WO1998024095A2 - Initiateur electrique sans pont et procede de fabrication de cet initiateur - Google Patents

Initiateur electrique sans pont et procede de fabrication de cet initiateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998024095A2
WO1998024095A2 PCT/US1997/019975 US9719975W WO9824095A2 WO 1998024095 A2 WO1998024095 A2 WO 1998024095A2 US 9719975 W US9719975 W US 9719975W WO 9824095 A2 WO9824095 A2 WO 9824095A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energetic composition
less
composition according
firing
energetic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1997/019975
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English (en)
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WO1998024095A9 (fr
WO1998024095A3 (fr
Inventor
Lehi David Smith
Original Assignee
Cordant Technologies, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cordant Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Cordant Technologies, Inc.
Priority to AU65321/98A priority Critical patent/AU6532198A/en
Publication of WO1998024095A2 publication Critical patent/WO1998024095A2/fr
Publication of WO1998024095A3 publication Critical patent/WO1998024095A3/fr
Publication of WO1998024095A9 publication Critical patent/WO1998024095A9/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
    • F42B3/14—Spark initiators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a bridgeless initiator capable of being fired by heat generated when electrical energy is applied to an energetic composition and methods of making the energetic composition and an initiator using the same.
  • An initiator is a known type of firing device that transforms an initiating energy to an initial firing to begin the chain of explosions.
  • Initiators which are initiated with electrical energy, transform the electrical energy into heat through an element that is more resistive than the other conductors used in the circuit to initiate the firing.
  • the amount of electrical energy required to generate the heat to initiate the initial firing varies.
  • it is defined in terms of an electrical energy or current that can be continuously supplied to the electrical initiator and not initiate a firing (known as a "all-fire energy or current") , and an energy or current that will always result in initiation of a firing (known as a "no- fire energy or current”) .
  • bridgewire as the resistive element, are regarded as the most reliable and safe type of electrical initiators, and are the most commonly used electrical initiators.
  • a conventional bridgewire initiator includes two spaced- apart conductive terminals. Between these terminals is a bridgewire, which typically is a thin wire having a resistance that is low, but is greater than the resistance of the other electrical elements in the circuit path.
  • a firing material Surrounding the bridgewire is a firing material that will fire upon application of an electrical energy that generates sufficient heat as it passes through the bridgewire .
  • Bridgeless electrical initiators have also been proposed.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 2,918,871, 3,109,372, 3,713,385 and 3,726,217 all propose energetic compositions which contain a firing material and a resistive material mixed together.
  • conductive paths of the resistive material formed in the energetic composition will become sufficiently heated to fire the firing material when these energetic compositions are placed between two spaced apart terminals and electrical energy is applied.
  • Resistive materials proposed for these bridgeless initiators variously include carbon black, carbon fibers, and metal powders. While these resistive materials may provide functioning bridgeless initiators, the bridgeless initiators described in these patents, like all conventional bridgeless initiators, are generally regarded as being inherently unsafe and unreliable products that do not have repeatable firing characteristics.
  • bridgeless initiators have never gained any substantial commercial acceptance. Furthermore, it is clear that certain of the bridgeless initiators described in these patents are nonfunctional combinations, use processes to make the energetic compositions that cannot be easily applied to mass production, require large amounts of energy to operate, exhibit less than optimum functional repeatability, and also require complex electrode shapes. As a result, bridgewire initiators presently remain the electrical initiator of choice, despite drawbacks such as high manufacturing cost.
  • “surround” or “envelope” is meant that multiple strands will extend to at least some extent around one or more the particles in close proximity to the same, although not necessarily entirely covering, any individual particle.
  • a solution that contains a colloid-like suspension of a firing material, a fibrous resistive material, a solvent and a binder is mixed, filtered and sieved to form granules that have a free- flowing characteristic and are processable on a commercial scale.
  • the present invention provides for an energetic composition capable of being fired by heat generated when electrical energy is applied.
  • the energetic composition contains a firing material that fires in response to application of heat and a resistive material, preferably graphitic nanotubes, having individual strands with a width that is much smaller than a typical firing particle and a length that is substantially greater than its width.
  • the strands of resistive material are randomly and substantially homogeneously dispersed in the energetic composition in a manner that they intersect each other and envelope individual particles in interconnected web-like structures so as to create conductive paths which, upon application of a sufficient electrical energy, will generate sufficient heat to fire the firing material .
  • the all-fire/no-fire characteristics and resistance of the energetic composition can be set to predetermined desired levels, so that an initiator having the desired characteristics can be obtained.
  • a method of making granules of the energetic composition according to the present invention is described. In this method, less than 2 wt . % of the fibrous, resistive, material having relative dimensions as mentioned above, are mixed in a solvent containing a binder and a firing material to obtain a suitably mixed resistive composition suspension having the appearance of a colloidal suspension.
  • a suspension of the solvent, binder and resistive material is first prepared with the firing material being subsequently mixed into the colloid-like suspension. Thereafter, the suspension containing the firing material is filtered to remove a substantial portion of the solvent containing the binder and obtain a wet cake, which wet cake is then sieved to obtain the desired granules.
  • FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate microscopic views of the energetic composition according to the present invention using graphitic nanotubes as the resistive material at various magnifications;
  • FIG. ID highlights graphitic nanotubes enveloping a firing particle in a web-like manner in the microscopic view of FIG. IC according to the present invention
  • FIGS. IE and IF illustrate particle size distributions of zirconium and potassium perchlorate in the energetic composition illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C;
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a functional diagram of an electrical initiator utilizing the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the significant steps used in preparing the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of electrical initiator utilizing the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIG. 5A-5B illustrate a second embodiment of an electrical initiator utilizing the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIGS. 6A-6G illustrate various modifications to the second embodiment of the electrical initiator utilizing the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate a still further modification embodiment of the electrical initiator utilizing the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate a further modification to the second embodiment of the electrical initiator with the energetic composition according to the present invention
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the function time vs. current for the second embodiment of electrical initiators containing the energetic composition according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the function time vs. current for another version of the second embodiment of electrical initiators containing the energetic composition according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate a portion of an energetic composition 10 according to the present invention at 2000x, 10,000x, and 20,000x times magnification, which includes particles 12 of a firing material and a resistive material which includes individual conductive paths 13, such as illustrated in FIG. IB.
  • Each conductive path includes a plurality of strands 14 dispersed among the particles 12 of the firing material, as can be seen in FIGS IB and IC and highlighted in FIG. ID by lines 14-1 drawn to correspond to the individual strands 14 that can be seen in a portion of the FIG. IC microphotograph.
  • the preferred firing material is zirconium/potassium perchlorate ("ZPP") for pyrotechnic materials and lead azide for explosive materials.
  • ZPP zirconium/potassium perchlorate
  • Other firing materials including but not limited to zirconium subhydride/potassium perchlorate, titanium/potassium perchlorate, or titanium subhydride/potassium perchlorate as pyrotechnic materials and lead styphanate or mercury fulminate as explosive materials, can also be used.
  • Typical particles sizes for zirconium are 2 microns and typical particle sizes for potassium perchlorate are 2.5 microns.
  • FIGS. IE and IF illustrate the particle size distribution of zirconium and potassium perchlorate in the energetic composition illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C.
  • Particle sizes for lead azide are dependent upon recrystallization conditions, but lead azide particles that have sizes in the range of 10-20 microns are preferred, although sizes larger than 100 microns may be used.
  • firing material particle sizes other than these specified in the above examples can be used according to the present invention, even though particle sizes that are generally less than 20 microns are preferred. Particle sizes less than 0.5 microns can be used, but they are presently difficult to obtain and more expensive .
  • the strands 14 of resistive material generally have a length to width ratio of at least five, preferably at least 20, and typically at least 100-1000, with the width of the strands being less than 2 microns, preferably less than .05 microns, and typically being about .01 microns.
  • the strands of the resistive material become intertwined in the interstitial spaces between and generally reside on the surface of the individual particles of the energetic material so as to at least partially surround the latter in a web-like configuration within the resulting overall composition.
  • the resistive material presently preferred according to the present invention is graphitic nanotubes, also known as carbon nanotubes.
  • the specifically preferred type of graphitic nanotube is a type CC graphite nanotube commercially available from by Hyperion Catalysis International, Inc.
  • graphitic nanotubes are small tubular shaped strands that are grown catalitically from carbon precursors and preferably being substantially free of pryrolytically deposited thermal carbon, which is a contaminant.
  • Graphitic nanotubes are also much smaller than the particle size of firing materials used, as evidenced by a comparison of the sizes provided above and further illustrated by the presence of roughly 1-300 trillion graphitic nanotube strands in 1 gram of granules of the energetic composition according to the present invention.
  • Such graphitic nanotubes are distinct from carbon fibers which are formed by carbonaceous deposits from a pyrolytic decomposition of a carbon-containing polymeric material.
  • the graphitic nanotubes used in this invention are substantially free from pyrolytic carbon material.
  • Type BN and DD graphite nanotubes made by Hyperion Catalysis International, Inc. can also be used as the resistive material according to the present invention.
  • Other materials such as nanotubes, that have dimensions within the ranges specified in this application are also potentially usable as the resistive material .
  • Graphitic nanotubes generally are extremely small and have a length in the range of about l ⁇ to about lO ⁇ and a width in the range from about 3.5 nanometers to about 75 nanometers. Length to width aspect ratios of graphitic nanotubes are generally greater than 5 and typically at least about 100:1. Suitable graphitic nanotubes are described in further detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,171,560, 5,165,909, 5,098,771 and 4,663,230, which patents are incorporated herein by reference.
  • width is used interchangeably with the term “diameter, " with respect to the resistive material.
  • Graphitic nanotubes the presently preferred resistive material, have a cylindrical shape in which the width is the same as the diameter.
  • Other resistive materials which meet the conditions set forth in this application but have not been identified, may have different shapes.
  • width should be interpreted as the smallest cross sectional distance between opposite sides, and such resistive materials are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a functional diagram of an initiator 30, which includes two conductive terminals 32 and 34, between which is placed energetic composition 10 after it has been processed as described hereinafter.
  • Conductive paths 36 that are generally throughout formed by the strands 14 of resistive material, the energetic composition 10 provide resistive paths which, when a sufficient electrical energy is applied, heat the firing material and cause it to fire.
  • the terminals 32 and 34, as well as the wire conductors used to apply the electrical energy between them will be much more conductive than the conductive paths 36 that are formed by the intertwined strands 14 of resistive material within the energetic composition 10.
  • concentration of the binder should be kept low, the exact concentration in the solution is not critical and may conveniently range from 1 wt . % to 10 wt . % , or more.
  • the mixing is initiated using a centrifugal homogenizer for between 1 and 2 minutes in a container having a size corresponding to the size of the mixing head.
  • this partially mixed suspension is further mixed in an ultrasonic homogenizer for about 30 seconds in a container having a size corresponding to the size of the mixing head such that all of the suspension is mixed.
  • an ultrasonic homogenizer for about 30 seconds in a container having a size corresponding to the size of the mixing head such that all of the suspension is mixed.
  • step 52 an amount of firing material is mixed into the resistive material solution so that a desired percentage of firing material is obtained, typically in the range of 95 wt . % to 99.9 wt . % firing material relative to the resistive material .
  • the firing material 12 is mixed into the resistive material suspension using the ultrasonic homogenizer for about 30 seconds to obtain a firing suspension.
  • a multi-step mixing process as outlined above is preferred, it is anticipated that other mixing processes can be performed.
  • larger quantities of the energetic composition can be mixed in a single mixing step using a pump-type homogenizer, such as manufactured by APV located in Wilmington, MA and sold as model 15MK-8TA in which the constituents of the solution are mixed by being intaken to the pump in the pump-type homogenizer and then expelled therefrom under high pressure.
  • a pump-type homogenizer can mix the energetic composition using a predispersion with or without a centrifugal homogenizer.
  • processing aids such as emulsifiers or agents which help maintain a colloical suspension may be used.
  • resistive material having the very small dimensions, indicated above, and to ensure that individual strands of resistive material are dispersed throughout the colloidal suspension to efficiently dispense the resistive material throughout the firing material at a particle level.
  • This will allow for an energetic composition that has highly repeatable characteristics that can also be produced in large scale with desirable free flowing characteristics.
  • the relatively larger resistive materials of the prior art such as carbon fibers, form an undesirable fluffy mass that is difficult to dispense, and are, therefore, difficult to process.
  • the mixing that takes place in steps 50 and 52 cause undesired heating that results in less efficient mixing. As a result, although not always necessary, it has been found useful to chill the firing composition suspension during the mixing process .
  • this firing suspension is filtered using a vacuum filter to remove about 80% of the solvent/binder solution and obtain a wet cake. Filtering off the solvent/binder solution ensures that the weight percent of binder in the resultant energetic composition 10 is less than about 5%, and preferably about 1-4%.
  • step 58 the wet cake is sieved, preferably using a screen having a #24 mesh size, so that granules of the energetic composition are obtained.
  • step 60 these granules are dried, preferably for 8-10 hours in an oven at a temperature of 100-124 to remove the remaining solvent .
  • the energetic composition according to the present invention can be used with either pyrotechnic or explosive materials.
  • the presently preferred pyrotechnic firing material to obtain an energetic composition 10 according to the present invention is zirconium potassium perchlorate ("ZPP") .
  • ZPP zirconium potassium perchlorate
  • a typical mix of ZPP will contain about 50% by weight zirconium that has a particle size of about 2 microns and about 50% by weight potassium perchlorate that has a particle size of about 2.5 microns .
  • a small percentage by weight of binder, such as VYLF- X is a necessary component to be retained in the formed energetic composition 10 to ensure that once mixing of the firing material and resistive materials is completed and a suitable dispersion is obtained, that this suitable dispersion is maintained during subsequent handling and processing.
  • a binder in an amount of about 4 wt .
  • % compared to the zirconium and potassium perchlorate such as a Union Carbide vinyl polymer known as VYLF-X can be used.
  • Other binders such as BF Goodrich Estane R 5703P or Zeon Chemicals HyTempTM 4454 can also be used. No matter which binder is used, however, if the percentage of binder becomes too large, this will inhibit the conductive paths formed by strands 14 of the resistive material and prevent safe, reliable and repeatable operation.
  • the melting temperature of the binder can become an important factor, since resistive materials having properties as mentioned above, such as graphitic nanotubes, tend to be elastic and, as a result, may move from their dispersed positions without the presence of the higher temperature binder, especially after being subjected to a high temperature and/or current. Accordingly, for such higher temperature/current applications, binders having a higher melting point, such as DuPont Viton R -A or 3M Kel-FTM800, are preferably used.
  • the binder should be sufficiently soluble in a solvent so that, after filtering and drying, enough binder remains to ensure that the firing material and the resistive material remain suitably dispersed.
  • the solvent should provide adequate solubility to the binder at suitable concentration levels, e.g. up to 10 wt . % or more.
  • Known solvents include methylethyl ketone "MEK” , acetone, and dimethyl formamide .
  • Other binder/solvent combinations may also be used, such as Dupont Elvamide R Nylon with methanol or aqueous mixtures containing guar gum, polyacrylamide or polyvinyl alcohol as the binders.
  • the resistive material according to the present invention should be well wetted and dispersed in the solvent to create a resistive material suspension, which suspension has a consistency with the appearance of a colloid suspension, preferably a colloidal gel.
  • one presently preferred explosive, or in other words detonable firing material, for incorporation into the energetic composition 10 is lead azide.
  • a typical mix of a detonatable energetic composition will contain about 98 wt . % lead azide, which is a known decomposable explosive material that will fire when sufficient heat is applied to it and generate a shock wave.
  • Binders and solvents that are used with ZPP, as mentioned above, can also be used in the same proportions with lead azide. Once granules of the energetic composition according to the present invention are obtained, they can be formed in different ways for use in a bridgeless initiator.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an electrical initiator 70 containing a pellet 72, terminals 74 and 76 at opposite ends (or sites) thereof with a casing 78.
  • the pellet 72 can be produced by placing about .4 grams of the granules of energetic composition 10 in a .5" diameter pellet and pressing the same for about 5 seconds at 20,000 lbs. force in a calibrated hydraulic press.
  • This pellet 72 contains the desired firing and resistive properties such that application of a sufficient current to terminals 74 and 76 will cause the generation of heat and firing of the firing material in the pellet 72 made from energetic composition 10.
  • Initiator 70 can then be placed into a casing 78 of a larger explosive device to initiate the explosive chain, as described previously.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrates an initiator 90 made from a conductive cup 92 having a casing which may have an inner diameter of about .25".
  • a insulative cap 96 having a diameter slightly larger than the inner diameter of conductive cup 92 is pressed into the conductive cup 92 at 130 lbs. force for about 2 seconds, to cause an interference fit between the conductive cup 92 and the cap 96.
  • Insulative cap 96 also contains terminals 98 and 100 with accurate leads which are spaced apart a predetermined distance, typically in the range of 1-30 mils, indicated by space 102 in FIG. 5B and respectively connected to insulated lead wires 104 and 106.
  • Initiator 90 can then be used as part of a larger explosive device.
  • FIGS. 6A-6G illustrate other embodiments 96A-96G of insulative cap 96 wherein terminals 98A-G and 100A-G are respectively provided. These terminals 98A-G and 100A-G are arranged so that different numbers of conductive paths are formed with the resistive material in contact with the respective terminals 98A-G and 100A-G.
  • These embodiments have contact pattern shapes that are easily made with photolithography. It should be noted that all of these contact pattern shapes performed equally well, and, accordingly, the specific contact pattern shape is not considered critical FIG.
  • FIG. 7A-7B illustrates a further modified initiator 90J which, instead of using two insulated wires 104 and 106, uses an insulative cap 96J with only a single insulated wire 108 attached to a terminal 98J and uses the conductive cup 92 as a second terminal 100J, with a space 110 between the terminal 98J and the conductive cup 92 to establish conductive paths using the strands 14 of resistive material within energetic composition 10.
  • the space 110 will be of the same dimensions as space 102 mentioned above.
  • FIG. 8A-8B illustrates a further modified initiator similar to that shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, except that in addition to the energetic composition 10, there is an additional energetic material 120.
  • initiation of the energetic composition 10 in turn initiates energetic composition 120.
  • Composition 120 may or may not contain strands 14 of resistive material, and may be either a pyrotechnic or explosive material as described previously.
  • additional compositions or "stages" in the energetic process can be used in an initiator constructed according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 1A-1D are microphotographs of such a granule at 2000x, 10,000x, 20,000x, and 20,000x times magnification, respectively. Highlighted as mentioned previously in FIG. ID are the individual strands 14 of graphitic nanotubes that surround or envelope in a web-like manner individual particles 12 of zirconium and potassium perchlorate. 0.22 g. of these granules were then pressed into a pellet measuring approximately 0.5" in diameter and 0.031" thick using a hydraulic press calibrated to provide 20,000 lbs . force for 5 seconds .
  • the pellet was placed in contact with an electrode at each large terminal surface. Resistance was about 15 ohms. Upon application of 1 amp for an extended number of seconds, no firing occurred. Upon application of 2.2 amps, firing occurred in less than 2 milliseconds. This test was repeated with identical results.
  • An energetic composition using the same components as described above was prepared and pressed into a pellet, except 46 wt . % zirconium, 46 wt . % potassium perchlorate, 4 wt . % type CC graphite nanotubes and about 4 wt . % VYLF-X plastic binder by weight were used.
  • Granules were obtained in the same way as those in Example 1 above, and 0.05 grams of same were placed in a conductive cup together with an insulative cap as illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5B and pressed using a pneumatic press calibrated to provide 130 lbs. force.
  • the space 102 between the conductive surfaces on the insulative cap was about 0.020 inches. Forty-two such units were constructed. Resistance between the terminals for the units while at 130 lbs. pressing force averaged 3.1 ohms with a standard deviation of 0.5 ohms. Resistance between the terminals for the units when subsequently released to 0 lbs. force averaged 6.1 ohms with a standard deviation of 1.2 ohms. The units were then each individually subjected to a firing current level. The range of firing current levels was varied from 0.25 amps to 9 amps.
  • FIG. 9 is a plot of function time versus firing current for these forty-two initiators. For each of the units, a specific current was applied for up to 20 seconds to determine whether the initiator fired. If the initiator fired, the time from application of current until the unit fired was recorded. Firing was evidenced by light output from the initiator. Units that fired are represented by diamonds while units that did not fire are indicated by squares. In cases where there were a number of units that did not fire at a given current level, a minus sign above the square indicates the number of units that did not fire at that current level. The solid vertical line was drawn at the lowest current level for which there was an initiator which fired. The dotted vertical line was drawn at the highest current level for which there was an initiator which did not fire.
  • Granules were obtained in the same way as Example 2 above, and 0.05 grams of same were placed in a conductive cup together with an insulative cap and pressed as in Example 3. Thirty-three such units were constructed. Resistance between the terminals for the units while at
  • Example 3 130 lbs. pressing force averaged 1.6 ohms with a standard deviation of 0.3 ohms. Resistance between the terminals for the units when subsequently released to 0 lbs. force averaged 3.1 ohms with a standard deviation of 0.5 ohms. The units were then tested as in Example 3 over a firing range of 0.5 to 8 amps .
  • FIG. 10 plots the test of these 33 initiators in the same manner as described for the FIG. 9 plot.

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition énergétique pouvant se mettre à feu sous l'effet d'une chaleur générée lors de l'application d'une énergie électrique; la composition comprend une matière d'allumage se mettant à feu en réaction à l'application de chaleur et contenant moins de 5 % en masse d'une matière résistive, de préférence des nanotubes de graphite. Cette matière comporte des brins d'une largeur de préférence inférieure à 2 microns et d'une longueur sensiblement supérieure à la largeur. Les brins de matière résistive sont dispersés dans la composition énergétique de façon à créer des chemins conducteurs qui, à l'application d'une énergie électrique suffisante, génèrent une chaleur suffisante pour mettre à feu la matière d'allumage. L'invention concerne également des initiateurs faisant appel à cette composition énergétique, ainsi que des procédés de fabrication de la composition énergétique et d'initiateurs.
PCT/US1997/019975 1996-11-12 1997-11-12 Initiateur electrique sans pont et procede de fabrication de cet initiateur WO1998024095A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU65321/98A AU6532198A (en) 1996-11-12 1997-11-12 Bridgeless electrical initiatior and method of making the same

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US74742196A 1996-11-12 1996-11-12
US08/747,421 1996-11-12

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WO1998024095A2 true WO1998024095A2 (fr) 1998-06-04
WO1998024095A3 WO1998024095A3 (fr) 1998-08-20
WO1998024095A9 WO1998024095A9 (fr) 1998-10-15

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Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2255153A1 (fr) * 2008-03-26 2010-12-01 Jan-Åke BENGTSSON Cartouche de craqueur de roche chargée de poudre

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US2918871A (en) 1953-08-04 1959-12-29 Beckman Instruments Inc Electrical detonator
US3109372A (en) 1959-05-22 1963-11-05 Richard H F Stresau Bridgeless electric detonator
US3713385A (en) 1970-01-30 1973-01-30 Mini Of Technology Electroexplosive devices
US3726217A (en) 1969-01-30 1973-04-10 Mini Of Technology Detonating devices
US4663230A (en) 1984-12-06 1987-05-05 Hyperion Catalysis International, Inc. Carbon fibrils, method for producing same and compositions containing same
US5098771A (en) 1989-07-27 1992-03-24 Hyperion Catalysis International Conductive coatings and inks
US5165909A (en) 1984-12-06 1992-11-24 Hyperion Catalysis Int'l., Inc. Carbon fibrils and method for producing same
US5171560A (en) 1984-12-06 1992-12-15 Hyperion Catalysis International Carbon fibrils, method for producing same, and encapsulated catalyst

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US4944225A (en) * 1988-03-31 1990-07-31 Halliburton Logging Services Inc. Method and apparatus for firing exploding foil initiators over long firing lines
US5080016A (en) * 1991-03-20 1992-01-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy Hydrogen loaded metal for bridge-foils for enhanced electric gun/slapper detonator operation
US5166468A (en) * 1991-04-05 1992-11-24 Thiokol Corporation Thermocouple-triggered igniter

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2918871A (en) 1953-08-04 1959-12-29 Beckman Instruments Inc Electrical detonator
US3109372A (en) 1959-05-22 1963-11-05 Richard H F Stresau Bridgeless electric detonator
US3726217A (en) 1969-01-30 1973-04-10 Mini Of Technology Detonating devices
US3713385A (en) 1970-01-30 1973-01-30 Mini Of Technology Electroexplosive devices
US4663230A (en) 1984-12-06 1987-05-05 Hyperion Catalysis International, Inc. Carbon fibrils, method for producing same and compositions containing same
US5165909A (en) 1984-12-06 1992-11-24 Hyperion Catalysis Int'l., Inc. Carbon fibrils and method for producing same
US5171560A (en) 1984-12-06 1992-12-15 Hyperion Catalysis International Carbon fibrils, method for producing same, and encapsulated catalyst
US5098771A (en) 1989-07-27 1992-03-24 Hyperion Catalysis International Conductive coatings and inks

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2255153A1 (fr) * 2008-03-26 2010-12-01 Jan-Åke BENGTSSON Cartouche de craqueur de roche chargée de poudre
EP2255153A4 (fr) * 2008-03-26 2013-11-06 Jan-Aake Bengtsson Cartouche de craqueur de roche chargée de poudre

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WO1998024095A3 (fr) 1998-08-20

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