WO1996026907A1 - Microporous amorphous mixed metal oxides for form-selective catalysis - Google Patents

Microporous amorphous mixed metal oxides for form-selective catalysis Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996026907A1
WO1996026907A1 PCT/EP1996/000766 EP9600766W WO9626907A1 WO 1996026907 A1 WO1996026907 A1 WO 1996026907A1 EP 9600766 W EP9600766 W EP 9600766W WO 9626907 A1 WO9626907 A1 WO 9626907A1
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Prior art keywords
microporous
amorphous
mixed metal
reactions
metal oxides
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PCT/EP1996/000766
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German (de)
French (fr)
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Wilhelm F. Maier
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Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh
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Priority to US08/913,516 priority Critical patent/US6319876B1/en
Priority to EP96904858A priority patent/EP0812305B1/en
Priority to DE59600515T priority patent/DE59600515D1/en
Priority to DK96904858T priority patent/DK0812305T3/en
Priority to AU48802/96A priority patent/AU4880296A/en
Priority to JP8526002A priority patent/JPH11500995A/en
Publication of WO1996026907A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996026907A1/en

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Definitions

  • a first step towards substrate selectivity, shape selectivity, is the key to the success of zeolites as the most important new generation of heterogeneous catalysts.
  • Shape selectivity is understood to mean a chemical product selectivity which is due to the differently restricted mobility of the different product molecules in the pores of the catalyst. The prerequisite is that the pores of the catalyst are only slightly larger in diameter than the product molecules.
  • the formation of para-xylene is achieved by isomerization of xylene mixtures, since the para-xylene can diffuse much faster than the bulky ortho due to its elongated shape in the narrow pore channels of the zeolite - and meta-xylene (DH Olsen, WO Haag, ACS Symp. Ser. 248 (1984) 275).
  • the shape selectivity of zeolites in a large number of different reactions (PB Venuto, Microporous Materials 2 (1994) 297) is attributed to their microporous channel system with pore dimensions the size of molecules.
  • pore size variation is not continuous, but depends on the available crystal type, and is therefore only possible in stages.
  • amorphous microporous mixed metal oxides with an extremely narrow micropore distribution and pore diameters in the range from 0.5-1 nm act in a similar manner to the crystalline zeolites as shape-selective catalysts.
  • Such catalysts can be used to produce t-butyl ether directly from n-alcohols and t-butyl alcohol or isobutene. No formation of t-butyl ether is observed under homogeneous conditions.
  • These materials also catalyze the formation of epoxides by direct oxidation of olefins with 6 or fewer carbon atoms much faster than the formation of the epoxides of larger alkenes.
  • the product composition in the hydrogenating cracking test of decane is comparable to the product distribution which is produced by catalysis with large-pore zeolites, such as Y zeolites, the zeolite beta or SAPO's.
  • catalytically active amorphous microporous mixed metal oxides can be produced by a modified sol-gel process.
  • at least one of the metal components preferably an Si, Ti, Al or Zr derivative, must be in liquid or in solution and that the polycondensation in the sol-gel process should not be under basic conditions ⁇ conditions is carried out. So no membranes are made, rather the resulting gel is gently dried immediately.
  • the invention relates to a process for the production of form-selectively catalytically active, amorphous, microporous mixed metal oxides by the sol-gel process, which is characterized in that at least two hydrolyzable, liquid or dissolved compounds of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium are dissolved one after the other, the clear solution is stirred at pH 0 to 7 with the addition of aqueous acidic catalysts or with the addition of fluoride ions with linear polymerization or polycondensation, the gel obtained O,
  • Heating to 60 to 70 C is gently dried and calcined at low heating speeds at temperatures from 120 to 800 ° C, whereby a midroporous, amorphous glass is obtained.
  • non-ceramic glasses consist of a mixed metal oxide matrix in which at least about 90% of the pores of the material have an effective diameter between 0.3 and 1.2 nm, with essentially the same pore size and with a surface size of over 50 m 2 / g.
  • the hydrolyzable liquid or dissolved compounds are preferably selected from the group Si0 2 , Ti0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitrite and titanium nitrite.
  • the mixed metal oxide matrix contains at least 50% by weight of at least one compound of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium and cerium and up to 50% by weight of one or more metal oxides in an atomic distribution from the group of Metals Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag , Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.
  • the mixed metal oxide matrix can additionally contain up to 5% by weight of at least one of the noble metals Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in highly disperse form in metallic or oxidized state.
  • Acids in particular hydrochloric acid, are preferred as the acid catalysts.
  • the calcination temperature is preferably 250 to 500 ° C.
  • the hydrolyzable soluble compounds are pure alkoxy, mixed alkoxy, alkoxyoxo or acetylacetonate derivatives of the selected metals or metal oxides.
  • the invention further relates to microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses consisting of a mixed metal oxide matrix in which at least about 90% of the pores of the material have an effective diameter of between 0.3 and 1.2 n, with essentially the same Pore size and with a surface size of over 50 m 2 / g.
  • the mixed metal oxide matrix preferably consists of at least two of the oxides of titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium.
  • the mixed metal oxide matrix consists of at least two of the compounds from the group Si0 2 , Ti0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and titanium nitrite.
  • the mixed metal oxide matrix consists of at least 50% by weight of one of the compounds of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium and up to 50% by weight of one or more metal oxides in an atomic distribution from the group of metals Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.
  • the mixed metal oxide matrix can additionally contain up to 5% by weight of at least one of the noble metals Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in highly dispersed form in metallic or oxidized state.
  • the microporous amorphous non-ceramic glasses are obtainable by acidic or fluoride-catalyzed linear polymerization or polycondensation of hydrolyzable, soluble compounds mentioned above, preferably pure alkoxy, mixed alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyoxo or acetylacetonate derivatives of the selected metals or metal oxides pH 0 to 7 in a sol-gel process, followed by mild drying and slow calcining with a final calcining temperature in the range from 120 to 800 ° C., the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses either being made exclusively from the mixed metal oxides or consist of the mixed metal oxides and remaining surface alkyl or alkoxy groups, depending on the selected precursor compound.
  • the invention also relates to shape-selective catalysts consisting of the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic mixed metal oxide glasses defined above.
  • the invention relates to the use of the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic mixed metal oxide glasses or the shape-selective catalysts for the catalysis of isomerization reactions, hydrogenation reactions, selective and unselective oxidation reactions with atmospheric oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides, alkylation reactions, disproportionation reactions, hydrogenation and Dihydrogenation reactions, alcohol formation from olefins, coupling reactions, substitution reactions, cycloaddition or cycloreversion reactions, ether formation, crude oil cracking and hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of alcohols or hydrocarbons, methanol synthesis from synthesis gas or from methane, for coating electrodes in fuel cells or Li + or other ion stores in batteries, for the formation of ultrafiltration and gas separation membranes and for the formation of Analyzers with selective cavities for molecular recognition.
  • the mixed metal oxides obtained in this way differ significantly in their manufacture from the manufacture of microporous membranes (DE-A-41 17 284), in which a thin, continuous membrane is drawn before the gel point is reached by pulling the support membrane out of the sol solution Film is formed on the support membrane, which is converted directly into the microporous membrane by the drying and calcining process described.
  • the use of the membrane also differs fundamentally from the use of the shape-selective catalysts.
  • the membranes are used for the molecular separation of gas and liquid mixtures, in which one of the components to be separated remains as completely as possible on one side of the membrane and cannot or hardly penetrate the membranes, it is essential for shape-selective catalysis that all reactants penetrate the pore system of the catalyst and react in the pores.
  • the membrane catalysts differ from the shape-selective catalysts primarily in that the catalysis with membrane catalysts is based on the selective separation of gas and liquid phases in three-phase reactions and improvements over conventional heterogeneous catalysis in the molecular size-selective exclusion based on unwanted reactants or catalyst poisons.
  • catalyst and membrane properties are used simultaneously, while in the case of shape-selective catalysis, all reaction partners must be present in the pore system.
  • the catalysts described here can be used directly as powder or molded body catalysts using conventional reactor technology for selective heterogeneous catalysis. While when using membranes the selectivity of the catalysis is based on the exclusion of at least one of the reactants from the pore system of the membrane, the presence of all reactants in the pores is absolutely necessary in the catalysts described here.
  • Microporous metal oxides are most similar to the materials described here (W.F. Maier, I.-C. Tilgner, M. Wiedorn, H.-C. Ko, Advanced Materials 5 (1993) 726). These monometal oxides differ from the materials presented here primarily in that the mixed metal components responsible for the catalytic activity are missing as an integral part of the glass matrix. It is new and so far not known that it is possible to produce mixed metal oxides with the narrow microporous distribution comparable to zeolites described here and simultaneous homogeneous mixing of the metal oxide components as thermally and chemically stable materials.
  • the materials presented here also differ from the catalysts for selective cavity catalysis (DE - A - 43 09 660). While the presented materials according to the invention described here cause the selective catalysis due to the restricted mobility of the molecules inside the channel structure, the selective catalysis on molecular impressions is based on the molecular recognition of certain structures. Selective cavity catalysts have to be tailored for a very specific structure and are far more complex to manufacture than the materials now found. The catalyst production differs before all in the fact that, in the case of selective cavity catalysts, copolycondensation has to be carried out with the impression molecule anchored to a monomer unit via a chemical bond, which must be removed from the glass before use as a catalyst. These steps are completely eliminated in the catalysts now found.
  • EP-A-0 492 697 describes the preparation of mixed metal oxides from tetraalkyl silicates and a water-soluble form of a second metal by a basic polycondensation process in the presence of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide.
  • the polymerization begins by the formation of minute particles and the glass thus obtained, although microporous, shows significant formation of mesopores, which can be attributed to the voids between the glass particles. Both the mesopores and the intermediate grain volume are undesirable if shape-selective catalysis is to be achieved.
  • FIG. 1 shows the typical N 2 -Ad desorption isotherm, in which no signs of a second adsorption due to mesopores can be seen.
  • the isotherm of such a material is identical to the isotherm of crystalline zeolites.
  • microporous amorphous mixed metal oxides according to the invention have large surfaces and porosities comparable to those of zeolites. They can be used for the form-selective catalysis of isomerization reactions, hydrogenation reactions, selective and unselective oxidation reactions with atmospheric oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides, alkylation reactions, disproportionation reactions, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, alcohol formation from olefins, coupling reactions, substitution reactions, cycloaddition reactions - Or cycloreversion reactions, ether formation, crude oil cracking and hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of alcohols or hydrocarbons, methanol synthesis from synthesis gas or from methane can be used.
  • They can be used to coat electrodes in fuel cells or Li + or other ion storage devices in batteries. They can also be used as ion exchangers or as adsorbents. They are also suitable for the formation of ultrafiltration and gas separation membranes (DE-A-41 17 284), for the formation of catalysts with selective cavities for molecular recognition (DE-A-43 09 660).
  • the pore size of these microporous glasses can be varied between 0.4-1 nm by changing the alcohol size in polycondensation processes or by changing the drying and calcining process.
  • the hydrophobicity of the inner surface of these materials can be tailored by co-condensation of alkyl metal compounds, preferably alkyl trialkoxysilanes, during the sol-gel process.
  • the material After gel formation has taken place, the material is mixed with a Heating rate of 0.5 ° C / min heated to 65 ° C, kept at 65 ° C for 3 h, heated to 250 ° C with a heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min and a further 3 h at this temperature
  • the adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 542 m 2 / g, pore diameter 0.66 nm.
  • Titania-zirconia-silica glass 10 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 1 ml (BuO) "Zr and 8 ml of ethanol are successively dissolved in each other and 2 ml of 8 N HCl with stirring.
  • the material is heated to 65 ° C with a heating rate of 0.5 ° C / min, held at 65 ° C for 3 h, heated to 250 ° C with a heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min and calcined at this temperature for a further 3 h.
  • the adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 520 m / g, pore diameter 0.75 nm.
  • Shape selectivity of the epoxidation of alkenes 15.8 mmol of alkene, 1 ml of 3N solution of t-butyl hydroperoxide and 50 mg of titanium oxide-silicon oxide glass are stirred at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes and the composition of the product is analyzed using gas chromatography.
  • Shape selectivity to form t-butyl ether 300 mmol of i-butene, 100 mmol of 1-hexanol and 2.5 g of Ti-Si catalyst powder are placed in a 100 ml autoclave at a pressure of 40 bar N 2 and a temperature of 150 ° C 18 h stirred. A conversion of 62% of the n-hexanol with the formation of hexyl-t-butyl ether with a selectivity of 92% was achieved.
  • Shape selectivity to form t-butyl ether 300 mmol of t-butanol, 100 mmol of 1-hexanol and 2.5 g of Ti-Si catalyst powder are placed in a 100 ml autoclave at a pressure of 40 bar N 2 and a temperature of 150 ° C 17 h stirred. A conversion of 17% of the n-hexanol with the formation of hexyl-t-butyl ether with a selectivity of 90% was achieved.
  • Shape selectivity in the hydrocracking of n-decane A microporous amorphous TiSi mixed oxide glass was impregnated with 1% Pt and subjected to the standardized hydrocrack test as described in the literature (JA Martens, M. Tielen, PA Jacobs, J. Weitkamp, Zeolites 4 (1984) 98-107) .
  • the microporous Ti-Si glass showed a constraint index (CI *) of 1.5, an EC8 (% ethyl octane) of 10.3, a PC7 (% 4-propylheptane) of 0.9, a DB iCIO (% double-branched) CIO isomers) of 30, an iC5 (isopentane in the cracked product) of 30.5, and a pore dimension index DI of 14.9.
  • the CI * can be used to estimate the pore size and shows that the pores are larger than in the ZSM12 and smaller than in the Y zeolite.
  • the EC8 confirms that the Bronsted acid centers are located in the pores and that the material behaves similarly to a SAPO-5 zeolite.
  • PC7 shows that the pores are similar to the pores of an FAU zeolite.
  • the DBiClO is similar to that of SAPO-5, which indicates a similar pore system.
  • the iC5 confirms that the glass belongs to the large-pore zeolites.
  • the DI indicates the absence of connected pores.
  • Dean's hydrocrack test shows that the Broensted acidic centers of the glass are in a shape-selective environment.
  • the micropores of the glass have a tubular shape with a pore diameter of 0.7-0.8 nm.

Abstract

The invention concerns the catalytic activity and selectivity of microporous amorphous mixed metal oxide glasses and the use thereof as form-selective heterogeneous catalysts. Microporous amorphous mixed metal oxides (glasses) can be produced by polycondensation of soluble metal compounds. These novel materials remain stable at temperatures of up to 800 °C. In heterogeneous catalytic reactions, the amorphous glasses in question can carry out selective oxidations, hydrations, hydrogenations and condensation catalysis.

Description

Mikroporöse amorphe Mischmetalloxide für formselektive KatalyseMicroporous amorphous mixed metal oxides for shape-selective catalysis
Trotz des großen Fortschritts in der heterogenen Katalyse hat sich die katalytische Selektivität zu einem immer wichtigeren Prüfstein für technische Anwendungen von neuen heterogenen Katalysatoren entwickelt. In allen wichtigen chemischen Produktionsverfahren sind die technischen Selektivitätsgrenzen der derzeitigen Katalysatorengene¬ ration höchstwahrscheinlich erreicht. Hoch entwickelte chemische Reaktionstechniken und Katalysatorverbesserungen durch semi-empirische Katalysatormodifizierung durch Additive, Oberflächenmodifizierung und Porenstrukturopti- mierung sind Stand der Technik in der chemischen Proze߬ entwicklung. Ein erster Schritt zur Substratselektivität, die Formselektivität, ist der Schlüssel zum Erfolg der Zeolithe als bedeutendste neue Generation heterogener Katalysatoren. Unter Formselektivität versteht man eine chemische Produktselektivität, die aufgrund der unter¬ schiedlich eingeschränkten Beweglichkeit von den ver¬ schiedenen Produktmolekülen in den Poren des Katalysators zustande kommt. Voraussetzung ist, daß die Poren des Katalysators in ihrem Durchmesser nur geringfügig größer sind als die Produktmoleküle. So wird zum Beispiel mit dem sauren H-ZSM-5 Zeolith die Bildung von para-Xylol durch Isomerisierung von Xylolgemischen erzielt, da das para- Xylol aufgrund seiner gestreckten Form in den engen Poren¬ kanälen des Zeolithen wesentlich schneller diffundieren kann als das sperrigere ortho- und meta-Xylol (D.H. Olsen, W.O. Haag, ACS Symp. Ser. 248 (1984) 275). Die Formselek¬ tivität von Zeolithen in einer großen Zahl unterschied¬ licher Reaktionen (P.B. Venuto, Microporous Materials 2 (1994) 297) wird auf deren mikroporöses Kanalsystem mit Porenabmessungen in der Größe von Molekülen zurückgeführt. Obwohl die Anzahl der Zeolithstrukturen und die dazu ge- hörigen Porengrößen kontinuierlich zunehmen, wird das ge¬ naue Maßschneidern von Zeolithen durch folgende Fakten eingeschränkt:Despite the great progress in heterogeneous catalysis, catalytic selectivity has become an increasingly important touchstone for technical applications of new heterogeneous catalysts. The technical selectivity limits of the current generation of catalysts have most likely been reached in all important chemical production processes. Highly developed chemical reaction techniques and catalyst improvements through semi-empirical catalyst modification through additives, surface modification and pore structure optimization are state of the art in chemical process development. A first step towards substrate selectivity, shape selectivity, is the key to the success of zeolites as the most important new generation of heterogeneous catalysts. Shape selectivity is understood to mean a chemical product selectivity which is due to the differently restricted mobility of the different product molecules in the pores of the catalyst. The prerequisite is that the pores of the catalyst are only slightly larger in diameter than the product molecules. For example, with the acidic H-ZSM-5 zeolite, the formation of para-xylene is achieved by isomerization of xylene mixtures, since the para-xylene can diffuse much faster than the bulky ortho due to its elongated shape in the narrow pore channels of the zeolite - and meta-xylene (DH Olsen, WO Haag, ACS Symp. Ser. 248 (1984) 275). The shape selectivity of zeolites in a large number of different reactions (PB Venuto, Microporous Materials 2 (1994) 297) is attributed to their microporous channel system with pore dimensions the size of molecules. Although the number of zeolite structures and the due to the increasing pore sizes, the precise tailoring of zeolites is restricted by the following facts:
i) Die Porengrößenvariation ist nicht kontinuierlich, sondern abhängig vom verfügbaren Kristalltyp, und daher nur stufenweise möglich.i) The pore size variation is not continuous, but depends on the available crystal type, and is therefore only possible in stages.
ii) Monomodale Porengrößenverteilungen mit Porendurch¬ messern im Bereich von 0,8 - 1,2 nm sind nicht bekannt.ii) Monomodal pore size distributions with pore diameters in the range from 0.8 to 1.2 nm are not known.
iii) Die Konzentration und der Einbau zweier Elemente in der Zeolithgerüststruktur ist stark eingeschränkt.iii) The concentration and incorporation of two elements in the zeolite framework structure is severely restricted.
Während nur sehr wenige Elemente wie Ti, AI, P, V, sich in der Silikatstruktur isomorph substituieren lassen, ist die mögliche Konzentration im günstigsten Fall bis 50 % er¬ reicht und überschreitet häufig nicht einmal 2 - 3 %. Zeolithe werden bereits für eine große Zahl organischer Reaktionen als selektive heterogene Katalysatoren ein¬ gesetzt (P.B. Venuto, Microporous Materials 2 (1994) 297).While very few elements such as Ti, Al, P, V, can be substituted isomorphically in the silicate structure, the possible concentration in the most favorable case is up to 50% and often does not even exceed 2-3%. Zeolites are already used as selective heterogeneous catalysts for a large number of organic reactions (P.B. Venuto, Microporous Materials 2 (1994) 297).
Wir haben nun gefunden, daß amorphe mikroporöse Misch¬ metalloxide mit einer extrem engen Mikroporenverteilung und Porendurchmessern im Bereich von 0,5-1 nm in ähnlicher Weise wie die kristallinen Zeolithe als formselektive Katalysatoren fungieren. Wir haben gefunden, daß mit solchen Katalysatoren t-Butylether direkt aus n-Alkoholen und t-Butylalkohol oder Isobuten hergestellt werden kön¬ nen. Unter homogenen Bedingungen wird keine t-Butylether- bildung beobachtet. Diese Materialien katalysieren auch die Bildung von Epoxiden durch direkte Oxidation von Ole- finen mit 6 oder weniger Kohlenstoffatomen viel schneller als die Bildung der Epoxide größerer Alkene. Die Produkt¬ zusammensetzung beim hydrierenden Cracktest von Decan ist vergleichbar mit der Produktverteilung , die durch Kata¬ lyse mit großporigen Zeolithen, wie Y-Zeolithen, dem Zeolith Beta oder SAPO's entsteht. Wir haben gefunden, daß solche katalytisch aktiven amorphen mikroporösen Misch¬ metalloxide nach einem modifizierten Sol-Gel-Verfahren hergestellt werden können. Von besonderer Bedeutung für diese Herstellung ist, daß mindestens eine der Metall¬ komponenten, vorzugsweise ein Si, Ti, AI oder Zr-derivat, flüssig oder in Lösung vorliegen muß und daß die Polykon¬ densation im Sol-Gel-Prozeß nicht unter basischen Bedin¬ gungen durchgeführt wird. Es werden also keine Membranen hergestellt, vielmehr wird das entstandene Gel schonend sofort getrocknet. Wir haben durch rheologische Unter¬ suchungen gefunden, daß der Sol-Gel-Prozeß, katalysiert unter sauren bis neutralen Reaktionsbedingungen, mit einer linearen Polymerisation beginnt, so daß im entstehenden Gel die Viskosität zusammen mit der Elastizität zunimmt. Wird ein so erhaltenes Gel nun langsam getrocknet und mit kleinen Aufheizgeschwindigkeiten gebrannt, so entsteht ein mikroporöses Glas, in dem die verschiedenen Metalloxide atomar oder nahezu atomar miteinander vermischt sind, d. h. ohne Domänenbildung der einzelnen Metalloxide. Dieses mikroporöse Glas wird nun zur gewünschten Korngröße ver¬ mählen und repräsentiert den zur formselektiven Katalyse einsetzbaren Katalysator.We have now found that amorphous microporous mixed metal oxides with an extremely narrow micropore distribution and pore diameters in the range from 0.5-1 nm act in a similar manner to the crystalline zeolites as shape-selective catalysts. We have found that such catalysts can be used to produce t-butyl ether directly from n-alcohols and t-butyl alcohol or isobutene. No formation of t-butyl ether is observed under homogeneous conditions. These materials also catalyze the formation of epoxides by direct oxidation of olefins with 6 or fewer carbon atoms much faster than the formation of the epoxides of larger alkenes. The product composition in the hydrogenating cracking test of decane is comparable to the product distribution which is produced by catalysis with large-pore zeolites, such as Y zeolites, the zeolite beta or SAPO's. We have found that such catalytically active amorphous microporous mixed metal oxides can be produced by a modified sol-gel process. Of particular importance for this preparation is that at least one of the metal components, preferably an Si, Ti, Al or Zr derivative, must be in liquid or in solution and that the polycondensation in the sol-gel process should not be under basic conditions ¬ conditions is carried out. So no membranes are made, rather the resulting gel is gently dried immediately. We have found through rheological investigations that the sol-gel process, catalyzed under acidic to neutral reaction conditions, begins with a linear polymerization, so that the viscosity increases with the elasticity in the resulting gel. If a gel obtained in this way is then slowly dried and fired at low heating rates, a microporous glass is formed in which the various metal oxides are mixed with one another in an atomic or almost atomic manner, ie without the individual metal oxides forming a domain. This microporous glass is now ground to the desired grain size and represents the catalyst that can be used for shape-selective catalysis.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung form¬ selektiv katalytisch aktiver, amorpher, mikroporöser Mischmetalloxide nach dem Sol-Gel-Verfahren, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß mindestens zwei hydrolysierbare, flüssige oder gelöste Verbindungen der Elemente Titan, Silicium, Aluminium, Zirkon oder Cer hintereinander in¬ einander gelöst werden, die klare Lösung bei pH 0 bis 7 unter Zusatz wassriger saurer Katalysatoren oder unter Zusatz von Fluoridionen unter linearer Polymerisation oder Polykondensation gerührt werden, das erhaltene Gel durch o,The invention relates to a process for the production of form-selectively catalytically active, amorphous, microporous mixed metal oxides by the sol-gel process, which is characterized in that at least two hydrolyzable, liquid or dissolved compounds of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium are dissolved one after the other, the clear solution is stirred at pH 0 to 7 with the addition of aqueous acidic catalysts or with the addition of fluoride ions with linear polymerization or polycondensation, the gel obtained O,
Erwärmen auf 60 bis 70 C schonend getrocknet wird und mit kleinen Aufheizgeschwindigkeiten bei Temperaturen von 120 bis 800 °C kalziniert wird, wobei ein midroporöses, amorphes Glas erhalten wird.Heating to 60 to 70 C is gently dried and calcined at low heating speeds at temperatures from 120 to 800 ° C, whereby a midroporous, amorphous glass is obtained.
Die erhaltenen mikroporösen, amorphen (mit homogener Ver¬ teilung der Elemente, d.h. homogenes Glas (keine Parti¬ kel)), nicht-keramischen Gläser bestehen aus einer Misch- etalloxidmatrix, in der wenigstens etwa 90 % der Poren des Materials einen effektiven Durchmesser zwischen 0,3 und 1,2 nm haben, mit im wesentlichen gleicher Porengröße und mit einer Oberflächengröße von über 50 m2/g.The microporous, amorphous (with homogeneous distribution of the elements, ie homogeneous glass (no particles)), non-ceramic glasses obtained consist of a mixed metal oxide matrix in which at least about 90% of the pores of the material have an effective diameter between 0.3 and 1.2 nm, with essentially the same pore size and with a surface size of over 50 m 2 / g.
Die hydrolisierbaren flüssigen oder gelösten Verbindungen sind bevorzugt aus der Gruppe Si02, Ti02, Al203, Zirkonoxid, Ceriumoxid, Spinell, Mullit, Siliciumcarbid, Siliciumni- trit und Titannitrit ausgewählt.The hydrolyzable liquid or dissolved compounds are preferably selected from the group Si0 2 , Ti0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitrite and titanium nitrite.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform enthält die Mischme- talloxidmatrix wenigstens 50 Gew.-% wenigstens einer Verbindung der Elemente Titan, Silicium, Aluminium, Zirkon und Cer und bis zu 50 Gew.-% einer oder mehrerer Metall¬ oxide in atomarer Verteilung aus der Gruppe der Metalle Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba.In a further embodiment, the mixed metal oxide matrix contains at least 50% by weight of at least one compound of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium and cerium and up to 50% by weight of one or more metal oxides in an atomic distribution from the group of Metals Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag , Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.
Weiterhin kann die Mischmetalloxidmatrix zusätzlich bis zu 5 Gew.-% wenigstens eines der Edelmetalle Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in hochdisperser Form in metal¬ lischem oder oxidiertem Zustand enthalten.Furthermore, the mixed metal oxide matrix can additionally contain up to 5% by weight of at least one of the noble metals Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in highly disperse form in metallic or oxidized state.
Bevorzugt sind als die sauren Katalysatoren Säuren, insbe¬ sondere Salzsäure.Acids, in particular hydrochloric acid, are preferred as the acid catalysts.
Bevorzugt beträgt die Kalzinierungstemperatur 250 bis 500 o_ In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die hydrolysier- baren löslichen Verbindungen reine Alkoxy-, gemischte Alk- oxy-, Alkoxyoxo- oder Acetylacetonat-Derivate der gewähl¬ ten Metalle oder Metalloxide.The calcination temperature is preferably 250 to 500 ° C. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrolyzable soluble compounds are pure alkoxy, mixed alkoxy, alkoxyoxo or acetylacetonate derivatives of the selected metals or metal oxides.
Die Erfindung betrifft ferner mikroporöse, amorphe, nicht¬ keramische Gläser, bestehend aus einer Mischmetalloxid¬ matrix, in der wenigstens etwa 90 % der Poren des Mate¬ rials einen effektiven Durchmesser zwischen 0,3 und 1,2 n haben, mit im wesentlichen gleicher Porengröße und mit einer Oberflächengröße von über 50 m2/g.The invention further relates to microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses consisting of a mixed metal oxide matrix in which at least about 90% of the pores of the material have an effective diameter of between 0.3 and 1.2 n, with essentially the same Pore size and with a surface size of over 50 m 2 / g.
Bevorzugt besteht die Mischmetalloxidmatrix aus wenigstens zwei der Oxide von Titan, Silicium, Aluminium, Zirkon oder Cer.The mixed metal oxide matrix preferably consists of at least two of the oxides of titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium.
Insbesondere besteht die Mischmetalloxidmatrix aus wenig¬ stens zwei der Verbindungen aus der Gruppe Si02, Ti02, Al203, Zirconiumoxid, Ceriumoxid, Spinell, Mullit, Sili- ciumcarbid, Siliciumnitrid und Titannitrit.In particular, the mixed metal oxide matrix consists of at least two of the compounds from the group Si0 2 , Ti0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and titanium nitrite.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform besteht die Mischmetall¬ oxidmatrix aus wenigstens 50 Gew.-% einer der Verbindungen der Elemente Titan, Silicium, Aluminium, Zirkon oder Cer und bis zu 50 Gew.-% einer oder mehrerer Metalloxide in atomarer Verteilung aus der Gruppe der Metalle Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, und Ba.In a further embodiment, the mixed metal oxide matrix consists of at least 50% by weight of one of the compounds of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium and up to 50% by weight of one or more metal oxides in an atomic distribution from the group of metals Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.
Weiterhin kann die Mischmetalloxidmatrix zusätzlich bis zu 5 Gew.-% wenigstens eines der Edelmetalle Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in hoch-disperser Form in metal¬ lischem oder oxidiertem Zustand enthalten. Die mikroporösen amorphen nicht-keramischen Gläser sind erhältlich durch saure oder Fluorid-katalysierte lineare Polymerisation oder Polykondensation hydrolisierbarer, löslicher, oben genannter Verbindungen, vorzugsweise reinen Alkoxy-, gemischen Alkoxyalkyl-, Alkoxyoxo- oder Acetylacetonat-Derivate der gewählten Metalle oder Me¬ talloxide bei pH 0 bis 7 in einem Sol-Gel-Verfahren, gefolgt von mildem Trocknen und langsamem Kalzinieren mit einer Endkalzinierungstemperatur im Bereich von 120 bis 800 °C, wobei die mikroporösen, amorphen, nicht-kera¬ mischen Gläser entweder ausschließlich aus den gemischten Metalloxiden oder aus den gemischten Metalloxiden und restlichen Oberflächenalkyl- oder -alkoxygruppen in Ab¬ hängigkeit von der gewählten Vorläufer-Verbindung beste¬ hen.Furthermore, the mixed metal oxide matrix can additionally contain up to 5% by weight of at least one of the noble metals Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in highly dispersed form in metallic or oxidized state. The microporous amorphous non-ceramic glasses are obtainable by acidic or fluoride-catalyzed linear polymerization or polycondensation of hydrolyzable, soluble compounds mentioned above, preferably pure alkoxy, mixed alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyoxo or acetylacetonate derivatives of the selected metals or metal oxides pH 0 to 7 in a sol-gel process, followed by mild drying and slow calcining with a final calcining temperature in the range from 120 to 800 ° C., the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses either being made exclusively from the mixed metal oxides or consist of the mixed metal oxides and remaining surface alkyl or alkoxy groups, depending on the selected precursor compound.
Die Erfindung betrifft auch formselektive Katalysatoren, bestehend aus den vorstehend definierten mikroporösen, amorphen, nicht-keramischen Mischmetalloxidgläsern.The invention also relates to shape-selective catalysts consisting of the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic mixed metal oxide glasses defined above.
Schließlich betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung der mikroporösen, amorphen, nicht-keramischen Mischmetall¬ oxidgläsern bzw. der formselektiven Katalysatoren zur Katalyse von Isomerisierungsreaktionen, Hydrierreaktionen, selektiven und unselektiven Oxidationsreaktionen mit Luft¬ sauerstoff, Wasserstoffperoxid oder organischen Peroxiden, Alkylierungsreaktionen, Disproportionierungsreaktionen, Hydrier- und Dihydrierreaktionen, Alkoholbildung aus Olefinen, Kupplungsreaktionen, Substitutionsreaktionen, Cycloadditions- oder Cycloreversionsreaktionen, Ether- bildung, Rohölcracking und Hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch- Synthese von Alkoholen oder Kohlenwasserstoffen, Methanol¬ synthese aus Synthesegas oder aus Methan, zur Beschichtung von Elektroden in Brennstoffzellen oder Li+ oder anderen Ionenspeichern in Batterien, zur Bildung von Ultrafil¬ tration- und Gastrennmembranen und zur Bildung von Kata- lysatoren mit selektiven Hohlräumen zur molekularen Er¬ kennung.Finally, the invention relates to the use of the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic mixed metal oxide glasses or the shape-selective catalysts for the catalysis of isomerization reactions, hydrogenation reactions, selective and unselective oxidation reactions with atmospheric oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides, alkylation reactions, disproportionation reactions, hydrogenation and Dihydrogenation reactions, alcohol formation from olefins, coupling reactions, substitution reactions, cycloaddition or cycloreversion reactions, ether formation, crude oil cracking and hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of alcohols or hydrocarbons, methanol synthesis from synthesis gas or from methane, for coating electrodes in fuel cells or Li + or other ion stores in batteries, for the formation of ultrafiltration and gas separation membranes and for the formation of Analyzers with selective cavities for molecular recognition.
Die so erhaltenen Mischmetalloxide unterscheiden sich schon in der Herstellung deutlich von der Herstellung mikroporöser Membranen (DE -A - 41 17 284), bei denen noch vor Erreichen des Gel-Punktes durch Herausziehen der Trä¬ germembran aus der Sol-Lösung ein dünner, kontinuierlicher Film auf der Trägermembran gebildet wird, der sich durch den beschriebenen Trocknungs- und Kalzinierprozeß direkt in die mikroporöse Membran umwandelt. Auch die Anwendung der Membran unterscheidet sich grundsätzlich von der An¬ wendung der formselektiven Katalysatoren. Während die Membranen zur molekularen Trennung von Gas- und Flüs¬ sigkeitsgemischen genutzt werden, bei der eine der abzu¬ trennenden Komponenten möglichst vollständig auf einer Seite der Membran verbleibt und die Membranen nicht oder kaum penetrieren kann, ist es für die formselektive Kata¬ lyse essentiell, daß alle Reaktanden das Porensystem des Katalysators penetrieren und iri den Poren zur Reaktion kommen.The mixed metal oxides obtained in this way differ significantly in their manufacture from the manufacture of microporous membranes (DE-A-41 17 284), in which a thin, continuous membrane is drawn before the gel point is reached by pulling the support membrane out of the sol solution Film is formed on the support membrane, which is converted directly into the microporous membrane by the drying and calcining process described. The use of the membrane also differs fundamentally from the use of the shape-selective catalysts. While the membranes are used for the molecular separation of gas and liquid mixtures, in which one of the components to be separated remains as completely as possible on one side of the membrane and cannot or hardly penetrate the membranes, it is essential for shape-selective catalysis that all reactants penetrate the pore system of the catalyst and react in the pores.
Die hier beschriebenen neuen Materialien unterscheiden sich ebenso wie die soeben beschrieben in der Herstellung von den mikroporösen Membrankatalysatoren (DE - A - 43 03 610). In der Anwendung unterscheiden sich die Membran¬ katalysatoren von den formselektiven Katalysatoren vor allem darin, daß die Katalyse mit Membrankatalysatoren auf der selektiven Trennung von Gas- und Flüssigphase in Drei¬ phasenreaktionen beruht und Verbesserungen gegenüber her¬ kömmlicher heterogener Katalyse in dem molekülgrößenselek- tiven Ausschluß von unerwünschten Reaktionspartnern oder Katalysatσrgiften beruht. In der Membrankatalyse werden Katalysator- und Membraneigenschaften gleichzeitig ge¬ nutzt, während bei formselektiver Katalyse alle Reaktions¬ partner im Porensystem anwesend sein müssen. Im Unter- schied zur Membrankatalyse können die hier beschriebenen Katalysatoren direkt als Pulver- oder Formkörper-Katalysa¬ toren unter Verwendung herkömmlicher Reaktortechnologie zur selektiven heterogenen Katalyse eingesetzt werden. Während beim Einsatz von Membranen die Selektivität der Katalyse auf dem Ausschluß mindestens eines der Reaktanden aus dem Porensystem der Membran beruht, ist in den hier beschriebenen Katalysatoren die Anwesenheit aller Reak¬ tanden in den Poren zwingend notwendig.The new materials described here, just like those just described, differ in their manufacture from the microporous membrane catalysts (DE-A-43 03 610). In application, the membrane catalysts differ from the shape-selective catalysts primarily in that the catalysis with membrane catalysts is based on the selective separation of gas and liquid phases in three-phase reactions and improvements over conventional heterogeneous catalysis in the molecular size-selective exclusion based on unwanted reactants or catalyst poisons. In membrane catalysis, catalyst and membrane properties are used simultaneously, while in the case of shape-selective catalysis, all reaction partners must be present in the pore system. In the lower In contrast to membrane catalysis, the catalysts described here can be used directly as powder or molded body catalysts using conventional reactor technology for selective heterogeneous catalysis. While when using membranes the selectivity of the catalysis is based on the exclusion of at least one of the reactants from the pore system of the membrane, the presence of all reactants in the pores is absolutely necessary in the catalysts described here.
Die größte Ähnlichkeit mit den hier beschriebenen Mate- rialen besitzen die mikroporösen Metalloxide (W.F. Maier, I.-C. Tilgner, M. Wiedorn, H.-C. Ko, Advanced Materials 5 (1993) 726). Diese Monometalloxide unterscheiden sich von den hier vorgestellten Materialien vor allem dadurch, daß die für die katalytische Aktivität verantwortlichen Misch¬ metallkomponenten als integraler Bestandteil der Glas¬ matrix fehlen. Es ist neu und bisher nicht bekannt, daß es möglich ist, Mischmetalloxide mit der hier beschriebenen, mit Zeolithen vergleichbaren engen Mikroporenverteilung und gleichzeitiger homogener Vermischung der Metalloxid¬ komponenten als thermisch und chemisch stabile Materialien herzustellen.Microporous metal oxides are most similar to the materials described here (W.F. Maier, I.-C. Tilgner, M. Wiedorn, H.-C. Ko, Advanced Materials 5 (1993) 726). These monometal oxides differ from the materials presented here primarily in that the mixed metal components responsible for the catalytic activity are missing as an integral part of the glass matrix. It is new and so far not known that it is possible to produce mixed metal oxides with the narrow microporous distribution comparable to zeolites described here and simultaneous homogeneous mixing of the metal oxide components as thermally and chemically stable materials.
Die hier vorgestellten Materialien unterscheiden sich auch von den Katalysatoren zur selektiven Hohlraumkatalyse (DE - A - 43 09 660). Während die erfindungsgemäßen hier be¬ schriebenen vorgestellten Materialien die selektive Kata¬ lyse durch die eingeschränkte Beweglichkeit der Moleküle im Inneren der Kanalstruktur verursachen, beruht die selektive Katalyse an molekularen Abdrücken auf der mole¬ kularen Erkennung bestimmter Strukturen. Selektive Hohl¬ raumkatalysatoren müssen für eine ganz bestimmte Struktur maßgeschneidert werden und sind in ihrer Herstellung wesentlich aufwendiger als die jetzt gefundenen Materia¬ lien. Die Katalysatorherstellung unterscheidet sich vor allem darin, daß bei selektiven Hohlraumkatalysatoren eine Copolykondensation mit dem, an einer Monomereinheit über eine chemische Bindung verankerten Abdrucksmolekül zu er¬ folgen hat, welches vor dem Einsatz als Katalysator aus dem Glas enfernt werden muß. Diese Schritte entfallen bei den jetzt gefundenen Katalysatoren vollständig.The materials presented here also differ from the catalysts for selective cavity catalysis (DE - A - 43 09 660). While the presented materials according to the invention described here cause the selective catalysis due to the restricted mobility of the molecules inside the channel structure, the selective catalysis on molecular impressions is based on the molecular recognition of certain structures. Selective cavity catalysts have to be tailored for a very specific structure and are far more complex to manufacture than the materials now found. The catalyst production differs before all in the fact that, in the case of selective cavity catalysts, copolycondensation has to be carried out with the impression molecule anchored to a monomer unit via a chemical bond, which must be removed from the glass before use as a catalyst. These steps are completely eliminated in the catalysts now found.
Die katalytische Aktivität von amorphen Mischmetalloxiden ist allgemein bekannt. In der EP - A - 0 492 697 wird zum Beispiel die Herstellung von Mischmetalloxiden aus Tetra- alkylsilikaten und einer wasserlöslichen Form eines zwei¬ ten Metalles durch ein basisches Polykondensationsver- fahren in der Gegenwart von Tetraalkylammoniumhydroxid be¬ schrieben. In diesem Verfahren beginnt die Polymerisation durch die Bildung kleinster Teilchen und das so erhaltene Glas, obwohl mikroporös, zeigt signifikante Bildung von Mesoporen, die auf die Hohlräume zwischen den Glasteilchen zurückgeführt werden können. Beides, die Mesoporen und das Zwischenkornvolumen sind unerwünscht, wenn formselektive Katalyse erzielt werden soll. Wir haben nun gefunden, daß säurekatalysierte Polycokondensation von Tetraalkylsili- katen von bis zu 50 % eines löslichen zweiten Metallsalzes zur Herstellung mikroporöser Gläser ohne Mesoporenkonta- mination herangezogen werden kann. Abbildung 1 zeigt die typische N2-Ad-Desorptions-Isotherme, in welcher keine An¬ zeichen einer zweiten Adsorption aufgrund von Mesoporen erkennbar ist. Die Isotherme eines solchen Materials ist identisch mit der Isotherme kristalliner Zeolithe.The catalytic activity of amorphous mixed metal oxides is generally known. For example, EP-A-0 492 697 describes the preparation of mixed metal oxides from tetraalkyl silicates and a water-soluble form of a second metal by a basic polycondensation process in the presence of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide. In this process, the polymerization begins by the formation of minute particles and the glass thus obtained, although microporous, shows significant formation of mesopores, which can be attributed to the voids between the glass particles. Both the mesopores and the intermediate grain volume are undesirable if shape-selective catalysis is to be achieved. We have now found that acid-catalyzed polycocondensation of tetraalkyl silicates of up to 50% of a soluble second metal salt can be used for the production of microporous glasses without contamination with mesopores. Figure 1 shows the typical N 2 -Ad desorption isotherm, in which no signs of a second adsorption due to mesopores can be seen. The isotherm of such a material is identical to the isotherm of crystalline zeolites.
Der Unterschied zwischen unseren Materialien und den Mate¬ rialien, hergestellt nach EP - A - 0 492 697 ist, daß unsere Materialien im pH-Bereich 0 - 7 und ohne Template hergestellt werden. Unsere Materialien zeigen eine saubere monomodale Porengrößenverteilung in der Adsorptions- und Desorptionsisotherme, während ein Material, hergestellt nach EP - A - 0 492 697 einen deutlichen Anteil esopo- röser Flaschenhalsporen, erkennbar in der N2-Desorptions- isotherme, aufweist. Bei atomarer Auflösung in der Durch¬ dringungselektronenmikroskopie zeigt sich unser Material immer noch als homogenes Glas (Abb. 2 - 1272), während das Material nach EP - A - 0 492 697 sich aus verschmolzenen Teilchen (Abb. 3 - 1658) zusammensetzt, was darauf hin¬ weist, daß zu Beginn die Polykondensation nach dem be¬ kannten Verfahren von Teilchenwachstum dominiert wird, während unter erfindungsgemäßen Bedingungen die Ma¬ terialbildung durch lineare Polymerisation dominiert.. Bei der Bildung von t-Butylether aus Isobuten in n-Hexanol zeigt das als bekannt beschriebene Material unter unseren Standardbedingungen nur die halbe Aktivität unserer mikro¬ porösen Gläser.The difference between our materials and the materials manufactured according to EP - A - 0 492 697 is that our materials are manufactured in the pH range 0 - 7 and without a template. Our materials show a clean monomodal pore size distribution in the adsorption and desorption isotherm, while a material made according to EP - A - 0 492 697 has a significant proportion of esopo rosy bottle neck pores, recognizable in the N 2 desorption isotherm. At atomic resolution in penetrating electron microscopy, our material still shows up as homogeneous glass (Fig. 2 - 1272), while the material according to EP - A - 0 492 697 is composed of fused particles (Fig. 3 - 1658), which indicates that at the beginning the polycondensation is dominated by particle growth according to the known method, whereas under the conditions according to the invention the material formation is dominated by linear polymerization. This shows in the formation of t-butyl ether from isobutene in n-hexanol as known material under our standard conditions only half the activity of our microporous glasses.
Die erfindungsgemäßen mikroporösen amorphen Mischmetall¬ oxide besitzen große Oberflächen und Porositäten ver¬ gleichbar mit denen von Zeolithen. Sie können zur form¬ selektiven Katalyse von Isomerisierungsreaktionen, Hy¬ drierreaktionen, selektive und unselelektive Oxida- tionsreaktionen mit Luftsauerstoff, Wasserstoffperoxid oder organischen Peroxiden, Alkylierungsreaktionen, Disproportinierungsreaktionen, Hydrier- und Dehydrier- reaktionen, Alkoholbildung aus Olefinen, Kupplungsreak¬ tionen, Substitutionsreaktionen, Cycloadditions- oder Cycloreversionsreaktionen, Etherbildung, Rohölcracking und Hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese von Alkoholen oder Kohlenwasserstoffen, Methanolsynthese aus Synthesegas oder aus Methan eingesetzt werden. Sie können zur Beschichtung von Elektroden in Brennstoffzellen oder Li+ oder anderen Ionenspeichern in Batterien Einsatz finden. Sie können auch als Ionenaustauscher oder als Adsorptionsmittel Ver¬ wendung finden. Sie eignen sich auch für die Bildung von Ultrafiltration und Gastrennmembranen (DE - A - 41 17 284), für die Bildung von Katalysatoren mit selektiven Hohlräumen zur molekularen Erkennung (DE - A -43 09 660). Die Porengröße dieser mikroporösen Gläser kann zwischen 0,4 - 1 nm durch Änderung der Alkoholgröße in Polykon- densationsprozessen oder durch verändertes Trocknungs- und Kalzinierverfahren variiert werden. Die Hydrophobizitat der inneren Oberfläche dieser Materialien kann durch Co- kondensation von Alkylmetallverbindungen, vorzugsweise Alkyltrialkoxysilanen während des Sol-Gel-Prozesses ma߬ geschneidert werden.The microporous amorphous mixed metal oxides according to the invention have large surfaces and porosities comparable to those of zeolites. They can be used for the form-selective catalysis of isomerization reactions, hydrogenation reactions, selective and unselective oxidation reactions with atmospheric oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides, alkylation reactions, disproportionation reactions, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, alcohol formation from olefins, coupling reactions, substitution reactions, cycloaddition reactions - Or cycloreversion reactions, ether formation, crude oil cracking and hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of alcohols or hydrocarbons, methanol synthesis from synthesis gas or from methane can be used. They can be used to coat electrodes in fuel cells or Li + or other ion storage devices in batteries. They can also be used as ion exchangers or as adsorbents. They are also suitable for the formation of ultrafiltration and gas separation membranes (DE-A-41 17 284), for the formation of catalysts with selective cavities for molecular recognition (DE-A-43 09 660). The pore size of these microporous glasses can be varied between 0.4-1 nm by changing the alcohol size in polycondensation processes or by changing the drying and calcining process. The hydrophobicity of the inner surface of these materials can be tailored by co-condensation of alkyl metal compounds, preferably alkyl trialkoxysilanes, during the sol-gel process.
Herstellung der Titandioxid-Siliziumdioxid-Gläser mit unterschiedlicher Titan-Verbindung:Manufacture of titanium dioxide-silicon dioxide glasses with different titanium compounds:
Beispiel 1example 1
10 ml Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS), 0,14 ml (EtO) Ti und 8 ml Ethanol werden hintereinander ineinander gelöst und 1,6 ml 8 n HCl unter Rühren zugegeben. Nach erfolgter Gel-Bildung wird das Material auf 65 °C mit einer Heizrate von 0,5 °C/min aufgeheizt, 3 h bei 65 °C gehalten, mit einer Heiz¬ rate von 0,2 °C/min auf 250 °C aufgeheizt und weitere 3 h bei dieser Temperatur kalziniert. Die Ad- Desorptions- isothermen zeigen, daß das Material eine echte monomodale Mikroporenverteilung besitzt, BET: 471 m2/g, Porendurch¬ messer 0,67 n .10 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 0.14 ml (EtO) Ti and 8 ml of ethanol are successively dissolved in one another and 1.6 ml of 8N HCl are added with stirring. After gel formation, the material is heated to 65 ° C. at a heating rate of 0.5 ° C./min, kept at 65 ° C. for 3 hours and at a heating rate of 0.2 ° C./min to 250 ° C. heated and calcined at this temperature for a further 3 h. The adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 471 m 2 / g, pore diameter 0.67 n.
Beispiel 2Example 2
Andere Titantetraalkoholate sind brauchbar. 46,3-x mmol TEOS, x m ol (iPrO)ATi, wobei x = 0 bis 43,3 mmol betragen kann, und 140 mmol Ethanol werden hinter¬ einander ineinander gelöst und 2 ml 8 n HCl unter Rühren zugegeben. Die Mischung wird 3 Tage bei Raumtemperatur gehalten. Nach erfolgter Gel-Bildung wird das Material auf 65 °C mit einer Heizrate von 0,5 °C/min aufgeheizt, 3 h bei 65 °C gehalten, mit einer Heizrate von 0,2 °C/min auf 250 °C aufgeheizt und weitere 3 h bei dieser Temperatur kalziniert. Die Ad- Desorptionsisother en zeigen, daß das Material eine echte monomodale Mikroporenverteilung be¬ sitzt, BET: 180 (60 % Ti) bis 600 (3 % Ti) m2/g, Poren¬ durchmesser 0,73-0,8 nm.Other titanium tetra alcoholates are useful. 46.3-x mmol of TEOS, xm ol (iPrO) A Ti, where x = 0 to 43.3 mmol, and 140 mmol of ethanol are successively dissolved in one another and 2 ml of 8N HCl are added with stirring. The mixture is kept at room temperature for 3 days. After gel formation, the material is heated to 65 ° C with a heating rate of 0.5 ° C / min, held at 65 ° C for 3 h, heated to 250 ° C with a heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min and calcined at this temperature for a further 3 h. The adsorption isotherms show that the Material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 180 (60% Ti) to 600 (3% Ti) m 2 / g, pore diameter 0.73-0.8 nm.
Beispiel 3Example 3
Vanadinoxid-Siliziumdioxid-GlasVanadium oxide-silica glass
10 ml Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS), 1,2 g Vanadylacetylacetonat (0=V(AcAc)2 und 8 ml Ethanol werden hintereinander inein¬ ander gelöst und 2 ml 8 n HCl unter Rühren zugegeben. Nach erfolgter Gel-Bildung wird das Material mit einer Heizrate von 0,5 °C/min auf 65 °C aufgeheizt, 3 h bei 65 °C gehal¬ ten, mit einer Heizrate von 0,2 °C/min auf 250 °C aufge¬ heizt und weitere 3 h bei dieser Temperatur kalziniert. Die Ad- Desorptionsisothermen zeigen, daß das Material eine echte monomodale Mikroporenverteilung besitzt, BET: 542 m2/g, Porendurchmesser 0,66 nm.10 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 1.2 g of vanadylacetylacetonate (0 = V (AcAc) 2 and 8 ml of ethanol are successively dissolved in one another and 2 ml of 8N HCl are added with stirring. After gel formation has taken place, the material is mixed with a Heating rate of 0.5 ° C / min heated to 65 ° C, kept at 65 ° C for 3 h, heated to 250 ° C with a heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min and a further 3 h at this temperature The adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 542 m 2 / g, pore diameter 0.66 nm.
Beispiel 4Example 4
Zirkondioxid-Siliziumdioxid-GlasZirconia-silica glass
10 ml Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS), 1 ml (BuO)4Zr und 8,4 ml Ethanol werden hintereinander ineinander gelöst und 2 ml 2 n HCl unter Rühren zugegeben. Nach erfolgter Gel-Bildung wird das Material auf 65 °C mit einer Heizrate von 0,5 °C/min aufgeheizt, 3 h bei 65 °C gehalten, mit einer Heizrate von 0,2 °C/min auf 250 °C aufgeheizt und weitere 3 h bei dieser Temperatur kalziniert. Die Ad- Desorptions¬ isothermen zeigen, daß das Material eine echte monomodale Mikroporenverteilung besitzt, BET: 240 m2/g, Porendurch¬ messer 0,65 nm.10 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 1 ml (BuO) 4 Zr and 8.4 ml of ethanol are successively dissolved in one another and 2 ml of 2N HCl are added with stirring. After gel formation, the material is heated to 65 ° C with a heating rate of 0.5 ° C / min, held at 65 ° C for 3 h, heated to 250 ° C with a heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min and calcined at this temperature for a further 3 h. The adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 240 m 2 / g, pore diameter 0.65 nm.
Beispiel 5Example 5
Aluminiumoxid-Siliziumdioxid-GlasAlumina-silica glass
27,5 ml (EtO)4Si , 0,45 ml Triisobutylaluminium, 2,01 ml tetra-n-Propoxyzirkonium und 25 ml Ethanol werden hinter¬ einander ineinander gelöst und 4,5 ml 0,4 n HCl unter Rühren während 10 min zugegeben. Dabei steigt die Tem- peratur bis auf 60 °C Nach erfolgter Gel-Bildung und langsamer Vortrocknung bei Raumtemperatur wird das Ma¬ terial auf 65 °C mit einer Heizrate von 0,5 °C/min auf¬ geheizt, 3 h bei 65 °C gehalten, mit einer Heizrate von 0,2 °C/min auf 300 °C aufgeheizt und weitere 3 h bei dieser Temperatur kalziniert. Die Ad- Desorptionsiso- thermen zeigen, daß das Material eine echte monomodale Mikroporenverteilung besitzt, BET: 280 m2/g, Porendurch¬ messer 0,7 nm.27.5 ml (EtO) 4 Si, 0.45 ml triisobutyl aluminum, 2.01 ml tetra-n-propoxyzirconium and 25 ml ethanol are successively dissolved in one another and 4.5 ml 0.4 N HCl with stirring for 10 min admitted. The temperature rises temperature up to 60 ° C. After gel formation and slow predrying at room temperature, the material is heated to 65 ° C. at a heating rate of 0.5 ° C./min, held at 65 ° C. for 3 hours, with a Heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min heated to 300 ° C and calcined at this temperature for a further 3 h. The adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 280 m 2 / g, pore diameter 0.7 nm.
Beispiel 6Example 6
Titandioxid-Zirkondioxid-Siliziumdioxid-Glas 10 ml Tetraethoxysilan (TEOS), 1 ml (BuO)«Zr und 8 ml Ethanol werden hintereinander ineinander gelöst und 2 ml 8 n HCl unter Rühren zugegeben. Nach erfolgter Gel-Bildung wird das Material auf 65 °C mit einer Heizrate von 0,5 °C/min aufgeheizt, 3 h bei 65 °C gehalten, mit einer Heizrate von 0,2 °C/min auf 250 °C aufgeheizt und weitere 3 h bei dieser Temperatur kalziniert. Die Ad- Desorptions- isothermen zeigen, daß das Material eine echte monomodale Mikroporenverteilung besitzt, BET: 520 m/g, Porendurch¬ messer 0,75 nm.Titania-zirconia-silica glass 10 ml of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 1 ml (BuO) "Zr and 8 ml of ethanol are successively dissolved in each other and 2 ml of 8 N HCl with stirring. After gel formation, the material is heated to 65 ° C with a heating rate of 0.5 ° C / min, held at 65 ° C for 3 h, heated to 250 ° C with a heating rate of 0.2 ° C / min and calcined at this temperature for a further 3 h. The adsorption isotherms show that the material has a true monomodal microporous distribution, BET: 520 m / g, pore diameter 0.75 nm.
Beispiel 7Example 7
Formselektivität der Epoxidation von Alkenen 15,8 mmol Alken, 1 ml 3 n Lösung t-Butylhydroperoxid und 50 mg Titanoxid-Siliziumoxid-Glas werden bei 80 °C 15 min gerührt und die Zusammensetzung des Produktes mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie analysiert. Die relative Umwandlung der einzelnen Alkene in Epoxide bezogen auf die langsamste Reaktion gleich 1 wird in Klammern angegeben: 1-Hexen (9), 1-Hepten (3), 1-Octen (4), 1-Nonen (3), 1-Decen (3), 1-Do- decen (2), 1-Pentadecen (1), Cyclohexen (9), Cyclohepten (2), Cycloocten (1) und Cyclodecen (1). Da die verschie¬ denen endständigen und die verschiedenen Cyclo-Alkene in etwa die gleiche Reaktivität unter homogenen Bedingungen der Epoxibildung haben, weisen die Resultate auf eine starke Bevorzugung der Epoxibildung der kleinen Alkene hin, was auf eine molekulare Formselektivität weist, ver¬ ursacht durch monomodale Mikroporen des Glases .Shape selectivity of the epoxidation of alkenes 15.8 mmol of alkene, 1 ml of 3N solution of t-butyl hydroperoxide and 50 mg of titanium oxide-silicon oxide glass are stirred at 80 ° C. for 15 minutes and the composition of the product is analyzed using gas chromatography. The relative conversion of the individual alkenes into epoxies based on the slowest reaction equal to 1 is given in parentheses: 1-hexene (9), 1-heptene (3), 1-octene (4), 1-nonen (3), 1- Decene (3), 1-do- decene (2), 1-pentadecene (1), cyclohexene (9), cycloheptene (2), cyclooctene (1) and cyclodecene (1). Since the various terminal and the different cyclo-alkenes have approximately the same reactivity under homogeneous conditions of epoxy formation, the results indicate a strong preference for the epoxy formation of the small alkenes, which indicates a molecular shape selectivity, caused by monomodal micropores of the glass.
Beispiel 8Example 8
Formselektivität zur Bildung von t-Butylether In einem 100 ml Autoklav werden 300 mmol i-Buten, 100 mmol 1-Hexanol und 2,5 g Ti-Si-Katalysatorpulver bei einem Druck von 40 bar N2 und einer Temperatur von 150 °C 18 h gerührt. Es wurde eine Umformung von 62 % des n-Hexanol unter Bildung von Hexyl-t-buthylether mit einer Selek¬ tivität von 92 % erzielt.Shape selectivity to form t-butyl ether 300 mmol of i-butene, 100 mmol of 1-hexanol and 2.5 g of Ti-Si catalyst powder are placed in a 100 ml autoclave at a pressure of 40 bar N 2 and a temperature of 150 ° C 18 h stirred. A conversion of 62% of the n-hexanol with the formation of hexyl-t-butyl ether with a selectivity of 92% was achieved.
Beispiel 9Example 9
Formselektivität zur Bildung von t-Butylether In einem 100 ml Autoklav werden 300 mmol t-Butanol, 100 mmol 1-Hexanol und 2,5 g Ti-Si-Katalysatorpulver bei einem Druck von 40 bar N2 und einer Temperatur von 150 °C 17 h gerührt. Es wurde eine Umformung von 17 % des n-Hexanol unter Bildung von Hexyl-t-buthylether mit einer Selekti¬ vität von 90 % erzielt.Shape selectivity to form t-butyl ether 300 mmol of t-butanol, 100 mmol of 1-hexanol and 2.5 g of Ti-Si catalyst powder are placed in a 100 ml autoclave at a pressure of 40 bar N 2 and a temperature of 150 ° C 17 h stirred. A conversion of 17% of the n-hexanol with the formation of hexyl-t-butyl ether with a selectivity of 90% was achieved.
Beispiel 10Example 10
Formselektivität beim Hydrocracking von n-Decan. Ein mikroporöses amorphes TiSi-Mischoxid-Glas wurde mit 1 % Pt impregniert und dem standardisierten Hydrocracktest wie in der Literatur beschrieben (J.A. Martens, M. Tielen, P.A. Jacobs, J. Weitkamp, Zeolites 4 (1984) 98-107) ausge¬ setzt. Das mikroporöse Ti-Si-Glas zeigte einen Constraint Index (CI*) von 1,5, einen EC8 (% Ethyloctan) von 10,3, einen PC7 (% 4-Propylheptan) von 0,9, einen DB iCIO (% doppeltverzweigte CIO-Isomere) von 30, einen iC5 (Isopen- tane im Crackprodukt) von 30,5, und einen Porendimensions¬ index DI von 14,9. Der CI* kann zur Porengrößenabschätzung herangezogen werden und zeigt, daß die Poren größer sind als im ZSM12 und kleiner als im Y-Zeolithen. Der EC8 be¬ stätigt, daß die Bronsted-sauren Zentren in den Poren lokalisiert sind und daß sich das Material ähnlich wie ein SAPO-5-Zeolith verhält. PC7 zeigt, daß die Poren ähnlich den Poren eines FAU-Zeolithen sind. Der DBiClO ist ähnlich dem von SAPO-5, was auf ein ähnliches Porensystem weist. Der iC5 bestätigt, daß das Glas zu den großporigen Zeo¬ lithen gehört. Der DI weist auf die Abwesenheit von ver¬ bundenen Poren. Insgesamt zeigt der Hydrocrack-Test von Dekan, daß die Broensted-sauren Zentren des Glases sich in einer formselektiven Umgebung befinden. Die Mikroporen des Glases haben eine röhrenartige Form mit einem Porendurch¬ messer von 0,7-0,8 nm.Shape selectivity in the hydrocracking of n-decane. A microporous amorphous TiSi mixed oxide glass was impregnated with 1% Pt and subjected to the standardized hydrocrack test as described in the literature (JA Martens, M. Tielen, PA Jacobs, J. Weitkamp, Zeolites 4 (1984) 98-107) . The microporous Ti-Si glass showed a constraint index (CI *) of 1.5, an EC8 (% ethyl octane) of 10.3, a PC7 (% 4-propylheptane) of 0.9, a DB iCIO (% double-branched) CIO isomers) of 30, an iC5 (isopentane in the cracked product) of 30.5, and a pore dimension index DI of 14.9. The CI * can be used to estimate the pore size and shows that the pores are larger than in the ZSM12 and smaller than in the Y zeolite. The EC8 confirms that the Bronsted acid centers are located in the pores and that the material behaves similarly to a SAPO-5 zeolite. PC7 shows that the pores are similar to the pores of an FAU zeolite. The DBiClO is similar to that of SAPO-5, which indicates a similar pore system. The iC5 confirms that the glass belongs to the large-pore zeolites. The DI indicates the absence of connected pores. Overall, Dean's hydrocrack test shows that the Broensted acidic centers of the glass are in a shape-selective environment. The micropores of the glass have a tubular shape with a pore diameter of 0.7-0.8 nm.
Beispiel 11Example 11
Herstellung eines 2 mol% In in Si Mischoxidkatalysators: 0,471 g Indiumnitrat wurden in einem 50 ml PP-Becher in 14 ml Ethanol unter Rühren gelöst. Nach der langsamen Zugabe von 20 ml TEOS wurden 3,49 ml 8 N HCl zugetropft. Die klare Lösung wurde dann weiter für mehrere Tage gerührt, bis Gelierung eintrat. Das transparente Glas wurde dann in kleinere Stücke gebrochen und an der Luft bei 250 °C für 10 h kalziniert (Aufheizgeschwindigkeit 2,5 °C/min). Nach der Kalzinierung wurden die Katalysatorteilchen auf eine Partikelgröße < 200 μ gemahlen.Preparation of a 2 mol% In in Si mixed oxide catalyst: 0.471 g indium nitrate were dissolved in 14 ml ethanol in a 50 ml PP beaker with stirring. After the slow addition of 20 ml of TEOS, 3.49 ml of 8 N HCl were added dropwise. The clear solution was then further stirred for several days until gelation occurred. The transparent glass was then broken into smaller pieces and calcined in air at 250 ° C for 10 h (heating rate 2.5 ° C / min). After the calcination, the catalyst particles were ground to a particle size <200 μ.
Beispiel 12Example 12
Selektive Oxidation von Propen mit Luft zu 1,5-Hexadien: 50 mg des 2 % In in Si Mischoxidkatalysators (Beispiel 11) wurden in der Mitte des Quartzrohrs eines Gasphasen- strömungsreaktors (Länge 30 cm, innerer Durchmesser 4 mm) dicht gepackt und auf die Reaktionstemperatur von 590 °C erhitzt, während die Gasmischung aus 90 vol% Propen und 10 % Luft (Strömungsgeschw. (Propen) = 37,8 ml/min; (Luft) = 4,2 ml/min) kontinuierlich durch das Katalysatorbett strömte. Nachdem sich ein stationärer Zustand eingestellt hatte, wurde die Produktgasmischung in einer Kühlfalle bei -78 °C ausgefroren und gaschromatographisch analysiert. Es ergab sich bei einem Propenumsatz von 5-10 % eine 1,5- Hexadienselektivität von 96 %.Selective oxidation of propene with air to 1,5-hexadiene: 50 mg of the 2% In in Si mixed oxide catalyst (Example 11) were packed tightly in the middle of the quartz tube of a gas phase flow reactor (length 30 cm, inner diameter 4 mm) and opened the reaction temperature of 590 ° C was heated while the gas mixture of 90 vol% propene and 10% air (flow rate (propene) = 37.8 ml / min; (air) = 4.2 ml / min) continuously flowed through the catalyst bed . After a steady state is established had, the product gas mixture was frozen in a cold trap at -78 ° C and analyzed by gas chromatography. With propene conversion of 5-10%, there was a 1,5-hexadiene selectivity of 96%.
Beispiel 13Example 13
Herstellung eines 6 mol% Cu in Si Mischoxidkatalysators: 1,313 g Kupfer(II)-diacetylacetonat (Cu(acac)2) wurden in einem 50 ml PP-Becher in 14,6 ml Ethanol unter Rühren ge¬ löst. Nach der langsamen Zugabe von 20 ml TEOS wurden 3,63 ml 8 N HCl zugetropft. Die klare Lösung wurde dann weiter für mehrere Tage gerührt, bis Gelierung eintrat. Das transparente Glas wurde dann in kleinere Stücke gebrochen und an der Luft bei 250 °C für 10 h kalziniert (Aufheizge¬ schwindigkeit 2,5 °C/min). Nach der Kalzinierung wurden die Katalysatorteilchen auf eine Partikelgröße < 200 μ gemahlen.Preparation of a 6 mol% Cu in Si mixed oxide catalyst: 1.313 g of copper (II) diacetylacetonate (Cu (acac) 2 ) were dissolved in 14.6 ml of ethanol in a 50 ml PP beaker with stirring. After the slow addition of 20 ml TEOS, 3.63 ml of 8N HCl were added dropwise. The clear solution was then further stirred for several days until gelation occurred. The transparent glass was then broken into smaller pieces and calcined in air at 250 ° C. for 10 hours (heating rate 2.5 ° C./min). After the calcination, the catalyst particles were ground to a particle size <200 μ.
Beispiel 14Example 14
Selektive Oxidation von Propen zu Acrolein mit Luft: 50 mg des 6 % Cu in Si Mischoxidkatalysators (Beispiel 13) wurden in der Mitte des Quartzrohrs des Reaktors dicht gepackt (identischer Reaktor wie in Beispiel 12) und auf die Reaktionstemperatur von 370 °C erhitzt, während die Gasmischung aus 28,6 vol% Propen und 71,4 % Luft (Strö- mungsgeschw. (Propen) = 25 ml/min; (Luft) = 62,5 ml/min) kontinuierlich durch das Katalysatorbett strömte. Nachdem sich ein stationärer Zustand eingestellt hatte, wurde die Produktgasmischung in einer Kühlfalle bei -78 °C ausge¬ froren und gaschromatographisch analysiert. Es ergab sich bei einem Propenumsatz von 4-8 % eine Acroleinselektivität von 85 %. Selective oxidation of propene to acrolein with air: 50 mg of the 6% Cu in Si mixed oxide catalyst (example 13) were packed tightly in the middle of the quartz tube of the reactor (identical reactor as in example 12) and heated to the reaction temperature of 370 ° C. while the gas mixture of 28.6 vol% propene and 71.4% air (flow rate (propene) = 25 ml / min; (air) = 62.5 ml / min) continuously flowed through the catalyst bed. After a steady state had set in, the product gas mixture was frozen out in a cold trap at -78 ° C. and analyzed by gas chromatography. With a propene conversion of 4-8%, there was an acrolein selectivity of 85%.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung formselektiv katalytisch aktiver, amorpher, mikroporöser Mischmetalloxide nach dem Sol-Gel-Verfahren, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens zwei hydrolysierbare, flüssige oder gelöste Verbindungen der Elemente Titan, Silicium, Aluminium, Zirkon oder Cer hintereinander ineinander gelöst werden, die klare Lösung bei pH 0 bis 7 unter Zusatz wassriger saurer Katalysatoren oder unter Zusatz von Fluoridionen unter linearer Poly¬ merisation oder Polykondensation gerührt werden, das er¬ haltene Gel durch Erwärmen auf 60 bis 70 °C schonend ge¬ trocknet wird und mit kleinen Aufheizgeschwindigkeiten bei Temperaturen von 120 bis 800 °C kalziniert wird, wobei ein mikroporöses, amorphes Glas erhalten wird.1. A process for the production of form-selective, catalytically active, amorphous, microporous mixed metal oxides by the sol-gel process, characterized in that at least two hydrolyzable, liquid or dissolved compounds of the elements titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium are successively dissolved in one another clear solution at pH 0 to 7 with the addition of aqueous acidic catalysts or with the addition of fluoride ions with linear polymerization or polycondensation, the gel obtained is gently dried by heating to 60 to 70 ° C. and at low heating rates Temperatures of 120 to 800 ° C is calcined, whereby a microporous, amorphous glass is obtained.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die erhaltenen mikroporösen, amorphen, nicht-kera¬ mischen Gläser aus einer Mischmetalloxidmatrix bestehen, in der wenigstens etwa 90 % der Poren des Materials einen effektiven Durchmesser zwischen 0,3 und 1,2 n haben, mit im wesentlichen gleicher Porengröße und mit einer Ober¬ flächengröße von über 50 m2/g.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the microporous, amorphous, non-ceramics glasses obtained consist of a mixed metal oxide matrix in which at least about 90% of the pores of the material have an effective diameter between 0.3 and 1.2 n have with essentially the same pore size and with a surface area of over 50 m 2 / g.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die hydrolisierbaren flüssigen oder gelösten Verbin¬ dungen aus der Gruppe Si02, Ti02, Al203, Zirconiu oxid, Ceriumoxid, Spinell, Mullit, Siliciumcar-bid, Silicium- nitrit und Titannitrit ausgewählt sind.3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydrolyzable liquid or dissolved compounds from the group Si0 2 , Ti0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, spinel, mullite, silicon car bid, silicon nitrite and Titanium nitrite are selected.
4. Verfahren nach Ansprüchen 1 bis 3, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, daß die Mischmetalloxidmatrix wenigstens 50 Gew.-% wenigstens einer Verbindung nach Anspruch 1 oder 3 und bis zu 50 Gew.-% eines oder mehrerer Metalloxide in atomarer Verteilung aus der Gruppe der Metalle Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb; Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba enthält.4. The method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the mixed metal oxide matrix at least 50 wt .-% of at least one compound according to claim 1 or 3 and up to 50 wt .-% of one or more metal oxides in atomic distribution from the group of the metals Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb; Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.
5. Verfahren nach Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, daß die Mischmetalloxidmatrix zusätzlich bis zu 5 Gew.-% wenigstens eines der Edelmetalle Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in hochdisperser Form in metal¬ lischem oder oxidiertem Zustand enthält.5. The method according to claims 1 to 4, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the mixed metal oxide matrix additionally up to 5 wt .-% of at least one of the noble metals Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in highly disperse Contains form in metallic or oxidized state.
6. Verfahren nach Ansprüchen 1 bis 5, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, daß die sauren Katalysatoren Säuren sind.6. The method according to claims 1 to 5, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the acidic catalysts are acids.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Säure Salzsäure ist.7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the acid is hydrochloric acid.
8. Verfahren nach Ansprüchen 1 bis 7, dadurch gekenn¬ zeichnet, daß die Kalzinierungstemperatur 250 bis 500 °C beträgt.8. The method according to claims 1 to 7, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the calcining temperature is 250 to 500 ° C.
9. Verfahren nach Ansprüchen 1 - 4 und 6 - 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die hydrolysierbaren, löslichen Ver¬ bindungen reine Alkoxy-, gemischte Alkoxy-, Alkoxyoxo- oder Acetylacetonat-Derivate der gewählten Metalle oder Metalloxide sind.9. The method according to claims 1-4 and 6-8, characterized in that the hydrolyzable, soluble compounds are pure alkoxy, mixed alkoxy, alkoxyoxo or acetylacetonate derivatives of the selected metals or metal oxides.
10. Mikroporöse amorphe, nicht-keramische Gläser, be¬ stehend aus einer Mischmetalloxidmatrix, in der wenigstens etwa 90 % der Poren des Materials einen effektiven Durchmesser zwischen 0,3 und 1,2 nm haben, mit im wesent¬ lichen gleicher Porengröße und mit einer Oberflächengröße von über 50 m2/g.10. Microporous amorphous, non-ceramic glasses, consisting of a mixed metal oxide matrix in which at least about 90% of the pores of the material have an effective diameter between 0.3 and 1.2 nm, with essentially the same pore size and with a surface area of over 50 m 2 / g.
11. Mikroporöse, amorphe nicht-keramische Gläser nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Misch- metalloxidmatrix aus wenigstens zwei der Oxide von Titan, Silicium, Aluminium, Zirkon oder Cer besteht.11. Microporous, amorphous non-ceramic glasses according to claim 10, characterized in that the mixing metal oxide matrix consists of at least two of the oxides of titanium, silicon, aluminum, zirconium or cerium.
12. Mikroporöse, amorphe, nicht-keramische Gläser nach Anspruch 10 und 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mischmetalloxidmatrix aus wenigstens zwei der Verbindungen aus der Gruppe Si02, Ti02, Al203, Zirconiumoxid, Ceriumoxid, Spinell, Mullit, Siliciumcarbid, Siliciumnitrit und Titannitrit besteht.12. Microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses according to claim 10 and 11, characterized in that the mixed metal oxide matrix from at least two of the compounds from the group Si0 2 , Ti0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, spinel, mullite, silicon carbide , Silicon nitride and titanium nitrite.
13. Mikroporöse, amorphe, nicht-keramische Gläser, da¬ durch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mischmetalloxidmatrix aus wenigstens 50 Gew.-% einer der Verbindungen nach An¬ sprüchen 11 und 12 und bis zu 50 Gew.-% einer oder mehrerer Metalloxide in atomarer Verteilung aus der Gruppe der Metalle Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba besteht.13. Microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses, characterized in that the mixed metal oxide matrix consists of at least 50% by weight of one of the compounds according to Claims 11 and 12 and up to 50% by weight of one or more metal oxides in atomic form Distribution from the group of metals Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, Tl, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.
14. Mikroporöse, amorphe, nicht-keramische Gläser nach Ansprüchen 10 bis 13, zusätzlich enthaltend bis zu 5 Gew.-% wenigstens eines der Edelmetalle Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in hoch-disperser Form in me¬ tallischem oder oxidiertem Zustand.14. Microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses according to claims 10 to 13, additionally containing up to 5 wt .-% of at least one of the noble metals Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Pd, Co in high -dispersed form in metallic or oxidized state.
15. Mikroporöse, amorphe, nicht-keramische Gläser nach Ansprüchen 10 bis 14, erhalten durch saure oder Fluorid- katalysierte lineare Polymerisation oder Polykondensation hydrolisierbarer löslicher Verbindungen gemäss Ansprüchen 11 bis 13, vorzugsweise reine Alkoxy-, gemischte Alkoxy-, Alkoxyoxo- oder Acetylacetonat-Derivate der gewählten Metalle oder Metalloxide bei pH 0 bis 7 in einem Sol-Gel- Verfahren, gefolgt von mildem Trocknen und langsamem Kalzinieren mit einer Endkalzininierungstemperatur im Be¬ reich von 120 bis 800 °C, wobei die mikroporösen, amor¬ phen, nicht-keramischen Gläser entweder ausschließlich aus den gemischten Metalloxiden oder aus den gemischten Metalloxiden und restlichen Oberflächenalkyl- oder alkoxygruppen in Abhängigkeit von der gewählten Vorläufer- Verbindung bestehen.15. Microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic glasses according to claims 10 to 14, obtained by acidic or fluoride-catalyzed linear polymerization or polycondensation of hydrolyzable soluble compounds according to claims 11 to 13, preferably pure alkoxy, mixed alkoxy, alkoxyoxo or acetylacetonate. Derivatives of the selected metals or metal oxides at pH 0 to 7 in a sol-gel process, followed by mild drying and slow calcination with a final calcining temperature in the range from 120 to 800 ° C., the microporous, amorphous, non- ceramic glasses either exclusively consist of the mixed metal oxides or of the mixed metal oxides and remaining surface alkyl or alkoxy groups, depending on the selected precursor compound.
16. Formselektive Katalysatoren, bestehend aus mikropo¬ rösen, amorphen, nicht-keramischen, Mischmetalloxidgläsern nach Ansprüchen 10 bis 15.16. Shape-selective catalysts consisting of microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic, mixed metal oxide glasses according to claims 10 to 15.
17. Verwendung von mikroporösen, amorphen, nicht-kerami¬ schen Mischmetalloxidgläsern bzw. formselektiven Kataly¬ satoren zur Katalyse von Isomerisierungsreaktionen, Hy¬ drierreaktionen, selektiven und unselektiven Oxida- tionsreaktionen mit Luftsauerstoff, Wasserstoffperoxid oder organischen Peroxiden, Alkylierungsreaktionen, Dis- proportionierungsreaktionen, Hydrier- und Dehydrier- reaktionen, Alkoholbildung aus Olefinen, Kupplungsreak¬ tionen, Substitutionsreaktionen, Cycloadditions- oder Cycloreversionsreaktionen, Etherbildung, Rohölcracking und Hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese von Alkoholen oder Kohlenwasserstoffen, Methanolsynthese aus Synthesegas oder aus Methan, zur Beschichtung von Elektroden in Brenn¬ stoffzellen oder Li oder anderen Ionenspeichern in Batterien, und zur Bildung von Ultrafiltration- und Gas¬ trennmembranen, und zur Bildung von Katalysatoren mit selektiven Hohlräumen zur molekularen Erkennung. 17. Use of microporous, amorphous, non-ceramic mixed metal oxide glasses or shape-selective catalysts for the catalysis of isomerization reactions, hydrogenation reactions, selective and unselective oxidation reactions with atmospheric oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides, alkylation reactions, disproportionation reactions, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, alcohol formation from olefins, coupling reactions, substitution reactions, cycloaddition or cycloreversion reactions, ether formation, crude oil cracking and hydrocracking, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of alcohols or hydrocarbons, methanol synthesis from synthesis gas or from methane, for coating electrodes in fuel ¬ fuel cells or Li or other ion storage in batteries, and for the formation of ultrafiltration and gas separation membranes, and for the formation of catalysts with selective cavities for molecular recognition.
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US6297180B1 (en) 2001-10-02
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