WO1995020291A1 - Procede et dispositif servant a manipuler des donnees numeriques - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif servant a manipuler des donnees numeriques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995020291A1
WO1995020291A1 PCT/GB1995/000099 GB9500099W WO9520291A1 WO 1995020291 A1 WO1995020291 A1 WO 1995020291A1 GB 9500099 W GB9500099 W GB 9500099W WO 9520291 A1 WO9520291 A1 WO 9520291A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
work
data
digital data
elements
target
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1995/000099
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Otso Paatelma
Rod Hugh Borland
Original Assignee
Highwater Fbi Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Highwater Fbi Limited filed Critical Highwater Fbi Limited
Priority to AU14228/95A priority Critical patent/AU1422895A/en
Publication of WO1995020291A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995020291A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
    • H04N1/32224—Replacing pixels of an image with other pixels from the same image, e.g. texture block coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/32203—Spatial or amplitude domain methods
    • H04N1/32251—Spatial or amplitude domain methods in multilevel data, e.g. greyscale or continuous tone data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
    • H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
    • H04N1/32309—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations in colour image data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
    • H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N2201/3225—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document
    • H04N2201/3233—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
    • H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
    • H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
    • H04N2201/3269—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs
    • H04N2201/327—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for manipulating digital data works, particularly to provide, or embed within, such digital data works, data information descriptive of the work, for example, the source of the work, its ownership and its availability for legal reproduction without infringement of copyright.
  • the present invention is not directed to manipulating small units of digital data to enable that data to carry information inherent to the proper comprehension of the digital data itself but instead to hiding within a digital data work inrormation that is specifically descriptive of that particular digital data work.
  • digital data work defines any sequence of digital data capable of constituting a work in which copyright might subsist or the unauthorised reproduction of which might constitute infringement of copyright subsisting in the work or a larger work of which the work itself forms a part.
  • the digital data defining the output from scanning a 35mm colour transparency would be a digital data work.
  • a professional photographer uses a digital camera to take a digital photograph. He may wish to place the data file which constitutes the digital data work (the digitised photograph) with a photograph library. When the photograph is subsequently used, the photographer will be paid a copyright licence fee.
  • the ease with which the data file can be duplicated without any loss of information means that the fu ⁇ her use of the image can be impossible to control. In practice, there is a high probability that the image could be published again without the photographer being alerted to the fact: the photographer losses out on licence fees.
  • the ease with which digital images can be cropped and modified compounds the problem.
  • a method of manipulating a digital data work comprises the steps of:- analysing the digital data work for the occurrence of a particular pattern or sequence of data elements in the work, such a pattern or sequence being indicative of the location of a target data element in the work: and modifying characteristics of the target data element in the work in accordance with a predetermined rule, to generate the additional data, the presence of the additional data not being readily apparent or detectable in the digital data work after manipulation.
  • the additional data which is descriptive of the digital data work can be hidden within the digital data work in a manner that is not readily detectable and therefore does not discernibly alter the digital data work.
  • Being able to hide such data within a work clearly also has attractions to the non-commercial user as well; for example, many cameras today have the facility to imp ⁇ nt a date on an image. This has the disadvantage of defacing the image.
  • the present invention implemented into a digital camera, the photographer can hide not only date information but other data too into each digital image with no appreciable affect to the image itself.
  • a pa ⁇ icular pattern or sequence of data in the digital data work in effect surrounds a candidate or target data element: the location of the manipulated target data elements is therefore apparent if one knows what particular pattern or sequence of data in the digital data work, or portions of that work, to look for.
  • the mere presence of manipulated target data elements constitutes the additional data; i.e. there is no textual information per se hidden within the digital data work.
  • the presence of target data elements manipulated in accordance with a predetermined rule acts as a indicator that the work is. for example, a copyright work which cannot be reproduced without specific permission from the right holder. This can be likened to giving the digital data work a 'fingerprint ' .
  • the actual data content of the manipulated target data elements may code for pa ⁇ icular textual information pe ⁇ aining to the copyright status of the work.
  • a copyright notice that would be hidden to persons, for example, viewing a digitised image can be detected if one knows the particular pattern or sequence of data which is the signpost to a data modification as defined above.
  • a digital data work is both 'fingerprinted' and comprises 'encrypted' text.
  • the pa ⁇ icular pattern or sequence may exist as a sequence in time, for example where the digital data work is an audio work. In addition, it may occur as a pattern of locations that are defined by their spatial relationships to one another. This may arise where the digital data work is an image.
  • the pattern may also exist as a combination of temporal and spatial sequences or patterns, for example where the digital data work is an audio-visual work.
  • the elements may be the discrete or basic units of digital information and the characteristics may be the values of those units of digital information. For example, where the digital data work is an audio work, the characteristics may be the values of the quantised amplitude levels associated with each successive time period. If the digital data work is a digital image, then the elements may be the pixels and the characteristics may be the pixel values.
  • the elements need not from part of a continuous sequence, nor occur on the same row. In some circumstances, it may be preferable to have a complex algorithm to determine the location, in either time or space, of the elements that may form into the required pattern. This may be pa ⁇ icularly useful where there is a need to conceal the required pattern in order to prevent the system being cracked.
  • the pa ⁇ icular pattern or sequence chosen will be selected because it usually occurs many thousands of times in a typical digital data work, so that there is considerable repetition and therefore redundancy in manipulations.
  • the pattern may be the presence of a given number of pixel values which are each different from their spatially adjacent neighbours along a given row; the value of the subsequent pixel along the row may then be replaced with the value of the next pixel value along the row.
  • many manipulations would be carried out for a typical digital image, so that even severe distortions or selections from this image will still result in many sets of additional data within the resulting, manipulated digital data work.
  • each element may be a set of pixels rather than a single pixel.
  • the characteristics can be the colour temperature of the set of pixels, the average red value of the set, or any other value attributable to the set.
  • the pa ⁇ icular pattern can then be one associated with different sets of pixels. For example, it could be based on sets of four pixels: the pattern could be a sequence of five series of such four pixel sets in which the red average value for each four pixel set increases by more than. say. 10 units, from set to set.
  • the next set of four pixels could be the candidate or target set to be manipulated. The actual manipulation could be the adjustment of the red average value of that next set to be equal to that of the last of the four pixels.
  • the digital data work is an image and comprises elements each of which defines a pixel.
  • the pa ⁇ icular pattern is the presence, firstly, of a given number of elements having pixel values, i.e. characteristics, which are each different from their adjacent neighbours and which determine the position of a target element and secondly, the presence, su ⁇ ounding the target element, of n elements, each having pixel values that are all different from one another, each representing an n-based number.
  • the predetermined rule is then that if the target element is to code for the number m, falling within the range 0 - [n- 1 ], then it is given a pixel value equal to that occurring at the su ⁇ ounding element associated with the n-based number equal to rn.
  • the predetermined rule may include a sub-rule that specifies that no modification shall occur if the original and modified elements would differ by more than a defined tolerance. This ensure that the manipulation of the digital data work does not alter the image beyond tolerance limits, hence ensuring that the manipulation is not readily discernible.
  • a method of reading a digital data work comprising the steps of analysing the digital data work for a particular pattern or sequence of data and determining if elements of the work have been replaced in dependence on the occurrence of the pa ⁇ icular pattern of data and in accordance with a predetermined rule.
  • apparatus for manipulating a digital data work to include additional data operable to perform the methods described above.
  • Figure 1 depicts in schematic form the layout of pixels that may be coded for in one aspect of the invention, to be refe ⁇ ed to as "fingerprinting";
  • Figure 2 depicts in schematic form the layout of pixels that may be coded for in another aspect of the invention, to be referred to as " encrypting”.
  • a 4-bit image can comprise pixels with 16 different colours, an 8-bit image 256 and a 24-bit image 16,777,216 different colours.
  • colours are represented by the three colours red, green and blue. Any colour can be generated by mixing the relative amounts of each of these colours for any given pixel.
  • the most convincing representation requires a 24-bit image, where each sub-colour would have a one byte (8 bit) value.
  • 'palette' is typically an array of 256 3-byte RGB values, defined individually for each image.
  • the matrix of dots, or bitmap, that forms the entire image does not have to be a 24-bit image but instead just an 8-bit image, where the 8-bit pixel values are pointers to the palette of 24-bit colour values.
  • the present embodiment is implemented in an apparatus, referred to as DIP (Digital Image Protection) which [1] alters digital bit-mapped images by selectively modifying the pixels in the image and [2] scans images for previously performed modifications.
  • DIP Digital Image Protection
  • One purpose of DIP is to hide text information in the image in such a way that the legal owner of the copyright in the image can prove his/her ownership of the image even after severe modifications of the image. This process is referred to as 'encryption'. Additionally, it allows the image to be modified in such a way that third parties can search for non-textual modifications, the presence of which indicates that reproduction of the image would infringe copyright. This can be thought of as giving a 'fingerprint' to the image. Both the 'fingerprint' and 'encrypted' information is camouflaged in the picture so that the human eye cannot spot the difference between a manipulated image and the original image when they are placed beside each other.
  • the DIP system operates as follows. Firstly, the bit mapped image is read into an internal buffer in a separate analysis module, hence allowing the image to be of any possible format.
  • the DIP system cu ⁇ ently produced assumes that the image has a palette look-up table for colours, but with slight modifications (which would be within the expe ⁇ ise of the skilled implementer) it can work with non-palette images.
  • the module determines the run-time parameter, and depending on the task, either modifies the image by encrypting or fingerprinting it, or searches the image data for previously planted fingerprints/encrypted characters.
  • a pixel will qualify as a target pixel for a fingerprint if it is preceded by a given number of consecutive pixels along a row which are each different to their immediate neighbours.
  • the value of the pixel a pre-set number of pixels after the target pixel is then determined, and in the case of fingerprinting, the target pixel is given this new value as a replacement for its original value.
  • the replacement does not, however, take place if the target pixel needs to be modified by an amount in excess of a given tolerance.
  • the colour difference is checked with all colours, i.e. red, green and blue, individually.
  • the DIP system searches for fingerprints, it looks for target pixels that satisfy the above relation, i.e. are pixels that are preceded by a given number of different pixels; if the target pixel's value equals that of the next pixel along the row, a 'found' counter is incremented by one. At the end of the search procedure, a percentage figure of 'found' pixels out of all target pixels is calculated. DIP then displays this figure so that an operator can assess whether or not the image had been fingerprinted.
  • a pixel [x] in the image is to be modified when [a] previous pixels (l....a) have different values compared to each other.
  • the pixel's value is a candidate to be changed to a value equal to that of the pixel [b] pixels away from the target pixel, i.e. pixel [x +b].
  • the encryption of alpha-numeric characters also sta ⁇ s from a target pixel, i.e. one for which a given number of consecutive preceding pixels are each different to their neighbours.
  • An additional condition is also checked: it is whether or not a particular array of four su ⁇ ounding pixels all have a different value to each other. If this condition is fulfilled, the candidate pixel will swap its value with one of the four pixels around it, so long as the colour tolerance allows it, i.e. the change is within a defined tolerance. Hence the target pixel will code for a four-based number. These numbers are then fed to a six-digit array. The first three digits are the actual figures, with a value ranging from 0 to 63 [63 being 4-3 -1].
  • the next number will be a checksum, or parity and the last two are end of character indicators, or stop bits.
  • a figure 32 is added to the resulting figure so the result can be an ASCII character between 32 [space] and 95 [underscore]. This includes all uppercase English letters, numbers and most common punctuation marks. In this way, successive encrypted pixels can define any alpha ⁇ numeric character.
  • DIP conve ⁇ s the ASCII characters of the message to four based numbers one by one; the checksum, or parity number and the end-of character indicators, or stopbits, are then added to these figures.
  • Messages can include copyright notices, or code numbers that are recorded on a central database against legal owners etc. of the image.
  • a third pa ⁇ y wanting to reproduce the image need only use the DIP system to extract the relevant code number and then communicate it to the central database controller, who in turn will inform the third pa ⁇ y of the relevant person to whom royalties need be paid.
  • the problem of researching who owns an image which can be verv labour intensive, is entirely obviated.
  • DIP typically fingerprints lines 0, 2, 4, .... and encrypts lines 1, 3, 5 ... of the image. When searching for the fingerprints, it scans all the lines and determines, depending on the quantity of found fingerprints, if the encryption codes should be looked for in the odd or even lines.
  • the encrypted characters if found, are printed on the screen of the DIP.
  • the program analyses the probability for the image having been fingerprinted earlier by DIP. the analysis being based on the percentage of 'found' pixels, and prints a verbal message as a result.
  • the encryption concept uses fingerprinting with Additional Condition Verifying (ACV) to store a fragment of an [n] based number at that location.
  • ACV condition is true when [n] pixels near the location are all different, hence enabling the pixel at the location to be uniquely modified to reflect one of the pixels around/near it.
  • An example of such conditions follows.
  • a pixel [x] in the image is to be modified when [a] pixels (l...a) have different values compared to each other and [n] su ⁇ ounding pixels (PI Pn) have different values to each other.
  • the new value of the pixel [x] will be one of the pixels Pl....Pn, hence identifying an n- based number (0 n-1).
  • target pixel [x] is given the value of pixel PI. If the number to be stored is 1, then it is changed to the value of pixel P2, and so on. This change will obey the same PC limitations as described earlier.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)
  • Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé servant à occulter des messages concernant des droits d'auteur à l'intérieur d'÷uvres de données numériques. Le procédé est basé sur des séquences ou des configurations apparaissant généralement d'éléments de données de l'÷uvre servant d'indicateur, de façon à cibler des éléments de données qui sont modifiés en fonction de certaines règles; la présence de la modification indique que l'÷uvre est une ÷uvre protégée; la nature réelle de la modification peut coder une information textuelle, ce qui permet d'établir une information plus détaillée, par exemple, le nom du détenteur du droit d'auteur, devant être occultée à l'intérieur de l'÷uvre.
PCT/GB1995/000099 1994-01-19 1995-01-19 Procede et dispositif servant a manipuler des donnees numeriques WO1995020291A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU14228/95A AU1422895A (en) 1994-01-19 1995-01-19 Method of and apparatus for manipulating digital data works

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9400971.9 1994-01-19
GB9400971A GB9400971D0 (en) 1994-01-19 1994-01-19 Method of and apparatus for manipulating digital data

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995020291A1 true WO1995020291A1 (fr) 1995-07-27

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1995/000099 WO1995020291A1 (fr) 1994-01-19 1995-01-19 Procede et dispositif servant a manipuler des donnees numeriques

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU1422895A (fr)
GB (1) GB9400971D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995020291A1 (fr)

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WO1996027259A1 (fr) * 1995-03-02 1996-09-06 Signum Technologies Limited Procede et appareil de manipulation d'×uvres sous forme de donnees numeriques
WO1997040619A1 (fr) * 1996-04-23 1997-10-30 Charney, Leon, H. Systeme et procede d'identification de document produit par un logiciel pirate
US5848155A (en) * 1996-09-04 1998-12-08 Nec Research Institute, Inc. Spread spectrum watermark for embedded signalling
EP0884669A2 (fr) * 1997-06-13 1998-12-16 Mitsubishi Corporation Système de gestion de données de droits d'auteurs avec une filigraine électronique
EP0901274A2 (fr) * 1997-09-03 1999-03-10 Hitachi, Ltd. Procédé et système pour l'insertion d'information dans des données
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WO2000018109A1 (fr) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-30 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Procede relatif a la confirmation de l'integrite d'une image transmise avec perte
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US6072871A (en) * 1994-10-05 2000-06-06 Leon H. Charney Method and system for identifying the source of documents generated by software and documents generated thereby
US6108434A (en) * 1997-09-12 2000-08-22 Signafy, Inc. Counteracting geometric distortions for DCT based watermarking
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US6181802B1 (en) 1995-02-06 2001-01-30 Central Research Laboratories Limited Method and apparatus for coding information by inserting codes in strongly featured image regions
GB2354857A (en) * 1996-07-02 2001-04-04 Yamaha Corp Storing main information with associated additional information incorporated therein
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US6286036B1 (en) 1995-07-27 2001-09-04 Digimarc Corporation Audio- and graphics-based linking to internet
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US6542620B1 (en) 1993-11-18 2003-04-01 Digimarc Corporation Signal processing to hide plural-bit information in image, video, and audio data
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US6895556B1 (en) 1999-11-12 2005-05-17 International Business Machines Corporation System and method for providing access to displayed data
US7111170B2 (en) 1999-05-19 2006-09-19 Digimarc Corporation Distributed system for responding to watermarked documents
DE19960769B4 (de) * 1998-12-17 2007-11-15 International Business Machines Corporation Verfahren und System zur Erstellung eines authentifizerbaren Bildes von einem Objekt
EP1968301A2 (fr) 1996-05-16 2008-09-10 Digimarc Corporation Systèmes informatiques reliés par l'utilisation d'informations contenues dans des objets de données
US7522728B1 (en) 1993-11-18 2009-04-21 Digimarc Corporation Wireless methods and devices employing steganography
USRE41657E1 (en) 1994-10-27 2010-09-07 Makoto Saito Data management system
USRE42163E1 (en) 1994-04-01 2011-02-22 Intarsia Software Llc Data management system
US9245260B2 (en) 1994-10-27 2016-01-26 Xylon Llc Data copyright management

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