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  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
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Definitions

• PDE4 phosphodiesterase 4
• Chronic inflammation is a multi-factorial disease complication characterized by activation of multiple types of inflammatory cells, for example cells of lymphoid lineage (including T lymphocytes) and myeloid lineage (including granulocytes, macrophages, and monocytes).
• Proinflammatory mediators including cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), are produced by these activated cells.
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• IL-1 interleukin-1
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a second messenger that mediates the biologic responses of cells to a wide range of extracellular stimuli.
• adenylate cyclase is activated to convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP. It is theorized that the agonist induced actions of cAMP within the cell are mediated predominately by the action of cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
• cAMP cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases
• Class I includes all known mammalian PDEs and is comprised of 11 identified families that are products of separate genes.
• Some PDEs are highly specific for hydrolysis of cAMP (PDE4, PDE7, PDE8), some are highly cGMP-specific (PDE5, PDE6, PDE9), and some have mixed specificity (PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE10, PDE11). All of the characterized mammalian PDEs are dimeric, but the importance of the dimeric structure for function in each of the PDEs is unknown.
• the PDE4 subfamily is comprised of 4 members: PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, and PDE4D. These enzymes possess N-terminal regulatory domains that presumably mediate dimerization, which results in optimally regulated PDE activity. In addition, activity is regulated via cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites in this upstream regulatory domain. PDE4 enzymes are broadly expressed and distributed.
• Elevated levels of cAMP in human myeloid and lymphoid lineage cells are associated with the suppression of cell activation.
• the intracellular enzyme family of PDEs therefore, regulates the level of cAMP in cells.
• PDE4 is a predominant PDE isotype in these cells, and is a major contributor to cAMP degradation. Accordingly, the inhibition of PDE function would prevent the conversion of cAMP to the inactive metabolite 5′-AMP and, consequently, maintain higher cAMP levels, and, accordingly, suppress cell activation.
• PDE4 inhibitors have been shown to inhibit production of TNF ⁇ and partially inhibit IL-1 ⁇ release by monocytes (see Semmler et al., Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 15, pp. 409-413, (1993); Molnar-Kimber et al., Mediators of Inflammation, 1, pp. 411-417, (1992)). PDE4 inhibitors also have been shown to inhibit the production of superoxide radicals from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (see Verghese et al., J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 21 (Suppl. 2), S61 (1989); Nielson et al., J. Allergy Immunol., 86, pp.
• Inflammatory cell activation and excessive or unregulated cytokine (e.g., TNF ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ ) production are implicated in allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, spondylitis, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, Behcet's disease, sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gram negative sepsis, gram positive sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, asthma, chronic bronchitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, silicosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, reperfusion injury of the myocardium, brain, and extremities, fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, keloid formation, scar formation, atherosclerosis, transplant rejection disorders, such as graft vs.
• cytokine e.g., TNF ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇
• inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• proliferative lymphocyte diseases such as leukemia
• ophthalmologic diseases such as dry eye and ocular pain resulting from inflammation or surgery
• inflammatory dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and urticaria.
• cytokine levels include brain injury due to moderate trauma, cardiomyopathies, such as congestive heart failure, cachexia, cachexia secondary to infection or malignancy, cachexia secondary to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), ARC (AIDS related complex), fever myalgias due to infection, cerebral malaria, osteoporosis and bone resorption diseases, keloid formation, scar tissue formation, and pyrexia.
• cardiomyopathies such as congestive heart failure, cachexia, cachexia secondary to infection or malignancy, cachexia secondary to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), ARC (AIDS related complex), fever myalgias due to infection, cerebral malaria, osteoporosis and bone resorption diseases, keloid formation, scar tissue formation, and pyrexia.
• TNF ⁇ TNF ⁇
• stimulation of collagenases stimulation of angiogenesis in vivo
• stimulation of bone resorption stimulation of bone resorption
• an ability to increase the adherence of tumor cells to endothelium are consistent with a role for TNF in the development and metastatic spread of cancer in the host.
• TNF ⁇ recently has been directly implicated in the promotion of growth and metastasis of tumor cells (see Orosz et al., J. Exp. Med., 177, pp. 1391-1398, (1993)).
• PDE4 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents. Early evidence indicates that PDE4 inhibition has beneficial effects on a variety of inflammatory cells such as monocytes, macrophages, T-cells of the Th-1 lineage, and granulocytes. The synthesis and/or release of many proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, lipid mediators, superoxide, and biogenic amines, such as histamine, have been attenuated in these cells by the action of PDE4 inhibitors. The PDE4 inhibitors also affect other cellular functions including T-cell proliferation, granulocyte transmigration in response to chemotoxic substances, and integrity of endothelial cell junctions within the vasculature.
• Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline
• the drug rolipram an antidepressant agent, was one of the first reported specific PDE4 inhibitors, with a reported IC 50 of about 200 nM with respect to inhibiting recombinant human PDE4.
• compounds that selectively inhibit PDE4, and that reduce or eliminate the adverse side effects associated with prior PDE4 inhibitors would be useful in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases, and other diseases associated with excessive or unregulated production of cytokines, such as TNF.
• selective PDE4 inhibitors would be useful in the treatment of diseases that would benefit from elevated cAMP levels or reduced PDE4 function in a particular target tissue.
• A is an optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain or a heteroatom-comprising hydrocarbon chain having from 3 to 5 atoms, forming a five- to seven-membered ring;
• U, and V are independently selected from the group consisting of O, N(R 7 ) and SO q ;
• R 1 and R 2 independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, amino, alkyl, alkylalkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, ether, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, guanidine, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 0-8;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, amido, carbonyl, hydroxy, ether, an amino acid, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy and lower alkyl;
• n, and q are each independently 0, 1 or 2;
• p 1 or 2;
• W is selected from the group consisting of O, N(R 7 ), C(O)N(R 7 ), and SO q ;
• R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, and aminoalkoxy; and hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl.
• Certain compounds disclosed herein as therapeutic agents, for example, in treating inflammatory diseases and other diseases involving elevated levels of cytokines and proinflammatory mediators. Also provided is the use of certain compounds disclosed herein for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition ameliorated by the inhibition of PDE4.
• the compounds have structural Formula II:
• X 1 is NR 14 ;
• X 2 is selected from the group consisting of C(O), (CR 15 R 16 ) and null;
• X 3 is selected from the group consisting of C(O), N(R 17 ) and (CR 18 R 19 );
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, amino, alkyl, alkylalkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, ether, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, guanidine, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 0-8;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy and lower alkyl;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 8 R 9 ) m W(CR 10 R 11 ) n — and —(CR 12 R 13 ) p —;
• n, and q are each independently 0, 1 or 2;
• p 1 or 2;
• W is selected from the group consisting of O, N(R 7 ), C(O)N(R 7 ), and SO q ;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of carboxy, alkylcarboxy, amido, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, and hydroxamic acid, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl;
• R 14 and R 17 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, and a bond;
• R 15 , R 16 , R 18 , and R 19 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminoalkoxy, and null.
• compounds of the present invention have structural formula III
• X 1 is NR 14 ;
• X 2 is selected from the group consisting of C(O) and null;
• X 3 is selected from the group consisting of C(O) and (CR 18 R 19 );
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, amino, alkyl, alkylalkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, ether, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, guanidine, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 1-8;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, amido, carbonyl, hydroxy, ether, an amino acid, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy and lower alkyl;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 8 R 9 ) m W(CR 10 R 11 ) n — and —(CR 12 R 13 ) p —;
• n, and q are each independently 0, 1 or 2;
• p 1 or 2;
• W is selected from the group consisting of O, N(R 7 ), C(O)N(R 7 ), and SO q ;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, alkylcarboxy, amido, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, and hydroxamic acid, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl;
• R 7 and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, and aminoalkyl;
• R 15 and R 16 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminoalkoxy, and null.
• compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IV
• X 3 is (CR 18 R 19 );
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, amino, alkyl, alkylalkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, ether, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, guanidine, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 1-8;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, amido, carbonyl, hydroxy, ether, an amino acid, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, and lower alkyl;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 8 R 9 ) m W(CR 10 R 11 ) n — and —(CR 12 R 13 ) p —;
• n, and q are each independently 0, 1 or 2;
• p 1 or 2;
• W is selected from the group consisting of O, N(R 7 ), C(O)N(R 7 ), and SO q ;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, alkylcarboxy, amido, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, and hydroxamic acid, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , and R 13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl;
• R 7 and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, and aminoalkyl;
• R 18 and R 19 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminoalkoxy, and a null.
• compounds of the present invention have structural Formula V
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CH 2 ),G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, amino, alkyl, alkylalkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, ether, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, guanidine, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 1-8;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, amido, carbonyl, hydroxy, ether, an amino acid, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —(CR 8 R 9 ) m W(CR 10 R 11) n — and —(CR 12 R 13 ) p —;
• n, and q are each independently 0, 1 or 2;
• p 1 or 2;
• W is selected from the group consisting of O, N(R 7 ), C(O)N(R 7 ), and SO q ;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, alkylcarboxy, amido, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, and hydroxamic acid, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 7 and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, and aminoalkyl;
• R 19 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl and haloalkyl.
• R 7 and R 14 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and optionally substituted lower alkyl
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl, either of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyrazine, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and pyrimidine, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• R 5 is —(CR 8 R 9 ) m W(CR 10 R 11 ) n —;
• W is N(R 7 );
• R 7 is hydrogen
• X 4 is CR 20 or N
• X 5 is CR 21 or N
• X 6 is CR 22 or N
• X 7 is CR 23 or N
• X 8 is CR 24 or N
• R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkoxy, amino, and carboxyl.
• R 6 has a formula selected from the group consisting of
• R 2 is methyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 1-6;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of amino, amido, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, aryl, halo, heterocycloalkyl, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, carboxyl, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• compounds of the present invention have structural Formula VI
• s 1-8;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, amido, carbonyl, hydroxy, ether, an amino acid, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 20 and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkoxy, amino, and carboxyl.
• R 20 and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and lower alkyl.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyalkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl, any of which maybe optionally substituted; and
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkylamino, hydroxyalkylamino, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl
• R 2 is lower alkyl
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of amino, amido, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, heterocycloalkyl, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, carboxyl, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• R 2 is methyl
• R l is —(CH 2 ) s G 2 .
• s is 6.
• R 20 and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and methyl.
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of amino and heterocycloalkyl.
• t 1 or 2;
• w is 0 or 1;
• R 27 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
• G 2 has a formula selected from the group consisting of
• R 25 and R 26 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl and —(CH 2 ) x OH.
• G 2 has the formula
• t is 2.
• G 2 has the formula selected from the group consisting of
• G 2 has the formula
• G 2 is —NR 25 R 26 .
• R 25 is methyl
• R 26 is and —(CH 2 ) x OH.
• x is 2.
• R 25 and R 26 are each methyl.
• R 20 and R 24 are each methyl.
• compounds of the present invention have structural Formula VII
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 , acyl, acylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amidoalkyl, amino, alkyl, alkylalkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, ether, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, guanidine, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• s 1-8;
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, amino, amido, carbonyl, hydroxy, ether, an amino acid, and null;
• G 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, carboxylalkylamino, guanidine, an amino acid, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, ether, carboxyl, hydroxamic acid, an amino acid, phosphonate, phosphoamide, and null, any of which may be optionally substituted;
• R 20 , R 22 , and R 24 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkoxy, amino, and carboxyl.
• Compounds of the present invention may be selective amongst the PDE4 isoforms PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, and PDE4D in various ways.
• compounds described herein may be selective for PDE4B and PDE4D over the other two isoforms, be a pan-inhibitor of all the isoforms, or be selective for only one isoform.
• compounds of the present invention may be selective for PDE4B over other isoforms.
• the present invention also relates to a method of inhibiting at least one PDE4 function comprising the step of contacting the PDE4 with a compound of Formula I, as described herein.
• the cell phenotype, cell proliferation, activity of PDE4, change in biochemical output produced by active PDE4, expression of PDE4, or binding of PDE4 with a natural binding partner may be monitored.
• Such methods may be modes of treatment of disease, biological assays, cellular assays, biochemical assays, or the like.
• n is set at 0 in the context of “0 carbon atoms”, it is intended to indicate a bond or null.
• acyl refers to a carbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or any other moiety where the atom attached to the carbonyl is carbon.
• An “acetyl” group refers to a —C(O)CH 3 group.
• An “alkylcarbonyl” or “alkanoyl” group refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such groups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl. Examples of acyl groups include formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl.
• alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon group having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkenyl will comprise from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkenylene refers to a carbon-carbon double bond system attached at two or more positions such as ethenylene [(—CH ⁇ CH—),(—C:C—)]. Examples of suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, 2-methylpropenyl, 1,4-butadienyl and the like. Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkenyl” may include “alkenylene” groups.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether group, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.
• suitable alkyl ether groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.
• alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like.
• alkylene refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (—CH 2 —). Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.
• alkylamino refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an amino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.
• alkylidene refers to an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.
• alkylthio refers to an alkyl thioether (R—S—) group wherein the term alkyl is as defined above and wherein the sulfur may be singly or doubly oxidized.
• suitable alkyl thioether groups include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfinyl, and the like.
• alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon group having one or more triple bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkynylene refers to a carbon-carbon triple bond attached at two positions such as ethynylene (—C:C—, —C ⁇ C—).
• alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl, 3-methylbutyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, and the like.
• alkynyl may include “alkynylene” groups.
• acylamino as used herein, alone or in combination, embraces an acyl group attached to the parent moiety through an amino group.
• An example of an “acylamino” group is acetylamino (CH 3 C(O)NH—).
• amino refers to —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves be optionally substituted. Additionally, R and R′ may combine to form heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
• amino acid refers to a —NHCHRC(O)O— group, which may be attached to the parent molecular moiety to give either an N-terminus or C-terminus amino acid, wherein R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amido, amidoalkyl, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, guanidinealkyl, hydroxyl, thiol, and thioalkyl, any of which themselves may be optionally substituted.
• C-terminus refers to the parent molecular moiety being bound to the amino acid at the amino group, to give an amide as described herein, with the carboxyl group unbound, resulting in a terminal carboxyl group, or the corresponding carboxylate anion.
• N-terminus refers to the parent molecular moiety being bound to the amino acid at the carboxyl group, to give an ester as described herein, with the amino group unbound resulting in a terminal secondary amine, or the corresponding ammonium cation.
• C-terminus refers to —NHCHRC(O)OH or to —NHCHRC(O)O ⁇ and N-terminus refers to H 2 NCHRC(O)O— or to H 3 N + CHRC(O)O—.
• aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such polycyclic ring systems are fused together.
• aryl embraces aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and phenanthryl.
• arylalkenyl or “aralkenyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.
• arylalkoxy or “aralkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.
• arylalkyl or “aralkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
• arylalkynyl or “aralkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkynyl group.
• arylalkanoyl or “aralkanoyl” or “aroyl,”as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an acyl group derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, naphthoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, and the like.
• an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, naphthoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, and the like.
• aryloxy refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy.
• benzo and “benz,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to the divalent group C 6 H 4 ⁇ derived from benzene. Examples include benzothiophene and benzimidazole.
• carbamate refers to an ester of carbamic acid (—NHCOO—) which may be attached to the parent molecular moiety from either the nitrogen or acid end, and which may be optionally substituted as defined herein.
• O-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a —OC(O)NRR′ group, with R and R′ as defined herein.
• N-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a ROC(O)NR′— group, with R and R′ as defined herein.
• carbonyl when alone includes formyl [—C(O)H] and in combination is a —C(O)— group.
• carboxyl or “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)OH or the corresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acid salt.
• An “O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O— group, where R is as defined herein.
• a “C-carboxy” group refers to a —C(O)OR groups where R is as defined herein.
• cyano as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to —CN.
• cycloalkyl or, alternatively, “carbocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl group wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12 carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein.
• said cycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
• cycloalkyl groups examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronapthyl, indanyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, adamantyl and the like.
• “Bicyclic” and “tricyclic” as used herein are intended to include both fused ring systems, such as decahydronaphthalene, octahydronaphthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered) saturated or partially unsaturated type. The latter type of isomer is exemplified in general by, bicyclo[1,1,1]pentane, camphor, adamantane, and bicyclo[3,2,1]octane.
• esters refers to a carboxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
• ether refers to an oxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.
• guanidine refers to —NHC( ⁇ NH)NH 2 or the corresponding guanidinium cation.
• halo or halogen, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
• haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl groups.
• a monohaloalkyl group for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the group.
• Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl groups may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo groups.
• haloalkyl groups include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl.
• Haloalkylene refers to a haloalkyl group attached at two or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (—CFH—), difluoromethylene (—CF 2 —), chloromethylene (—CHCl—) and the like.
• heteroalkyl refers to a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon group, or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
• the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH 2 —NH—OCH 3 .
• heteroaryl refers to a 3 to 7 membered unsaturated heteromonocyclic ring, or a fused monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system in which at least one of the fused rings is aromatic, which contains at least one atom selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
• said heteroaryl will comprise from 5 to 7 carbon atoms.
• heterocyclic rings are fused with aryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with other heteroaryl rings, wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with heterocycloalkyl rings, or wherein heteroaryl rings are fused with cycloalkyl rings.
• heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, pyranyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzopyranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, chromonyl,
• Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.
• heterocycloalkyl and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” as used herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group containing at least one heteroatom as a ring member, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur
• said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring members.
• said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members.
• said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 8 ring members in each ring.
• said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 7 ring members in each ring. In yet further embodiments, said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.
• “Heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or an additional heterocycle group.
• heterocycle groups include aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihy-dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, methylpiperazinyl, N-methylpiperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, diazepanyl, and the like.
• the heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless
• hydrazinyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to two amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., —N—N—.
• hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.
• hydroxamic acid refers to —C( ⁇ O)NHOH, wherein the parent molecular moiety is attached to the hydroxamic acid group by means of the carbon atom.
• amino as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to ⁇ N—.
• aminohydroxy refers to ⁇ N(OH) and ⁇ N—O—.
• the phrase “in the main chain” refers to the longest contiguous or adjacent chain of carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of a group to the compounds of any one of the formulas disclosed herein.
• isocyanato refers to a —NCO group.
• isothiocyanato refers to a —NCS group.
• linear chain of atoms refers to the longest straight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• lower means containing from 1 to and including 6 carbon atoms.
• lower aryl as used herein, alone or in combination, means phenyl or naphthyl, which may be optionally substituted as provided.
• lower heteroaryl means either 1) monocyclic heteroaryl comprising five or six ring members, of which between one and four said members may be heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N, or 2) bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein each of the fused rings comprises five or six ring members, comprising between them one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
• lower cycloalkyl means a monocyclic cycloalkyl having between three and six ring members. Lower cycloalkyls may be unsaturated. Examples of lower cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• lower heterocycloalkyl means a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl having between three and six ring members, of which between one and four may be heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
• lower heterocycloalkyls include pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl.
• Lower heterocycloalkyls may be unsaturated.
• lower amino refers to —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, and lower heteroalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. Additionally, the R and R′ of a lower amino group may combine to form a five- or six-membered heterocycloalkyl, either of which may be optionally substituted.
• mercaptyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an RS— group, where R is as defined herein.
• nitro refers to —NO 2 .
• oxy or “oxa,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to —O—.
• perhaloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
• perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
• phosphonate refers to a —P( ⁇ O)(OR) 2 group, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl.
• phosphonic acid refers to a —P( ⁇ O)(OH) 2 group.
• phosphoramide as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a —P( ⁇ O)(NR) 3 group, with R as defined herein.
• sulfonate refers to the —SO 3 H group and its anion as the sulfonic acid is used in salt formation.
• sulfonyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to —S(O) 2 —.
• N-sulfonamido refers to a RS( ⁇ O) 2 NR′— group with R and R′ as defined herein.
• S-sulfonamido refers to a —S( ⁇ O) 2 NRR′, group, with R and R′ as defined herein.
• thia and thio refer to a —S— group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced with sulfur.
• the oxidized derivatives of the thio group namely sulfinyl and sulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.
• thiol as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an —SH group.
• thiocarbonyl when alone includes thioformyl —C(S)H and in combination is a —C(S)— group.
• N-thiocarbamyl refers to an ROC(S)NR′— group, with R and R′ as defined herein.
• O-thiocarbamyl refers to a —OC(S)NRR′, group with R and R′ as defined herein.
• thiocyanato refers to a —CNS group.
• trihalomethoxy refers to a X 3 CO— group where X is a halogen.
• any definition herein may be used in combination with any other definition to describe a composite structural group.
• the trailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to the parent moiety.
• the composite group alkylamido would represent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecule through an amido group
• the term alkoxyalkyl would represent an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.
• a group When a group is defined to be “null,” what is meant is that said group is absent.
• any one or more of G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 of —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 is designated to be “null”, said group condenses to either a bond if it occupies an interior position (as with G 1 and G 2 ), or is absent if it occupies a terminal position (as with G 3 ).
• G 1 and G 3 are both null, then —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 condenses to —(CH 2 ), s G 2 .
• G 2 and G 3 are both null, then —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 condenses to —(CH 2 ) s G 1 .
• G 1 and G 2 are both null, then —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 condenses to —(CH 2 ) s G 3 .
• s is designated to be 0 then the (CH 2 ) s portion of —(CH 2 ) s G 1 G 2 G 3 collapses to a bond connecting O to G 1 G 2 G 3 .
• Each of G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 are not meant to be null simultaneously and only two of G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 may be null at once.
• the term “optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
• the substituents of an “optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one or more substituents independently selected from the following groups or a particular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester, lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino
• Two substituents may be joined together to form a fused five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example forming methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy.
• An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., —CH 2 CH 3 ), fully substituted (e.g., —CF 2 CF 3 ), monosubstituted (e.g., —CH 2 CH 2 F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., —CH 2 CF 3 ).
• R or the term R′ refers to a moiety selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.
• aryl, heterocycle, R, etc. occur more than one time in a formula or generic structure, its definition at each occurrence is independent of the definition at every other occurrence.
• certain groups may be attached to a parent molecule or may occupy a position in a chain of elements from either end as written.
• an unsymmetrical group such as —C(O)N(R)— may be attached to the parent moiety at either the carbon or the nitrogen.
• bonds refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
• a bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise specified.
• a dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a molecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent at that position.
• disease as used herein is intended to be generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, and causes the human or animal to have a reduced duration or quality of life.
• combination therapy means the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder described in the present disclosure. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active ingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
• PDE4 inhibitor is used herein to refer to a compound that exhibits an IC 50 with respect to PDE4 activity of no more than about 100 ⁇ M and more typically not more than about 50 ⁇ M, as measured in the PDE4 assay described generally hereinbelow.
• IC 50 is that concentration of inhibitor which reduces the activity of an enzyme (e.g., PDE4) to half-maximal level. Certain representative compounds of the present invention have been discovered to exhibit inhibition against PDE4.
• compounds will exhibit an IC 50 with respect to PDE4 of no more than about 10 ⁇ M; in further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an IC 50 with respect to PDE4 of no more than about 5 ⁇ M; in yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an IC 50 with respect to PDE4 of not more than about 1 ⁇ M, as measured in the PDE4 assay described herein. In yet further embodiments, compounds will exhibit an IC 50 with respect to PDE4 of not more than about 200 nM.
• terapéuticaally effective is intended to qualify the amount of active ingredients used in the treatment of a disease or disorder. This amount will achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the said disease or disorder.
• terapéuticaally acceptable refers to those compounds (or salts, prodrugs, tautomers, zwitterionic forms, etc.) which are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.
• patient means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. Preferably, the patient is a human.
• the compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
• the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, including acid addition salts. Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. Basic addition salts may also be formed and be pharmaceutically acceptable.
• Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P. Heinrich. Wiley-VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).
• terapéuticaally acceptable salt represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible and therapeutically acceptable as defined herein.
• the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.
• Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl
• basic groups in the compounds disclosed herein can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.
• acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion.
• the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds disclosed herein, and the like.
• Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reaction of a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
• a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
• the cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine.
• Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, and piperazine.
• a salt of a compound can be made by reaction of the appropriate compound, in the form of the free base, with the appropriate acid.
• compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, amides, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
• the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
• compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
• the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperitoneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (including dermal, buccal, sublingual and intraocular) administration although the most suitable route may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, these methods include the step of bringing into association a compound of the subject invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof (“active ingredient”) with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
• active ingredient a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation.
• Formulations of the compounds disclosed herein suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• the active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
• the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers may be added.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
• concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
• the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use.
• sterile liquid carrier for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
• Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
• the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
• the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
• the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventional manner.
• Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
• the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides.
• Certain compounds disclosed herein may be administered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compound disclosed herein externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream.
• systemic administration refers to oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.
• Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose.
• the active ingredient for topical administration may comprise, for example, from 0.001% to 10% w/w (by weight) of the formulation. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise as much as 10% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise less than 5% w/w. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise from 2% w/w to 5% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise from 0.1% to 1% w/w of the formulation.
• Topical ophthalmic, otic, and nasal formulations of the present invention may comprise excipients in addition to the active ingredient.
• Excipients commonly used in such formulations include, but are not limited to, tonicity agents, preservatives, chelating agents, buffering agents, and surfactants.
• Other excipients comprise solubilizing agents, stabilizing agents, comfort-enhancing agents, polymers, emollients, pH-adjusting agents and/or lubricants.
• excipients may be used in formulations of the present invention including water, mixtures of water and water-miscible solvents, such as C1-C7-alkanols, vegetable oils or mineral oils comprising from 0.5 to 5% non-toxic water-soluble polymers, natural products, such as alginates, pectins, tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, carrageenin, agar and acacia, starch derivatives, such as starch acetate and hydroxypropyl starch, and also other synthetic products such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene oxide, preferably cross-linked polyacrylic acid and mixtures of those products.
• concentration of the excipient is, typically, from 1 to 100,000 times the concentration of the active ingredient.
• the excipients to be included in the formulations are typically selected on the basis of their inertness towards the active ingredient component
• suitable tonicity-adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, mannitol, sodium chloride, glycerin, sorbitol and the like.
• Suitable buffering agents include, but are not limited to, phosphates, borates, acetates and the like.
• Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, ionic and nonionic surfactants (though nonionic surfactants are preferred), RLM 100, POE 20 cetylstearyl ethers such as Procol® CS20 and poloxamers such as Pluronic° F68.
• the formulations set forth herein may comprise one or more preservatives.
• preservatives include p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester, sodium perborate, sodium chlorite, alcohols such as chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol, guanidine derivatives such as polyhexamethylene biguanide, sodium perborate, polyquaternium-1, amino alcohols such as AMP-95, or sorbic acid.
• the formulation may be self-preserved so that no preservation agent is required.
• the formulation may be a solution, a suspension, or a gel.
• the formulations are for topical application to the eye, nose, or ear in aqueous solution in the form of drops.
• aqueous typically denotes an aqueous formulation wherein the formulation is >50%, more preferably >75% and in particular >90% by weight water.
• These drops may be delivered from a single dose ampoule which may preferably be sterile and thus render bacteriostatic components of the formulation unnecessary.
• the drops may be delivered from a multi-dose bottle which may preferably comprise a device which extracts any preservative from the formulation as it is delivered, such devices being known in the art.
• components of the invention may be delivered to the eye as a concentrated gel or a similar vehicle, or as dissolvable inserts that are placed beneath the eyelids.
• the formulations of the present invention that are adapted for topical administration to the eye are preferably isotonic, or slightly hypotonic in order to combat any hypertonicity of tears caused by evaporation and/or disease. This may require a tonicity agent to bring the osmolality of the formulation to a level at or near 210-320 milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg).
• the formulations of the present invention generally have an osmolality in the range of 220-320 mOsm/kg, and preferably have an osmolality in the range of 235-300 mOsm/kg.
• the ophthalmic formulations will generally be formulated as sterile aqueous solutions.
• the compositions of the present invention are formulated with one or more tear substitutes.
• tear substitutes include, but are not limited to: monomeric polyols, such as, glycerol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol; polymeric polyols such as polyethylene glycol; cellulose esters such hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, carboxy methylcellulose sodium and hydroxy propylcellulose; dextrans such as dextran 70; vinyl polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol; and carbomers, such as carbomer 934P, carbomer 941, carbomer 940 and carbomer 974P. Certain formulations of the present invention may be used with contact lenses or other ophthalmic products.
• formulations are prepared using a buffering system that maintains the formulation at a pH of about 4.5 to a pH of about 8.
• a most preferred formulation pH is from 7 to 8.
• a formulation of the present invention is administered once a day.
• the formulations may also be formulated for administration at any frequency of administration, including once a week, once every 5 days, once every 3 days, once every 2 days, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, five times a day, six times a day, eight times a day, every hour, or any greater frequency.
• Such dosing frequency is also maintained for a varying duration of time depending on the therapeutic regimen.
• the duration of a particular therapeutic regimen may vary from one-time dosing to a regimen that extends for months or years.
• the formulations are administered at varying dosages, but typical dosages are one to two drops at each administration, or a comparable amount of a gel or other formulation.
• One of ordinary skill in the art would be familiar with determining a therapeutic regimen for a specific indication.
• Gels for topical or transdermal administration may comprise, generally, a mixture of volatile solvents, nonvolatile solvents, and water.
• the volatile solvent component of the buffered solvent system may include lower (C1-C6) alkyl alcohols, lower alkyl glycols and lower glycol polymers.
• the volatile solvent is ethanol.
• the volatile solvent component is thought to act as a penetration enhancer, while also producing a cooling effect on the skin as it evaporates.
• the nonvolatile solvent portion of the buffered solvent system is selected from lower alkylene glycols and lower glycol polymers. In certain embodiments, propylene glycol is used.
• the nonvolatile solvent slows the evaporation of the volatile solvent and reduces the vapor pressure of the buffered solvent system.
• the amount of this nonvolatile solvent component, as with the volatile solvent, is determined by the pharmaceutical compound or drug being used. When too little of the nonvolatile solvent is in the system, the pharmaceutical compound may crystallize due to evaporation of volatile solvent, while an excess may result in a lack of bioavailability due to poor release of drug from solvent mixture.
• the buffer component of the buffered solvent system may be selected from any buffer commonly used in the art; in certain embodiments, water is used. A common ratio of ingredients is about 20% of the nonvolatile solvent, about 40% of the volatile solvent, and about 40% water. There are several optional ingredients which can be added to the topical composition.
• gelling agents can include, but are not limited to, semisynthetic cellulose derivatives (such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and synthetic polymers, galactomannan polymers (such as guar and derivatives thereof), and cosmetic agents.
• Lotions include those suitable for application to the skin or eye.
• An eye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containing a bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for the preparation of drops.
• Lotions or liniments for application to the skin may also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such as an alcohol or acetone, and/or a moisturizer such as glycerol or an oil such as castor oil or arachis oil.
• Creams, ointments or pastes are semi-solid formulations of the active ingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing the active ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or in solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aid of suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy base.
• the base may comprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol, beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such as almond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivatives or a fatty acid such as steric or oleic acid together with an alcohol such as propylene glycol or a macrogel.
• the formulation may incorporate any suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof.
• suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof.
• Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulose derivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, and other ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.
• Drops may comprise sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions and may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable aqueous solution of a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or any other suitable preservative, and, in certain embodiments, including a surface active agent.
• the resulting solution may then be clarified by filtration, transferred to a suitable container which is then sealed and sterilized by autoclaving or maintaining at 98-100° C. for half an hour.
• the solution may be sterilized by filtration and transferred to the container by an aseptic technique.
• bactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the drops are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride (0.01%) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%).
• Suitable solvents for the preparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol and propylene glycol.
• Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.
• compounds may be conveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray.
• Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
• the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
• the compounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• the powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator.
• Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effective dose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
• formulations described above may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
• Compounds may be administered orally or via injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day.
• the dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day.
• Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units may conveniently contain an amount of one or more compounds which is effective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• the compounds can be administered in various modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection.
• the precise amount of compound administered to a patient will be the responsibility of the attendant physician.
• the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, and the severity of the indication or condition being treated.
• the route of administration may vary depending on the condition and its severity.
• the compounds described herein may be administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.
• another therapeutic agent such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.
• the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
• the benefit of experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
• another therapeutic agent which also includes a therapeutic regimen
• increased therapeutic benefit may result by also providing the patient with another therapeutic agent for diabetes.
• the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
• the multiple therapeutic agents may be administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses may be any duration of time ranging from a few minutes to four weeks.
• the present invention provides methods for treating PDE4-mediated disorders in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of a compound of the present invention effective to reduce or prevent said disorder in the subject in combination with at least one additional agent for the treatment of said disorder that is known in the art.
• the present invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising at least one compound of the present invention in combination with one or more additional agents for the treatment of PDE4-mediated disorders.
• Compounds of the subject invention may be useful in treating PDE4-mediated disease, disorders and conditions.
• said compounds may find use in treating acute and chronic pain and inflammation.
• the compounds of the present invention may be useful to treat patients with neuropathy, neuropathic pain, or inflammatory pain such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy/causalgia (nerve injury), peripheral neuropathy (including diabetic neuropathy), intractable cancer pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and entrapment neuropathy (carpel tunnel syndrome).
• the compounds may also be useful in the treatment of pain associated with acute herpes zoster (shingles), postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and associated pain syndromes such as ocular pain.
• shingles acute herpes zoster
• PPN postherpetic neuralgia
• associated pain syndromes such as ocular pain.
• the compounds may further be useful as analgesics in the treatment of pain such as surgical analgesia, or as an antipyretic for the treatment of fever.
• Pain indications include, but are not limited to, post-surgical pain for various surgical procedures including post-cardiac surgery, dental pain/dental extraction, pain resulting from cancer, muscular pain, mastalgia, pain resulting from dermal injuries, lower back pain, headaches of various etiologies, including migraine, and the like.
• the compounds may also be useful for the treatment of pain-related disorders such as tactile allodynia and hyperalgesia.
• the pain may be somatogenic (either nociceptive or neuropathic), acute and/or chronic.
• the PDE4 inhibitors of the subject invention may also be useful in conditions where NSAIDs, morphine or fentanyl opiates and/or other opioid analgesics would traditionally be administered.
• compounds of the subject invention may be used in the treatment or prevention of opiate tolerance in patients needing protracted opiate analgesics, and benzodiazepine tolerance in patients taking benzodiazepines, and other addictive behavior, for example, nicotine addiction, alcoholism, and eating disorders.
• the compounds and methods of the present invention may be useful in the treatment or prevention of drug withdrawal symptoms, for example treatment or prevention of symptoms of withdrawal from opiate, alcohol, or tobacco addiction.
• compounds of the subject invention may be used to treat insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis that are typically associated with an exaggerated inflammatory signaling.
• the present invention encompasses therapeutic methods using novel selective PDE4 inhibitors to treat or prevent respiratory disease or conditions, including therapeutic methods of use in medicine for preventing and treating a respiratory disease or condition including: asthmatic conditions including allergen-induced asthma, exercise-induced asthma, pollution-induced asthma, cold-induced asthma, and viral-induced-asthma; asthma-related diseases such as airway hyperreactivity and small airway disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases including chronic bronchitis with normal airflow, chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction (chronic obstructive bronchitis), emphysema, asthmatic bronchitis, and bullous disease; and other pulmonary diseases involving inflammation including bronchiolitis, bronchioectasis, cystic fibrosis, pigeon fancier's disease, farmer's lung, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pneumonitis, aspiration or inhalation injury, fat embolism in the lung, acidosis inflammation of the lung, acute pulmonary
• disorders or conditions which may be treated by the compounds of the present invention include inflammation and related disorders.
• the compounds of the present invention may be useful as anti-inflammatory agents with the additional benefit of having significantly less harmful side effects.
• the compounds may be useful to treat arthritis, including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, acute rheumatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis, neuropathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), and pyogenic arthritis, and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, hemolytic syndromes, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune neuropathy, vitiglio (autoimmune thyroiditis), Hashimoto's thyroiditis, anemias, myositis including polymyositis, alopecia greata, Goodpasture's syndrome, hypophytis, and pulmonary fibrosis.
• arthritis including but not limited to rhe
• the compounds may also be useful in treating osteoporosis and other related bone disorders.
• These compounds may also be used to treat gastrointestinal conditions such as reflux esophagitis, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism), necrotizing enterocolitis, and ulcerative colitis.
• the compounds may also be used in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation, such as that associated with viral infections and cystic fibrosis.
• compounds of invention may also be useful in organ transplant patients either alone or in combination with conventional immunomodulators.
• conditions to be treated in said patients include graft vs. host reaction (i.e., graft vs. host disease), allograft rejections (e.g., acute allograft rejection, and chronic allograft rejection), transplant reperfusion injury, and early transplantation rejection (e.g., acute allograft rejection).
• the compounds of the invention may be useful in the treatment of pruritis and vitaligo.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be useful in treating tissue damage in such diseases as vascular diseases, migraine headaches, periarteritis nodosa, thyroiditis, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, sclerodoma, rheumatic fever, type I diabetes, neuromuscular junction disease including myasthenia gravis, white matter disease including multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, glomerulonephritis, reperfusion injury, pancreatitis, interstitial cystitis, Behcet's syndrome, polymyositis, gingivitis, periodontis, hypersensitivity, swelling occurring after injury, ischemias including myocardial ischemia, cardiovascular ischemia, and ischemia secondary to cardiac arrest, cirrhosis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, stroke, ischemia reper
• the compounds of the subject invention may also be useful for the treatment of certain diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
• Central nervous system disorders in which PDE4 inhibition may be useful include cortical dementias including Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), central nervous system damage resulting from stroke, ischemias including cerebral ischemia (both focal ischemia, thrombotic stroke and global ischemia (for example, secondary to cardiac arrest), and trauma.
• Neurodegenerative disorders in which PDE4 inhibition may be useful include nerve degeneration or nerve necrosis in disorders such as hypoxia, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, and in cases of central nervous system (CNS) trauma (such as spinal cord and head injury), hyperbaric oxygen convulsions and toxicity, dementia e.g.
• pre-senile dementia and AIDS-related dementia, cachexia, Sydenham's chorea, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Korsakoff s syndrome, and imbecility relating to a cerebral vessel disorder.
• Further disorders in which PDE4 inhibition might prove useful include neuropathies of the central and peripheral nervous system (including, for example, IgA neuropathy, membranous neuropathy and idiopathic neuropathy), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, transverse myelitis, Gullain-Barre disease, encephalitis, and cancers of the nervous system.
• Disorders of CNS function in which PDE4 inhibitors may find use include sleeping disorders, schizophrenia, depression, depression or other symptoms associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), and anxiety.
• PMS Premenstrual Syndrome
• the compounds of the present invention may also be useful in inhibiting PDE4 activity for the amelioration of systemic disorders including systemic hypotension associated with septic and/or toxic hemorrhagic shock induced by a wide variety of agents; as a therapy with cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 and IL-2; and as an adjuvant to short term immunosuppression in transplant therapy.
• systemic disorders including systemic hypotension associated with septic and/or toxic hemorrhagic shock induced by a wide variety of agents; as a therapy with cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 and IL-2; and as an adjuvant to short term immunosuppression in transplant therapy.
• Still other disorders or conditions which may be treated by the compounds of the subject invention include the prevention or treatment of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, and cancer of the breast, lung, prostate, bladder, cervix and skin.
• Compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment and prevention of neoplasias including but not limited to brain cancer, bone cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, epithelial cell-derived neoplasia (epithelial carcinoma) such as basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer such as lip cancer, mouth cancer, esophageal cancer, small bowel cancer and stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, pancreas cancer, ovary cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and skin cancer, such as squamous cell and basal cell cancers, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and other known cancers that effect epithelial cells throughout the body.
• the neoplasia can be selected from gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, pancreas cancer, ovary cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and skin cancer, such as squamous cell and basal cell cancers.
• the present compounds and methods may also be used to treat the fibrosis which occurs with radiation therapy.
• the present compounds and methods may be used to treat subjects having adenomatous polyps, including those with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Additionally, the present compounds and methods may be used to prevent polyps from forming in patients at risk of FAP.
• the compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of otic diseases and otic allergic disorders, including eustachian tube itching.
• the compounds of the subject invention may be used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, such as ophthalmic allergic disorders, including allergic conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis, dry eye, glaucoma, corneal neovascularization, optic neuritis, Sjogren's syndrome, retinal ganglion degeneration, ocular ischemia, retinitis, retinopathies, uveitis, ocular photophobia, and of inflammation and pain associated with acute injury to the eye tissue.
• the compounds may be used to treat glaucomatous retinopathy and/or diabetic retinopathy.
• the compounds may also be used to treat post-operative inflammation or pain as from ophthalmic surgery such as cataract surgery and refractive surgery.
• the compounds of the present invention are used to treat an allergic eye disease selected from the group consisting of allergic conjunctivitis; vernal conjunctivitis; vernal keratoconjunctivitis; and giant papillary conjunctivitis.
• compounds of the subject invention may be used in the treatment of menstrual cramps, dysmenorrhea, premature labor, endometriosis, tendonitis, bursitis, skin-related conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, burns, sunburn, dermatitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, lichen planus, scleritis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and the like.
• Other conditions in which the compounds of the subject invention may be used include diabetes (type I or type II), atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, angiogenesis, pulmonary hypertension, and aortic aneurysm.
• the present compounds may also be used in co-therapies, partially or completely, in place of other conventional anti-inflammatory therapies, such as together with steroids, NSAIDs, COX-2 selective inhibitors, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, LTB 4 antagonists and LTA 4 hydrolase inhibitors.
• the compounds of the subject invention may also be used to prevent tissue damage when therapeutically combined with antibacterial or antiviral agents.
• certain compounds and formulations disclosed herein may also be useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and cats.
• reaction was poured into 1M KH 2 PO 4 (75 mL) and stirred for 5 min. The solids were filtered, washed with water (25 mL), and then purified by reverse-phase HPLC (3:7 ⁇ 1:0; acetonitrile:water).
• Example 1 The title compound was prepared from methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-nitrobenzoate (Example 1, Step 1) and (bromomethyl)cyclopropane following the procedures outlined in Example 1.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): ⁇ 9.91 (s, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.76 (s, 2H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.03 (d, 1H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.84 (d, 2H), 1.27 (m, 1H), 0.45 (m, 2H), 0.25 (m, 2H); MS (ESI): 405.8.
• Example 1 The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-3,5-dimethylpyridine and 4-amino-8-(cyclopentyloxy)-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (Example 1, Step 6) following the procedure outlined in Example 8.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ): ⁇ 9.08 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 2H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.03 (d, 1H), 4.96 (m, 1H), 4.51 (s, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 6H), 1.80-1.54 (m, 8H); MS (ESI): 380.2.
• N-Bromosuccinimide (0.118 g, 0.61 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-ylamino)-8-(cyclopentyloxy)-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (0.100 g, 0.240 mmol, Example 1) and anhydrous dimethylformamide (2 mL) at 0° C.
• N-Bromosuccinimide (0.104 g, 0.585 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-(3,5, -dichloropyridin-4-ylamino)-8-(cyclopentyloxy)-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (0.246 g, 0.585 mmol, Example 1) and anhydrous dimethylformamide (3 mL) at 0° C. After 4 h at 0° C., the mixture was poured into water, and the precipitate was filtered. Saturated sodium thiosulfate solution (1 mL) was added to a solution of the filter cake and methanol (5 mL).
• Methyl 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxy-2-(N-(2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethyl)acetamido)benzoate was prepared from methyl 2-acetamido-3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoate (Example 1, Step 4) and 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran following the procedure outlined in Example 4 (with the following exceptions: the solvent used was dimethylformamide, the reaction temperature was 33° C., and the reaction was conducted overnight). MS (ESI): 458.2 (M+Na).
• Dess-Martin periodinane (933 mg, 2.2 mmol) was added to a solution of 8-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-ylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (500 mg, 1.08 mmol, Example 9) and CH 2 Cl 2 (30 mL) at 0° C. After 30 min, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. When the starting material was consumed, the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (25 mL), washed with aq. NaOH (20 mL ⁇ 2), and then washed with water (20 mL).
• Lithium hydroxide (2.0 mL, 1M, 2.0 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 6-(4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-ylamino)-7-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-8-yloxy)hexanoate (100 mg, 0.20 mmol), methanol (2 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (8 mL). The mixture was stirred for 24 h, quenched with 1N HCl (30 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (40 mL ⁇ 2).
• Example 11 The title compound was prepared from 4-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-ylamino)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (Example 11, Step 1), 1,5-dibromopentane, and dimethylamine following the procedures outlined in Example 13.
• Nitric acid (95%, 42 g, 0.62 mol) was added dropwise (internal temperature kept below 5° C.) to a solution of methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (96.5%, 100 g, 0.53 mol) and acetic acid (250 mL) at 0° C. After 10 min at 0° C., a large amount of precipitate had formed and was collected by filtration. The filter cake was washed with water (100 mL ⁇ 2), and then the crude product was recrystallized from methanol (40 mL) to give 33 g of methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-nitrobenzoate as a light yellow solid.
• Ammonium acetate (620 g, 8.0 mol) was added to a solution of 8-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-7-methoxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (105 g, 0.40 mol), acetic acid (400 mL), and toluene (200 mL). The reaction was refluxed with a Dean-Stark apparatus for 2 h, and then the mixture was concentrated to remove the toluene. The reaction was then refluxed overnight. Water/ice (200 mL) was added, and with external cooling, the pH was adjusted to 14 using 40% KOH.
• SMILES Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
• SMILES is a modern chemical notation system, developed by David Weininger and Daylight Chemical Information Systems, Inc., that is built into all major commercial chemical structure drawing software packages. Software is not needed to interpret SMILES text strings, and an explanation of how to translate SMILES into structures can be found in Weininger, D., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1988, 28, 31-36. All SMILES strings used herein, as well as numerous IUPAC names, were generated using either CambridgeSoft's ChemDraw 10.0, or ChemBioDraw Ultra 11.0.
• Phosphodiesterases regulate the activity of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by hydrolyzing cAMP to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
• cAMP second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate
• AMP adenosine monophosphate
• PDE/AK bioluminescent high-throughput assay to measure the activity of phosphodiesterases.
• the AMP produced from the hydrolysis of cAMP by phosphodiesterase is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by the phosphotransferase activity of adenylate kinase (also known as ADK or myokinase).
• ADP adenosine diphosphate
• ADK adenylate kinase
• Adenylate kinase will catalyze the conversion of 1 mole of AMP and 1 mole of ATP into 2 moles of ADP. Thus the conversion of AMP to ADP will result in the subsequent loss of ATP.
• the decrease in ATP concentration can be monitored as light output using luciferase in a reaction that requires ATP to produce light.
• the PDE/AK assay uses luciferase, which catalyzes the production of light from ATP present in the reaction mix. The amount of emitted light is inversely proportional to the level of AMP present in the reaction. Test compounds are incubated with the phosphodiesterases and phosphodiesterase inhibitors will decrease the rate of cAMP hydrolysis and decrease the subsequent production of AMP. Thus phosphodiesterase inhibitors will decrease the conversion of ATP to ADP and result in the greatest emission of light.
• PDE phosphodiesterase
• a coupled PDE/AK assay was utilized to measure the inhibitory activity of compounds on PDE isoforms.
• the catalytic domain of PDE4B was fused to an amino-terminus hex-histidine affinity tag and purified.
• PDE4B enzyme was incubated with compounds for 10 minutes. Cyclic AMP substrate, ATP and adenylate kinase were then added to the PDE enzyme mix and incubated for 45 minutes at room temperature.
• a commercial ATP detection assay, Perkin Elmer's easyLite ATP detection reagent was then added to measure the relative amount of ATP present in the reaction. After 10 minute incubation, the luminescent signal was quantitated with either the Perkin Elmer Viewlux or Molecular Devices Acquest or Analyst. Roflumilast and Rolipram are the positive controls used in the assay.
• the PDE/AK assay can be performed with any cAMP dependent phosphodiesterase, and can be performed in 96-, 384-, or 1536-well plates. Unlike other phosphodiesterase activity assays, the PDE/AK assay does not require radioactive substrates, modified substrates, beads, or antibodies, which each have disadvantages. Specifically, the use of radioactive substrates in a phosphodiesterase activity assay requires special protocols for handling and waste disposal, and reduced throughput. Modified substrates add the additional complexity of potentially altering the binding to the phosphodiesterase catalytic site. Fluorescently modified substrates may cause fluorescence artifacts that may interfere in the interpretation of assay results.
• the PDE/AK assay's mechanism offers advantages which make it useful for comparison to other phosphodiesterase activity assays.
• cAMP concentration is inversely proportional to the output of bioluminescence (such as Cambrex Biosciences's PDELight)
• phosphodiesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP that is subsequently converted to ATP, consumed by a luciferase enzyme, and results in an increased bioluminescent output.
• a phosphodiesterase inhibitor prevents the hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP and consequently results in a decreased bioluminescent output.
• compounds which exhibit luciferase inhibition activity would score as a false positive for PDE inhibition in the conventional assay.
• the PDK/AK assay would not score luciferase inhibitors as false positive for PDE inhibition because inhibition of PDE activity would result in increased bioluminescence.
• compounds that are capable of inhibiting both PDE and luciferase would be false negatives.
• Compounds that inhibit adenylate kinase would score as false positives in the PDE/AK assay.
• contemplated herein is a method for the detection and quantitation of PDE inhibition which uses adenylate kinase coupled to an ATP-depleting assay.
• said method comprises the steps of:
• said first incubation is for between about 5 and about 15 minutes; in yet further embodiments, said first incubation is for about 10 minutes.
• said second incubation is for longer than about 30 minutes; in yet further embodiments, said sufficient length of time is between about 30 minutes and about one hour; in even further embodiments, sufficient length of time is about 45 minutes.
• said readout means is a luciferase assay.
• said luciferase assay is a Perkin Elmer easyLite assay.
• said readout is done on a machine for detecting a luminescent signal.
• said machine is selected from the group consisting of a Perkin Elmer Viewlux, a Molecular Devices Acquest, and a Molecular Devices Analyst.
• NT Data reported as NT refers to the example having been not tested. It is expected that these compounds when tested will be active and will have utility similar to those that have been tested.
• Desiccation was initiated 1-2 hours following lacrimal gland injection by placing conscious rabbits in the environmental chamber (10-15% humidity/72° F.). Following 72 consecutive hours of exposure to this dry environment, the animals were anesthetized and sutures were placed in each upper and lower eyelid and lifted to form a corneal/conjunctival cup. Methylene blue dye (1 mL, 1% in dH 2 O) was added to the cup for three minutes and the excess removed by washing with 200 mL BSS®. The contralateral eye was then stained using the same procedure. Rabbits were euthanized immediately following the staining procedure and the eyes were excised.
• the corneas were isolated with a trephine and the 9.5-mm punch of the cornea was placed in 2 mL acetone/saturated sodium sulfate (7:3, vol./vol.). Absorbance of the extracted dye was determined at 660 nm.
• TBUT was quantified in a separate group of treated animals. TBUT was determined by instilling 5 ⁇ L sodium fluorescein into the cul de sac and manually blinking the lids to distribute the fluorescein within the tear film. Under slit lamp observation, the eye was held open and the time whereby one or more black spots or streaks appeared in the precorneal tear film was recorded. The rabbits were euthanized 3 days following ConA injection.
• guinea pigs Male Hartley VAF outbred guinea pigs were passively sensitized to ovalbumin by a single OD subconjunctival injection of undiluted guinea pig anti-ovalbumin antiserum 24 hours before OD topical challenge with 500 ⁇ g ovalbumin in saline. Control animals were injected with saline only and challenged with ovalbumin. To determine acute phase drug efficacy, 30 min after challenge animals were clinically scored by a masked observer for severity of signs of conjunctivitis based on a standard scale. Test compounds were administered as a 20 ⁇ L topical drop 1 hour prior to challenge (QD), or 1 hour prior to challenge and again 8 hours after challenge (BID).
• QD hour prior to challenge
• BID 8 hours after challenge
• Positive control compound was dexamethasone (Dex) at 0.1% w/v, formulated similarly. Twenty-four hours after challenge, animals were euthanized and conjunctivae were harvested for determination of tissue eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) concentration as a marker of allergic inflammation. Homogenates of freshly collected tissues were prepared by shaking the tissues in 2 mL round-bottom tubes containing 0.5 mL of homogenization buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 6 mM KBr) and one 5-mm stainless steel bead on a Qiagen TissueLyser at 30 Hz for 5 min.
• homogenization buffer 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 6 mM KBr
• EPO activity in supernatants was measured by reacting diluted homogenates with a solution of 6 mM o-phenylenediamine substrate and 8.8 mM H 2 O 2 in homogenization buffer for 3 min. The reaction was stopped with 4M H 2 SO 4 and absorbances were measured at 490 nm on a spectrophotometric plate reader. Total EPO in samples was calculated from a standard curve of recombinant human EPO in each assay. EPO activity was normalized to total protein concentration (Pierce BCA assay) in supernatants.
• NT Data reported as NT refers to the example having been not tested. It is expected that these compounds when tested will be active and will have utility similar to those that have been tested.
• test compound at 0.01% w/v is statistically equivalent to Dex +: test compound at 0.1% w/v is statistically equivalent to Dex ⁇ : test compound at 0.1% w/v is not statistically Example equivalent to Dex 1 ++ 2 NT 3 NT 4 NT 5 ++ 6 NT 7 NT 8 ++ 9 NT 10 NT 11 + 12 NT 13 NT 14 + 15 ++ 16 ++ 17 NT 18 + 19 + 20 ++ 21 + 22 + 23 NT 24 NT 25 + 26 + 27 ++ 28 ++ 29 NT 30 ++ 31 ++ 32 + 33 ++ 34 NT 35 + 36 NT 37 + 38 ++ 39 NT 40 NT 41 NT 42 NT 43 NT 44 NT 45 + 46 NT 47 NT 48 NT 49 + 50 + 51 ++ 52 ++ 53 NT 54 NT 55 ++ 56 NT 57 NT 58 NT 59 NT 60 NT 61 NT 62 NT 63 NT 64 NT 65 NT 66
• NT Data reported as NT refers to the example having been not tested. It is expected that these compounds when tested will be active and will have utility similar to those that have been tested.
• NT Data reported as NT refers to the example having been not tested. It is expected that these compounds when tested will be active and will have utility similar to those that have been tested.
• compositions which may be used to topically deliver compounds disclosed herein, for example to the eye or nasal passages.

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