building structure as an preferably structurally dense slab realised as a shuttered flooring or beam, where the capping and the formwork of unbroken or of spaced surface adjusted in height serve as receiving platform on which preferably the network of dense grid system of the basic elements is located, then the placing of the fibre elements and the framework follows.

24. Method as in any of the claims 22, 23 characterised by that the building structure realised as a roof, horizontal or sloping or the combination of these, is sized on basis of a thermodynamical vapour-diffusion calculation so that the condensation of vapour of the base of the grid system of concrete located inside the hollows can be eliminated and the basic elements are accurately assembled on the location prescribed by the plan, during assembling the required shape of the slab is determined with the help of the supporting constructions, for which in given case auxiliary formwork is used to support technological forces due to sloping, until setting of the concrete, further where required by sloping, temporary or if additional thermal insulation is required, permanently built-in strutting is applied, and the ready thermal insulated structure of the roof sheathing determined by the sloping of the roof is planned on basis of thermodynamical vapour diffusion calculation.

25. Method as in any of the claims 22 to 24 characterised by that the receiving platform of the building structure realised as roof sheathing is the capping curved in one or more directions and/or corbel course and/or continuous or spaced formwork preferably completed with fibre elements or framework of straight or curved axis, the assembling of this building structure is started with placing and fitting of the basic elements on the receiving platform, and installing and fixing of the occasionally necessary additional complementary structures, and is continued by fitting of struttings to places required by concrete technology, then filling of normal concrete or fibre reinforced concrete to the hollows or hollow systems between the basic elements takes place.

26. Method as in any of the claims 22 to 25, characterised by that before starting the filling of concrete in the preferably supported building structure the fibre elements or frameworks, the electrical, sanitary and heating installations are placed and fixed by working on the upper level of the structure and rims of the necessary openings are made by cutting of the basic elements.

27. Method as in any of the claims 12 to 26, characterised by that the applied concrete as component is lightweight concrete, for example foamed-cement, foam-concrete, polystyrene pearl-concrete, lightweight expanded clay-concrete, where load-bearing is ensured by framework or fibre elements put into the lightweight concrete.

28. Basic element, applied preferably for any of the building structures in any of the claims 1 to 10 and/or for the methods in any of the claims 12 to 27, which basic element consists of a body the boundary of which is formed by structurally plane and/or sectioned and/or curved surfaces, or consists of bodies completely or partly hollow shaped by assembling the above surfaces, characterised by that the basic element (1) has at least one exterior surface of structure (49) which shapes the building structure, further has interior surface of structure (48), and has at least one complex side surface (47), the angle (γ) of which to the normal (n) of the exterior surface of structure (49) taken in this range is 90° > γ > 0°, preferably an acute angle (γ), for example 5°...15°, and the area of the sectional surfaces parallel with the exterior surface of structure (49) on this part of the side surface (47) of the basic element (1) is increasing in the opposite direction of the exterior surface of structure (49), and a part or the whole of the section of the side surface (47) is point-symmetric, and there is a projection of the exterior surface of structure (49) the shape of which is a polygon of K sides, determined by straight lines, where K > 3, for example a triangle, quadrangle, pentagon, hexagon.

29. Basic element as in claim 28 characterised by that there is rim (45) on the part of the side surface (47) joining the exterior surface of structure (49) and there is groove (46) of the same geometric shape as that of the rim (45) on the part of the side surface (47) joining the interior surface of structure (48).

30. Basic element as in claim 28 or 29 characterised by that the side surface (47) is of linear generatrix and the section of the side surface (47) is a line, for example broken and/or curved line, with at least one point of inflexion.

31. Basic element as in any of the claims 28 to 30 characterised by that the exterior surface of structure (49) and the interior surface of structure (48) are parallel to each other and are plane or curved surfaces for example cylinder, ball- , cone, hyperbolic paraboloid shapes.

32. Basic element as in any of the claims 28 to 31 characterised by that the unbroken interior surface of structure (48) and the side surfaces (47) are formed as repeating surface configurations.

33. Basic element as in any of the claims 28 to 32 characterised by that the basic element (1) has more than one exterior surface of structure (49) the section of which is a sectional broken or curved line.

34. Basic element as in any of the claims 28 to 33 characterised by that the basic element (1) is shaped so that it has lightenings and/or ribs started from any optional surface and extended into the inside of the basic element (1).

35. Basic element as in any of the claims 28 to 34 characterised by that, the material of the basic element(l) is plastic foam for example polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, phenolic resin foam, or silicate foam, for example foamed cement, gypsum foam, lightweight concrete or gypsum-bonding lightweight concrete, or concrete with organic additives, or glass pearl foam, foam with polystyrene-pearl additive.

36. Method for producing basic element as preferably in any of the claims 28 to 35 basic element produced as permanent formwork, during which the basic element is cut from a basic block by heat effect and/or mechanical effect, characterised by that the basic element is cut waste-free or with limited amount of waste so that the basic block or pre-cut block placed preferably once or repeatedly to a different direction on a cutting plate and it is cut along a determined cutting path by a given straight cutting wire along the same or repeating form continuous cutting line, and the cutting path is a closed line returning to itself the shape of which or part of the shape of which is identical with the sectional line or a part of it of any of the surfaces of the produced basic element.

37. Method as in claim 36 characterised by that the cutting wire preferably moved by constant speed along the cutting path and stressed mechanically is an electrically heated wire and the material of the basic block is a thermoplastic or a plastic foam for example polystyrene, polyurethane foam or phenolic resin foam.

38. Method as in claim 36 characterised by that continuous or pulsing movement of the cutting wire in the direction of its own axis takes place by mechanically stressed cutting wire moved preferably with constant preferably high speed along the cutting path along the axis in one or alternate directions ripping the material to be cut by high-speed wearing out.

39. Method as in claim 37 or 38 characterised by that the cutting wire is vibrated lengthwise or perpendicularly by ultrasonic waves completing the cutting.

40. Method as in claim 36 characterised by that virtual cutting wire is applied, which is a laser beam of continuous or impulse-like operation moved preferably with constant speed along the cutting path.

41. Method as in any of the claims 36 to 40 characterised by that the cutting surface is shaped so that the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed on the cutting table is cut along the plane cutting path by moving the cutting wire at an preferably constant speed.

42. Method as in any of the claims 36 to 40 characterised by that the cutting surface is shaped so that the cutting wire is preferably moved with the help of a cutting frame in the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed in two directions, independent of each other, perpendicular to each other controlled according to the required cutting surface.

43. Method as in any of the claims 36 to 40 characterised by that the cutting surface is shaped so that the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed on the cutting table is moved to a favoured direction, for example horizontally, the cutting wire is preferably moved with the help of the cutting frame to another direction preferably perpendicular to that, for example vertically controlled according to the required cutting surface.

44. Method as in any of the claims 36 to 40 characterised by that the cutting surface is shaped so that the basic block located, posted and preferably fixed on the cutting table is moved together with the cutting table according to two possibilities, along two directions independent of each other perpendicular to each other conforming with the cutting path controlled according to the required cutting surface and the cutting wire is kept in fixed position preferably with the help of the cutting frame.

45. Method as in any of the claims 36 to 40 characterised by that the cutting wire fixed to the cutting frame is moved along the cutting path located by the roller- guides fixed to the back frame with the help of the frame-guide or chain preferably with constant speed in the basic block placed on the cutting table so, that the cutting frame is moved by a pivot placed on the frame-guide and the maintaining and two-way running of the cutting frame is preferably ensured by guides and rolling frames located perpendicular to each other for example horizontally and vertically.

46. Skeletal frame applied preferably for building structures as in any of the claims 1 to 11, which consists of lengthwise elements of skeletal frame and skeletal elements connecting them, characterised by that the skeletal element (72) formed from a plane sheet connecting preferably four lengthwise elements (71) in space, stiffened due to its shape in its own plane, consists of alternately repeating articulated elements along the axis (t) of the skeletal frame (70) which articulation is located in one of the main directions to the longitudinal axis (t) of the skeletal frame (70) continuously repeating.

47. Skeletal frame as in claim 46 characterised by that the articulation of the skeletal element (72) is located in one of the main directions to the longitudinal axis (t) of the skeletal frame (70) continuously repeating positive and negative directional angle (α) and there are preferably parallel passages (75) between the positive and negative passages of the skeletal element (72).

48. Skeletal frame as in claim 46 or 47 characterised by that there is stiffening

(73) in the inclined passages of the skeletal element (72) formed preferably by embossing.

49. Skeletal frame as in any of the claims 46 to 48 characterised by that the material of the lengthwise elements is of circular section preferably steel with ribbed surface, the material of the skeletal element(72) is steel plate shaped by pressing, bending, cutting, piercing.

50. Skeletal frame as in any of the claims 46 to 49 characterised by that the lengthwise element (71) is connected with the skeletal element(72) with welding or nitting at the two-way drive embossed flaps (74).

51. Skeletal frame as in claim 50 characterised by that the flaps (74) are located in the reversal zone and/or in the parallel passage (75) of the skeletal element (72) to the longitudinal axis (t) of the skeletal frame (70), the number of the flaps

(74) is two or more and the adjoining flaps (74) are opened in opposite direction.

52. Method for producing skeletal frame as in any of the claims 46 to 51 during which lengthwise elements running along the skeletal frame are connected in space with skeletal elements, characterised by that the skeletal elements are assembled from alternately repeating forms along the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame and are connected preferably with the lengthwise element made preferably of ribbed surface steel of circular section through pressing and/or welding and in the middle of it a stiffener is formed by embossing.

53. Method as in claim 52 characterised by that the skeletal element is shaped preferably from strips or plates by pressing, creasing, cutting, piercing.

54. Method as in claim 52 or 53 characterised by that during connecting of the skeletal elements four lengthwise elements are preferably fitted on the skeletal elements temporarily fixed on the work-stand or machine or production line, then the actual three elements to be connected are clamped along the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame on opposite points in space, then after these are welded and/or nitted and then the next three joining elements in order are welded and/or nitted, the order is meant following the skeletal element.

55. Method as in any of the claims 52 to 54 characterised by that the welding is point-welding or other generally applied welding technology, for example electric welding or protective atmosphere electric welding.

56. Method in any of the claims 52 to 55 characterised by that the part of the welder giving the positions of welding is formed so that it determines the longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame in both main directions.

57. Method as in any of the claims 52 to 56 characterised by that the assembling of the skeletal frame is the first step of the connection process, during which the blocks of the work stand, machine or production line are located along the required longitudinal axis of the skeletal frame, the second step is to place and fix the previously prepared and properly shaped skeletal elements on the blocks, the third step is in given case to place and temporarily fix the accessory elements to be assembled together with the skeletal frame, for example accessories not belonging to skeletal elements, the fourth step is to place and temporarily fix preferably four lengthwise elements to the sectional channel shaped by the flaps, the fifth step is to make the connections in space and time in appropriate order, then parallel with the connecting after completing certain passages or after completing the whole skeletal frame the temporary bondings are broken and the completed skeletal frame is moved from the work-stand or machine or production line.