WO1995009440A1 - Process for metallising solar cells made of crystalline silicon - Google Patents
Process for metallising solar cells made of crystalline silicon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995009440A1 WO1995009440A1 PCT/DE1994/001106 DE9401106W WO9509440A1 WO 1995009440 A1 WO1995009440 A1 WO 1995009440A1 DE 9401106 W DE9401106 W DE 9401106W WO 9509440 A1 WO9509440 A1 WO 9509440A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metallization
- trenches
- solar cell
- thick film
- structures
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 26
- 210000005056 cell body Anatomy 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 19
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver cyanide Chemical compound [Ag+].N#[C-] LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007649 pad printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000012868 Overgrowth Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005234 chemical deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000254 damaging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000454 electroless metal deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010946 fine silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical compound [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940098221 silver cyanide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- Metallization of solar cells is understood to mean the production or application of current-carrying, electrically conductive contacts on the front and rear sides of solar cells.
- the metalization must therefore be able to establish good ohmic contact with the semiconductor so that an undisturbed discharge of the charge carriers from the semiconductor into the current-carrying contacts is ensured.
- the metallization In order to avoid current losses, the metallization must also have a sufficient current conductivity, that is to say either a high conductivity and / or a sufficiently high conductor cross-section.
- Metallization using thick film technology is an economical and common technique.
- the pastes used contain metal particles (predominantly silver) and are therefore electrically conductive. They can be applied by screen, stencil and pad printing or by paste writing.
- the screen printing process for metallization is currently widespread Finger-shaped metallization lines up to approx. 80-100 ⁇ m wide are possible. Even with this grid width, there are losses in electrical conductivity compared to the pure metal structure, which can have a negative effect on the series resistance and thus on the fill factor and efficiency. If the printed conductor widths are even smaller, this effect is intensified, since the printed conductors also become flatter due to the process.
- a major cause of this reduced conductivity is the non-conductive oxide or glass components between the metal particles. On the other hand, the glass component is required for the conductor tracks to adhere to the solar cell.
- More complex processes for producing the front side contacts use laser or photo technology to define the conductor track structures.
- Various metallization steps are often necessary in order to apply the metallization firmly and in the thickness required for the electrical conductivity.
- a first fine metallization takes place by means of palladium seeds and is strengthened by electroless nickel deposition.
- copper is deposited electrolessly or electrolytically, which in turn is expediently protected against oxidation with a fine silver or tin layer.
- EP-A 0 542 148 discloses a method for producing an electrode structure for the front-side metallization of a solar cell. First, an electrode structure in Thick film technology is generated on the solar cell body and then reinforced by electrodeposition of silver or copper.
- the method according to the invention uses a thick film method to produce both the rear side and the front side contact, in particular a printing method with conductive paste.
- the same or similar metallization methods can be used in a known manner to carry out the metallization on both sides in a common step or in steps which follow one another in terms of time.
- the method can be used to produce metallization on the front side of solar cells, the conductor track widths of which are clearly below 100 ⁇ m and which nevertheless have sufficient conductivity.
- the disadvantage of the low conductivity of known thick-film structures is compensated for by the additional photo-induced deposition of an electrically highly conductive metal over the thick-film metallization. By growing the additional metal layer, even non-conductive interruptions in the printed thick-film structure can be “repaired” in part.
- the growing metal grows together over such non-conductive areas and bridges them in a conductive manner.
- the process therefore combines the advantages of a metallization with a highly conductive metal (good power line with a small conductor cross-section) with the good adhesion and the simple application of the thick film metallization without accepting its disadvantages.
- the structuring of the front-side metallization which can take place, for example, in the form of finger-shaped contacts, is possible in a simple manner.
- the structure is already defined with the application method for the conductive paste. Suitable processes are, for example, screen, stencil and pad printing or paste writing and similar processes.
- the metal deposition is photo-induced and de-energized.
- the charge carriers (electrons) required to reduce the metal ion from the solution are generated as light-induced pairs in the semiconductor, are separated from the holes at the pn junction and are transported to the semiconductor surface.
- the metal deposition takes place specifically on the thick film metallization, which is in good ohmic contact with the semiconductor and has a higher conductivity than the semiconductor.
- Metallization baths known from electroplating can be used for the metal deposition.
- Metallization baths which are already used for the chemical deposition of metals are also suitable. In this case, the metal deposition is accelerated by the photo support and / or made possible at lower temperatures.
- the conductive paste containing oxidic constituents can be attacked in an acidic and basic environment, which can lead to detachment of the conductor track or interruption of the power line.
- Photo-induced currentless metal deposition requires the semiconductor to be irradiated with electromagnetic radiation in the Sorption area of the semiconductor. Visible light or near IR is therefore chosen for silicon. The latter uses the red sensitivity of silicon and leads to the generation of charge carrier pairs at a location which is deeper inside the semiconductor.
- This metallization serves as a sacrificial anode in the process, as metal is oxidized and dissolves. It is therefore advantageous to apply the backside metallization redundantly, so that it still fully fulfills its later function as a backside contact.
- electrically conductive pastes can be used for rear and front side metallization, which can be baked together in one step ("cofiring"). It is also possible to apply a conductive adhesive or conductive varnish using thick film technology for the front side metallization. This also contains metallic particles, in particular silver, which ensure the conductivity. The particles are embedded in an organic matrix, which guarantees the processability and adhesion of the adhesive to the base.
- the finest conductive adhesive structures can be reinforced by the photo-induced (electroless) metal deposition.
- another so-called trench technique is used to define the front side metallization.
- a layer of a dielectric trikums is provided, fine trenches extending into the semiconductor.
- the conductive paste is then applied across these trenches and optionally burned in. It is sufficient if the paste bridges the trenches.
- the walls of the trenches are also more or less contacted with the paste.
- complete filling of the bridged trenches or contact of the paste with the trench bottom is not absolutely necessary.
- the metal is deposited not only over the thick film structure, but also directly on the semiconductor surface exposed in the trenches. It is advantageous if the semiconductor is highly n-doped in the trenches. During the deposition, the metal layer deposited in the trenches grows with the
- Thick film structure or the metal layer deposited over the thick film structure together and thus forms an electrically highly conductive connection.
- the trenches for the fine structures of the front-side metallization can be produced by laser radiation. It is also possible to create the fine structures in a photoresist using phototechnology and to etch the trenches using the photoresist mask. Mechanical production of the trenches by sawing, scratching or the like is also possible.
- a further improved adhesion of the metal structures in the trenches is achieved if the inner walls of the trench are roughened by means of a texture etching prior to the metal deposition. This leads to a good interlocking of the later deposited metal structures with the roughened silicon. Particularly good toothing is achieved in trenches in polycrystalline silicon.
- the texture that can be achieved is advantageously very irregularly aligned due to the different crystal orientations.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 show a schematic cross section through a solar cell during different process stages of a first exemplary embodiment
- FIGS. 5 to 7 show a perspective elevation view of the solar cell during different process stages of the second exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 1 A wafer made of crystalline or polycrystalline silicon is used as the solar cell body 1, which has a p-type basic doping.
- the front can be subjected to a crystal-oriented texture etching to avoid reflections. to create reducing, improved light incidence geometry of the surface (not shown in FIG. 1).
- a phosphorus diffusion now takes place on the front side of the solar cell body 1, a flat n-doped layer region 3 being produced.
- a dielectric layer 4 is produced on the front. This also serves as a passivation and anti-reflective layer. This can be an oxide layer SiO x , a nitride layer Si3N4, a combination of both, or a combination with a titanium oxide layer TiO x .
- the backside metallization is applied in the form of an electrically conductive paste by one of the paste printing or writing processes mentioned.
- the paste contains a glass matrix in which electrically conductive particles are embedded.
- the silver-containing paste in the example can also contain aluminum, which when the paste is baked, alloys into the back or partially diffuses in, thereby improving the ohmic contact and producing p + -doped regions there. It is also possible to create a highly doped p + zone, a so-called "back surface field", by previously applying Al or B with subsequent diffusion.
- an aluminum-containing paste can be applied and burned in before the rear metallization is applied. If necessary, the rest of the aluminum-containing paste is removed from the back of the solar cell body 1 after the stoving.
- the rear side metallization can be applied over the entire surface or in the form of any rough grid.
- structured front contacts are applied, which depending on the number can consist of more or less thick current busbars (bus structures) and of fine structure contacts applied transversely to them.
- the printed rear contacts 5 and the front contacts 6 are now burned in together in a furnace process.
- the temperatures required depend on the paste composition and the thickness of the dielectric layer, but are otherwise free to choose.
- the firing can take place in an oxidative atmosphere or under an inert gas with little oxygen.
- a two-stage firing process is also possible, with preliminary firing under a little oxygen up to approximately 400 ° C. and subsequent firing at a higher temperature under an inert gas or reducing atmosphere.
- the trench technique is briefly treated in dilute, optionally buffered, HF solution to remove the oxide formed. Since a native oxide grows on silicon while standing in air, which interferes with the metal deposition, this so-called HF dip in the trench technology (arrangement of the metallization in trenches) should in principle take place independently of the firing conditions. In the case of planar technology, in which only the printed structures on the front are photoinduced, there is no need for an HF dip.
- the cyanide silver solution allows greater latitude in setting the firing conditions, and the n-doping can be chosen to be weaker, which leads to lower recombination losses.
- the electrical parameters can be additionally improved by a short photo-induced silver deposition from cyanide solution, similar to the HF dip. This shows a significant increase in stability in the moisture test, even after a previous HF dip. Without exposure to the silver cyanide bath, passivated solar cells with printed front contacts show a clear instability in the moisture test after an acid treatment.
- the trench technology is thus only made possible in a meaningful manner by the method according to the invention
- One of the electrically highly conductive metals copper or silver is chosen to reinforce the printed front contacts.
- silver is preferred, which is already contained in the printed paste of the front and rear contacts 5 and 6. This has the advantage that, apart from aluminum, which can also be replaced by boron, only a single metal has to be used for the metallization of the solar cell.
- the use of only one metal salt bath simplifies the disposal effort in the manufacturing process. Dispensing with different metals facilitates the later disposal or recycling of solar cells that are no longer functional, if necessary.
- Suitable for photo-induced silver deposition are the cyanide silver baths customary in electroplating, which can contain 20 to 100 g of silver and 120 to 1 g of potassium cyanide per liter as electrolyte. These are strong to weakly basic solutions. Good silver deposits are also made from non-cyanide see silver solutions photo-induced ore. ibar, for example from a bath which contains dissolved sodium thiosulfate and silver chloride. However, the bath stability under lighting is insufficient.
- the solar cell bodies are immersed in the metallization bath and illuminated.
- a normal incandescent lamp of, for example, 75 watts or an infrared lamp can be used as the light source.
- the solar cell bodies can be set one after the other in appropriate trays and illuminated at an angle from the side. Thus, metal can be deposited simultaneously on a large number of solar cell bodies during irradiation in tray operation.
- the solar cell bodies being applied to corresponding strips or frames one behind the other or one above the other and one next to the other and being moved continuously through the bath under irradiation.
- the solar cell bodies can rest horizontally or inclined on a support.
- Suitable devices for carrying out metal deposition in continuous operation are known for electroplating systems. For example, it is possible to insert solar cell bodies correspondingly mounted on a belt or a frame into a metallization bath below the liquid surface, the overflowing bath being collected and pumped back into the container of the metallization bath.
- the speed of the metal deposition depends on the selected lighting output, the distance of the radiation source from the surface to be metallized, the temperature of the metallization bath and last but not least on the type of backside metallization. It depends on how easily their metal components are oxidized and dissolved so that electrons are available on the front for charge equalization and thus for metal reduction. With light-induced metal deposition, only as much metal can be deposited on the n-doped surface as is dissolved again on the opposite, p-doped side.
- the process extends the use of photo-induced metal deposition from the front and pure metal
- the metal is deposited exclusively on the printed front metallization 6.
- a metal layer 7 of such thickness is deposited after a time of 5 seconds to 3 minutes that the
- Front contacts thus have sufficient conductivity for current dissipation.
- FIG. 3 shows such a currentlessly reinforced thick film metallization in a schematic cross section
- FIG. 4 shows a cross section as an SEM image.
- the continuous smooth silver layer 7 deposited over it can now be separated from one another. Connect the tall particles in the thick film metallization in an electrically conductive manner.
- FIG. 5 The solar cell body 1 prepared as in the first exemplary embodiment and provided with a layer of a dielectric is first coated on the front side with a trench pattern which defines the fine structures for the front side metalization.
- the trenches 8 can be defined and produced by photolithography and subsequent etching or can be formed directly with a laser or mechanically by means of a correspondingly hard tool by sawing, scratching or the like.
- the trenches 8 extend through the dielectric 4 approximately 2-20 ⁇ m deep into the semiconductor of the solar cell body 1. If necessary, an acidic aftertreatment or an alkaline texture etching can then be carried out to roughen the trench surfaces.
- FIG. 5 shows the arrangement after the trenches 8 have been excavated.
- FIG. 6 For better ohmic contacting of the metal layer subsequently to be deposited in the trenches 8, a second diffusion with an n-dopant is carried out, which leads to an n ++ doping 9 in the region of the trenches.
- the rear side metallization is produced as indicated in the first exemplary embodiment.
- an electrically conductive paste 10 is also applied in fine paths across the trenches 8 for the front-side metallization.
- the burn-in of the front and rear side metallization is again carried out in a single step.
- FIG. 7 The solar cell body 1 prepared in this way and partially shown schematically in FIG. 6 is now metallized in a photo-induced manner, the procedure being as in the first exemplary embodiment. However, the metal deposition now takes place not only via the printed front metallizations 10, but also directly on the highly doped semiconductor surface exposed in the trenches 8. Due to the partial overgrowth of the trenches with the deposited metal layer 12 and the thickening of the thick film structures 10 by the growing metal layer 11, the thick film structure is electrically conductively connected to the metal layer 12 growing in the trenches.
- a solar cell body is prepared and provided with a trench structure on the front.
- a first front side metallization in the form of fine conductor tracks made of conductive adhesive or conductive lacquer is applied.
- the conductive lacquer is not stoved, since the organic matrix is required for the adhesion of the conductive lacquer to the solar cell body or above the layer of the dielectric 4.
- silver is deposited in the trenches 8 and at the same time the conductive lacquer or conductive adhesive structures are provided with a silver coating on the front.
- the method according to the invention can be used to produce the finest conductor track structures for the front-side metallization according to one of the three exemplary embodiments, which lead to a substantially reduced shading of the solar cell surface in comparison with known printed conductor tracks.
- the method according to the invention is significantly simplified.
- the process conditions when baking the conductive paste can be further defined.
- the electrical parameters of the solar cell can be improved by the acidic after-treatment of the baked-on thick-film metallizations, without increasing the sensitivity of the finished solar cell to moisture, which was previously the case with weakly doped solar cell front sides with dielectric after an acid treatment was observed.
- the moisture stability of solar cells produced in this way is thus increased compared to known methods. This is attributed to an effect caused by the cyanide metallization bath. The same effect also leads to a significant improvement in the electrical parameters of the later solar cells.
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- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP51005195A JP3429768B2 (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1994-09-22 | Metallization method for solar cells made of crystalline silicon |
EP94927480A EP0721666A1 (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1994-09-22 | Process for metallising solar cells made of crystalline silicon |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEP4333426.1 | 1993-09-30 | ||
DE19934333426 DE4333426C1 (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1993-09-30 | Method for metallising solar cells comprising crystalline silicon |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995009440A1 true WO1995009440A1 (en) | 1995-04-06 |
Family
ID=6499126
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1994/001106 WO1995009440A1 (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1994-09-22 | Process for metallising solar cells made of crystalline silicon |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0721666A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3429768B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE4333426C1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1995009440A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19819200B4 (en) * | 1998-04-29 | 2006-01-05 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Solar cell with contact structures and method for producing the contact structures |
DE10020541A1 (en) * | 2000-04-27 | 2001-11-08 | Univ Konstanz | Method of manufacturing a solar cell and solar cell |
DE10234659A1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-02-12 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Connecting arrangement used in a chip card comprises an integrated electronic component with contact surfaces electrically insulated from each other, a switching circuit support and electrically conducting connections |
SE0302191D0 (en) * | 2003-03-10 | 2003-08-11 | Staffan Gunnarsson | Transponder with infrared technology |
WO2008100603A1 (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2008-08-21 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Solar cells with textured surfaces |
DE102007031958A1 (en) | 2007-07-10 | 2009-01-15 | Deutsche Cell Gmbh | Contact structure for a semiconductor device and method for producing the same |
DE102009022337A1 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-11-18 | Gebr. Schmid Gmbh & Co. | Method and device for treating a substrate |
US8722142B2 (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2014-05-13 | David Minsek | Light induced electroless plating |
US8337942B2 (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2012-12-25 | Minsek David W | Light induced plating of metals on silicon photovoltaic cells |
DE102010026421A1 (en) | 2010-06-30 | 2012-01-05 | Gebr. Schmid Gmbh & Co. | Method for producing a contact of a solar cell and solar cell |
WO2014071458A1 (en) * | 2012-11-09 | 2014-05-15 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Ltd | Formation of metal contacts |
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DE4311173A1 (en) * | 1992-04-03 | 1993-10-07 | Siemens Solar Gmbh | Electrode structures prodn on semicondcutor body - by masking, immersing in palladium hydrogen fluoride soln., depositing nickel@ layer, and depositing other metals |
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1993
- 1993-09-30 DE DE19934333426 patent/DE4333426C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-09-22 WO PCT/DE1994/001106 patent/WO1995009440A1/en active Application Filing
- 1994-09-22 EP EP94927480A patent/EP0721666A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-09-22 JP JP51005195A patent/JP3429768B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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DE2348182A1 (en) * | 1973-09-25 | 1975-04-10 | Siemens Ag | Plating n-conducting regions of semiconductor devices - using photo-electric current to produce thick metal layers |
US4144139A (en) * | 1977-11-30 | 1979-03-13 | Solarex Corporation | Method of plating by means of light |
DE3006716A1 (en) * | 1979-03-02 | 1980-09-11 | Motorola Inc | Electroplating of metal onto large photoelectric device - esp. onto silicon solar cell, where lamp generates voltage for electroplating one side of substrate |
GB2188774A (en) * | 1986-04-02 | 1987-10-07 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Method of forming a conductive pattern on a semiconductor surface |
JPH03250671A (en) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-11-08 | Sharp Corp | Semiconductor photoelectric converting device and its manufacture |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3429768B2 (en) | 2003-07-22 |
DE4333426C1 (en) | 1994-12-15 |
EP0721666A1 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
JPH09503345A (en) | 1997-03-31 |
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