US3864589A - Matrix picture display device using liquid that is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by electric current - Google Patents

Matrix picture display device using liquid that is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by electric current Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3864589A
US3864589A US447849A US44784974A US3864589A US 3864589 A US3864589 A US 3864589A US 447849 A US447849 A US 447849A US 44784974 A US44784974 A US 44784974A US 3864589 A US3864589 A US 3864589A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
electrodes
display device
picture display
liquid
compartments
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US447849A
Inventor
Cornelis Johannes Schoot
Johannes Jacobus Ponjee
Doorn Rudolf Alexander Van
Pieter Tammo Bolwijn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
US Philips Corp
Original Assignee
US Philips Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by US Philips Corp filed Critical US Philips Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3864589A publication Critical patent/US3864589A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/0102—Constructional details, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/1533—Constructional details structural features not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • each electrode is in [58 Field Of Search 313/483, 188, 232, 307; Contact with the liquidtih all the compartments- 315/169 R, 169 TV; 340/166 R, 324 M,
  • a picture display device comprising a solution of a I MATRIX PICTURE DISPLAY DEVICE USING LIQUID THAT IS REVERSIBLY REDUCIBLE AND OXIDISABLE BY ELECTRIC CURRENT
  • the invention relates to a picture display device comprising between two supporting plates of which at least one is transparent a solution of a material which is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by means of an electric current, which solution is in contact with at least two electrodes.
  • Such a picture display device is known from the published Dutch Pat. No. 700952] and is furthermore described in the not yet published Dutch Pat. No. 71 17713.
  • a characteristic feature of such a picture display device is that the picture is formed by discolouring of the current-conveying surface of an energized electrode, in this case the cathode. This makes it impossible to manufacture such a display device with a matrix of picture elements which are energized by means of two sets of electrodes which cross each other and which form a so-called cross-bar system and which are all present in the same volume of the solution of the reversibly reducible and oxidisable material. The electrode in which the discolouring occurs would actually discolour throughout its length as a result of which it is impossible to activate one single picture point.
  • each picture element comprises a separate cell which is filled with the solution and which is present between two electrodes of the cross-bar system crossing each other.
  • this meets with great practical objections, inter alia when filling the display device with the solution.
  • lt is the object of the invention to mitigate these drawbacks and to provide a construction for a picture display device with cross-bar electrodes.
  • a picture display device of the type mentioned in the first paragraph is characterized in that the space between the two supporting plates comprises a number of elongate noncommunicating compartments which are filled with the said solution, that an elongate electrode extends in each of the said compartments and belongs to a first set of electrodes and is in contact with the liquid in the relevant compartment only, and that the device comprises a second set of elongate electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
  • the discolouring preferably occurs at the said second set of electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
  • a favourable construction which will be described with reference to the accompanying drawing is such that the electrode which discolours is viewed via apertures in the electrodes which do not discolour.
  • controdes will in general be cathodes.
  • the invention may also be applied when other materials are used.
  • FIG. 1 shows a picture display tube according to the invention
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show two cross-sectional views mutually at right angles as denoted in FIG. 1.
  • the picture display device shown in the figures comprises a first set of electrodes 1 and a second set of electrodes 2 which together constitute a cross-bar system.
  • the first set 1 comprises five electrodes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
  • the second set comprises seven electrodes 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
  • the electrode sets I and 2 are embedded in a glass plate 15 which comprises five compartments l6, 17, I8, 19 and 20. Said compartments are filled with liquid and do not communicate with each other.
  • Each of the compartments comprises an electrode of the first set 1, for example, compartment 18 comprises electrode 5.
  • the picture display device is sealed by means of a glass plate 21.
  • the cross-overs of the electrodes of the first set 1 and the second set 2 constitute 7 X 5 35 picture elements.
  • the liquid in the compartment is a solution of ethylviologene borofluoride (O.l molar) and tetrachlorohydroquinone (0.1 molar) in acetonitrile which contains 1 /2 percent by weight of acetic acid.
  • a direct voltage of approximately 3V applied between an electrode of the first set 1 as anode and an electrode of the second set 2 as cathode colours the current conveying surface of the cathode blue.
  • the picture element 22 is coloured blue.
  • the cross-overs of electrode 13 with the other electrodes 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the first set remain uncoloured because the quantities of liquid in the various compartments do not communicate with each other.
  • Another liquid which may be used in the picture display device described is a solution of heptylviologene bromide (0.05 molar) and sodium bromide (3 molar) in water with which a blue violet colour at the cathode is obtained.
  • the material of the electrodes should be inert relative to the'solutions used.
  • Noble metals such as gold and platinum, provided in a thin layer ofa conductor of, for example, copper, may be used.
  • transparent electrodes they may consist of a thin layer of tin oxide or indium oxide on a glass supporting plate.
  • the electrodes 8, 9, 10, ll, l2, l3 and 14 may be of tin oxide and be provided on a glass supporting plate. The picture display device can then be viewed from the side of the said lastmentioned sup porting plate.
  • the electrodes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are also manufactured from tin oxide and provided on the supporting plate 21, the discolouring at said electrodes which occurs upon erasing the information and which would be visible via the transparent electrodes 8-14, can be masked, for example by dispersing in the solution a white, chemically inert, insoluble compound, such as titanium oxide, which also increases the contrast.
  • a picture display device comprising between two supporting plates of which at least one is transparent a solution of a material which is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by means of an electric current, which solu tion is in contact with at least two electrodes, characterized in that the space between the two supporting plates comprises a number of elongate non- 3 S communicating compartments which are filled with the said solution, that an elongate electrode extends in each of the said compartments and belongs to a first set of electrodes and is in contact with liquid in the relevant compartment only, and that the device comprises a second set of elongate electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
  • a picture display device as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that in the case of current passage a local discolouring occurs at the surface of the electrodes of said second set.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)

Abstract

A picture display device comprising a solution of a material which is reversibly reducible and oxidizable by means of an electric current. The electrodes constitute a cross-bar system. The device is divided into a number of non-communicating compartments which are filled with the solution. Each compartment comprises an electrode, which electrodes form a first set. Of a second set of electrodes, each electrode is in contact with the liquid in all the compartments.

Description

KR 39864Q589' United States Schoot et al. 4 Feb. 4, 1975 1 1 MATRIX PICTURE DISPLAY DEVICE [56] R f r n Cited USING LIQUID THAT IS REVERSIBLY UNITED STATES PATENTS REDUCIBLE AND OXIDISABLE BY 3,500,392 3/1970 Maljuk et al 313/232 x ELECTRIC CURRENT 3,725,899 4/1973 Greubel 315/169 TV x [75] Inventors: Qornelis Johannes scl oot lohannes Jacobus Ponjee; Rudolf Alexander Van Doom; P'eter Tammo Bolwl-ln Primary ExaminerSiegfried H. Grimm all of Emmasingel, Eindhoven, Attorney, Agent, or FirmFrank R. Trifari; Norman Netherlands Spain [73] Assignee: U.S. Philips Corporation, New
York, NY.
22 Filed: Mar. 4, 1974 [57] ABSTRACT 211 App]. No.2 447,849
material which is reversibly reducible and oxidizable [30] Foreign Application Priority Data by means of an electric-current. The electrodes consti- Mar. I6, 1973 Netherlands 7303674 We a Cross-bar y The device is divided into a number of non-communicating compartments which [52 U.S. c1 313/232, 313/483, 313/188, are filled with the solutioh- Each compartment 13 307 340 1 R, 340 324 M, 350 1 R prises an electrode,-which electrodes form a first set. 51 Int. Cl 0021 1/28, HOlj l/58 Of a Second set of electrodes, each electrode is in [58 Field Of Search 313/483, 188, 232, 307; Contact with the liquidtih all the compartments- 315/169 R, 169 TV; 340/166 R, 324 M,
166 EL; 350/160 R, 160 LC 4 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures 2 III 9 10 11 12 13 14 IV I '0 '0' '0' 1 l I r I r 1 18 i-I-Gi-QHGI-Q Q 22 A 10. 0101 0 01 1 0 e 1 t 1 1 I 1 1 I 1' 1 Q. 1G1 101 {Q1 [Q1 1 1 I01 2o 3 I 1 I I 3864589 i calm-3 W A picture display device comprising a solution of a I MATRIX PICTURE DISPLAY DEVICE USING LIQUID THAT IS REVERSIBLY REDUCIBLE AND OXIDISABLE BY ELECTRIC CURRENT The invention relates to a picture display device comprising between two supporting plates of which at least one is transparent a solution of a material which is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by means of an electric current, which solution is in contact with at least two electrodes.
Such a picture display device is known from the published Dutch Pat. No. 700952] and is furthermore described in the not yet published Dutch Pat. No. 71 17713. A characteristic feature of such a picture display device is that the picture is formed by discolouring of the current-conveying surface of an energized electrode, in this case the cathode. This makes it impossible to manufacture such a display device with a matrix of picture elements which are energized by means of two sets of electrodes which cross each other and which form a so-called cross-bar system and which are all present in the same volume of the solution of the reversibly reducible and oxidisable material. The electrode in which the discolouring occurs would actually discolour throughout its length as a result of which it is impossible to activate one single picture point. It would be possible to construct a picture display device with a matrix of picture elements in such manner that each picture element comprises a separate cell which is filled with the solution and which is present between two electrodes of the cross-bar system crossing each other. However, this meets with great practical objections, inter alia when filling the display device with the solution.
lt is the object of the invention to mitigate these drawbacks and to provide a construction for a picture display device with cross-bar electrodes.
According to the invention, a picture display device of the type mentioned in the first paragraph is characterized in that the space between the two supporting plates comprises a number of elongate noncommunicating compartments which are filled with the said solution, that an elongate electrode extends in each of the said compartments and belongs to a first set of electrodes and is in contact with the liquid in the relevant compartment only, and that the device comprises a second set of elongate electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
In the case of current passage, the discolouring preferably occurs at the said second set of electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
As a result of this it is achieved that only that part of an electrode can discolour which is in contact with the liquid in a compartment in which an energized electrode of the first set is present.
A favourable construction which will be described with reference to the accompanying drawing is such that the electrode which discolours is viewed via apertures in the electrodes which do not discolour. In controdes will in general be cathodes. However, the invention may also be applied when other materials are used.
The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings of an embodiment of which FIG. 1 shows a picture display tube according to the invention and FIGS. 2 and 3 show two cross-sectional views mutually at right angles as denoted in FIG. 1.
The picture display device shown in the figures comprises a first set of electrodes 1 and a second set of electrodes 2 which together constitute a cross-bar system. The first set 1 comprises five electrodes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The second set comprises seven electrodes 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. The electrode sets I and 2 are embedded in a glass plate 15 which comprises five compartments l6, 17, I8, 19 and 20. Said compartments are filled with liquid and do not communicate with each other. Each of the compartments comprises an electrode of the first set 1, for example, compartment 18 comprises electrode 5. The picture display device is sealed by means of a glass plate 21. The cross-overs of the electrodes of the first set 1 and the second set 2 constitute 7 X 5 35 picture elements. The liquid in the compartment is a solution of ethylviologene borofluoride (O.l molar) and tetrachlorohydroquinone (0.1 molar) in acetonitrile which contains 1 /2 percent by weight of acetic acid. A direct voltage of approximately 3V applied between an electrode of the first set 1 as anode and an electrode of the second set 2 as cathode colours the current conveying surface of the cathode blue. For example, when electrode 13 is cathode and electrode Sis anode, the picture element 22 is coloured blue. The cross-overs of electrode 13 with the other electrodes 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the first set remain uncoloured because the quantities of liquid in the various compartments do not communicate with each other. Another liquid which may be used in the picture display device described is a solution of heptylviologene bromide (0.05 molar) and sodium bromide (3 molar) in water with which a blue violet colour at the cathode is obtained.
The material of the electrodes should be inert relative to the'solutions used. Noble metals such as gold and platinum, provided in a thin layer ofa conductor of, for example, copper, may be used. If transparent electrodes are desired, they may consist of a thin layer of tin oxide or indium oxide on a glass supporting plate. For example, the electrodes 8, 9, 10, ll, l2, l3 and 14 may be of tin oxide and be provided on a glass supporting plate. The picture display device can then be viewed from the side of the said lastmentioned sup porting plate. If the electrodes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are also manufactured from tin oxide and provided on the supporting plate 21, the discolouring at said electrodes which occurs upon erasing the information and which would be visible via the transparent electrodes 8-14, can be masked, for example by dispersing in the solution a white, chemically inert, insoluble compound, such as titanium oxide, which also increases the contrast.
What is claimed is:
1. A picture display device comprising between two supporting plates of which at least one is transparent a solution of a material which is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by means of an electric current, which solu tion is in contact with at least two electrodes, characterized in that the space between the two supporting plates comprises a number of elongate non- 3 S communicating compartments which are filled with the said solution, that an elongate electrode extends in each of the said compartments and belongs to a first set of electrodes and is in contact with liquid in the relevant compartment only, and that the device comprises a second set of elongate electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
2. A picture display device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the case of current passage a local discolouring occurs at the surface of the electrodes of said second set.
3. A picture display device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes of the said first set are present between a transparent supporting plate and the said second set of electrodes and comprise apertures through which the electrodes of the said second set are visible.
4. A picture display device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the electrodes of the said first set are anodes and that the electrodes of the said second set are cathodes.

Claims (4)

1. A picture display device comprising between two supporting plates of which at least one is transparent a solution of a material which is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by means of an electric current, which solution is in contact with at least two electrodes, characterized in that the space between the two supporting plates comprises a number of elongate noncomMunicating compartments which are filled with the said solution, that an elongate electrode extends in each of the said compartments and belongs to a first set of electrodes and is in contact with liquid in the relevant compartment only, and that the device comprises a second set of elongate electrodes which are each in contact with the liquid in each of the said compartments.
2. A picture display device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the case of current passage a local discolouring occurs at the surface of the electrodes of said second set.
3. A picture display device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the electrodes of the said first set are present between a transparent supporting plate and the said second set of electrodes and comprise apertures through which the electrodes of the said second set are visible.
4. A picture display device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the electrodes of the said first set are anodes and that the electrodes of the said second set are cathodes.
US447849A 1973-03-16 1974-03-04 Matrix picture display device using liquid that is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by electric current Expired - Lifetime US3864589A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL7303674A NL7303674A (en) 1973-03-16 1973-03-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3864589A true US3864589A (en) 1975-02-04

Family

ID=19818442

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US447849A Expired - Lifetime US3864589A (en) 1973-03-16 1974-03-04 Matrix picture display device using liquid that is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by electric current

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US3864589A (en)
JP (1) JPS49128698A (en)
AU (1) AU6655574A (en)
BR (1) BR7401904D0 (en)
CA (1) CA1012633A (en)
CH (1) CH565386A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2411085A1 (en)
ES (1) ES424276A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2221775B1 (en)
GB (1) GB1425788A (en)
IT (1) IT1011571B (en)
NL (1) NL7303674A (en)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019809A (en) * 1974-06-25 1977-04-26 Kabushiki Kaisha Suwa Seikosha Electrochromic display device
US4175836A (en) * 1976-08-31 1979-11-27 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for forming visible images
EP0081031A1 (en) * 1981-12-07 1983-06-15 Rockwell International Corporation Chemically coupled color-changing display
US4451122A (en) * 1980-12-29 1984-05-29 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Multicompartment electro-optic display device
US4501472A (en) * 1981-12-07 1985-02-26 Rockwell International Corporation Tunable electrochromic filter
US4547046A (en) * 1982-02-10 1985-10-15 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Electrochromic display device
US5080470A (en) * 1987-07-24 1992-01-14 Alpine Polyvision, Inc. Process for manufacturing a light modulating device
US5082355A (en) * 1987-07-24 1992-01-21 Alpine Polyvision, Inc. Technique for manufacturing a light modulating device
US5179467A (en) * 1989-12-05 1993-01-12 International Business Machines Corporation Charge transfer salts and uses thereof

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2505067A1 (en) * 1981-04-30 1982-11-05 Jaeger ELECTROLYTIC DISPLAY CELL WITH TRANSPARENT REAR BLADE

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3500392A (en) * 1966-06-14 1970-03-10 Jury Ivanovich Maljuk Indicator-converter
US3725899A (en) * 1970-07-29 1973-04-03 Siemens Ag Data exhibiting screen device with a liquid-crystal layer, and method of manufacture

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3612758A (en) * 1969-10-03 1971-10-12 Xerox Corp Color display device

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3500392A (en) * 1966-06-14 1970-03-10 Jury Ivanovich Maljuk Indicator-converter
US3725899A (en) * 1970-07-29 1973-04-03 Siemens Ag Data exhibiting screen device with a liquid-crystal layer, and method of manufacture

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019809A (en) * 1974-06-25 1977-04-26 Kabushiki Kaisha Suwa Seikosha Electrochromic display device
US4175836A (en) * 1976-08-31 1979-11-27 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for forming visible images
US4451122A (en) * 1980-12-29 1984-05-29 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Multicompartment electro-optic display device
EP0081031A1 (en) * 1981-12-07 1983-06-15 Rockwell International Corporation Chemically coupled color-changing display
US4456337A (en) * 1981-12-07 1984-06-26 Rockwell International Corporation Chemically coupled color-changing display
US4501472A (en) * 1981-12-07 1985-02-26 Rockwell International Corporation Tunable electrochromic filter
US4547046A (en) * 1982-02-10 1985-10-15 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Electrochromic display device
US5080470A (en) * 1987-07-24 1992-01-14 Alpine Polyvision, Inc. Process for manufacturing a light modulating device
US5082355A (en) * 1987-07-24 1992-01-21 Alpine Polyvision, Inc. Technique for manufacturing a light modulating device
US5179467A (en) * 1989-12-05 1993-01-12 International Business Machines Corporation Charge transfer salts and uses thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1425788A (en) 1976-02-18
FR2221775B1 (en) 1978-03-31
JPS49128698A (en) 1974-12-10
DE2411085A1 (en) 1974-09-26
CA1012633A (en) 1977-06-21
CH565386A5 (en) 1975-08-15
FR2221775A1 (en) 1974-10-11
NL7303674A (en) 1974-09-18
ES424276A1 (en) 1976-06-01
BR7401904D0 (en) 1974-12-03
IT1011571B (en) 1977-02-10
AU6655574A (en) 1975-09-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
No Electrochromic materials
US4129861A (en) Multiplex addressing of electrochromic displays
US4184751A (en) Phthalocyanine electrochromic display
US3864589A (en) Matrix picture display device using liquid that is reversibly reducible and oxidisable by electric current
US5214521A (en) Plasma addressed liquid crystal display with grooves in middle plate
US20210026212A1 (en) Electrochromic device with side-by-side structure and application thereof
US3015747A (en) Fluorescent screen
US4214820A (en) Electrochromic display having enhanced night viewability
US2967965A (en) Luminous display panel
US3995943A (en) All solid electrochromic display
US5377029A (en) Plasma addressed liquid crystal display
US4012831A (en) Electrochromic display element and process
US4008950A (en) Electrochromic display cell structure
GB1578600A (en) Electrochromic display device
GB1254688A (en) Electric gas discharge tube
CN109100898B (en) Color electrochromic display device
US3416248A (en) Electro-chemical optical display
US4529274A (en) Electrochromic display device
JPS61208035A (en) Electrochromic display element
US3500392A (en) Indicator-converter
JP2689068B2 (en) Gas discharge display panel
US3858073A (en) Plane multi-digit type electric discharge display devices
US3517451A (en) Display device and connector therefor
CN210803912U (en) Display panel and display
US3903448A (en) Multiple character flat panel display device