USRE49613E1 - Screen for a free and restricted operating mode - Google Patents

Screen for a free and restricted operating mode Download PDF

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Publication number
USRE49613E1
USRE49613E1 US17/211,576 US201617211576A USRE49613E US RE49613 E1 USRE49613 E1 US RE49613E1 US 201617211576 A US201617211576 A US 201617211576A US RE49613 E USRE49613 E US RE49613E
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
light
light guide
backlight
screen
viewing
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Active
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US17/211,576
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English (en)
Inventor
Stepan Alkhimenko
Markus Klippstein
Ambrose Peter Nari
Uwe Schroeter
Juergen Schwarz
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SiOptica GmbH
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SiOptica GmbH
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Publication date
Priority claimed from DE102015015516.4A external-priority patent/DE102015015516B4/de
Priority claimed from DE102016003627.3A external-priority patent/DE102016003627A1/de
Priority claimed from DE102016005626.6A external-priority patent/DE102016005626B4/de
Priority claimed from DE102016007814.6A external-priority patent/DE102016007814B4/de
Application filed by SiOptica GmbH filed Critical SiOptica GmbH
Priority to US17/211,576 priority Critical patent/USRE49613E1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of USRE49613E1 publication Critical patent/USRE49613E1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/1323—Arrangements for providing a switchable viewing angle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/004—Scattering dots or dot-like elements, e.g. microbeads, scattering particles, nanoparticles
    • G02B6/0041—Scattering dots or dot-like elements, e.g. microbeads, scattering particles, nanoparticles provided in the bulk of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0065—Manufacturing aspects; Material aspects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0075—Arrangements of multiple light guides
    • G02B6/0076—Stacked arrangements of multiple light guides of the same or different cross-sectional area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133502—Antiglare, refractive index matching layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
    • G02F1/133615—Edge-illuminating devices, i.e. illuminating from the side
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
    • G02F1/133616—Front illuminating devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
    • G02F1/133626—Illuminating devices providing two modes of illumination, e.g. day-night

Definitions

  • Accessory films on the basis of microlouvers have already been used for mobile display screens to achieve optical data protection in a so-called privacy mode.
  • such films could not be switched between modes but had to be applied and removed manually. Also, they have to be carried separately from the display screen when not in use.
  • Another substantial disadvantage is the light loss accompanying the use of such louver films.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,765,550 describes such privacy protection provided by a filter of microlouvers.
  • the biggest disadvantages are the need to mechanically attach or remove the filter, and the light loss suffered in the protected mode.
  • US 2009/0067156 discloses a great number of ideas to configure an illuminating system and a display device.
  • the version illustrated there in FIGS. 3A and 3B uses two back-lights consisting of wedge-shaped light guides, and an LCD panel, where the posterior backlight 40 is intended to positively create a wide illuminating angle, and the anterior backlight 38 is intended to positively create a narrow illuminating angle.
  • the backlight 38 is meant to create a narrow illuminating angle without converting the light having a wide illuminating angle, which originates from backlight 40, essentially into light having a narrow illuminating angle when it passes backlight 38.
  • the two light guides 46 and 48 each produce “narrow light”, i.e. light with a narrow illuminating angle. Conversion of the light in light guide 48 into “wide light”, i.e. light with a wide illuminating angle, is only achieved by means of a partial mirror 50, which has to be provided with prism structures in a complex process. This conversion extremely diminishes the light intensity, because the light at first exiting in a narrow illuminating angle (the only light available) is then spread out into a wide illuminating angle, as a rule into the semispace. As a result, the brightness (with reference to the luminance) will be reduced by a factor of 5 or higher, depending on the parameters. Thus, this embodiment is of little practical relevance.
  • US 2012/0235891 describes a highly complex backlight in a screen.
  • this design employs not only several light guides but also other complex optical elements such as microlens elements 40 and prism structures, which convert the light coming from the posterior illumination on the way to the anterior illumination. This is expensive and complicated to implement, and it involves a light loss.
  • both light sources 4R and 18 produce light having a narrow illuminating angle, with the light emitted by the posterior light source 18 first being laboriously converted into light with a large illuminating angle. This complex conversion greatly diminishes brightness, as noted already above.
  • additional light sources which are arranged at a distinct distance from the screen, and illuminate a hologram attached to the screen, are used to overlay the lateral view with special wavelengths.
  • the disadvantages here are the necessary spacing of the light sources from the screen, and the complexity of making suitable holograms.
  • US 2013/0308185 describes a special light guide provided with steps, which emits light at a large area into various directions, depending on the direction in which it is illuminated from an edge.
  • a transmissive imager e.g., an LC display
  • a screen that is switchable between a free and a restricted viewing mode can be produced.
  • the restricted view effect can be created either for the left/right or the top/bottom direction only, but not for left/right/top/bottom simultaneously as desirable for certain payment actions.
  • some residual light is visible from blocked viewing angles even in the restricted viewing mode.
  • DE 10 2014 003 298 A1 describes a method and arrangement for the optional restriction of the recognizability of images.
  • a special optical element is needed, which is transparent to at last 70% of the light originating from the screen, and which deflects light incident from lateral light sources into a restricted angular range in such a way that, in directions extending in angles ⁇ greater than ⁇ , with ⁇ >20°, to the surface normal of the screen, the light emanating from the screen is superimposed with the light deflected by the optical element, whereby the image presented on the screen can, essentially, be seen without restrictions only from angles ⁇ to the surface normal of the screen.
  • a problem solved by the invention is to provide a screen on which secure presentation of information can be implemented by way of an optionally restricted viewing angle, with a second or further operating mode enabling free vision with a viewing angle that is as unrestricted as possible.
  • the invention is meant to be implementable by simple means and as low-prized as possible. In both operating modes, the highest possible resolution, with particular preference the native resolution of the screen used, is to be evident. Further, the invented solution is intended to cause the least possible light loss.
  • this task is solved by means of a screen that can be operated in at least two operating modes, viz B 1 for a free viewing mode and B 2 for a restricted viewing mode.
  • a screen primarily comprises:
  • the screen comprises light sources arranged outside the active image display area of the imager as seen in the viewing direction, and simultaneously at a distance of at least one millimeter above the imager.
  • the light sources may also be arranged at a distance of two, three, four, five or six millimeters or yet higher above the imager.
  • the screen comprises a plate-shaped light guide situated in front of the imager as seen in the viewing direction,—i.e., in contact with or at a distance from the transmissive imager, the distance being, e.g., 0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, 8mm or 10 mm A—, the said light guide consisting of a transparent thermoplastic or thermoelastic material and scattering particles distributed therein, in which case light sources are arranged laterally at the edges of the light guide.
  • the plate-shaped light guide may be provided with outcoupling elements on at least one of the two faces. These elements can be formed on the plate-shaped light guide during its fabrication or attached to it subsequently.
  • the outcoupling elements may be holographic or etched structures, for example.
  • the light guide is also arranged at a distance of at least one millimeter above the imager.
  • the light guide may also be arranged at a distance greater than 1 mm above the imager, e.g., at a distance of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 mm.
  • the light sources are switched off, so that the light emanating from the backlight and subsequently passing the transmissive imager remains essentially uninfluenced by the light sources or—where a light guide is provided—passes the light guide essentially unaffected by it.
  • the light sources are on, so that the light radiated by the backlight into a restricted angular range and then passed by the transmissive imager is superimposed on light that—without the use of a light guide—the imager, due to being irradiated with light from the light sources, scatters or reflects back into the viewing space, or that—with a light guide being provided—the imager, due to being irradiated with light from the light guide ( 3 ), scatters or reflects back into the viewing space and/or radiates into the viewing space in a planar manner over a wide angular range.
  • “wide” means an angular range of at least 120° or more, almost up to the semispace in front of the light guide.
  • the image perceived from oblique viewing directions that are blocked by the angular restriction is a grey or white surface (depending on the configuration of the light sources), but not a black surface, as a rule, because the light radiated by the light guide visibly outglares even a black image content.
  • the backlight extended in a planar manner may, for example, be configured as proposed in WO 2015/121398 or in US 2013/0308185. Other configurations are possible, of course. Although in most embodiments known in prior art, such a backlight extended in a planar manner emits, in operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, light into a restricted angular range, this directional selection is not perfect by far, with the result that on a transmissive imager in front of such a backlight one can, even from an oblique direction, discern the complete image content or a large portion of it, even though with low brightness and/or with faint contrast in bright-to-dark transitions.
  • the present invention eliminates this still possible oblique viewing completely or almost completely:
  • the fact that the light radiated by the backlight into a restricted angular range and then passing the transmissive imager is superimposed on light radiated by the light guide in a planar manner over a wide angular range substantially reduces or often completely eliminates the residual visibility of an image presented on the transmissive imager outside the restricted angular range.
  • the said residual visibility is due, among other things, to the fact that many LCD panels exhibit a volume scattering and/or have a scattering antiglare surface, which partially scatter the light incident from behind and directed into restricted spatial angles, which provide residual visibility even at oblique angles.
  • the plate-shaped light guide has a haze value of less than 10%, or preferably less than 4%, as measured according to ASTM D1003.
  • scattering particles eligible in particular are particles of titanium dioxide.
  • Other embodiments are possible, such as light guides with particles of barium sulfate, silsesquioxane particles, cross-linked polystyrene particles or yet other kinds of particles.
  • the scattering particles are homogeneously distributed, so that the light guide does not have any inhomogeneous optical structure.
  • the plate-shaped light guide has at least two faces facing each other, which are arranged in parallel with, or tilted relative to each other. A wedge-shaped structure is possible as well, although it is of advantage if the faces are parallel to each other.
  • Useful thicknesses of the light guide typically are between including 0.5 mm and including 4 mm. Other thicknesses may be useful in particular cases.
  • the backlight consists of a surface emitter that is preferably configured as a light guide with laterally disposed light sources, at least one light collimator integrated into the surface emitter and/or arranged in front of it—for example, two crossed BEF films, two crossed “Optical Lighting Films” (OLF) Type 2301 made by 3MTM, and/or one or several privacy filters, e.g., Vikuiti made by 3MTM—, a plate-shaped, transparent anterior light guide that is arranged in front of the light collimator as seen in the viewing direction and that is made of a transparent thermoplastic or thermoelastic material with scattering particles distributed therein and/or is provided with outcoupling elements on at least one of the faces, and anterior light sources arranged laterally at the edges of the anterior light guide.
  • a surface emitter that is preferably configured as a light guide with laterally disposed light sources, at least one light collimator integrated into the surface emitter and/or arranged in front of it—for example, two crossed BEF films, two crossed
  • operating mode B 1 for a free visual range at least the anterior light sources and, optionally, the surface emitter is switched on; i.e., if the surface emitter is configured as a light guide, the light sources of the surface emitter will be switched on, of course.
  • operating mode B 2 for a restricted visual range the anterior light sources are switched off and the surface emitter is switched on; i.e., if the surface emitter is configured as a light guide, the light sources assigned to it will also be switched on.
  • the surface emitter may be configured, e.g., as a sidelight, edgelight, direct LED backlight, edge LED backlight, dark-field illuminator, OLED or other surface emitter.
  • the various above-mentioned configurations of the light guide above the imager apply analogously.
  • the scattering particles in the transparent light guides are titanium dioxide particles of a mean particle size of 150 to 500 nm in a concentration of 0.01 to 300 wt.-ppm related to the weight of the respective light guide.
  • the transparent light guides may each consist of a matrix plastic A and, distributed therein, scattering particles of a polymerizate B, with the said scattering particles making up 0.01 to 3 wt.-% related to the matrix plastic A, and with the polymerizate B having a refractive index nD(B) that is higher than the refractive index nD(A) of the matrix plastic A by at least 0.002 units, preferably by at least 0.01 units.
  • the light guides may contain at least 40 wt.-%, or preferably at least 60 wt.-%, of polymethyl methacrylate related to their weight.
  • an antiglare and/or antireflection coating are applied to the top surface of the imager and/or to at least one of the faces of the light guide in front of the imager.
  • an antiglare coating will not only reduce direct reflections of external light spots, but also permit the light radiated by the light guide 3 towards the imager 5 to be diffusely reflected back.
  • the backlight is non-switchable, i.e., to permanently emit light approximately into the semispace.
  • the said light sources may be LEDs, LED rows or laser diodes.
  • Other versions are feasible as well and are within the scope of the invention.
  • the light sources are adapted to emit colored light.
  • Colored light is understood to mean especially visible light that is not white, i.e., light in the colors of, e.g., red, green, blue, turquoise, yellow, cyan or magenta. Further, this light can optionally be emitted at varied levels of brightness.
  • the color and/or brightness of the light emitted by the light sources can be modulated with time.
  • the light sources can be implemented by different individual light sources or luminous elements, say RGB-LEDs in LED rows emitting light of different colors and/or different brightness either simultaneously or at a temporal and/or spatial offset.
  • the image perceived from oblique viewing directions blocked by the angular restriction is an area of the respective color depending on the configuration of the light sources, but, as a rule, it will not be a black or white area, because the colored light radiated by the light guide will, from an oblique viewing direction, visibly outglare even a bright image content.
  • the light sources may emit light of a color that is not present in the image presented by the transmissive imager.
  • the light sources may emit light of a color that is present in the image presented by the transmissive imager or is close to such a color in the color spectrum.
  • the light sources may emit light of a color approximately corresponding to the color complementary to that present in the image presented by the transmissive imager.
  • the color selected in the image that indicates the selection of the color of the light of the light sources can be the color most frequently present in the image in terms of area.
  • the wavelength ranges of the light emitted by the light sources may spectrally be completely or partially or not at all identical with the wavelength ranges of the light originating from the imager.
  • Using the invented screen is of particular advantage in connection with the entry or display of confidential data, e.g., PIN numbers, E-mails, SMS texts or passwords at ATMs, payment terminals or mobile devices.
  • confidential data e.g., PIN numbers, E-mails, SMS texts or passwords at ATMs, payment terminals or mobile devices.
  • each light guide provided has at least one light entry surface and at least one light exit surface, with the ratio between light exit surface and light entry surface being at least 4.
  • the light guide or the light guides have a concentration of scattering particles of titanium dioxide of preferably 0.1 to 50 wt.-ppm or, with particular preference, 0.1 to 10 wt.-ppm.
  • the titanium dioxide particles have a mean particle size of 160 to 450 nm or, with particular preference, 170 to 400 nm.
  • the haze value of the light guides measured in accordance with ASTM D1003, is preferably in a range of 0.2 to 2%. Behind the hindmost light guide of the backlight, if a light guide is present there, there may be arranged a white and/or reflecting surface, for example.
  • an electronic control system which gradually controls the transition between the operating modes B 1 and B 2 or vice versa, by appropriately triggering the backlight, the light sources and, where present, further components.
  • the brightness of one or several components is controlled down to zero, whereas at the same time the brightness of other components (as a rule, other light sources) is controlled up to a maximum or a specified level, and vice versa.
  • the light guide in front of the imager is partially mirror-coated on its side facing the imager.
  • the degree of mirroring may vary across the area of the light coupled out of the light guide, to compensate brightness differences in operating mode B 1 , or the partial mirror coating may cover only such areas in which, without mirroring, brightness has dropped below a specified limit.
  • the desired restricted angular ranges for mode B 2 can be defined and implemented separately for viewing restriction in the horizontal and the vertical direction. For example, it might be useful to have a larger angle (or possibly no restriction at all) in the vertical direction than in the horizontal one, for example if, at an ATM, persons of different body height are intended to see something, whereas viewing from the side is meant to be greatly restricted.
  • safety regulations often make it necessary in mode B 2 to restrict vision in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
  • the problem of the invention is also solved by means of a screen that can be operated in at least two operating modes, viz B 1 for a free viewing mode and B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, with the screen primarily comprising a backlight extended in a planar manner, which, in operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, emits light in an unrestricted angular range, and which, in operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, emits light in a restricted angular range, wherein the light originating from the backlight is radiated at no more than 6% of the maximum luminous intensity in at least one direction situated in an angle greater than 45 degrees relative to the surface normal of the backlight.
  • the screen further comprises a transmissive imager arranged in front of the backlight as seen in the viewing direction, light sources arranged laterally at the edges of the light guide, and at least one plate-shaped light guide that is arranged in front of the backlight as seen in the viewing direction, and that either consists of a thermoplastic or thermoelastic material with scattering particles homogeneously distributed therein, or is provided with outcoupling elements on at least one of its faces.
  • scattering particles consist of titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, silsesquioxane particles and/or cross-linked polystyrene particles with a mean particle size of 150 to 500 nm, which are employed in a concentration of 0.01 to 300 wt.-ppm related to the weight of the light guide.
  • the light guide has neither anything printed on it, nor any light-scattering imperfections. Both in case of scattering particles being present and in case the light guide has outcoupling elements on at least one of the faces—with those elements being separately applied there or produced there, e.g., by etching—, the light guide is transparent to at least 85% of the light originating from the backlight.
  • the light sources are switched on, whereas the backlight may be switched on or off. If the backlight is switched off, only the light originating from the light sources provides the illumination without angular restriction. If, however, in operating mode B 1 , both the light sources and the backlight are on, higher brightness can be achieved.
  • the light emitted by the light sources (if they are on) and exiting from the light guide from at least one point of its surface has, in at least one angle ⁇ relative to the surface of the light guide, with ⁇ 80 degrees, a higher light intensity than the light exiting normal to the surface of the light guide at the said point of that surface.
  • This technical implementation namely, means that the light that originates from the light sources and does not have its highest brightness(es) approximately along the vertical bisector of the screen, on the one hand, and the light that originates from the backlight and has its highest brightness approximately along the vertical bisector of the screen on the other hand, excellently complement each other in order to achieve, at least across a half angle (e.g., the angle spectrum of the horizontal in front of the illuminating system), a brighter and more homogeneous illumination than that achievable if only the said light sources were switched on for operating mode B 1 .
  • a half angle e.g., the angle spectrum of the horizontal in front of the illuminating system
  • the angle of the direction in which the light originating from the backlight is radiated is greater than 45+ ⁇ degrees relative to the surface normal of the backlight, with the backlight featuring at least one layer intended to collimate the light emitted by the backlight, this layer having the highest transparency at an angle of ⁇ , with 0 ⁇ 45 degrees relative to the surface normal of the backlight.
  • the lateral tilt about the angle ⁇ is advantageous for various applications. In the cockpit of an airplane, for example, information may be visible only optionally, say, if the screen including the imager is arranged at the center of the control console. In operating mode B 2 , then, the tilt angle ⁇ restricts visibility to an oblique view of the system, i.e. by one pilot only.
  • the preferred scattering particles for the light guide are titanium dioxide particles in a concentration of 0.1 to 50 wt.-ppm, or better 0.1 to 10 wt.-ppm, related to the weight of the light guide.
  • the titanium dioxide particles preferably have a mean particle size of 160 to 450 nm or, with particular preference, of 170 to 400 nm.
  • the light guide has a haze value of less than 7% or, preferably, less than 2%, in either case measured in accordance with ASTM D1003.
  • the light guide contains at least 40 wt.-% polymethyl methacrylate, or preferably at least 60 wt.-% polymethyl methacrylate, related to its weight.
  • a further embodiment of the screen provides that, for the operating mode B 2 , the light originating from the backlight and exiting in the viewing direction from the light guide at each point of its surface at angles ⁇ >30 (measured normal to the surface of the light guide and in horizontal orientation relative to that surface) has maximally 5% of the light intensity of the light exiting from such a point of the surface of the light guide normal to the said surface.
  • the backlight is additionally provided with at least one optical light-collimating layer in order to achieve an angularly restricted radiation characteristic of the light emitted by the backlight.
  • the backlight is preferably a sidelight, edgelight, direct LED backlight, edge LED backlight, OLED or other surface emitter, on which a permanent privacy filter (e.g., VikuitiTM made by 3MTM or LCF made by Shin EtsuTM) is applied, which acts as a light collimator or spatial light filter, which causes the light that has passed it to be radiated by the backlight essentially in a restricted angular range only.
  • a permanent privacy filter e.g., VikuitiTM made by 3MTM or LCF made by Shin EtsuTM
  • OLF Optical Lighting Film
  • the nearest optical component below the light guide may have a surface that at least partially reflects the light exiting downward from the light guide in operating mode B 1 .
  • the light guide radiates light from both its faces, i.e., upwards and downwards—the downward direction being that facing the backlight—, this provides a kind of light recycling.
  • the said nearest optical component i.e., frequently the optical collimation layer (e.g., the privacy filter), is not antiglared or is provided with a partial mirroring layer that is as transparent as possible to light coming from below, i.e., from the backlight.
  • the backlight may emit light having a radiation characteristic that causes the radiation of at most 0 to 20% of the maximum light intensity in directions situated within angles greater than 10 to 45 degrees relative to the surface normal of the backlight.
  • the light guide that is situated in front of the backlight, as seen in the viewing direction, and that is transparent to at least 85%—or even less than 85%, say, 70%, or even 50% only—of the light originating from the backlight, may deflect the light laterally incident from light sources into an angular range that is as wide as possible, so that, in directions situated within angles greater than 10° to 100° relative to the surface normal of the backlight, at least 10% to 70% of the maximum light intensity are radiated.
  • the light sources may be, e.g., LEDs or laser diodes.
  • a very specially preferred feature is a transmissive imager—also called imager for short arranged in front of the screen, e.g., an LCD panel. This permits the two operating modes B 1 and B 2 to be analogously implemented for the screen.
  • the light guide it is possible for the light guide to be partially mirror-coated on its surface facing the backlight, with the degree of mirroring being varied across the area of the light coupled out of the light guide in order to compensate for brightness differences in operating mode B 1 , or with only such areas being partially mirror-coated in which, without mirroring, brightness has dropped below a specified limit.
  • the screen may comprise a control system, which, in operating mode B 1 , compensates brightness differences across the area of the light coupled out of the light guide by means of a control, complementary to those brightness differences, of the image contents displayed on the transmissive imager, so that the image perceived on the transmissive imager is essentially homogeneous with regard to brightness.
  • the invented screen can be used to advantage for the entry or display of confidential data, e.g., of PIN numbers, E-mails, SMS texts or passwords, on ATMs, payment terminals or mobile devices.
  • confidential data e.g., of PIN numbers, E-mails, SMS texts or passwords, on ATMs, payment terminals or mobile devices.
  • a partial mirror coating on the rear surface of the transmissive imager is of advantage for the further homogenization of the light yield from the light guide.
  • This partial mirror coating analogously to the partial mirror coating on the light guide, can also be provided with a variation or applied in certain areas only, to compensate for brightness differences.
  • the backlight is one that is collimating by its very design, i.e., if the light source is conceived to emit its light in a restricted angular range only, as described before. Furthermore, it may be favorable to always use the same light sources, e.g., the said laterally arranged light sources, for both operating modes.
  • the light will then, for example, be coupled once into the light guide and/or once into the backlight, e.g., by means of an optoelectronic and/or optomechanical switch.
  • the switch may, e.g., be a shutter or some mechanical switch such as a tilting mirror.
  • the light sources may be configured to form two rows, with only the row being switched on that is desired or appropriate.
  • the radiation directions desired or allowed for mode B 2 may be defined and implemented separately for the horizontal and the vertical direction.
  • the angle in the vertical direction is greater than that in the horizontal direction, e.g., if persons of differing body heights are intended to see information on an ATM, whereas the view sideways has to be greatly restricted. This is achieved especially by selection of the light-collimating layers, e.g., privacy filters.
  • FIG. 1 is a sketch illustrating the principle of light laterally coupled into a light guide being coupled out into a great spatial angle
  • FIG. 2 is a sketch illustrating the principle of light originating from a backlight being passed through a light guide
  • FIG. 3 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a first embodiment of a screen in an operating mode for a restricted viewing mode
  • FIG. 4 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the first embodiment of the screen in an operating mode for a free viewing mode
  • FIG. 5 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a second embodiment of a screen in the operating mode for a restricted viewing mode
  • FIG. 6 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the second embodiment of the screen in the operating mode for a free viewing mode
  • FIG. 7 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a third embodiment of a screen in the operating mode for a restricted viewing mode
  • FIG. 8 is a sketch illustrating the principle of an advantageous embodiment of a backlight, shown here for an operating mode for a free viewing mode
  • FIG. 9 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the backlight of FIG. 8 , but in an operating mode for a restricted viewing mode,
  • FIG. 10 is an exemplary measurement of the viewing conditions of looking at a screen in the operating mode for a restricted viewing mode
  • FIG. 11 is an exemplary measurement of the viewing conditions of looking at a screen in the operating mode for a free viewing mode
  • FIG. 12 shows the outcoupling of light for a fourth embodiment of the screen
  • FIG. 13 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the fourth embodiment of the screen in the operating mode for a free viewing mode with the backlight switched off,
  • FIG. 14 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the fourth embodiment of the screen in the operating mode for the free viewing mode with the backlight switched on,
  • FIG. 15 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the fourth embodiment of the screen in an operating mode for a restricted viewing mode
  • FIG. 16 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a fifth embodiment of the screen in an operating mode for a free viewing mode with the backlight switched on, and
  • FIG. 17 is a graph of an exemplary brightness distribution in different spatial directions, regarding the light coupled out of an optical element.
  • FIG. 1 is a sketch illustrating the principle of light laterally coupled from light sources 4 into a light guide 3 —shown here as a small segment in a sectional view—being coupled out into a great spatial angle.
  • the light may be colored.
  • the small dots represent scattering particles as centers of scattering the light coupled in laterally from the light sources 4 . Due to total reflection, rays of the coupled-in light (represented by bold arrows) are reflected by the outer wall and thrown back into the light guide 3 until they finally hit a scattering particle to undergo the desired outcoupling. This outcoupling is represented by the lot of thin arrows.
  • the representation in FIG. 1 is highly schematic; in reality, the light guide 3 guides a vast number of ray paths.
  • FIG. 2 is a sketch illustrating the principle of light originating from a backlight 2 (not shown in the drawing) being passed through a light guide 3 .
  • the scattering particles play a part that is essentially negligible, because the light originates from the backlight 2 , i.e., the light is not coupled in laterally through an edge from light sources 4 , and therefore it is not, or scarcely, deflected back and forth by total reflection in the light guide 3 .
  • FIG. 3 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a screen 1 in an operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, wherein a transmissive imager 5 is illuminated by light with a restricted spatial angle, and wherein light from a light guide 3 (represented by dashed arrows) is superimposed on the light modulated by the imager 5 to enhance the privacy protection effect.
  • the imager 5 is arranged in front of the backlight 2 as seen in the viewing direction; it may, for example, be an LCD panel or some other transmissive light modulator.
  • a plate-shaped light guide 3 Arranged in front of the imager 5 as seen in the viewing direction, and in contact with or at a distance from it, is a plate-shaped light guide 3 , which here consists of a transparent thermoplastic or thermoelastic material and scattering particles distributed therein but, as an alternative or a supplement, may also be provided with outcoupling elements on at least one of its faces.
  • a plate-shaped light guide 3 Arranged laterally on edges of the light guide 3 are light sources 4 . In FIG. 3 , the light sources 4 are shown on one edge only, but they may also be arranged on the opposite edge of the light guide 3 , or on three or even all four edges.
  • the backlight In operating mode B 2 , for a restricted viewing mode, the backlight emits light in a restricted angular range.
  • the light sources 4 are switched on, so that the light that is radiated by the backlight 2 into a restricted angular range and then passing the transmissive imager 5 (represented in FIG. 3 by the bold arrows) is superimposed upon by light (represented by dashed lines) that the light guide 3 now radiates in a planar manner into a large angular range, (i.e., in this case covering an angle of at least 120 degrees or extending nearly up to the semispace in front of the light guide 3 ), whereby the residual visibility of an image displayed on the transmissive imager 5 outside the said restricted angular range is (markedly) reduced or even completely eliminated.
  • the light modulated by the imager 5 with image information of an image may also be superimposed upon by colored light from the light guide in order to enhance the privacy protection effect.
  • Cold light especially refers to visible light that is not white, as e.g., light of the colors red, green, blue, turquoise, yellow, cyan or magenta. Further, this light may be optionally radiated at varied brightness levels.
  • the color and/or brightness of the light originating from the light sources 4 may be modulated with time.
  • the light sources 4 may also be implemented with various individual light sources such as RGB LEDs in LED rows that emit light of different colors either simultaneously or with a temporal and/or spatial offset.
  • FIG. 4 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the screen 1 in operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, wherein the imager 5 is illuminated with light in a spatial angle that is not restricted, and wherein the light modulated by the imager 5 is not superimposed upon by light originating from a light guide 3 .
  • the backlight 2 In operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, the backlight 2 emits light in an unrestricted angular range. Unlike in operating mode B 1 , the light sources 4 are switched off, so that the light originating from the backlight 2 and then passing the transmissive imager 5 passes the light guide 3 essentially unaffected.
  • FIG. 5 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a second embodiment of a screen 1 in operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode.
  • the light guide 3 is arranged above the imager 5 at a distance of at least 1 mm, or nearer to the viewer.
  • the light sources 4 are arranged outside the active image display area of the imager 5 as seen in the viewing direction, and, at the same time, at a distance of at least 1 millimeter above the imager 5 , at the same height as the light guide 3 .
  • the light sources 4 are switched on, and light radiated by the backlight 2 into a restricted angular range and then passing the transmissive imager 5 (represented in FIG.
  • the imager 5 by the hollow arrows is superimposed upon by light that the imager 5 , due to the radiation of light from the light guide 3 , diffusely and/or directly scatters and/or reflects back into the viewing space (here represented by short dashed arrows), and/or that is radiated by the light guide 3 into the viewing space (here represented by longer dashed arrows), so that the residual visibility of an image displayed by the transmissive imager 5 outside the said restricted angular range is decreased.
  • FIG. 6 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the second embodiment of the screen 1 in operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, wherein the imager 5 is illuminated by light whose spatial angle is unrestricted (see the hollow arrows), and wherein the light modulated by the imager 5 is not superimposed upon by light coming out of a light guide 3 , because the light sources 4 are switched off.
  • FIG. 7 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a third embodiment of a screen 1 according to the invention, shown in operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, in which the imager 5 is illuminated by light whose spatial angle is restricted (see the hollow arrows), wherein the light modulated by the imager 5 is superimposed upon by light originating from a light source 4 arranged at a distance (see the broad arrow at the light source 4 ), and wherein the light is then reflected or scattered off the screen surface back into the viewing space (represented by the dashed arrows) in order to enhance the privacy protection effect.
  • the light sources 4 are not situated at the same height as the light guide 3 but still farther away from the imager 5 , or possibly even separated in space from the screen 4 .
  • a screen 1 for displaying navigation, entertainment and other data is arranged on the front passenger side.
  • the invented screen 1 would switch to operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, so that the data could be seen by the driver and the front passenger. If, however, the screen was used as an entertainment medium for the passenger, the display might distract the driver. Therefore, the screen 1 would preferably be switched to operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing angle, so that the driver would discern nothing, or closest to nothing, on the screen 1 and, thus, his or her attention would not be taken off the driving procedure.
  • one or several light sources 4 are provided. In the vehicle, these may be installed, e.g., in the front passenger door. For the operating mode B 2 , these light sources 4 are switched on to illuminate the imager 5 sideways from some distance. As a result, residual visibility of the display on imager 5 for the driver is eliminated completely, or at least almost completely, since, as described above, the light reflected or scattered back by the imager 5 is superimposed on, and thus outshines, any light emanating from the imager 5 towards the driver.
  • the light sources 4 are provided with means for focusing, e.g., simple lenses in front of the LEDs, and with a suitable glare stop shield, so that none of the persons in the automobile is annoyed by light directed at them.
  • the light originating from the light sources 4 is almost completely incident on the imager 5 .
  • the backlight 2 in operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, the backlight 2 emits light in an unrestricted angular range. Unlike in operating mode B 2 , the light sources 4 are switched off, so that the light originating from the backlight 2 and then passing the transmissive imager 5 passes the light guide 3 essentially unaffected.
  • the plate-shaped light guide has a haze value of less than 10%, preferably less than 4%, measured in accordance with ASTM D1003.
  • the scattering particles especially eligible are titanium dioxide particles.
  • the scattering particles are homogeneously distributed, so that the light guide 3 does not have any inhomogeneous optical structure.
  • the plate-shaped light guide 3 has at least two faces facing each other and arranged in parallel or inclined relative to one another. A wedge-shaped structure is possible, although parallel faces are advantageous.
  • the backlight extended in a planar manner 2 may be configured, e.g., as proposed in WO 2015/121398.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the principle of an advantageous embodiment of a backlight 2 , shown here for operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode.
  • FIG. 9 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the backlight 2 of FIG. 7 for operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode.
  • Such a backlight 2 consists, for example, of:
  • At least the light sources 2 e, and, in that example, also the surface emitter 2 a are switched on; that is to say, if the surface emitter 2 a is configured as a light guide, the light sources 2 b of the surface emitter 2 a will, of course, be switched on.
  • the light sources 2 e are off, and the surface emitter 2 a is on; i.e., if the surface emitter 2 a is configured as a light guide, the light sources 2 b are likewise on.
  • the light guide 2 d For the light guide 2 d, the configurations possible for light guide 3 as mentioned before apply analogously.
  • the broad arrows at the light sources 2 b, 2 e and 4 in FIG. 3 , FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 indicate that these light sources are on.
  • the light sources 2 b, 2 e, 4 are preferably (cold-light) white LED rows.
  • the scattering particles used in the transparent light guides 2 d, 3 , and possibly also 2 b preferably are titanium dioxide particles of a mean particle size of 150 to 500 nm in a concentration of 0.01 to 300 wt.-ppm related to the weight of the respective light guide.
  • the transparent light guides 2 d, 3 , and possibly also 2 b consist of a matric plastic A and, distributed therein, scattering particles of a polymerizate B, with the share of the polymerizate B scattering particles being 0.01 to 3 wt.-% related to the matrix plastic A, and with the refractive index nD(B) of the polymerizate B being higher than the refractive index nD(A) of the matrix plastic A by at least 0.002 units.
  • means for diminishing reflection e.g., an antiglare and/or antireflection coating
  • an antiglare coating will not only reduce direct reflections of external light spots, but also permit the light radiated by the light guide 3 towards the imager 5 to be diffusely reflected back.
  • a backlight 2 extended in a planar manner as described above will, in operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, radiate light into a restricted angular range, this direction selection is far from perfect, the result of which is that on a transmissive imager 5 in front of such a backlight one can still discern the complete image content or large portions thereof even when looking at it obliquely, though with low brightness and/or low bright-to-dark contrast.
  • the present invention will completely, or almost completely, eliminate this imperfection.
  • the light sources 4 are switched on in operating mode B 2 ; therefore, the light radiated by backlight 2 into a restricted angular range and then passing the transmissive imager 5 is superimposed upon by light which the imager 5 , due to being irradiated by light from the light sources 4 , scatters and/or reflects back into the viewing space in a diffuse and/or direct manner, thus reducing the residual visibility, outside the said restricted angular range, of an image displayed on the transmissive imager 5 ; or, in other embodiments, the light radiated by the backlight 2 into a restricted angular range and then passing the transmissive imager 5 is superimposed upon by light which the imager 5 , due to being irradiated by light from the light guide 3 , scatters and/or reflects back into the viewing space in a diffuse and/or direct manner, and/or by light which is radiated by the light guide 3 into the viewing space, so that, outside the
  • the residual visibility, outside the said restricted angular range, of an image displayed on the transmissive image is substantially reduced by the fact that light radiated by the backlight 2 into a restricted angular range and then passing the transmissive imager 5 is superimposed upon by—possibly colored—light radiated by the light guide 3 in a planar manner over a wide angular range.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph of the visibility conditions for looking at an exemplary screen in operating mode B 2
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of the visibility conditions for looking at an exemplary screen in operating mode B 1 .
  • the abscissa marks the viewing angle, measured from the screen center and relative to the vertical bisector, whereas the ordinate marks a relative—and therefore unitless—brightness value for the luminance.
  • the broken signal curve represents the measurement for a white area in the middle of the screen, whereas the solid signal line represents the measurement for a black area in the middle of the screen.
  • FIG. 11 shows that, in operating mode B 1 , a distinct visual contrast can also be achieved from oblique angles, especially because no superimposition of light from the light guide 3 exists, since this light guide does not emit any light in this operating mode and allows the light to pass the imager 5 virtually unaffected.
  • FIG. 12 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the outcoupling of light laterally coupled into an optical element 3 from light sources 4 (shown here as a small segment only in a sectional view), into a spatial angle of the largest possible extent for a fourth embodiment of a screen 1 .
  • the small dots represent scattering particles as scattering centers for the light laterally coupled in from the light sources 4 .
  • the preferred scattering particles for the light guide 3 are titanium dioxide particles in a concentration of 0.1 to 50 wt.-ppm, or preferably 0.1 to 10 wt.-ppm., related to the weight of the light guide 3 , and/or the titanium dioxide particles have a mean particle size of 160 to 450 nm or, with particular preference, 170 to 400 nm.
  • FIG. 1 Due to total reflection, rays of the light coupled in are thrown off the outer wall back into the light guide 3 until they eventually hit a scattering particle that effects the desired outcoupling.
  • FIG. 1 the representation in FIG. 1 is highly schematic; in reality, the light guide 3 guides a vast number of ray paths.
  • the passing of light from a backlight 2 through the light guide 3 is analogous to that shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the scattering particles play a negligible part here, as the light originates from the backlight 2 in a directed manner and is not, or scarcely, deflected back and forth in the light guide by total reflection.
  • FIG. 13 is a sketch illustrating the principle of a screen 1 according to the fourth embodiment in a first operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode, wherein a spatial angle of the greatest possible extent is illuminated, with the screen 1 being used together with an imager 5 , and with the backlight 2 switched off.
  • FIG. 14 shows a modification thereof, with the backlight 2 switched on; the black arrows represent the light originating from the backlight 2 .
  • FIG. 16 illustrates the principle of a fifth embodiment, wherein partial reflection off the surface of the backlight 2 leads to some kind of recycling of the light exiting downwards from the face of the light guide 3 , represented by the dotted-line arrows. This arrangement improves the light yield.
  • FIG. 15 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the fourth embodiment of the screen 1 in a second operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, wherein a restricted spatial angle is illuminated; here again, the screen 1 is used together with an imager 5 .
  • the invented screen 1 schematically illustrated in drawings FIG. 13 through FIG. 16 , which is operated in at least two operating modes, viz B 1 for a free viewing mode and B 2 for a restricted viewing mode, primarily comprises a backlight 2 extended in a planar manner, which in operating mode B 1 for a free viewing mode radiates light into an unrestricted angular range, and in operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing mode radiates light into a restricted angular range, wherein the light originating from the backlight 2 , in at least one direction located within an angle greater than 45 degrees relative to the surface normal of the backlight 2 , is radiated with at most 6% of the maximum light intensity.
  • the screen 1 further comprises a transmissive imager 5 arranged in front of the backlight 2 (seen in the viewing direction), at least one plate-shaped light guide 3 , which is also arranged in front of the backlight 2 (seen in the viewing direction) and consists of a thermoplastic or thermoelastic material with scattering particles being homogeneously distributed therein, or is provided with outcoupling elements on at least one of the faces, and light sources 4 arranged laterally at the edges of the light guide 3 .
  • a transmissive imager 5 arranged in front of the backlight 2 (seen in the viewing direction)
  • at least one plate-shaped light guide 3 which is also arranged in front of the backlight 2 (seen in the viewing direction) and consists of a thermoplastic or thermoelastic material with scattering particles being homogeneously distributed therein, or is provided with outcoupling elements on at least one of the faces, and light sources 4 arranged laterally at the edges of the light guide 3 .
  • the light guide 3 contains scattering particles, these consist of titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, silsesquioxane particles and/or cross-linked polystyrene particles of a mean particle size of 150 to 500 nm, which are employed in a concentration of 0.01 to 300 wt.-ppm related to the weight of the light guide 3 .
  • the light guide 3 has neither anything printed on it nor light-scattering imperfections. In case of the outcoupling elements, these may be produced on the surface though, e.g., by etching.
  • the light guide is transparent to at least 85% of the light originating from backlight 2 .
  • the light laterally entering the light guide 3 from the light sources 4 for a free viewing range in directions located within angles between 45 degrees and 75 degrees relative to the surface normal of the backlight 2 , is radiated with at least 12% of the maximum light intensity of the light exiting the light guide 3 normal to the surface.
  • the light originating from the light sources 4 (if they are switched on) and exiting the light guide 3 from at least one point of its surface, has, in at least one angle ⁇ relative to the surface of the light guide, with ⁇ 80 degrees, a higher light intensity than the light exiting normal to the surface of the light guide at the said point of that surface.
  • ⁇ relative to the surface of the light guide
  • ⁇ 80 degrees a higher light intensity than the light exiting normal to the surface of the light guide at the said point of that surface.
  • the light guide 3 has neither anything printed on it nor any light-scattering imperfections and is transparent to at least 85% of the light originating from the backlight 2 . If there were anything printed on it and/or any light-scattering imperfections on at least one of the two faces of the light guide 3 , this would, in operating mode B 2 , scatter the light originating from the backlight 2 and passing the light guide 3 , that light thus being radiated into more than a restricted angular range.
  • the light sources 4 are switched on, whereas the backlight 2 may be on or off. If the backlight 2 is off, only the light from the light sources 4 provides for the illumination of an unrestricted angle. If, however, both the light sources 4 and the backlight 2 are on in operating mode B 1 , greater brightness can be achieved. Then it is of particular advantage that the light originating from the light sources 4 (if they are on) and exiting from at least one point of the surface of the light guide 3 has, in at least an angle ⁇ relative to the surface of the light guide 3 , with ⁇ 80 degrees, a higher light intensity than the light exiting from the said point of the surface of the light guide 3 normal to that surface, as sketched in FIG. 17 .
  • the arrow labelled “I” indicates the light intensity radiated in the respective angle ⁇ horizontally to the light guide 3 .
  • This technical implementation namely, means that the light which originates from the light sources 4 and which has its highest brightness not along the vertical bisector of the screen 1 is an excellent complement to the light which originates from the backlight 2 and has its highest brightness approximately along the vertical bisector of the screen 1 , resulting, across at least one half angle—e.g., the angular spectrum of the horizontal in front of the screen 1 —in a more homogeneous and, in all, brighter illumination than that achieved if only the light sources 4 were switched on for operating mode B 1 .
  • the preferred scattering particles for the light guide 3 are titanium dioxide particles in a concentration of 0.1 to 50 wt.-ppm, or preferably 0.1 to 10 wt.-ppm, related to the weight of the light guide 3 , and/or the titanium dioxide particles have a mean particle size of 160 to 450 nm or, with particular preference, of 170 to 400 nm.
  • the light guide 3 has a haze value lower than 7% or preferably lower than 2%, measured according to ASTM D1003.
  • the light guide 3 to contain at least 40 wt.-% polymethyl methacrylate or preferably at least 60 wt.-% polymethyl methacrylate, related to its weight.
  • the screen 1 provides that, for operating mode B 2 , the light originating exclusively from the backlight 2 and exiting the light guide 3 in the viewing direction at every point of its surface has, in angles ⁇ >30 degrees (see also FIG. 15 for the definition of the angle ⁇ ) measured normal to the surface of the light guide 3 and in horizontal orientation relative to the surface of the light guide 3 , maximally 5% of the light intensity than the light intensity of the light exiting from such a point of the surface of the light guide 3 normal to that surface.
  • the backlight 2 is additionally provided with an optical layer that collimates the light to achieve a restricted-angle radiation characteristic of the light emitted by the backlight 2 .
  • the backlight 2 is preferably, e.g., a sidelight, edgelight, direct LED backlight, edge LED backlight, OLED or some other surface emitter, on which a permanent privacy filter (e.g., VikuitiTM made by 3MTM or LCF made by Shin EtsuTM) acting as a light collimator or as a spatial light filter is applied, which causes the light that has passed it to be radiated by the backlight 2 essentially in a restricted angular range only.
  • a permanent privacy filter e.g., VikuitiTM made by 3MTM or LCF made by Shin EtsuTM
  • OLF Optical Lighting Film
  • the nearest optical component below the light guide 3 has a surface that at least partially reflects the light exiting downward from the light guide 3 in operating mode B 1 , and that light radiated downward in this way is at least partially reflected back into the light guide 3 and at least partially passed through it, as suggested by the dashed-line arrows in FIG. 5 .
  • the light guide 3 radiates light from both its faces, i.e., upwards and downwards (the downward direction being that facing the backlight 2 ), this provides a kind of light recycling.
  • the said nearest optical component i.e., frequently the optical collimation layer (e.g., the privacy filter) of the backlight 2 , is not antiglared or is provided with a partial mirroring layer that is as transparent as possible to light coming from below, i.e., from the backlight 2 .
  • the optical collimation layer e.g., the privacy filter
  • the light sources 4 are LEDs, for example. Moreover, it is useful if the coupling of light from the laterally arranged light sources 4 into the light guide 3 is effected from at least two, preferably opposite, edges.
  • a transmissive imager 5 Arranged in front of the light guide 3 is a transmissive imager 5 , e.g., an LCD panel, as shown in the drawings FIG. 13 through FIG. 16 .
  • the two operating modes B 1 and B 2 can be analogously implemented for the imager 5 .
  • the first operating mode B 1 for a free viewing range then, a viewer can see an image on the imager 5 from a spatial angle of the widest possible extent at full resolution.
  • the second operating mode B 2 for a restricted viewing range the image displayed on imager 5 can also be perceived at full resolution, but only from a restricted spatial angle, which corresponds to a privacy viewing mode.
  • the visible area of the image displayed on the imager 5 can be seen from a correspondingly restricted spatial angle only.
  • the rear surface of the transmissive imager 5 is provided with a partial mirror coating so as to further homogenize the light yield from the light guide 3 .
  • This partial mirror coating can also feature variations or be applied in certain areas only in order to compensate brightness differences, analogously to the partial mirror coating on the light guide 3 .
  • backlight 2 is already designed as a collimated backlight, also known as “directional backlight”; here, the light source is conceived for its light to be radiated only into a restricted angular range as described before. Furthermore, it may be favorable always to use the same light sources, e.g., the laterally arranged light sources 4 , for both operating modes.
  • the light is alternatingly coupled into the light guide 3 and into the backlight 2 , respectively, by means of an optoelectronic and/or optomechanical switch.
  • Eligible switches may be, e.g., a shutter or some mechanical switching device such as a tiltable mirror.
  • the light sources 4 may be configured to form two rows, with only the row being switched on that is desired or appropriate.
  • the radiation directions desired or allowed for mode B 2 may be defined and implemented separately for the horizontal and the vertical direction.
  • the angle in the vertical direction is greater than that in the horizontal direction, e.g., if persons of differing body heights are intended to see information on an ATM, whereas the view sideways has to be greatly restricted. This is achieved especially by selection of the light-collimating layers, e.g., privacy filters.
  • the embodiments of screens 1 enable well practicable solutions to implement the secure presentation of information by way of an optionally restricted viewing angle, while offering another operating mode that permits a free view with as little restriction of the viewing angle as possible.
  • This screen 1 can be implemented by simple means and at low cost.
  • the native resolution of the imager 5 employed can be utilized in both operating modes B 1 and B 2 .
  • light loss is kept low or even avoided, depending on the embodiment.
  • the above-described screen 1 with transmissive imager 5 can be used to advantage wherever confidential data are displayed and/or entered, such as entry of PINs or display of information at ATMs, payment terminals or mobile devices, or entry of passwords or reading E-mails and SMS texts on mobile devices.
  • the invention can achieve the complete elimination of residual visibility from blocked viewing angles, subject to the embodiment. Furthermore, in contrast to prior art, the invention neither requires a high-power UV light source, nor the complex conversion of restricted-angle light distributions into unrestricted ones (which substantially diminishes brightness), nor complex prism or microlens structures.

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  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Planar Illumination Modules (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
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DE102015015516.4A DE102015015516B4 (de) 2015-11-27 2015-11-27 Bildschirm für einen freien und einen eingeschränkten Sichtmodus
DE102015015516.4 2015-11-27
DE102016003627.3A DE102016003627A1 (de) 2016-03-22 2016-03-22 Bildschirm und Verfahren für einen freien und einen eingeschränkten Sichtmodus
DE102016003627.3 2016-03-22
DE102016005626.6 2016-05-04
DE102016005626.6A DE102016005626B4 (de) 2016-05-04 2016-05-04 Schaltbare Beleuchtungseinrichtung
DE102016007814.6 2016-06-20
DE102016007814.6A DE102016007814B4 (de) 2016-06-20 2016-06-20 Bildschirm für einen freien und einen eingeschränkten Sichtmodus
US17/211,576 USRE49613E1 (en) 2015-11-27 2016-11-24 Screen for a free and restricted operating mode
PCT/EP2016/078711 WO2017089482A1 (de) 2015-11-27 2016-11-24 Bildschirm für eine freie und eine eingeschränkte betriebsart
US15/778,105 US10241355B2 (en) 2015-11-27 2016-11-24 Screen for a free and restricted operating mode

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US20180335655A1 (en) 2018-11-22
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US10241355B2 (en) 2019-03-26
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WO2017089482A1 (de) 2017-06-01
JP6553280B2 (ja) 2019-07-31
JP2018536899A (ja) 2018-12-13
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