US3859093A - Fogged, direct positive emulsion containing composite silver halide grains protected with silver halide layer and the use thereof in reversal process - Google Patents

Fogged, direct positive emulsion containing composite silver halide grains protected with silver halide layer and the use thereof in reversal process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3859093A
US3859093A US344535A US34453573A US3859093A US 3859093 A US3859093 A US 3859093A US 344535 A US344535 A US 344535A US 34453573 A US34453573 A US 34453573A US 3859093 A US3859093 A US 3859093A
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silver halide
silver
emulsion
protective layer
direct positive
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US344535A
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Manfred Becker
Otto Lapp
Erik Moisar
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Agfa Gevaert AG
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Agfa Gevaert AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/485—Direct positive emulsions
    • G03C1/48515—Direct positive emulsions prefogged

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A direct positive photographic image material made [30] Foreign Application Priority Data up of silver halide grains on which development nuclei Apr, 1, 1972 Germany 22l6075 are formed y P p fflgging arfl contain! in a supported light-sensitive emulsion with a binding [521 US.
  • Direct positive images are generally produced using silver halide emulsions which have been fogged by exposure to light or fogged by chemical treatment. If the emulsions are then exposed imagewise under certain conditions, the developable fog is destroyed in the exposed areas but remains intact in the unexposed areas so that a direct positive image is subsequently obtained by development. Destruction of the developable fog by imagewise exposure is achieved mainly by making use of the Herschel effect or also by the solarisation effect. In the former case, exposure is carried out with longwave light from the absorption range of silver so that the silver nuclei in the exposed areas are destroyed. In the case of the solarisation effect, exposure is carried out with shortwave light from the absorption range of the silver halide. This also leads to destruction of the developable fog. These two processes have remained of minor practical importance because the usual photographic emulsions have relatively little sensitivity.
  • the sensitivity of fogged direct positive silver halide emulsions can be increased by incorporating ripening nuclei into the interior of the silver halide grain so that the photoelectrons formed in the primary process, which prevent destruction of the developable fog nuclei on the surface of the grain, are trapped in the interior of the grain.
  • the preparation of such emulsions has been described in German Patent Specification No. 1,169,290.
  • An increase in the sensitivity to light can also be obtained in fogged silver halide emulsions which are free from internal nuclei by adding desensitising dyes in accordance with British Patent Specification No. 723,019.
  • the light sensitivity of fogged direct positive silver halide emulsions depends on the exposure which is necessary to destroy the developable fog nuclei at the surface of the silver halide grains in the process of imagewise exposure. This in turn depends on the size and number of these fog nuclei. They can be adjusted to their optimum size for any given direct positive silver halide emulsion by known methods of optimising the size and number of fog nuclei. Fogging of direct positive emulsions is generally carried out by means of chemical fogging agents.
  • the fog nuclei can be adjusted to their optimum size and number by conventional bleaching processes.
  • degree of fogging is meant the percentage proportion of fogged (and hence developable) silver halide in the layer. This is based on the fact that the maximum density increases monotonously with the maximum number of developable grains.
  • One disadvantage of the more highly sensitive direct positive emulsions in which the development nuclei on the surfaces of the silver halide grains have an optimum (i.e. relatively small) size lies in the sensitivity ofthese nuclei to oxidation.
  • the development nuclei are destroyed in storage, especially if the emulsions are stored under moist conditions, so that both the sensitivity and the maximum density obtainable on development are greatly reduced.
  • Stabilisation of the development nuclei by means of the additives commonly used for stabi lising the latent image in negative emulsions is not possible in the case of direct positive emulsions because the light sensitivity of direct positive emulsions would also be severely reduced by such additives.
  • a photographic material comprising at least one direct positive silver salt emulsion layer in which the silver salt grains have a composite grain structure in which the grains of the direct positive silver salt emulsion which is initially provided on the surface with a developable fog are enveloped with a protective layer of a silver salt.
  • a further subject of the present invention is a process for the production of direct positive photographic images by imagewise exposure of a photographic material comprising at least one direct positive silver salt emulsion layer in which the silver salt grains have a composite grain structure, accompanied by imagewise destruction of the developable fog and followed by photographic development to give a direct positive image, using a photographic material comprising at least one fogged developable direct positive silver salt emulsion layer in which the fogged silver salt grains are enveloped in a protective layer of a silver salt, development of the exposed layer being carried out with a developer which contains a silver salt solvent at least for the outer protective layer of silver salt.
  • this protective layer of silver salt should be kept as low as possible in order to simplify development of the exposed direct positive silver salt emulsion layers according to the invention, i.e. in order to accelerate the process of dissolving the protective layer of silver salt by the developer to set free the developable nuclei which as a result of exposure are now distributed imagewise.
  • the thickness of this protective layer may, however, vary within wide limits according to the nature of the direct positive emulsion and of the silver salt. The lower limit is necessarily determined by the requirement for a sufficient protective action and the upper limit by the requirement that the protective layer should dissolve sufficiently rapidly in the developer. Thicknesses of between 5 and H10 lattice planes have generally been found sufficient. if the silver salts used are silver halides, thicknesses of between 15 and 50 lattice planes are preferred for the protective layers.
  • the chemical nature of the silver salt used for the protective layer in principle is not critical.
  • the most suitable silver salt used as protective layer in any given fogged direct positive emulsion can easily be determined by a few simple tests.
  • lts composition may be the same as or different from that of the silver salt of the grain of the fogged direct positive emulsion. It preferably has substantially the same composition.
  • silver bromide as the silver salt for the protective layer. Reference may be made to the direct positive emulsion described in British Patent Specification No. 723,019.
  • the fogged direct positive silver salt emulsions preferably contain silver halides, e.g. silver chloride and/or silver bromide, if desired with a proportion of silver iodide which is preferably up to mols percent.
  • the di rect positive silver salt emulsions are preferably silver bromide or silver iodobromide emulsions. Silver bromide emulsions which have been converted to silver iodide on the surface are particularly suitable.
  • Silver halide emulsions with silver halide grains which contain ripening nuclei in their interior are preferred.
  • the grains of the direct positive emulsion according to the invention then have at least three layers, namely the core, which is chemically ripened on the surface, the shell, which has a developable fog on the surface, and the outer protective layer which envelops and protects the fogged silver halide shell.
  • These fogged and enveloped emulsions may contain the usual dyes used for optically sensitizing direct positive emulsions.
  • the emulsions of the present invention constitute direct positive emulsions which have excellent stability both as regards their sensitivity and their maximum density. Samples of emulsion according to the invention have practically the same sensitivity and maximum density when freshly prepared and after prolonged storage under tropical conditions.
  • the binding agents used for the emulsion layer may be the usual hydrophilic film-forming substances, e.g. proteins in particular gelatin, alginic acid or its derivatives such as esters, amides or salts, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose and cellulose sulfates, starch or derivatives thereof or hydrophilic synthetic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol, partly saponified polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc.
  • hydrophilic film-forming substances e.g. proteins in particular gelatin, alginic acid or its derivatives such as esters, amides or salts, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose and cellulose sulfates, starch or derivatives thereof or hydrophilic synthetic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol, partly saponified polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc.
  • the hydrophilic binders in the layers may be mixed with other synthetic binders in a dissolved or dispersed form, such as homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid or derivatives thereof such as esters, amides or nitriles or vinyl polymers such as vinyl esters or vinyl ethers.
  • the fogged silver salt emulsions are applied to the usual layer supports such as glass or foils of cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate or cellulose acetobutyrate or polyester foils, in particular foils or polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate, particularly those based on bis-phenylolpropane.
  • cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate or cellulose acetobutyrate or polyester foils
  • foils or polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate particularly those based on bis-phenylolpropane.
  • Baryta paper supports or paper supports which have been backed with polyolefines such as polyethylene or polypropylene may also be used as layer supports.
  • the fogged silver halide emulsions according to the invention preferably have a narrow grain size distribution and are preferably fine grained emulsions as described in German Patent Specification No. 1,169,290.
  • Fogging of the silver halide grains in the photographic direct positive emulsions according to the in vention is carried out in known manner by treatment with reducing agents, preferably in the presence of water-soluble salts of metals which are more electropositive than silver.
  • reducing agents are e.g. tin-(II) salts such as tin-(ll)chloride, hydrazine compounds, sulfur compounds such as thiourea dioxid phosphonium salts e.g. tetra-(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride or formamidine sulfinic acid.
  • Suitable compounds of metals which are more electropositive than silver are, for example, salts of gold such as potassium chloroaurate or gold-(ill) chloride, rhodium salts, platinum salts, palladium salts such as ammonium hexachloropalladate and iridium salts such as potassium chloroiridate.
  • the concentration of reducing agents and noble metal salts used for fogging may vary within wide limits. it is generally sufficient to employ concentrations of about 0.0005 to about 0.06 milliequivalents of reducing agent and about 0.001 to about 0.01 millimols of the noble metal salt per mol of silver halide as described in German Offenlegungsschrift No. 1,547,790. If the emulsions are too heavily fogged, they may subsequently be treated with a bleaching agent in known manner to adjust them to the optimum light sensitivity.
  • Fogging may also be carried out by the known method of silver salt digestion according to WOOD described in .l.phot.Science, l (1963), page 163, carried out at pAg values of between 2 and 5 and pH values above 6.5.
  • the fogged direct positive silver halide emulsions used contain ripening nuclei in the interior of the silver halide grain.
  • the photoelectrons formed in the pri mary process which prevent the destruction of developable fog nuclei at the surface of the grain, are thereby trapped in the grain interior.
  • the preparation of such emulsions with a composite grain structure has been described in German Patent Specification No. 1,169,290 and in German Offenlegungschrift No. 1,597,488.
  • ripening nuclei in the interior of the grain is carried out in known manner, e.g. by chemical sensitisation using noble metal compounds, in particular gold salts or iridium salts, or sulfur compounds such as thiosulphate or a combination of noble metal salts and sulfur compounds.
  • noble metal compounds in particular gold salts or iridium salts, or sulfur compounds such as thiosulphate or a combination of noble metal salts and sulfur compounds.
  • the protective layer which envelops the fogged silver halide shell is preferably applied by precipitation but it may also be applied by a process of redissolving and crystallisation by mixing the fogged emulsion with a finely grained emulsion and leaving it to undergo physical ripening. The coarser grains then grow at the expense of the smaller grains and the fine grained emulsion is deposited on the fogged, more coarsely grained emulsion.
  • the direct positive silver salt emulsions according to the invention which have fogged nuclei situated under the surface of the grains can be optically sensitised in the usual manner using either desensitisers or the sensitising dyes commonly used for negative emulsions.
  • Suitable desensitisers which are capable of acting as electron traps are usually compounds in which the sum of the anodic and cathodic polaragraphic half wave potential is positive. Compounds of this kind have been described in US Patent Specification Nos. 3,501,305; 3,50l,306 and 3,501,307. The sensitisers described in German Patent Specification No. 1,153,246 and in U.S. Patent Specification No. 3,314,796 are also suitable. Reference may also be made to the imidazoquinoxaline dyes, e.g. those described in Belgian Patent Specification No. 660,253.
  • the emulsions may contain the usual stabilisers, e.g. homopolar or salt-type compounds of mercury which contain aromatic or heterocyclic rings (such as mercaptotriazoles), simple mercury salts, sulfonium mercury double salts and other mercury compounds.
  • Azaindenes are also suitable stabilisers, particularly tetraor penta-azaindenes and especially those which are substituted with hydroxyl or amino groups. Compounds of this kind have been described in the article by BIRR, Z.Wiss.Phot. 47, 2-58 (I962).
  • Other suitable stabilizers are e.g. heterocyclic mercapto compounds such as phenylmercapto tetrazole, quaternary benzothiazole derivatives, benzotriazole and the like.
  • the emulsions may be hardened in the usual manner, for example with formaldehyde or halogenated aldehydes which contain a carboxyl group, such as mucobromic acid, diketones, methanesulfonic acid esters, dialdehydes and the like.
  • formaldehyde or halogenated aldehydes which contain a carboxyl group, such as mucobromic acid, diketones, methanesulfonic acid esters, dialdehydes and the like.
  • Photographic materials which contain at least one of the direct positive silver salt emulsion layers according to the invention may be used for various photographic purposes, eg as materials with steep gradation for reprographic purposes, as direct positive X-ray films, for the production of direct positive colored images, eg by the silver dye bleaching process or dye diffusion pro cess, or for the production of photographic color images by conventional processes of chromogenic development.
  • the materials according to the invention may also be used for color intensifying processes or for the production of bubble images according to German Offenlegungsschrift 2,20 l ,849.
  • the material according to the invention is processed in the usual manner.
  • the usual blackand-white or colorforming developers may be used for development but they must contain a solvent for the external protective layer of silver salt.
  • Suitable solvents for this purpose are e.g. sulfites, thiocyanates or thiosulfates, particularly of alkali metals, ammonium or alkaline earth metals, or organic solvents such as triethanolamine.
  • concentration of solvent required in the developer varies from 0.03 g to I30 g per litre of developer according to the nature of the silver salt of the protective layer and the dissolving power of the solvent. The optimum quantity can easily be determined by a few simple tests.
  • EXAMPLE I a. Preparation of a comparison emulsion 720 ml of a 3-molar AgNO solution and 720 ml of a 3-molar KBr solution are fed into a solution of 40 g of gelatin in 800 ml of water at 55C by means ofdosing pumps at the rate of 240 ml per hour each, the pAg being adjusted to about 7.5. 32 g of gelatin and 64 ml of water are added after precipitation. The emulsion is washed with water in the usual manner and then ripened at 50C for l hour after addition of 26 ml ofa l0 molar solution of Na [Au(S O The emulsion is then left to solidity and washed.
  • a layer of silver bromide is precipitated on the surface of the grains of the above described comparison emulsion by feeding 40 ml ofa 3-molar AgNO solution and 40 ml of a 3-molar KBr solution into 360 g of the comparison emulsion at 50C by way of dosing pumps at the rate of 92 ml per hour, the pAg value being adjusted to about +7.5.
  • the emulsion is then left to solidify and washed in the usual manner.
  • the protective layer precipitated on the surfaces of the grains has a thickness of about 30 lattice planes.
  • the comparison emulsion and the emulsion according to the invention are diluted with a 10% gelatin solution using a proportion by weight of emulsion to gelatin solution of lzl and the diluted emulsions are cast to form films (silver application 3.2 g/m Samples of these two light sensitive materials were stored in a heating cupboard (60C, 40% relative humidity) while other samples of these materials were stored at 20C for two days. After exposure to a 500 Watt incandescent lamp from a distance of 1.5 m behind a grey wedge, the samples were developed in the following developer at 20C for 13 minutes:
  • EXAMPLE 2 a Preparation of a comparison emulsion 720 ml of a 3-molar AgNO solution and 720 ml of a 3-molar KBr solution are introduced into a solution of 40 g of gelatin in 800 ml of water at 55C at the rate of 320 ml per hour by way of dosing pumps, the pAg being adjusted to about +7.5. 32 g of gelatin and 64 ml of water are added after precipitation. The emulsion is washed in the usual manner and ripened for 1 hour at 50C after the addition of 76 ml of a molar solution of Na [Au(S,O,,),]. When the emulsion has soliditied it is washed with water.
  • Processing g of the emulsion according to the invention are mixed with 100 ml of a 10% gelatin solution and 17 ml of a 0.1% solution of the compound of the following formula in dimethylsulfoxide at 40C and cast on a layer support of cellulose acetate (silver application 3.2 g of Ag in the form of silver halide per m).
  • Samples taken from both these light sensitive materi als were stored in a heating cupboard for 2 days (60C, 40% relative humidity) and other samples of these materials were stored at 20C for 2 days.
  • Example l After exposure to a 500 Watt incandescent lamp from a distance of 1.5 m behind a grey wedge and a red filter (Agfa-Gevaert L 622), the samples were developed as described in Example l.
  • the results of the sensitometric measurements are summarised in the table below.
  • the column 2 has the same meaning as in the table in Example I.
  • the maximum densities are compared in the third column of the table.
  • a light-sensitive photographic material comprising a supported direct positive silver halide emulsion layer containing silver halide grains of composite structure, the said grains comprising a core of silver halide which is chemically sensitized, the said core is coated by a silver halide shell which at the surface contains spontaneously developable fog and an outer protective layer of silver halide which envelops the shell and covering the developable nuclei protects the nuclei from desensitization the thickness of said protective layer is between 5 and I lattice planes of silver halide.
  • a process for the production of direct positive photographic images comprising the steps of a. preparing a light-sensitive photographic material comprising a supported direct positive silver halide emulsion layer containing silver halide grains of composite structure, the said grains comprising a core of silver halide which is chemically sensitized the said core is coated by a silver halide shell which at the surface contains spontaneously developable fog and an outer protective layer of silver halide which is covering the developable nuclei protecting the nuclei from densitization the thickness of said protective layer is between S and 100 lattice planes of silver halide;
  • the photographic material of claim 1, wherein the soluble silver salt is silver bromide which may contain up to 10% of silver iodide.
  • the developer contains a silver halide solvent selected from the group consisting of sulfite ions, thiocyanate ions, thiosulfate ions and triethanolamine.
  • a light-sensitive photographic material comprising a supported direct positive silver halide emulsion layer containing silver halide grains of composite structure having spontaneously developable nuclei on the surface of the grain, the said surface containing the spon taneously developable nuclei being enveloped by a covering layer consisting essentially of a soluble silver salt so as to be protected from desensitization the thickness of the said protective layer is between 5 and lattice planes of silver halide.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
US344535A 1972-04-01 1973-03-26 Fogged, direct positive emulsion containing composite silver halide grains protected with silver halide layer and the use thereof in reversal process Expired - Lifetime US3859093A (en)

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DE2216075A DE2216075A1 (de) 1972-04-01 1972-04-01 Photographisches material zur herstellung direktpositiver photographischer bilder

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US (1) US3859093A (nl)
JP (1) JPS4910725A (nl)
BE (1) BE797198A (nl)
CA (1) CA1022377A (nl)
DE (1) DE2216075A1 (nl)
FR (1) FR2178982A1 (nl)
GB (1) GB1402198A (nl)
IT (1) IT982932B (nl)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE32097E (en) * 1981-11-12 1986-03-25 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
USRE32149E (en) * 1982-09-15 1986-05-20 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
US4623612A (en) * 1983-01-21 1986-11-18 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of developing silver halide photographic light-sensitive materials

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4444865A (en) * 1981-11-12 1984-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
US4444874A (en) * 1982-09-15 1984-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
JPS6067935A (ja) * 1983-09-22 1985-04-18 Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd 直接ポジ画像の形成方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3367778A (en) * 1965-04-15 1968-02-06 Eastman Kodak Co Silver salt direct positive emulsion
US3477852A (en) * 1965-11-08 1969-11-11 Eastman Kodak Co Direct-positive silver halide emulsion resistant to kink-marking desensitization

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3367778A (en) * 1965-04-15 1968-02-06 Eastman Kodak Co Silver salt direct positive emulsion
US3477852A (en) * 1965-11-08 1969-11-11 Eastman Kodak Co Direct-positive silver halide emulsion resistant to kink-marking desensitization

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE32097E (en) * 1981-11-12 1986-03-25 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
USRE32149E (en) * 1982-09-15 1986-05-20 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
US4623612A (en) * 1983-01-21 1986-11-18 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method of developing silver halide photographic light-sensitive materials

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DE2216075A1 (de) 1973-10-11
GB1402198A (en) 1975-08-06
BE797198A (nl) 1973-09-24
IT982932B (it) 1974-10-21
FR2178982A1 (nl) 1973-11-16
JPS4910725A (nl) 1974-01-30
CA1022377A (en) 1977-12-13

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