WO1992021377A1 - Peptides for use in induction of t cell activation against hiv-1 - Google Patents

Peptides for use in induction of t cell activation against hiv-1 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992021377A1
WO1992021377A1 PCT/SE1992/000373 SE9200373W WO9221377A1 WO 1992021377 A1 WO1992021377 A1 WO 1992021377A1 SE 9200373 W SE9200373 W SE 9200373W WO 9221377 A1 WO9221377 A1 WO 9221377A1
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peptide
group
ser
ile
phe
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PCT/SE1992/000373
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Anders Vahlne
Bo Svennerholm
Lars Rymo
Stig Jeansson
Peter Horal
Cecil Czerkinsky
Jan Holmgren
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Syntello Inc.
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Priority to JP4510823A priority Critical patent/JPH06510025A/ja
Priority to AU19065/92A priority patent/AU662534B2/en
Priority to EP92911797A priority patent/EP0594638A1/en
Priority to CA 2109961 priority patent/CA2109961A1/en
Publication of WO1992021377A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992021377A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
    • C12N2740/00011—Details
    • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
    • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
    • C12N2740/16111—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV concerning HIV env
    • C12N2740/16122—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T292/00—Closure fasteners
    • Y10T292/65—Braces
    • Y10T292/67—Portable

Definitions

  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • Barre-Sinoussi et al. "Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for Acguired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) , Science, 220:868 (1983); and Gallo et al., "Frequent Detection and Isolation of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) From Patients with AIDS and at Risk for AIDS", Science, 224:500 (1984).
  • HIV often elicits the produc ⁇ tion of neutralizing antibodies.
  • HIV specific antibodies are insufficient to halt the progression of the disease. Therefore, in the case of HIV, a vaccine that elicits the immunity of natural infection could prove to be ineffective.
  • vaccines prepared from the HIV protein gpl60 appear to provide little immunity to HIV infection although they elicit neu- tralizing antibodies. The failure to produce an effective anti-HIV vaccine has led to the prediction that an effective vaccine will not be available until the end of the 1990's.
  • the HIV genome has been well characterized. Its approximately 10Kb encodes sequences that contain regulatory segments for HIV replication as well as the gag, pol and env genes coding for the core proteins, the reverse transcriptase-protease-endonuclease, and the internal and external envelope glycoproteins respectively.
  • the HIV env gene encodes the intracellular glyco- protein, gpl60, which is normally processed by proteo- lytic cleavage to form gpl20, the external viral gly- coprotein, and gp41, the viral transmembrane glyco- protein.
  • the gpl20 protein remains associated with HIV virions by virtue of noncovalent interactions with gp41. These noncovalent interactions are weak, conse ⁇ quently most of the gpl20 is released from cells and virions in a soluble form.
  • Previous studies have shown that the proteins encoded by the gag and especially the env regions of the HIV-1 genome are immunogenic since antibodies to the products of the gag and env genes are found in the sera of HIV infected, AIDS and ARC patients.
  • HIV-l antigens for use in diagnosis and as potential vaccine compositions have been prepared by cloning portions of the HIV-1 genome in various expression systems such as bacteria, yeast or vaccinia.
  • HIV-1 antigens produced by recombinant DNA methods must still be exhaustively purified to avoid adverse reactions upon vaccination and false positive reactions in ELISA assays due to any antibody reactivity to antigens of the expression system which may contaminate the HIV-l antigen preparation. Also, denaturation of HIV-1 antigens during purification may destroy impor ⁇ tant antigen activity. Preparation of proteins from intact viruses can also result in contamination by the virus.
  • This peptide derived from a portion of gp41, was used to immunize rabbits in an attempt to elicit a neutralizing antibody response to HIV-l. Furthermore, several sera from AIDS patients known to contain anti-gp41 antibodies were weakly reactive with this peptide, thus indicating that this peptide contains at least one epitope recognized, to some extent, by antibodies to native gpl60/gp41. However, this peptide has not been shown to elicit neutralizing antibodies in mammals other than rabbits nor has it been suggested for use as a human vaccine. Longitudinal studies conducted on cohorts of
  • HIV-infected individuals have indicated that a stable clinical condition is associated with presence of high titers of neutralizing antibodies against the envelope glycoprotein gpl20 of HIV and especially against a specific segment of eight amino acids.
  • Ranki et al. "Neutralizing Antibodies in HIV (HTLV-III) Infection: Correlation with Clinical Outcome and Antibody Response against Different Viral Proteins", Clin. Exp. Immunol., 69:231 (1987); and Marx (1989). Achieving protective immunity against HIV is likely to lie on the induction of gpl20 specific neutralizing antibodies. Marx, "New Hope on the AIDS Vaccine Front", Science, 244:1254 (1989).
  • Potent T cell help might also be critical to promote the gen- eration and the expansion of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells.
  • Reinherz and Schlossman "The Characteriza ⁇ tion and Function of Human Immunoregulatory T Lympho ⁇ cyte Subsets", Immunol. Today, 2:69 (1981); Burns et al, “Thy us Dependence of Viral Antigens", Nature, 256:654 (1975); and Askonas et al., "Cytotoxic T-memory Cells in Virus Infection and the Specificity of Helper T Cells", Immunology, 45:79 (1982).
  • protective immunity should rely on induction of immunologic memory to structurally conserved antigenic moieties comprising epitopes displaying limited MHC restriction for T helper cell recognition. Askonas et al. (1982) .
  • T cell epitopes Since production of antibodies, including neu ⁇ tralizing antibodies, by B cells is critically depen- dent on cognate T cell help, and antigenic determinants recognized by T cells are often distinct from the ones recognized by B cells, identification of antigenic moieties recognized by T cells (so-called "T cell epitopes") , is important when considering vaccination strategies based on appropriate combinations of T and B cell epitopes.
  • novel peptides corresponding to epitopes of HIV-l gpl20 protein and analogues and homologs thereof are provided. These peptides can be utilized alone or in combination, uncoupled or coupled to other molecules or substrates. The peptides are useful in eliciting T cell activation, immunization against HIV infection, induction of a heightened immune response to HIV and in production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Forty synthetic peptides corresponding to the entire primary sequence of the envelope gpl20 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l) were examined for their ability to induce antibody formation and/or T cell activation antibody formation was determined by measuring the amount of peptide-specific antibody formed.
  • HIV-l human immunodeficiency virus type 1
  • T cell activation was measured by the ability of the peptides to induce in vitro proliferative responses and/or IL-2 production when added to cultures of unfractionated, T cell enriched, and/or CD4 + T cell enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from immune monkeys.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • T cell recognition identified, two novel T cell activating regions were identified, both of which were also found to be capable of inducing, in vivo, the production of neutralizing antibodies to HIV-l.
  • One of these two novel areas corresponds to a highly conserved region of HIV-l gp-120, the other area being located to a variable region of gp-120.
  • variable region does not appear to be restricted by MHC polymorphism, since all of six monkeys immunized with corresponding peptides were found to display in vitro proliferative responses to these peptides.
  • the results of peptides thus have great utility for the development of synthetic subunit AIDS vaccines.
  • Fig. 1 is a graph depicting in vitro proliferative responses of monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to recall peptide after two and/or three peptide immunizations.
  • PBMC monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • Fig. 2 is a graph depicting in vitro proliferative responses of monkey PBMC to half-overlapping peptides.
  • a vaccine against AIDS if an efficient one is to be found, is likely to contain components that are capable of inducing T helper cell activity to cognate B cells committed to the production of HIV neutralizing antibodies.
  • the present invention provides peptides, some of which have previously been found to elicit production of HIV neutralizing antibodies by primate subjects and all of which have now been found to have the surprising property of eliciting T cell activation.
  • the peptides correspond to regions of the gpl20 protein with amino acid coordinates as defined by Kennedy et al. , "Antiserum to a Synthetic Peptide Recognizes the HTLV- III Envelope Glycoprotein", Science, 231:1556-1559 (1986) .
  • the peptides of the present invention are termed gpl20-ll (amino acid coordinates 141-164) , gpl20-12 (amino acid coordinates 151-176) , gpl20-13 (amino acid coordinates 164-192) , gpl20-16 (amino acid coordinates 205-230) and gpl20-19 (amino acid coor ⁇ dinates 247-269) , gpl20-29 (amino acid coordinates 366- 389) and gpl20-30 (amino acid coordinates 377-400) .
  • the peptides of the present invention have been des ⁇ cribed for use as immunogens in vaccine compositions and to elicit polyclonal or monoclonal antibody pro- ductions in United States patent application Serial Number 07/589,422 filed Sept. 27, 1990 which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • T cell antigenic determinants in this area seem to be more or less exclusively located within each of the immunizing peptides as none of the overlapping peptides gave rise to jln vitro prolifera ⁇ tive responses.
  • PBMC isolated from monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-24 secreted IL-2 when cultured in the presence of peptide gpl20-25, indica ⁇ ting the existence of a minor epitope shared by these two peptides.
  • the region of gpl20 corresponding to amino acid coordinates 295 to 343 is similar to a region (amino acid coordi ⁇ nates 301 to 338) which has previously been shown by other investigators to contain a major T cell recogni ⁇ tion site (amino acid coordinates 303-337) whose sequence encompasses that of the neutralizing loop.
  • the area of gp-120 located between amino acid coordi ⁇ nates 409 and 466 (peptides gpl20-33, gpl20-34, gpl20-35 and gpl20-36), as described in the Examples presented below, was found to have potent T cell activating properties.
  • the area between amino acid coordinates 409 och 466 has previously been shown to accommodate T cell activating domains. Bolog ⁇ nesi (1989). In this area, two T cell epitopes have been identified, one between amino acid coordinates 410 and 429, and one between amino acid coordinates 428 and 443.
  • peptide gpl20-4 amino acid coordina ⁇ tes 53-74
  • gpl20-5 amino acid coordinates 64-89
  • gpl20-8 amino acid coordinates 100-126
  • gp 120-7 amino acid coordinates 218-247
  • peptide gpl20-21 amino acid coor ⁇ dinates 269-295
  • peptide gpl20-19 has now been shown to have T cell immunogenic properties as defined by in vitro proliferative responses of simian PBMC to cognate peptide. Additionally, PBMC from a monkey immunized with OVA-conjugated peptide gpl20-16 has now been found to secrete IL-2 after in vitro exposure to peptide gpl20-16. Peptide gpl20-16 therefore represents an additional novel T cell epitope.
  • epi ⁇ topes have now been recognized by immune monkey PBMC, one shared by peptides gpl20-ll and gpl20-12, one shared by peptides gpl20-12 and gpl20-13 and one addi ⁇ tional epitope within peptide gpl20-13.
  • in vitro proliferative responses to peptides gpl20-12 and gpl20-13 have now been demonstrated in cultures of CD2 + T cells, and also CD4 + T cells, initiated as late as five months after the second immunization indicating the presence of memory T helper (CD4 + ) cell activating epitopes in that area.
  • Another novel area identified in this study includes peptides gpl20-29 and gpl20-30 (amino acid coordinates 366 to 400) which induced T cell responses in 3 out of 4 monkeys. Recognition of this area
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET by immune T cells appears to be also under limited MHC restriction, or to involve epitope(s) associated with polymorphic MHC determinants. At least two epitopes would be expected within this area as the responses did not always overlap.
  • peptides were also found to be capable of inducing, in vivo, the production of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-l.
  • sera obtained from all monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-12, peptide gpl20-16 and peptide gpl20-19 inhibited in vitro HIV induced p-24 antigen release and syncytia formation by human permissive T cell lines exposed to HIV-l virions of the corresponding (BRU) isolate.
  • peptide gpl20-12 is derived from a partly conserved region of gpl20 and is associated with a site recognized by neutralizing antibodies.
  • Peptide gpl20-16 represents a highly conserved area of gpl20 within all 14 different isolates investigated. The efficiency of the peptides, derived from a conserved region of HIV, at inducing the production of HIV- neutralizing antibodies as well as at triggering a T cell response is noteworthy. Peptides gpl20-l2 and gpl20-16 are thus the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • HIV infected individuals produce antibodies capable of recognizing peptides gpl20-12, gpl20-15, gpl20-16 and gpl20-19. Since antibodies are generated in response to immunization with these pep- tides it is possible to induce an increase in the repertoire of neutralizing antibody producing B cells in HIV positive individuals.
  • Proteins contain a number of antigenic deter ⁇ minants or epitopes which are the regions of the proteins comprising the recognition and binding sites for specific antibodies.
  • An epitope contains a sequence of 6 to 8 amino acids. Epitopes can be either continuous wherein the sequence of 6-8 amino acids are linear or discontinuous in which case the amino acids are brought together by the three dimensional folding of the protein. Even though an epitope constitutes only a relatively few amino acids, its reactivity with an antibody may be influenced by the amino acids in the protein which surround the epitope.
  • Synthetic peptides have several advantages with regard to specific antibody production and reactivity.
  • the exact sequence of the synthesized peptide can be selected from the amino acid sequence of the protein as determined by amino acid sequencing of the protein or the predicted amino acid sequence determined from the
  • peptides corres ⁇ ponding to such regions may not always be useful as vaccines. For example, antigenicity may be lost because the peptide is not in the proper spatial orientation to be recognized by antibodies which react with the protein. It has also been found that certain peptides derived from type C retroviruses and HIV act as immune-suppressive agents much as does HIV itself. Cianciolo et al., J. Immunol., 124:2900-2905 (1980); and Cianciolo et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 230:453-455 (1985) .
  • Peptides such as these which have a deleterious effect on the patient, would not be suitable for use as vaccines.
  • HIV-l and HIV-2 there is significant genetic variability within each of these two virus groups leading to many serotypes, or isolates, of the viruses. This has put a significant constraint on choosing a region of a pro- tein from which to derive a peptide for use in formu ⁇ lating immunogens.
  • certain immunodominant portions of HIV-l and HIV-2 proteins have been found to be relatively invariant.
  • Synthetic peptides may also be key to viral vaccines in that they may induce an immune response against type common sequences not nor ⁇ mally immunogenic in the native molecule.
  • Bolognesi refers to four different virus neutralization epitopes with the following amino acid coordinates: 254-274, 303-337, 458-484 and 491-523.
  • the peptide with amino acid coordinates 254-274 was used to immunize rabbits and the resulting antiseru was found to neutralize HIV-l as described above. Ho et al., Science, 239:1021-1023 (1988) .
  • the peptides encompassed by the invention comprise amino acid sequences each containing at least one con ⁇ tinuous (linear) epitope that elicits production of activated T cells in the host in addition to eliciting the production of HIV specific antibodies.
  • the invention thus encompasses immunogenic pep ⁇ tides corresponding to regions of HIV gpl20 protein encoded by the envelope gene of HIV-l HTLV III-B described by Muesing et al., "Nucleic Acid Structure and Expression of the Human AIDS/Lymphadenopathy
  • Retrovirus Nature, 313:450-458 (1985).
  • the nucleo- tide sequence is given in Genbank Release 63 under the name HIVPV22.
  • the invention further encompasses func ⁇ tionally equivalent variants of the peptides which do not significantly affect the immunogenic properties of the peptides. For instance, conservative substitution of amino acid residues, one or a few amino acid dele ⁇ tions or additions, and substitution of amino acid residues by amino acid analogues are within the scope of the invention.
  • Homologs are peptides which have conservatively substituted amino acid residues and peptides derived from corresponding regions of different HIV isolates.
  • Amino acids which can be conservatively substituted for one another include but are not limited to: glycine/ alanine; valine/isoleucine/leucine; asparagine/ glutamine; aspartic acid/glutamic acid; serine/ threonine; lysine/arginine; and phenylalanine/tyrosine.
  • Homologous peptides are considered to be within the scope of the invention if they are recognized by antibodies which recognize the peptides designated gpl20-12, gpl20-16 and gpl20-19 the sequences of which are shown below. Further, all homologous peptides corresponding to the peptides of the present invention but derived from different HIV isolates are also encompassed by the scope of this invention.
  • the invention also encompasses polymers of one or more of the peptides, and peptide analogues or homologs are within the scope of the invention. Also within the scope of this invention are peptides of fewer amino acid residues than the peptides but which encompass one or more immunogenic epitopes present in any one of the peptides and thus retain the immunogenic properties of the base peptide.
  • the invention further encompasses functionally equivalent variants of the peptides which do not significantly affect the antigenic or T cell activating properties of the peptides. For instance, various analogues, or peptidomimetics, are known in the art and can be used to replace one or more of the amino acids in the peptides.
  • Analogues are defined as peptides which are functionally equivalent to the peptides of the present invention but which contain certain non- naturally occurring or modified amino acid residues. Additionally, polymers of one or more of the peptides are within the scope of the invention. The use of peptide analogues can result in pep ⁇ tides with increased activity, that are less sensitive to enzymatic degradation, and which are more selective.
  • a suitable proline analogue is 2-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (j8Ac 5 c) which has been shown to increase activity of a native peptide more than 20 times.
  • the peptides were synthesized by known solid phase peptide synthesis techniques. Merrifield and Barany, The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 1, Gross and Gonhofer, eds., Academic Press, New York, Chap. 1 (1980) .
  • the synthesis also allows for one or more amino acids not corresponding to the original protein sequence to be added to the amino or carboxyl terminus of the peptide. Such extra amino acids are useful for coupling the peptides to another peptide, to a large carrier protein or to a solid support. Amino acids that are useful for these purposes include but are not limited to tyrosine, lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and derivatives thereof.
  • Additional protein modification techniques may be used, e.g., NH 2 -acetylation or COOH-terminal amidation, to provide additional means for coupling the peptides to another protein or peptide molecule or a support.
  • Procedures for coupling peptides to each other, carrier proteins and solid supports are well known in the art.
  • Peptides containing the above-mentioned extra amino acid residues either carboxy or amino terminally, uncoupled or coupled to a carrier or solid support are consequently within the scope of the invention. Refer ⁇ ence to the peptides of the present invention encom ⁇ passes all of the embodiments discussed herein.
  • An alternative method of vaccine production is to use molecular biology techniques to produce a fusion protein containing one or more of the peptides of the present invention and a highly immunogenic protein.
  • fusion proteins containing the antigen of interest and the B subunit of cholera toxin have been shown to induce an immune response to the antigen of interest.
  • Sanchez et al. "Recombinant System For Overexpression of Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Vibrio cholerae as a Basis for Vaccine Development", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:481-485 (1989). It is thus implicit in the present invention that vaccine con ⁇ structs based on appropriate constructions of B and T cell epitopes fused to a carrier protein like cholera toxin would represent important benefits in vaccination.
  • the novel peptide amino acid sequences are set forth below and in Table 2.
  • the amino acid residues are derived from the nucleotide sequence previously described by Kennedy et al. (1986) .
  • the peptides may contain either an amido or carboxy group at their carboxy termini.
  • X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH 2 group of the peptide or an additional amino acid being selected to facilitate coupling of the peptide to a carrier; Y is absent or Cys; and Z is the carboxyl group of the carboxy terminal amino acid or an amido group.
  • the amino acid abbreviations used are defined in Table 2.
  • the peptides are useful as vaccines to protect against future infection by HIV or to heighten the immune response to HIV in subjects already infected by HIV.
  • any human subject could be vaccinated with the peptides, the most suitable subjects are people at risk for HIV infection.
  • Such subjects include but are not limited to homosexuals, prostitutes, intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs and those in the medical professions who have contact with patients or biological samples.
  • the invention also provides monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies which specifically recognize the peptides.
  • the invention further provides antibodies produced in response to vaccination with the peptides which neutralize HIV.
  • the peptides are formulated into compositions for use as immunogens.
  • These immunogens can be used as vaccines in mammals including humans or to elicit T cell activation and/or production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in animals.
  • an amount sufficient to elicit T cell activation of at least one of the peptides is admixed with a physiologically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to mammals including humans.
  • the peptides may be covalently attached to each other, to other peptides, to a protein carrier or to other carriers, incorporated into liposomes or other such vesicles, and/or mixed with an adjuvant or adsorbent as is known in the vaccine art.
  • the peptide or peptides can be mixed with immunostimulating complexes as described by Takahashi et al., "Induction of CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells by Immunization With Purified HIV-l Envelope Protein and ISCOMS", Nature, 344:873-875 (1990).
  • the peptides are uncoupled and merely admixed with a physiologically acceptable carrier such as normal saline or a buffering compound suitable for admin ⁇ istration to mammals including humans.
  • the immunogenically effective amounts of the peptides of the invention must be determined empirically. Factors to be considered include the immunogenicity of the native peptide, whether or not the peptide will be complexed with or covalently attached to an adjuvant or carrier protein or other carrier and route of administration for the compo- sition, i.e. intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc., and the number of immunizing doses to be admin ⁇ istered. Such factors are known in the vaccine art and it is well within the skill of immunologists to make such determinations without undue experimentation. The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples which are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention.
  • PBMC from monkeys immunized with OVA-conjugated HIV gpl20 peptides were tested for their ability to produce IL-2 and/or to proliferate when exposed jLn vitro to recall (immuniz ⁇ ing) , overlapping, and non overlapping peptide(s).
  • Example 1 Animals Used in Subsequent Examples Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis. were given 3 intramuscular doses of ovalbumin (OVA)- conjugated peptides (see below) , three weeks apart, each dose consisting of 100 ⁇ g of ovalbumin-coupled peptide emulsified in Freund's complete (first dose) or incomplete (booster doses) adjuvant.
  • OVA ovalbumin
  • the peptides were synthesized using the t-Boc synthesis protocol as suggested by the manufacturer. All solvents were from Applied Biosystems and the side chain protected amino acids used were from Nova Biochem (Switzerland) and Applied Biosystems. Following each amino acid coupling, a sample was taken and a quanti ⁇ tative ninhydrin assay was performed. Only if the coupling efficiency exceeded 99% for each amino acid coupled was the peptide accepted for further processing. Completed peptides were cleaved from the solid phase and amino acid side chains were deprotected by acidic hydrolysis using anisole and ethanedithiol (Merck, Germany) as scavengers.
  • 1,2-Ethane-Dithiol (2:1) was added as scavenging agent and the mixture was incubated with continuous stirring for 10 min. at room temperature.
  • Trifluoracetic Acid (TFA) 10 ml was added and stirred continuously for 10 min. at room temperature.
  • peptides Prior to use in specific assays, the peptides can be further purified, if desired, by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
  • HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
  • a particu ⁇ larly suitable column for such purification is the reverse-phase Vydak® C-18 column using a water (TFA) - acetonitrile (TFA) gradient to elute the peptides.
  • TFA water
  • TFA - acetonitrile
  • amino acid sequences of the peptides 17-29 amino acids long, half overlapping each other and entirely encompassing gp-120, were obtained from the HIV-l BRU isolate. Muesing et al., "Nucleic Acid Structure and Expression of the Human AIDS/Lym- phadenopathy Retrovirus", Nature, 313:450 (1985).
  • Ovalbumin was dissolved in coupling buffer (0.2 M NaH 2 P0 4 , Ph 8.5) . The dissolved ovalbumin was then run through a Sephadex G-25M column (Pharmacia, Sweden) , using the same buffer. Protein concentration was measured at 280 nm and the recovery was determined. SPDP was dissolved in 99.5% ethanol to a final concentration of 40 mM. SPDP was then added dropwise to the ovalbumin solution under stirring. The SPDP-ovalbumin mixture was then left at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. The ovalbumin- SPDP conjugate was separated from unconjugated SPDP by running the mixture through a Sephadex G-25M column, using water as eluent.
  • coupling buffer 0.2 M NaH 2 P0 4 , Ph 8.5
  • the degree of substitution for the ovalbumin-SPDP conjugate was determined after diluting 50 ⁇ l conjugate in 2 ml of water, by measuring the diluted conjugate at 280 nm and the diluted conjugate plus 100 ⁇ l Dithiothreitol (DTT) (Sigma) at 343 nm, in order to determine the amount to be added to the peptide solution. Finally, the synthetic peptide to be coupled to the ovalbumin-SPDP conjugate was dissolved in 10% acetic acid to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and a suitable amount of ovalbumin-SPDP conjugate (as determined by the substitution degree above) was added and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature.
  • Example 4 Immunization Protocols M. fascicularis were used to generate antibodies. Prior to the initial peptide injection, a blood sample was drawn from the monkeys. This initial blood sample is termed "pre-immune" (Tables 5-8) and is used as an internal control and analyzed simultaneously with respective immuneserum.
  • the monkeys were injected with 100 ⁇ g peptide- SPDP-ovalbumin suspended in 0.5 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) .
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the monkeys were immunized intramuscularly three times, three weeks apart.
  • As adjuvant 0.5 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant was used for all initial immunizations and Freund's incomplete adjuvant was used for booster shots.
  • Two weeks after the final immunization the monkeys were bled by removing a 10 ml blood sample from the fossa and pre-immune and hyperimmune sera were subject to neutralization assays as described in Example 9.
  • PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the erythrocyte-free supernatant was layered onto a Ficoll-Hypaque cushion (Pharmacia, Sweden) and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 930 x g, at 20°C.
  • Interface PBMC were washed twice by centrifugation (500 xg, 20°C, 5 min) with isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 0.01 M phosphate buffer in 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4) .
  • PBS isotonic phosphate-buffered saline
  • T cells were enriched by rosetting with AET-treated sheep red blood cells as described by Kaplan and Clare, "Improved Rosetting Assay for Detection of Human T Lymphocytes", J. Immunol.
  • Example 6 Lymphocyte Proliferation Assays Unfractionated PBMC were resuspended in complete medium (see below) and dispersed in round-bottomed 96 micro-well plates (Nunc, Denmark) at three different cell densities (2xl0 5 , lxlO 5 and 5xl0 4 cells per well) in Iscove's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS, Biological Industries, Israel) , 3 ⁇ g/ml
  • Uncoupled peptides were added at different concentrations (10, 1 and 0.1 ⁇ g/ml) to the culture wells.
  • Concanavalin A (Sigma) (10 ⁇ g/ml) was added to separa- te cultures as a positive control.
  • Cells, in a final volume of 0.2 ml, were incubated for five days at 37°C in a humid atmosphere with 7.5% C0 2 . After four days, 25 ⁇ l of culture supernatant were collected from each well and frozen at -70°C until assayed for IL-2 activity according to the method described in example 5.
  • SI values equal to at least 2.4 [i.e. twice the sum of the mean plus 3.3 times the SD of the replicate cultures exposed to irrelevant peptides (confidence inter- val, p ⁇ 0.001, Student's + test)] were considered as signi ⁇ ficantly increased.
  • Another major area comprises peptides gpl20-23, gpl20-24 and gpl20-25 (amino acid coordinates 295-343) which induced proliferative responses of PBMC from at least one out of 2 monkeys immuni- zed with the corresponding peptide.
  • a third area comprising peptides gpl20-29 and gpl20-30, accommodates a site(2) of proliferation inducing activity on PBMC from monkeys immuni ⁇ zed with the corresponding OVA-conjugated paptides.
  • the fourth area consists of peptides gpl20-33, gpl20-34, gpl20- 35 and gpl20-36 (amino acid coordinates 409-466) where each peptide could induce profilerationof PBMC from at least one of the immunized monkeys.
  • peptides gpl20-4 amino acid coordinates 53-74
  • gp 120-5 amino acid coordinates 64-89
  • gpl20-17 amino acid coordi ⁇ nates 218-247
  • gpl20-21 amino acid coordinates 269-295
  • Peptides found to be capable of inducing a prolifera ⁇ tive response of PBMC from monkeys immunized with the corre ⁇ sponding OVA-coupled peptide were reassayed on PBMC from at least three other monkeys immunized with a non-cognate OVA- coupled peptide.
  • Peptides gpl20-4, gpl20-13 and gpl20-34 induced proliferation of PBMC from 1 out of 3 monkeys and peptide gpl20-30 in 1 monkey out of 7 (SI ranging between 2.0 and 2.5) while the other peptides failed to induce any significant proliferative responses.
  • monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-12 responded to peptide gpl20-13 but none of the peptide gpl20- 13 immunized monkeys responded to peptide gpl20-12.
  • the next area of in vitro profilerative activity i.e. peptides gpl20-23, gpl20-24 and gpl20-25, none of the overlapping peptides induced in vitro profileration of PBMC from any of the monkeys immunized with OVA-conjugated peptides.
  • Total PBMC mean SI of four triplicates of different cell densities and peptide concentrations
  • CD2 + enriched fraction 2xl0 5 SRBC-rosetted PBMC incubated with 4xl0 4 irradiated, non-rosetted cells together with lO ⁇ g/ml of peptide(s) :
  • CD4 + enriched fraction 1.25xl0 5 (peptide gpl20-12 immunized monkey) or 4xl0 4 (peptide gpl20-13 immunized monkey)
  • SRBC-rosetted PBMC further enriched in CD4 + T cells by incubating with anti-CD8 + coated beads were incubated with 2xl0 4 irradiated, non-rosetted cells together with 10 ⁇ g/ml of peptide(s) .
  • IL-2 assay The IL-2 content of individual cell microcultures was determined by the bioassay performed as described by Gillis et al., "T Cell Growth Factor: Parameters of Production and a Quantitative Microassay for Activity", J. Immunol., 120:2027 (1978). Briefly, supernatants were added at a final dilution of 1:4 to 10 4 CTLL-2 cells. Cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in flat-bottomed 96 microwell plates (Nunc, Denmark) in Iscove's medium supplemented with 10% FCS, 3 ⁇ g/ml
  • the ratio of secreted IL-2 found after 4 days of in vitro culturing ranged from 0.2 to l.0 U/ml.
  • PBMC Cell culture supernatants of PBMC derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-ll, gpl20-12, gpl20-13, gpl20-30 and gpl20-34 also contained IL-2 after m vitro exposure to one or two of the overlapping peptides. Accordingly, PBMC from a monkey immunized with peptide gpl20-ll secreted detectable levels of IL-2 in the cell supernatant after 4 days of stimulation with peptide gpl20-12, and a monkey immunized with peptide gpl20-12 secreted detectable levels of IL-2 after stimulation with peptide gpl20-13.
  • PBMC cultures containing overlapping peptides (peptides gpl20-12 and gpl20-14) together with PBMC from a peptide gpl20-13 immunized monkey and the same holds true for peptides gpl20-33 and gpl20-35 when co-cultured with PBMC from a peptide gpl20-34 immunized monkey.
  • PBMC obtained from a peptide gpl20-30 immunized monkey secreted detectable amounts of IL-2 not only when cultured in the presence of peptide gpl20-30, but also when peptide gpl20-29 had been added to the cultures.
  • Example 8 Cells and Virus Stocks All neutralization tests were performed using H-9 cells and HTLV-lllB virus (originating from R.C. Gallo and supplied by Dr. William Hall, North Shore Hospital, Manhasset, New York) .
  • H-9 cells (designated H9 NY) were maintained in RPMI Medium (Gibco) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) , penicillin/streptomycin (PEN/STREP 50 ⁇ g/ml each and without any fungicides) . Cells were subcultured at a dilution of 1:3 every 4 days.
  • Infected cells were shown to be detectable at 4-5 days post-infection (p.i.) by monitoring syncytia formation, positive cells in immunofluorescence and p-24 production (assayed by the Abbott p-24 antigen test) .
  • the peak of HIV production was seen 10 - 15 days p.i. at which time virus was collected.
  • supernatants containing virus collected from infected cells were frozen in stocks at -90°C.
  • One virus stock with endpoint titer of 40,000 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID 50 ) was used throughout the studies (referred to as NT3-NT19) .
  • Stock virus, described in Example 8 was diluted to 100 TCID ⁇ and mixed with serial fourfold dilutions (1/5, 1/20, and 1/80) of complement-inactivated immunesera obtained from the monkeys immunized as described in Example 4.
  • a guinea pig hyperimmune serum (referred to as MSV) with known HIV neutralizing titer of 1/40 - 1/160 was included in all experiments (kindly provided by Prof. B. Morein, Dept. Veterinary Virology, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden) .
  • MSV guinea pig hyperimmune serum
  • the serum-virus mixture was added to lxlO 6 H-9 cells and incubated for another 60 min at 37°C. Following incubation, the cells were washed once and placed in 24 well multidish plates with 2 ml of growth medium (RPMI, 10% FCS, 2 ⁇ g polybrene/ml) per well.
  • Table 5A depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-l - gpl20-10.
  • the cells used were H9 NY and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8.
  • the incubation protocol was (virus plus serum) incubation at 37°C for one hour.
  • Table 5B depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-ll - gpl20-20.
  • the cells used were H9 NY and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8.
  • the incubation protocol was (virus plus serum) incubation at 37°C for one hour.
  • Table 5C (HIVNT5P1.XLS) depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-21 - gpl20-30.
  • the cells used were H9 NY, and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8.
  • the incubation protocol used was virus plus serum incubated at 37°C for one hour.
  • Table 5D depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-31 - gpl20-40.
  • the cells used were H9 NY and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8.
  • the incubation protocol was (virus plus serum) incubation at 37°C for one hour.
  • Table 6 shows the results of the first retest of putative neutralizing antibodies as determined by the first test (Tables 5A-D) .
  • the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 and the cells used were H9 NY.
  • the first retest results in rows 1-19 are the results of neutralization test number 5.
  • the incubation protocol was incubation at 37°C for one hour.
  • the first retest results in rows 20-32 are the results of neutralization test number 7.
  • the incubation protocol was incubation of at 37°C for one hour.
  • Table 7 (HIVTAB5.XLS) shows second, third and fourth retest results of the positive peptides.
  • the virus used was HTLV-IIIB Batch 18 and the cells used were H9 NY.
  • the second retest results in rows 1-4 are the results of neutralization test number 7.
  • the incubation protocol was incubation at 37°C for one hour.
  • the second retest results in rows 5-13 are the results of neutralization test number 12.
  • the third retest results are shown rows 14-16 are the results of neutralization test number 12.
  • the incubation protocol was incubation at 37°C for one hour.
  • the fourth retest results in rows 17-39 are the results of neutralization test number 16.
  • the incubation protocol was at 4°C for 16 hours.
  • the second retest results in rows 40-53 are the result of neutralization test 19.
  • the incubation protocol was cells plus virus at 4° for 16 hours.
  • Table 8 shows the neutralization assay results with combined hyperimmune sera. Note that the incubation of virus and cells was at 4°C for 16 hours.
  • Tables 5(A-D)-8 indicate that peptides gpl20-12, gpl20-16, and gpl20-l9 elicit the production of HIV neutralizing antibodies in primate subjects.
  • the use of the peptides in vaccination of human subjects is therefore applicable to prevent infection by HIV or to induce heightened immune response in subjects already infected by HIV.

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WO1994023746A1 (en) * 1993-04-16 1994-10-27 Syntello Vaccine Development Ab Peptides for use in vaccination and induction of neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus
WO1995018148A1 (en) * 1993-12-28 1995-07-06 Chiron Mimotopes Pty Ltd T-cell epitopes
US5589175A (en) * 1990-09-27 1996-12-31 Syntello Vaccine Development Kb Peptides for induction of neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus
US5603933A (en) * 1993-08-31 1997-02-18 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas CD4 peptides for binding to viral envelope proteins
US6210873B1 (en) 1987-08-28 2001-04-03 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Methods and compositions for the priming of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response
US6265539B1 (en) 1987-08-28 2001-07-24 The University Of Texas System The Board Of Regents Prophylaxis and therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6210873B1 (en) 1987-08-28 2001-04-03 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Methods and compositions for the priming of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response
US6265539B1 (en) 1987-08-28 2001-07-24 The University Of Texas System The Board Of Regents Prophylaxis and therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
US5589175A (en) * 1990-09-27 1996-12-31 Syntello Vaccine Development Kb Peptides for induction of neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus
WO1994023746A1 (en) * 1993-04-16 1994-10-27 Syntello Vaccine Development Ab Peptides for use in vaccination and induction of neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus
US5603933A (en) * 1993-08-31 1997-02-18 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas CD4 peptides for binding to viral envelope proteins
WO1995018148A1 (en) * 1993-12-28 1995-07-06 Chiron Mimotopes Pty Ltd T-cell epitopes

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