WO1997011796A1 - Method of rolling deformed bar and roll for deformed bar - Google Patents

Method of rolling deformed bar and roll for deformed bar Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997011796A1
WO1997011796A1 PCT/JP1996/002783 JP9602783W WO9711796A1 WO 1997011796 A1 WO1997011796 A1 WO 1997011796A1 JP 9602783 W JP9602783 W JP 9602783W WO 9711796 A1 WO9711796 A1 WO 9711796A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
groove
roll
rolling
circumferential
cross
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP1996/002783
Other languages
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Ryo Takeda
Hidenori Kondo
Tomoyasu Sakurai
Original Assignee
Kawasaki Steel Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kawasaki Steel Corporation filed Critical Kawasaki Steel Corporation
Priority to BR9610698A priority Critical patent/BR9610698A/en
Priority to AU70958/96A priority patent/AU710014B2/en
Priority to KR1019980702191A priority patent/KR19990063724A/en
Priority to EP96931999A priority patent/EP0853988A4/en
Publication of WO1997011796A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997011796A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section
    • B21B1/163—Rolling or cold-forming of concrete reinforcement bars or wire ; Rolls therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B27/00—Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
    • B21B27/02—Shape or construction of rolls
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/16—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling wire rods, bars, merchant bars, rounds wire or material of like small cross-section

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rolling method for obtaining a deformed steel bar used for reinforcing bars and the like, and in particular, to a method for stably obtaining a deformed steel having four ribs extending in a longitudinal direction by a two-roll rolling mill. , And the roles used in this method.
  • Fig. 6 shows conventional deformed steel bars in general.
  • (a) is a side view
  • (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line XX of (a).
  • the deformed steel bar 5 is formed on the peripheral surface with a round bar at a number of convex portions (nodes) 12 along the circumferential direction or at substantially equal intervals in the longitudinal direction.
  • two protrusions (ribs) along the longitudinal direction are formed at positions 180 ° apart in the circumferential direction of the four force cross section circle.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 finishing roll as shown in FIG. R,, R 2
  • Fig. 7 is a front view showing the arrangement of both finishing rolls.
  • Fig. 8 (a) is a development view of the mouth / periphery, and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Y-Y of (a). as it can be seen from the c of FIG diagrams, final finish for grooved formation to both finish low ⁇ , the R 2, over the entire circumferential direction, cross-sectional or semicircular circumferential groove 3 form Has been established.
  • a nodal groove 2 orthogonal to the peripheral groove 3 is formed. Then, the material S, whose cross section is rolled into an ellipse by the upstream rolling mill train, is passed through a hole formed by the two finishing rolls R 1, R 2 to form a groove 2 on the peripheral surface of the round material. and clause 1 2 in accordance with the roll R, the material S, the ribs 4 caused by heading ⁇ from between R 2 is formed.
  • the knots of the deformed steel bar are arranged at an angle to the longitudinal direction.
  • the nodal groove of the finishing row R has a predetermined angle with respect to the circumferential direction. It is formed by tilting only the string.
  • (a) is a developed view of the peripheral surface of the finishing roll R
  • (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Z-Z. In this case, too, only two ribs of the deformed steel bar are formed by squeezing out from between the finishing rolls R.
  • deformed steel bars are bent by a processing machine. In such a case, if there are only two ribs, it is difficult to stably support the surface of the deformed bar with the feeder and supporting device of the processing machine. Therefore, a deformed steel bar having four ribs at almost equal intervals in the circumferential direction is required. Deformed bars are also used as reinforcing bars for reinforced concrete, but having four ribs also has the advantage of increasing the adhesion to concrete.
  • the present invention has been made in view of such a point, and it is intended to obtain a deformed steel bar having a knot and four ribs by performing a final finishing rolling with a 2-roll rolling mill.
  • the purpose is. Disclosure of the invention
  • the method of rolling a deformed steel bar according to the present invention is a method of forming a knot and a rib on a surface of a material to be fed by a final finishing rolling mill of a hot continuous rolling facility in which a plurality of two-roll rolling mills are arranged in series.
  • a circumferential groove having a substantially semicircular cross-section provided on the circumferential surface of the roll over the entire circumferential direction, and a nodal groove provided on the circumferential groove surface so as to intersect with the circumferential groove are provided.
  • a bottom groove having a substantially trapezoidal cross-section and an opening width larger than the bottom width provided in the center of the circumferential groove in the groove width direction over the entire circumferential direction. It is characterized in that four ribs are formed by protrusion from the gap between the mouth and the bottom groove.
  • two ribs are formed by the bottom groove formed on each roll, in addition to the two ribs formed by protrusion from between the rolls. Since the rib formed by the bottom groove is provided at the center of the circumferential groove in the groove width direction, a deformed steel bar having four ribs formed at equal or substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction can be obtained.
  • the roll is arranged so that the bottom surface of the bottom groove coincides with the bottom surface of the node groove 2 and the node groove 2 and the peripheral groove 3 are orthogonal to each other.
  • rolling conditions are set so that the width H, between the protruding ribs 4a, 4b, or the diameter A, of the cross-sectional circle of the nodal groove 2, is set. Is preferably performed.
  • the outer peripheral surfaces of all the ribs coincide with or almost coincide with the outer peripheral surfaces of the nodes.
  • the nodes are formed at right angles to the ribs.
  • the depth of the bottom groove 1 is not more than 10% of the average diameter of the product, and the bottom groove 1 has a substantially equilateral trapezoidal shape in cross section.
  • the angle between two sides that are not rows is 10 ° or more and the bottom width of the bottom groove 1
  • the average diameter is preferably 4% or more.
  • the above-mentioned substantially trapezoidal shape and substantially isosceles trapezoidal shape means that the parallel sides of the trapezoid (not including the parallelogram) and the isosceles trapezoid are not exactly straight lines but concentric arcs. Show the shape. The shorter one of these arcs forms the bottom surface of the bottom groove, and the longer one forms the opening. Further, the average diameter of the product means an average diameter of a round bar portion excluding nodes and ribs of the deformed bar. - Here, as shown in FIG.
  • the present invention also relates to a cross section provided over the entire circumferential direction on the low circumferential surface. ffl, each semicircular peripheral groove, a nodal groove provided on the peripheral groove surface so as to intersect with the peripheral groove, and a cutout provided over the entire circumferential direction at the center of the peripheral groove in the groove width direction.
  • the present invention provides a roll for rolling a deformed steel bar having a surface having a substantially groove shape and a bottom groove having an opening width larger than the bottom width.
  • the roll for deformed steel bar rolling wherein the bottom surface of the bottom groove and the bottom surface of the joint groove coincide with each other, and the joint groove and the circumferential groove are preferably arranged so as to be orthogonal to each other.
  • the depth of the bottom groove is 10 times the average diameter of the product.
  • the bottom groove has a substantially isosceles trapezoidal cross section and is not parallel to the bottom groove, the two-sided t angle is 10 ° or more, and the bottom width of the bottom groove is the average diameter 4. More preferably above.
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing a preferred roll of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing according to the present invention. Is equivalent to
  • FIG. 2 is a front view showing a roll arrangement of a final finishing ffl two-roll mill in which a preferred method of the present invention is carried out.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining the operation of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a front view showing a roll die of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing in one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a view showing a state in the feed roller of the deformed bar obtained in one embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) to (c) show different states.
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of a conventional deformed steel bar, in which (a) is a side view and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XX.
  • FIG. 7 shows the final finishing ffl 2-roll rolling mill to obtain the deformed steel bar shown in Fig. 6.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a roll arrangement.
  • FIG. 8 is a developed view (a) showing the roll of FIG. 7 and a cross-sectional view taken along the line Y-Y (b).
  • Fig. 9 is a diagram showing the rolls of a two-roll mill for final finishing used in conventional deformed steel bar rolling.
  • (A) is a developed view of the roll surface, and (b) is the Z-of (a). This corresponds to a sectional view taken along line Z.
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing a roll of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing used in this embodiment.
  • (A) is a development view of a roll peripheral surface, and
  • (b) is a D-D line of (a). It corresponds to a sectional view.
  • FIG. 4 is a front view showing a roll hole of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing formed by the rolls of FIG. 1 in this embodiment.
  • a circumferential groove 3 having a substantially semicircular cross section is formed on the roll circumferential surface over the entire circumferential direction.
  • the circumferential groove 3 is provided with a center di in the groove width direction of the circumferential groove 3.
  • a nodal groove 2 of a predetermined width is cut so as to be orthogonal to.
  • the nodal grooves 2 are formed at equal intervals along the circumferential direction of the circumferential groove 3 (that is, the center line L in the groove width direction).
  • a bottom groove 1 having a substantially trapezoidal cross section and a width larger than the opening width or the bottom width is formed at the center of the groove 3 in the groove width direction over the entire circumference in the circumferential direction.
  • the bottom surface of 1 coincides with the bottom surface of the nodal groove 2.
  • the depth c of the bottom groove 1 and the nodal groove 2 is 0.85 mm, and the hole is straight.
  • the average of the product ⁇ 2 is 15.9 mm.
  • the angle 0 between the two non-parallel sides is 60 °, and the bottom width b of the bottom groove 1 is 2. ⁇ mm.
  • the roll R, the inclined portion 3 a is made form a boundary portion between the circumferential groove 3 of the R 2 peripheral surface.
  • Roll gap d is set to 2. Omm, both openings Ichiru 13 ⁇ 4,, the angle formed by the inclined portion 3 a each other R 2 is 6 0.
  • the depth c of the bottom groove 1 5.
  • the groove width b of the bottom side of the bottom groove 1 corresponds respectively to 1 to 3% of the average diameter A 2 of the product.
  • Such a two-roll rolling mill was installed as a final finishing mill, and a round bar material rolled to a predetermined outer diameter by a normal two-piece rolling mill row was finish-rolled.
  • the width H of the ribs 4a and 4b due to the protrusion of the material S exiting the final finishing mill is the diameter A of the cross-sectional circle of the nodal groove 2.
  • the gap between the mouths of the rolling mill arranged immediately before the final finishing mill was adjusted so as to conform to the above.
  • the obtained deformed steel bar 5 can be rotated by the feed roller 6 ⁇ which is a feeder of the processing machine, and the groove surface of the feed roller 6 can be obtained. At least one rib 4 always hits 6a. Therefore, the deformed steel bar 5 is reliably supported by the feed roller 6 and accurately sent.
  • the depth c of the bottom groove 1 5.
  • the groove width of the bottom side of the bottom groove 1 b is 1 average diameter A 2 of the product 3?
  • the method of the present invention by performing the final finish rolling with a two-roll rolling mill, a deformed steel bar having a node and four ribs can be stably obtained. As a result, it is possible to obtain a four-ribbed deformed steel bar simply by changing the rolling configuration of the conventional two-rib deformed steel bar to produce the final finished ffl 2 low rolling mill. . Therefore, the method and the roll of the present invention are suitably used as a method for producing a deformed steel bar having four ribs at low cost and as a roll therefor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Reduction Rolling/Reduction Stand/Operation Of Reduction Machine (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)

Abstract

A deformed bar having knots and four ribs on its surface is produced by performing the final finish rolling by means of a two-roll rolling mill. Rolls R1, R2 of the two-roll rolling mill have a peripheral groove (3), knot grooves (2) and a bottom groove (1). The peripheral groove (3) is substantially semi-circular in cross section, and is provided over the whole peripheral surface of the roll. The knot grooves (2) are made in the groove surfaces of the peripheral groove (3) and have a predetermined width so as to cross the peripheral groove (3). The cross section of the bottom groove (1) is an isosceles trapezoid and the groove (1) is provided along the center line of the peripheral groove (3) over the whole circumference of the peripheral groove.

Description

明 細 書 異形棒鋼の圧延方法および異形棒鋼用口一ル 技術分野  Description Rolling method for deformed bar and mouth for deformed bar
この発明は、 鉄筋等に使用される異形棒鋼を得るための圧延方法に関 し、 特に、 長手方向に延びるリブを 4本有する異形捧鋼が 2ロール圧延 機によって安定的に得ることのできる方法、 およびこの方法で使用され るロールに関するものである。 背景技術  The present invention relates to a rolling method for obtaining a deformed steel bar used for reinforcing bars and the like, and in particular, to a method for stably obtaining a deformed steel having four ribs extending in a longitudinal direction by a two-roll rolling mill. , And the roles used in this method. Background art
従来の異形棒鋼として一般的なものを第 6図に示す。 第 6図において ( a ) は側面図であり、 （b ) は （a ) の X— X線断面図である。 この 異形棒鋼 5は、 丸棒付の周面に、 周方向に沿った多数の凸部 （節） 1 2 か長手方向にほぼ等間隔で形成されている。 また、 長手方向に沿った 2 本の凸部 （リブ） 4力 断面円の周方向で 1 8 0 ° 離れた位置に形成さ れている。  Fig. 6 shows conventional deformed steel bars in general. In FIG. 6, (a) is a side view, and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along line XX of (a). The deformed steel bar 5 is formed on the peripheral surface with a round bar at a number of convex portions (nodes) 12 along the circumferential direction or at substantially equal intervals in the longitudinal direction. Also, two protrusions (ribs) along the longitudinal direction are formed at positions 180 ° apart in the circumferential direction of the four force cross section circle.
このような異形棒鋼 5は、 2ロール圧延機が複数台直列に配列された 熱間連続圧延設備の最終仕上圧延機で、 第 7図および第 8図に示すよう な仕上ロール R , , R 2 を用いて圧延することによって製造される。 第 7図は、 両仕上ロールの配置を示す正面図であり、 第 8図の （a ) は口一/し周面の展開図であり、 （b ) は ( a ) の Y - Y線断面図である c これらの図から分かるように、 最終仕上用の孔型を形成する両仕上ロー 几 , R 2 には、 周方向全体に渡って、 断面か略半円状の周溝 3が形 成されている。 また、 周溝 3の溝面には、 この周溝 3と直交する節溝 2 が形成されている。 そして、 両仕上ロール R , ， R 2 で形成される孔型に、 上流側の圧延 機列によって断面が楕円に圧延された素材 Sを通すことにより、 丸捧材 の周面に、 節溝 2に応じた節 1 2と、 素材 Sのロール R , ， R 2 間から の嚙み出しにより生じるリブ 4 とが形成される。 Such deformed steel bars 5, 2 roll mill final finish rolling mill of hot arranged in multiple series continuous rolling equipment, FIGS. 7 and 8 finishing roll as shown in FIG. R,, R 2 It is manufactured by rolling using Fig. 7 is a front view showing the arrangement of both finishing rolls. Fig. 8 (a) is a development view of the mouth / periphery, and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Y-Y of (a). as it can be seen from the c of FIG diagrams, final finish for grooved formation to both finish low几, the R 2, over the entire circumferential direction, cross-sectional or semicircular circumferential groove 3 form Has been established. In the groove surface of the peripheral groove 3, a nodal groove 2 orthogonal to the peripheral groove 3 is formed. Then, the material S, whose cross section is rolled into an ellipse by the upstream rolling mill train, is passed through a hole formed by the two finishing rolls R 1, R 2 to form a groove 2 on the peripheral surface of the round material. and clause 1 2 in accordance with the roll R, the material S, the ribs 4 caused by heading嚙from between R 2 is formed.
また、 異形棒鋼の節は長手方向に対して斜めに配置される場合もある c その場合には、 第 9図に示すように、 仕上ロー儿 Rの節溝 2力 周方向 に対して所定角度ひだけ傾けて形成されている。 第 9図において （a ) は仕上ロール Rの周面の展開図であり、 （b ) はその Z— Z線断面図で ある。 この場合でも、 得られる異形棒鋼のリブは、 仕上ロール R間から の嚼み出しによって形成される 2本のみである。  In some cases, the knots of the deformed steel bar are arranged at an angle to the longitudinal direction. C In that case, as shown in Fig. 9, the nodal groove of the finishing row R has a predetermined angle with respect to the circumferential direction. It is formed by tilting only the string. In FIG. 9, (a) is a developed view of the peripheral surface of the finishing roll R, and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line Z-Z. In this case, too, only two ribs of the deformed steel bar are formed by squeezing out from between the finishing rolls R.
近年、 このような異形棒鋼を加工機械で曲げることが行われている。 その場合には、 リブが 2本しかないと、 加工機械の送り装置や支持装置 で異形棒鋼の表面を安定的に支持することが困難である。 そのため、 円 周方向にほぼ等間隔に 4本のリブを有する異形棒鋼が求められている。 また、 異形棒鋼は鉄筋コンクリート用の鉄筋として使用されるが、 リブ か 4本あるとコンクリー卜との付着力が高くなるという利点もある。  In recent years, such deformed steel bars are bent by a processing machine. In such a case, if there are only two ribs, it is difficult to stably support the surface of the deformed bar with the feeder and supporting device of the processing machine. Therefore, a deformed steel bar having four ribs at almost equal intervals in the circumferential direction is required. Deformed bars are also used as reinforcing bars for reinforced concrete, but having four ribs also has the advantage of increasing the adhesion to concrete.
しかしながら、 4本のリブを有する異形棒鋼を製造する技術は確立し ていない。 例えば、 本出願人等が以前出願した技術 （特開平 7 - 3 2 3 3 0 2号公報参照） によれば、 最終仕上 I王延機に 4ロール圧延機を用い ることにより、 4本リブの異形捧鋼を製造することは可能であるが、 コ スト高となる。 また、 最終仕上 E延を 2ロール圧延機で行うことによ て 4本のリブを形成することは実用化されていなし、。  However, the technology for producing deformed bars with four ribs has not been established. For example, according to the technology previously filed by the present applicant (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 7-323302), the use of a four-roll rolling mill for the Although it is possible to produce a specially shaped steel, it costs more. Also, it has not been practically used to form four ribs by performing the final finishing E rolling with a two-roll rolling mill.
本発明は、 このような点に着目してなされたものであり、 最終仕上圧 延を 2 ロ ー几圧延機で行うことによって、 節と 4本のリブか形成された 異形棒鋼を得ることを目的としている。 発明の開示 The present invention has been made in view of such a point, and it is intended to obtain a deformed steel bar having a knot and four ribs by performing a final finishing rolling with a 2-roll rolling mill. The purpose is. Disclosure of the invention
本発明の異形棒鋼の圧延方法は、 2ロール圧延機が複数台直列に配列 された熱間連続圧延設備の最終仕上圧延機により、 送給される素材の周 面に節とリブを形成する異形棒鋼の圧延方法において、 ロール周面に周 方向全体に渡って設けられた断面が略半円状の周溝と、 この周溝面に当 該周溝と交差するように設けられた節溝と、 前記周溝の溝幅方向中心部 に周方向全体に渡って設けられた断面が略台形状で開口部幅が底部幅よ り大きい底溝と、 を有する一対二個のロールにより最終仕上圧延を行い、 口一ル間からの嚙み出しと底溝により 4本のリブを形成することを特徴 としている。  The method of rolling a deformed steel bar according to the present invention is a method of forming a knot and a rib on a surface of a material to be fed by a final finishing rolling mill of a hot continuous rolling facility in which a plurality of two-roll rolling mills are arranged in series. In the method of rolling a steel bar, a circumferential groove having a substantially semicircular cross-section provided on the circumferential surface of the roll over the entire circumferential direction, and a nodal groove provided on the circumferential groove surface so as to intersect with the circumferential groove are provided. And a bottom groove having a substantially trapezoidal cross-section and an opening width larger than the bottom width provided in the center of the circumferential groove in the groove width direction over the entire circumferential direction. It is characterized in that four ribs are formed by protrusion from the gap between the mouth and the bottom groove.
この方法によれば、 ロール間からの嚙み出しによって形成される 2本 のリブに加えて、 各ロールに形成された底溝によって 2本のリブが形成 される。 底溝によるリブは前記周溝の溝幅方向中心部に設けてあるため、 円周方向に等間隔またはほぼ等間隔に 4本のリブが形成された異形棒鋼 力得られる。  According to this method, two ribs are formed by the bottom groove formed on each roll, in addition to the two ribs formed by protrusion from between the rolls. Since the rib formed by the bottom groove is provided at the center of the circumferential groove in the groove width direction, a deformed steel bar having four ribs formed at equal or substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction can be obtained.
また、 前記ロールは、 例えば第 1図に示すように、 底溝】 の底面と節 溝 2の底面が一致し、 且つ節溝 2と周溝 3とが直交するように配置され たものであり、 第 2図に示すように、 嚙み出しによるリブ 4 a , 4 b間 の幅 H , が節溝 2の断面円の直径 A , に一致するまたはほぼ一致するよ うに条件を設定して圧延を行うことが好ましい。  In addition, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, the roll is arranged so that the bottom surface of the bottom groove coincides with the bottom surface of the node groove 2 and the node groove 2 and the peripheral groove 3 are orthogonal to each other. As shown in Fig. 2, rolling conditions are set so that the width H, between the protruding ribs 4a, 4b, or the diameter A, of the cross-sectional circle of the nodal groove 2, is set. Is preferably performed.
この方法によれば、 4本のリブが円周方向に等間隔またはほぼ等間隔 に形成されることに加えて、 全てのリブの外周面が節の外周面と一致ま たはほほ一致するとともに、 節がリブに対して直角に形成される。  According to this method, in addition to the four ribs being formed at equal or substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction, the outer peripheral surfaces of all the ribs coincide with or almost coincide with the outer peripheral surfaces of the nodes. The nodes are formed at right angles to the ribs.
また、 前記ロールは、 第 2図に示すように、 底溝 1 の深さが製品の平 均径の 1 0 %以下であり、 底溝 1 は断面が略等脚台形状であってその平 行でない二辺のなす角度が 1 0 ° 以上であり、 且つ底溝 1の底部幅 か 前記平均径の 4 %以上であることが好ましい。 Further, in the roll, as shown in FIG. 2, the depth of the bottom groove 1 is not more than 10% of the average diameter of the product, and the bottom groove 1 has a substantially equilateral trapezoidal shape in cross section. The angle between two sides that are not rows is 10 ° or more and the bottom width of the bottom groove 1 The average diameter is preferably 4% or more.
なお、 前記略台形状および略等脚台形状とは、 台形 （平行四辺形を含 まない） および等脚台形の平行な二辺が、 厳密には直線ではなく同心円 の円弧状になっている形状を示す。 そして、 これらの円弧の短い方が底 溝の底面を形成し、 長い方が開口部を形成している。 また、 前記製品の 平均怪とは、 異形棒鋼の節およびリブを除いた丸棒部分の平均直径を意 味する。 - ここで、 第 2図に示すように、 素材 Sの進行速度はロール R , , R 2 の周面における回転速度に一致するが、 底溝 1の開口部となる周溝 3の 角部 aは回転半径が小さく、 この角部 aでの回転速度は素材 Sの進行速 度より遅くなる。 そのため、 この角部 aは圧延時に無理な力がかかって 割れやすいが、 底溝 1の形状を前述のように限定することにより、 割れ 難くすることができる。 In addition, the above-mentioned substantially trapezoidal shape and substantially isosceles trapezoidal shape means that the parallel sides of the trapezoid (not including the parallelogram) and the isosceles trapezoid are not exactly straight lines but concentric arcs. Show the shape. The shorter one of these arcs forms the bottom surface of the bottom groove, and the longer one forms the opening. Further, the average diameter of the product means an average diameter of a round bar portion excluding nodes and ribs of the deformed bar. - Here, as shown in FIG. 2, the traveling speed of the roll R of the material S,, but coincides with the rotation speed in the peripheral surface of the R 2, corner portions a of the circumferential groove 3 as the opening of the bottom groove 1 Has a small turning radius, and the rotation speed at this corner a is lower than the traveling speed of the material S. Therefore, this corner a is easily broken by an excessive force during rolling, but it can be made hard to break by limiting the shape of the bottom groove 1 as described above.
実際に、 前記角度 0と溝幅 bとを変化させてロールの角部 aに割れか 生じるかどうかを調べたところ、 底溝 1の深さを J I S規格の上限であ る製品平均径の 1 0 %とした場合には、 第 3図のグラフに示すような結 果になった。 このグラフから、 底溝 1の深さが製品平均径の 1 0 %であ る場合には、 角度 6>力 0 ° 以上であり、 且つ溝幅 bが製品平均径の 4 %以上であれはロール割損が生じないことか分かる。 また、 底溝 1 の深 さは浅い方かロールに割れか生じ難いため、 底溝 1の深さが製品平均^ の 1 0 %未満である場合にも、 角度 6>が 1 0 ° 以上であり、 溝幅 bが製 品平均 Sの 4 %以上であれはロール割損が生じないことになる。  Actually, it was examined whether or not cracks occurred at the corners a of the roll by changing the angle 0 and the groove width b. When it was set to 0%, the result was as shown in the graph of FIG. From this graph, if the depth of the bottom groove 1 is 10% of the product average diameter, if the angle 6> force is 0 ° or more and the groove width b is 4% or more of the product average diameter, It can be seen that no roll breakage occurs. In addition, since the depth of the bottom groove 1 is shallower or the roll is unlikely to be cracked, even when the depth of the bottom groove 1 is less than 10% of the product average ^, the angle 6> is not less than 10 °. Yes, if the groove width b is 4% or more of the product average S, no roll breakage will occur.
なお、 底溝 1 の溝幅 bは広い方が、 角度 0は大きい方がロールはより 割れ難'：なる力、、 これらの上限値は J I S等で定められた製品規格によ つて設定される。  Note that the larger the groove width b of the bottom groove 1, the larger the angle 0, the more difficult it is for the roll to break. ': Force, and these upper limits are set according to the product standards defined by JIS, etc. .
本発明は、 また、 ロー几周面に周方向全体に渡って設けられた断面か ffl各半円状の周溝と、 この周溝面に当該周溝と交差するように設けられた 節溝と、 前記周溝の溝幅方向中心部に周方向全体に渡って設けられた断 面が略：；形状で開口部幅が底部幅より大きい底溝と、 を有する異形棒鋼 圧延用ロールを提供する。 The present invention also relates to a cross section provided over the entire circumferential direction on the low circumferential surface. ffl, each semicircular peripheral groove, a nodal groove provided on the peripheral groove surface so as to intersect with the peripheral groove, and a cutout provided over the entire circumferential direction at the center of the peripheral groove in the groove width direction. The present invention provides a roll for rolling a deformed steel bar having a surface having a substantially groove shape and a bottom groove having an opening width larger than the bottom width.
前記異形棒鋼圧延用ロールは、 前記底溝の底面と節溝の底面が一致し、 且つ節溝と前記周溝とが直交するように配置されていることが好ましい 前記異形棒鋼圧延用ロールは、 前記底溝の深さが製品の平均径の 1 0 The roll for deformed steel bar rolling, wherein the bottom surface of the bottom groove and the bottom surface of the joint groove coincide with each other, and the joint groove and the circumferential groove are preferably arranged so as to be orthogonal to each other. The depth of the bottom groove is 10 times the average diameter of the product.
% ¾ τ · ^あり、 前記底溝は断面が略等脚台形状であつてその平行でなし、 二辺 t 角度が 1 0 ° 以上であり、 且つ当該底溝の底部幅が前記平均 径の 4 . 上であることがさらに好ましい。 図面の簡単な説明 % Τ τ · ^, wherein the bottom groove has a substantially isosceles trapezoidal cross section and is not parallel to the bottom groove, the two-sided t angle is 10 ° or more, and the bottom width of the bottom groove is the average diameter 4. More preferably above. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
第 1図は、 本発明に係る好ましい最終仕上用 2ロール圧延機のロール を示す図であり、 （ a ) はロール周面の展開図、 （b ) は （a ) の D - D線断面図に相当する。  FIG. 1 is a view showing a preferred roll of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing according to the present invention. Is equivalent to
第 2図は、 本発明の好ましい方法が実施される最終仕上 ffl 2ロール圧 延機のロール配置を示す正面図である。  FIG. 2 is a front view showing a roll arrangement of a final finishing ffl two-roll mill in which a preferred method of the present invention is carried out.
第 3図は、 本発明の作用を説明するためのグラフである。  FIG. 3 is a graph for explaining the operation of the present invention.
第 4図は、 本発明の一実施形態における最終仕上用 2ロール圧延機の ロール孔型を示す正面図である。  FIG. 4 is a front view showing a roll die of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing in one embodiment of the present invention.
第 5図は、 本発明の一実施形態で得られた異形棒鋼のフィ一ドローラ 内での状態を示す図であり、 （a ) 〜 （ c ) はそれぞれ異なる状態を示 す。  FIG. 5 is a view showing a state in the feed roller of the deformed bar obtained in one embodiment of the present invention, wherein (a) to (c) show different states.
第 6図は、 従来の異形棒鋼の一例を示す図であり、 （a ) は側面図、 ( b ) はその X— X線断面図に相当する。  FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of a conventional deformed steel bar, in which (a) is a side view and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XX.
第 7図は、 第 6図の異形棒鋼を得るための最終仕上 ffl 2ロール圧延機 のロール配置を示す概要図である。 Fig. 7 shows the final finishing ffl 2-roll rolling mill to obtain the deformed steel bar shown in Fig. 6. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a roll arrangement.
第 8図は、 第 7図のロールを示す展開図 （a) と、 その Y - Y線断面 図 （b) である。  FIG. 8 is a developed view (a) showing the roll of FIG. 7 and a cross-sectional view taken along the line Y-Y (b).
第 9図は、 従来の異形棒鋼圧延で使用される最終仕上用 2ロール圧延 機のロールを示す図であり、 （a) はロール周面の展開図、 （b) は （ a) の Z - Z線断面図に相当する。 発明を実施するための最良の形態  Fig. 9 is a diagram showing the rolls of a two-roll mill for final finishing used in conventional deformed steel bar rolling. (A) is a developed view of the roll surface, and (b) is the Z-of (a). This corresponds to a sectional view taken along line Z. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
本発明をより詳細に説明するために、 その一実施形態を添付の図面に 従って説明する。  In order to explain the present invention in more detail, an embodiment thereof will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
第 1図は、 この実施形態で使用した最終仕上用 2ロール圧延機のロー ルを示す図であり、 （a) はロール周面の展開図、 （b) は （a) の D 一 D線断面図に相当する。 また、 第 4図は、 この実施形態において、 第 1図のロールにより形成した最終仕上用 2ロール圧延機のロール孔型を 示す正面図である。  FIG. 1 is a view showing a roll of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing used in this embodiment. (A) is a development view of a roll peripheral surface, and (b) is a D-D line of (a). It corresponds to a sectional view. FIG. 4 is a front view showing a roll hole of a two-roll rolling mill for final finishing formed by the rolls of FIG. 1 in this embodiment.
第 1図に示すように、 ロール R, (R2 ) は、 ロール周面に、 周方向 全体に渡って断面が略半円状の周溝 3が形成されている。 また、 この周 溝 3に、 周溝 3の溝幅方向中心棣 。 と直交するように、 所定幅の節溝 2か刻まれている。 この節溝 2は、 周溝 3の周方向 （すなわち溝幅方向 中心線 L。 ) に沿って等間隔で形成されている。 また、 周? 3の溝幅方 向中心部に、 周方向全休に渡って、 断面が略等脚台形伏で開口部幅か底 部幅より大きい底溝 1が形成されている。 As shown in FIG. 1, in the rolls R and (R 2 ), a circumferential groove 3 having a substantially semicircular cross section is formed on the roll circumferential surface over the entire circumferential direction. The circumferential groove 3 is provided with a center di in the groove width direction of the circumferential groove 3. A nodal groove 2 of a predetermined width is cut so as to be orthogonal to. The nodal grooves 2 are formed at equal intervals along the circumferential direction of the circumferential groove 3 (that is, the center line L in the groove width direction). In addition, a bottom groove 1 having a substantially trapezoidal cross section and a width larger than the opening width or the bottom width is formed at the center of the groove 3 in the groove width direction over the entire circumference in the circumferential direction.
第 4図に示すように、 1の底面は節溝 2の底面と一致している。 また、 底溝 1 および節溝 2の深さ cは 0. 8 5 mm、 孔型の直 ί圣 （製品 の平均 Α2 は 1 5. 9 mm, 底溝 1の断面をなす等脚台形の平行て ない二辺のなす角度 0は 6 0 ° 、 底溝 1の底部幅 bは 2. ϋ mmてある。 また、 ロール R, ， R2 周面の周溝 3との境界部分には傾斜部 3 aが形 成されている。 ロール隙間 dは 2. Ommとし、 両口一ル1¾ , , R2 の 傾斜部 3 a同士がなす角度 は 6 0。 とした。 ここで、 底溝 1 の深さ c は製品の平均径 A 2 の 5. 3 %に、 底溝 1 の底側の溝幅 bは製品の平均 径 A2 の 1 3 %にそれぞれ相当する。 As shown in FIG. 4, the bottom surface of 1 coincides with the bottom surface of the nodal groove 2. In addition, the depth c of the bottom groove 1 and the nodal groove 2 is 0.85 mm, and the hole is straight. (The average of the product Α 2 is 15.9 mm. The angle 0 between the two non-parallel sides is 60 °, and the bottom width b of the bottom groove 1 is 2.ϋ mm. Further, the roll R,, the inclined portion 3 a is made form a boundary portion between the circumferential groove 3 of the R 2 peripheral surface. Roll gap d is set to 2. Omm, both openings Ichiru 1¾,, the angle formed by the inclined portion 3 a each other R 2 is 6 0. And Here, the depth c of the bottom groove 1 5. In 3% of the mean diameter A 2 of the product, the groove width b of the bottom side of the bottom groove 1 corresponds respectively to 1 to 3% of the average diameter A 2 of the product.
このような 2ロール圧延機を最終仕上圧延機として設置し、 通常の 2 口一ル圧延機列で所定の外径寸法となるまで圧延された丸棒材を仕上げ 圧延した。 その際に、 前出の第 2図に示すように、 最終仕上圧延機を出 た素材 Sの嚙み出しによるリブ 4 a, 4 bの幅H, が節溝 2の断面円の 直径 A, に一致するように、 最終仕上圧延機の直前に配置されている圧 延機の口一ル隙間を調整した。  Such a two-roll rolling mill was installed as a final finishing mill, and a round bar material rolled to a predetermined outer diameter by a normal two-piece rolling mill row was finish-rolled. At that time, as shown in Fig. 2 above, the width H of the ribs 4a and 4b due to the protrusion of the material S exiting the final finishing mill is the diameter A of the cross-sectional circle of the nodal groove 2. The gap between the mouths of the rolling mill arranged immediately before the final finishing mill was adjusted so as to conform to the above.
その結果、 ロール割損のトラブルもなく、 4本のリブが円周方向にほ ぼ等間隔に形成され、 全てのリブの外周面が節の外周面に一致し、 節か リブに対して直角に形成された異形棒鋼が得られた。  As a result, four ribs are formed at almost equal intervals in the circumferential direction without any trouble of roll breakage, and the outer peripheral surfaces of all the ribs coincide with the outer peripheral surfaces of the nodes, and are perpendicular to the nodes or ribs. Thus, a deformed steel bar was obtained.
したかって、 得られた異形棒鋼 5は、 第 5図 （a) 〜 （ c ) に示すよ うに、 加工機械の送り装置であるフィー ドローラ 6內で回転しても、 フ イードローラ 6の各溝面 6 aに少なく とも一本のリブ 4が常に当たるよ うになる。 そのため、 異形棒鋼 5はフィードローラ 6に確実に支持され て正確に送られる。  Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 5 (a) to 5 (c), the obtained deformed steel bar 5 can be rotated by the feed roller 6 內 which is a feeder of the processing machine, and the groove surface of the feed roller 6 can be obtained. At least one rib 4 always hits 6a. Therefore, the deformed steel bar 5 is reliably supported by the feed roller 6 and accurately sent.
また、 節 1 2がリブ 4に対して直角であるため、 曲げ加工時にねじれ が生じないという利点もある。  In addition, since the joints 12 are perpendicular to the ribs 4, there is an advantage that no twist occurs during bending.
また、 前記実施形態では、 底溝 1の深さ cは製品の平均 ί圣 A2 の 5. 3 %に、 底溝 1 の底側の溝幅 bは製品の平均径 A 2 の 1 3 ?0としたこと により、 ロール割損のトラブルの発生がなく安定的に 4本'）ブ 4を有す る異形棒鋼 5が得られた。 産業上の利用可能性 In the above embodiment, the depth c of the bottom groove 1 5. In 3% of the average ί Holy A 2 products, the groove width of the bottom side of the bottom groove 1 b is 1 average diameter A 2 of the product 3? By setting it to 0, a deformed steel bar 5 having four pieces 4) was obtained stably without any roll breakage trouble. Industrial applicability
以上のように、 本発明の方法では、 最終仕上圧延を 2ロール圧延機て 行うことによって、 節と 4本のリブが形成された異形棒鋼が安定的に得 られる。 これにより、 従来の 2本リブの異形棒鋼を製造するための圧延 設備を流用し、 その最終仕上 ffl 2 ロー几圧延機のロー几を変えるだけで、 4本リブの異形棒鋼を得ることができる。 したかって、 本発明の方法お よびロールは、 4本リブの異形棒鋼を低コス卜で製造する方法およびそ のためのロールとして好適に利用される。  As described above, in the method of the present invention, by performing the final finish rolling with a two-roll rolling mill, a deformed steel bar having a node and four ribs can be stably obtained. As a result, it is possible to obtain a four-ribbed deformed steel bar simply by changing the rolling configuration of the conventional two-rib deformed steel bar to produce the final finished ffl 2 low rolling mill. . Therefore, the method and the roll of the present invention are suitably used as a method for producing a deformed steel bar having four ribs at low cost and as a roll therefor.

Claims

請 求 の 範 囲 The scope of the claims
1 . 2 o—ル圧延機か複数台直列に配列された熱間連続 延設備の最終 仕上 E延機により、 送給される素材の周面に節とリブを形成する異形棒 鋼の圧延方法において、 ロール周面に周方向全体に渡って設けられた断 面が略半円状の周溝と、 この周溝面に当該周溝と交差するように設けら れた節溝と、'前記周溝の溝幅方向中心部に周方向全体に渡って設けられ た断面が略台形状で開口部幅か底部幅より大きい底溝と、 を有する一対 二個のロールにより最終仕上圧延を行い、 口一ル間からの嚙み出しと底 溝により 4本のリブを形成することを特徴とする異形棒鋼の圧延方法。 1.2 Final rolling of roll mill or hot continuous rolling equipment arranged in series E Rolling method of deformed bar that forms nodes and ribs on the peripheral surface of the material to be fed by E rolling mill A circumferential groove having a substantially semicircular cross section provided on the circumferential surface of the roll over the entire circumferential direction; a node groove provided on the circumferential groove surface so as to intersect the circumferential groove; The final finishing rolling is performed by a pair of two rolls each having: A method for rolling deformed steel bars, characterized in that four ribs are formed by protrusion from the mouth and a bottom groove.
2 . 前記ロールは、 底溝 ( 1 の底面と節溝 （ 2 ) の底面が一致し、 且 つ節溝と周溝 （ 3 ) とが直交するように配置されたものであり、 前記嚙 み出しによるリブ （ 4 a , 4 b ) 間の幅 （H , ) が節溝の断面円の直径 ( A , ) に一致するまたはほぼ一致するように条件を設定して E延を行 うことを特徴とする請求の範囲第 1項記載の異形棒鋼の圧延方法。 2. The roll is arranged such that the bottom surface of the bottom groove (1) and the bottom surface of the joint groove (2) coincide with each other, and the joint groove and the peripheral groove (3) are orthogonal to each other. Set the conditions so that the width (H,) between the ribs (4a, 4b) by extension matches the diameter (A,) of the cross-sectional circle of the nodal groove, and perform E-rolling. 2. The method for rolling deformed steel bars according to claim 1, wherein:
3 . 前記ロールは、 前記底溝の深さが製品の平均 ί圣の 1 0 %以下であり、 前記底^は断面が略等脚台形状であってその平行でない二辺のなす角度 3. The roll, wherein the depth of the bottom groove is 10% or less of the average ί 圣 of the product, and the bottom ^ has an approximately equilateral trapezoidal cross section and an angle formed by two non-parallel sides thereof.
( Θ ) か 1 0 ° 以上であり、 且つ当該底 ίϋの底部幅 （b ) が前記平均 ί圣 の 4 9ό以上であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第 2項記載の異形棒鋼の 圧延方法。 3. The method for rolling deformed steel bars according to claim 2, wherein (か) is not less than 10 ° and the bottom width (b) of the bottom is not less than 49 mm of the average 前 記. .
4 . ロール周面に周方向全体に渡って設けられた断面か略半円状の周溝 と、 この周溝面に当該周溝と交差するように設けられた節溝と、 前記周 溝の溝幅方向中心部に周方向全体に渡って設けられた断面か略台形状て 開口部幅が底部幅より大きい底溝と、 を有する異形捧鋼圧延用ロール 4. A circumferential groove having a cross section or a substantially semicircular shape provided over the entire circumferential surface on the roll circumferential surface; a node groove provided on the circumferential groove surface so as to intersect the circumferential groove; A bottom groove having a cross-section or a substantially trapezoidal shape provided over the entire circumferential direction at the center in the groove width direction and having an opening width larger than the bottom width;
5 . 前記底溝の底面と節溝の底面が一致し、 且つ節溝と前記周溝とが直 交するように配置されていることを特徴とする請求の範囲第 4項記載の 異形棒鋼圧延用ロール。 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the bottom surface of the bottom groove and the bottom surface of the joint groove coincide with each other, and the joint groove and the peripheral groove are arranged so as to be orthogonal to each other. Rolls for rolling deformed steel bars.
6 . 前記底溝の深さが製品の平均径の 1 0 %以下であり、 前記底溝は断 面が略等脚台形状であってその平行でない二辺のなす角度が 1 0。 以上 であり、 且つ当該底溝の底部幅が前記平均径の 4 %以上であることを特 徴とする請求の範囲第 5項記載の異形棒鋼用ロール。  6. The depth of the bottom groove is 10% or less of the average diameter of the product, and the bottom groove has a substantially equilateral trapezoidal cross section and an angle formed by two non-parallel sides thereof is 10. 6. The roll for a deformed bar according to claim 5, wherein the bottom width of the bottom groove is 4% or more of the average diameter.
PCT/JP1996/002783 1995-09-28 1996-09-26 Method of rolling deformed bar and roll for deformed bar WO1997011796A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR9610698A BR9610698A (en) 1995-09-28 1996-09-26 Rolling method of a rebar for reinforcing concrete and cylinder for rebar for reinforcing concrete
AU70958/96A AU710014B2 (en) 1995-09-28 1996-09-26 Method of rolling deformed bar and roll for deformed bar
KR1019980702191A KR19990063724A (en) 1995-09-28 1996-09-26 Rolling method of deformed bar and roll for deformed bar
EP96931999A EP0853988A4 (en) 1995-09-28 1996-09-26 Method of rolling deformed bar and roll for deformed bar

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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JP7/251356 1995-09-28
JP7251356A JP2957450B2 (en) 1995-09-28 1995-09-28 Rolling method for deformed steel bars

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WO1997011796A1 true WO1997011796A1 (en) 1997-04-03

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PCT/JP1996/002783 WO1997011796A1 (en) 1995-09-28 1996-09-26 Method of rolling deformed bar and roll for deformed bar

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JP (1) JP2957450B2 (en)
KR (1) KR19990063724A (en)
CN (1) CN1198111A (en)
AU (1) AU710014B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9610698A (en)
TW (1) TW305778B (en)
WO (1) WO1997011796A1 (en)

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CN109396180A (en) * 2018-10-29 2019-03-01 甘肃酒钢集团宏兴钢铁股份有限公司 A kind of production method of SD420W corrugated bar

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CN100363120C (en) * 2004-11-22 2008-01-23 董重光 Reinforced car rubbing roller
CN2817999Y (en) * 2005-07-18 2006-09-20 罗树森 Special apparatus for rolling axe or hammerhead structural section continuously
KR100838624B1 (en) * 2007-01-26 2008-06-16 신수정 Hot rolling method
JP2012223802A (en) * 2011-04-21 2012-11-15 Otani Steel Corporation Inc Deformed steel bar and rolling method for the same
KR200470061Y1 (en) * 2012-04-05 2013-11-25 동국제강주식회사 Oval shape guide roller and rolling mill having the same
EP3043895B1 (en) * 2013-09-10 2021-04-07 Augma Biomaterials Ltd. Dual component applicator
JP6281515B2 (en) * 2015-03-26 2018-02-21 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 Rolling method for deformed bar
CN105436233A (en) * 2015-12-16 2016-03-30 重庆麦拓科技有限公司 Processing technology of cold-rolled steel bar
CN106269853A (en) * 2016-08-16 2017-01-04 重庆市晟庄建材有限责任公司 A kind of high ductility cold-rolled ribbed bars processing method
JP7309581B2 (en) * 2019-11-20 2023-07-18 Ｊｆｅ条鋼株式会社 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING DEFORMED BAR WITH REDUCED VARIATION OF OVAL

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Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109396180A (en) * 2018-10-29 2019-03-01 甘肃酒钢集团宏兴钢铁股份有限公司 A kind of production method of SD420W corrugated bar
CN109396180B (en) * 2018-10-29 2020-09-25 甘肃酒钢集团宏兴钢铁股份有限公司 Production method of SD420W bamboo joint reinforcing steel bar

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AU710014B2 (en) 1999-09-09
JP2957450B2 (en) 1999-10-04
AU7095896A (en) 1997-04-17
KR19990063724A (en) 1999-07-26
TW305778B (en) 1997-05-21
BR9610698A (en) 1999-07-06
EP0853988A1 (en) 1998-07-22
JPH0994602A (en) 1997-04-08
CN1198111A (en) 1998-11-04
EP0853988A4 (en) 2001-06-06

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