US3857592A - Handicraft tool - Google Patents
Handicraft tool Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3857592A US3857592A US00412974A US41297473A US3857592A US 3857592 A US3857592 A US 3857592A US 00412974 A US00412974 A US 00412974A US 41297473 A US41297473 A US 41297473A US 3857592 A US3857592 A US 3857592A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sleeve
- body member
- cut
- yarn
- tool
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 23
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04G—MAKING NETS BY KNOTTING OF FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; MAKING KNOTTED CARPETS OR TAPESTRIES; KNOTTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D04G3/00—Making knotted carpets or tapestries
- D04G3/02—Making knotted carpets or tapestries by hand; Tools therefor
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03J—AUXILIARY WEAVING APPARATUS; WEAVERS' TOOLS; SHUTTLES
- D03J3/00—Weavers' tools, e.g. knot-tying tools
Definitions
- the hook levers are reciprocated by an actuation button from an extended position, where the tips of the two levers are separated so as to receive the piles, to a retracted position, where the lever tips resiliently engage with each other to be closed so as to hold the pile and facilitate the knotting of the pile to the basic material.
- a grooved bobbin-like cassette carrying yarn wound thereon may be selectively mounted on the tool, and the wound yarn may be severed along a groove of the cassette, so that a plurality of cut yarn piles may be carried by the sleeve of the tool upon removal of the cassette therefrom.
- This invention relates to a handicraft tool for knotting cut piles or loops one by one onto each of filaments of a separately prepared basic meshed material having meshed filaments, and more particularly to a handicraft tool which is suitable for making a rug, carpet, a tapestry, or the like by knotting a plurality of cut piles to filaments of a separately prepared meshed basic material.
- the conventional tool has an opening-closing portion at the tip which is angularly movable relative to a portion for hooking the yarn. Itis necessary in this prior art arrangement, however, to carefully watch the movement of the opening-closing portion relative to the hooking portion.
- the conventional tool has another shortcoming: namely, its hooking portion tends to inadvertently catch the yarn and filaments of the meshed material. Thus, special skill and long experience is required for successfully operating the conventional tool.
- an object of the present invention is to mitigate the aforesaid difficulties of the conventional handicraft tool, by providing an improved handicraft tool which facilitates high-speed knotting of a plurality of cut piles to a separately prepared basic material.
- A, handicraft tool by knotting cut piles one by one to each of filaments of a meshed basic sheet material comprises an elongated hollow handle consisting of a recessed bottom member and a lid-detachably secured to the bottom member so as to cover-a recessed portion of the bottom member.
- a reciprocating member is disposed in the recessed portion of the bottom member, a button secured to the reciprocating member, a slot formed throughat least one of the bottom member and the lid. The button extends through the slot in such a manner that the reciprocating member can be actuated by operating the button from the outside of the handle.
- a pair of resilient hook levers each has one end connected to the reciprocating member, and a sleeve is secured to the handle, said pair of hook levers extend through said sleeve so that tips of the hook levers extend to the outside of the sleeve.
- the hook levers and sleeve are related in such a manner that the tips of the hook levers are separated from each other when the reciprocating member is forwarded toward the sleeve, while the tips of the hook levers engage with each other when the reciprocating member is retracted away from the sleeve.
- one or more cut piles are carried by the sleeve thereof, and the tip of the sleeve is passed. into one of the meshed-holes of a separately prepared basic member or foundation.
- the button of the handicraft tool is reciprocated, so as tohold a part: of the cut pile by the closed'tips of the hook levers.
- the cut pile can be knotted to a filament of the basic sheet material by simply pulling the sleeve out of the mesh hole while holding the cut pile by the tips of the hook levers.
- the handicraft tool of the present invention is very simple in operation, yet it ensures very quick knotting of a plurality of the cut piles onto the basic sheet material, without requiring any special skill.
- a bobbin-like grooved cassette carrying yarn wound thereon is selectively mounted on the sleeve of the handicraft tool, and the wound yarn is cut along a groove of the cassette, so as to provide a plurality of cut piles onto the sleeve upon removal of the cassette therefrom.
- the knotting of the cut piles to the basic material is accelerated.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of a handicraft tool according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a vertical sectional view of the handicraft tool, taken along the longitudinal center line thereof;
- FIG. 3 is a sectional view, taken along the line IIIIII of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a slider to be used in the handicraft tool of FIG. 1;v
- FIGS. 5 to 7 are diagrammatic illustrations of the manner in which the handicraft tool is used for making a cut pile article
- FIG. 8 is a plan view of another handicraft tool according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a vertical sectional view, taken along the longitudinal center line of FIG. 8;
- FIG. 10 is a sectional view, taken along the line X-X of FIG. 9;
- FIGS. 11 to 13 are diagrammatic illustrations of the manner in which the tool of FIG. 8 is used for making a cut 'pile article; i
- FIG. 14 is a plan view of another embodiment of the handicraft tool according to the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic perspective view of a bobbin cassette tobe used in the handicraft tool of FIG. 14;
- FIGS. 16 to 18. are diagrammatic illustrations of the manner in which the cassette of HG. 15 is used
- FIGS. 19 to 21 are plan views, illustrating the tool of FIG. 14 at different operating stages thereof;
- FIG. 22 is a schematic perspective view of cut piles knotted to a separately prepared basic material
- FIG. 23 is a plan view of another embodiment of the handicraft tool, according to the present invention, illustrating the inside structure by removing a cover thereof;
- FIG. 24 is a rear view of the lid of the tool of F IO. 23.
- a handicraft tool comprises an elongated handle l, which handle includes a recessed body 2 with a stepped portion 3 formed at the front part of the body and a recessed portion 4 formed at the rear part of the body.
- a lid 5 is secured to the body 2 by a screw 6.
- a hollow space 7 is formed through that portion of the body 2 which is located in front of the stepped portion 3, and a hollow sleeve 8 is fitted in the hollow space, so that the inside space of the handle 1 communicates with the outside thereof through the hollow space 7 and the sleeve 8.
- a pair of guide walls 9 are formed in the recessed portion 4 in symmetry with each other relative to the longitudinal center line of the sleeve 8, as can be seen from FIG. 3.
- the lid 5 has a slot 10, which is bored therethrough in alignment with the space between the two guide walls 9.
- the front edge of the slot 10 may be aligned with the stepped portion 3 of the body 2 when the lid 5 is in position mounted on the body 2 in position.
- a slider 11, as shown in FIG. 4, is fitted in the space between the two guide walls 9, so as to slide along the walls 9.
- a T-shaped groove 12 is formed on the bottom surface of the slider 11, as shown in FIG. 4.
- An operating button 13 is integrally formed with the slider 11, in such a manner that, when the slider fitted in the recessed portion 4 between the guide walls 9 and the lid 5 is mounted in position on the body 2 in position, the button 13 extends-through the slot 10 out of the handle lat the upper surface thereof.
- the slider can be reciprocated back and forth by manually actuating the button 13.
- a pair of leaf-spring hook levers 14 are disposed in the-body 2, so as to extend through the sleeve 8. Rear end portions of the hook levers 14 are fitted in the T-shaped groove 12 and the very rear edges 16 of the two hook levers 14 extend away from each other in that portion of the T-shaped groove 12 which is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the sleeve 8. Thereby, the'two hook levers 14 are resiliently fixed to the slider 11, so that the hook levers move together with the slider 11. Free ends of the two hook levers 14 form a hook.
- the free ends 15 of the two resilient hook levers 14 are bent e.g., in the form of V-shape, so that, when the slider 11 is moved to its front or forwarded position, the two free ends 15 as separated from each other, so as to open the hook, as shown in FIG. 1.
- the two free ends 15 engage with each other so as to close the hook, as shown in FIG. 3.
- the closed hook of the two ends 15 ofthe hook levers 14 is located at the front end of the sleeve 8.
- FIGS. 5 to 7 A length of yarn e.g., of wool is folded at about the midpoint thereof to form an open loop or cut pile a, and the folded portion is carried by the sleeve 8 of the tool, shown in FIG. 5.
- the free end portion ofthe sleeve 8 is inserted in one of the mesh openings 22 of a separately prepared meshed basic material 21, which may be made of a suitable flexible substance, such as comparatively soft synthetic resin.
- the meshes 22 of the basic material 21 are defined by filaments 23 extending in two orthogonally extending directions.
- the folded portion of the cut pile a is located under the sleeve 8 of the handicraft tool, and the free end of the sleeve 8 extends further to pass underneath a filament 23 between two adjacent mesh holes 22.
- the two leg portions of the folded cut pile a are extended over the filament 23and fitted in the open hook, as shown in FIG. 6.
- the hook is closed by the rearward movement of the hook levers 14, so that free ends 15 of the levers at the hook firmly hold the leg portions of the cut pile a.
- the oppositeends 17 of the pile a are aligned, because the pile a is folded at the midpoint thereof.
- a loop b of the pile a is formed atthe folded portion thereof, as shown in'FIG. 7.
- the two leg portions of the pile a pass through the loop b, while being held by the hook of the handicraft tool.
- the pile 2 can be securely knotted to the filament 23 by strongly pulling the handle 2 of the tool away from the filament 23.
- the slider 11 may be moved forwardly again, so that the hook is opened by the separation of the two front ends 15 of the hook levers l4, and the cut ends 17 of the pile a'may be tufted, relative to the basic material 21, shown at the left-hand side portion of FIG. 7.
- the cut piles a can be knotted to the basic material 21 very easily and very quickly, without necessitating any special skill.
- FIGS. 8 to 13 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention, in which like parts as those of the preceding embodiment are designated by like numerals and symbols, and only those parts which are different from the preceding embodiment will be described here.
- the only difference of this embodiment from the preceding embodiment lies in that two horn-like projections 18 are provided on opposite sides of a sleeve 8, so as to define a pair of pile holding portions 19 be tween the sleeve 8 and the horn-like projections 18, as shown in FIG. 8.
- the position of the cut pile 1 relative to the sleeve 8 is fixed by holding the two legs of the folded cut pile a by the pile holding portions ,19.
- FIGS. 14 to 22 illustrate a third embodiment of the present invention.
- a sleeve 8 extends forwardly from the front end portion of a handle 1, and two arms 31 extend in parallel to the sleeve 8 on opposite'sides thereof, as shown in FIG. 16.
- a pair of pile holding grooves 33 are formed by the sleeve 8 and the arms 31 so as to extend along the opposite sides of the sleeve 8.
- Each of extended ends 32 of the arms'31 is bent toward the sleeve 8, but terminates with a spacing therefrom.
- An auxiliary sleeve 34 of elongated thin reed shape is extended from the tip of the sleeve 8, as shown in FIG. 16.
- a pair of resilient hook levers 14 extend from a slider 11 with an operating button 13 to the outside of the auxiliary sleeve 34 through the hollow space 7 of a body 2, the sleeve 8, and the inside of the auxiliary sleeve 34 itself.
- the extended tips 15 of the resilient hook levers 14 form a hook for selectively holding the cut pile a, in the same manner as the similar hook of the preceding embodiments. More particularly, the tips 15 of the levers 14 move away from each other to open the hook when the operating button 13 is at a front or forwarded position, while as the button 13 is moved back to a rear or retracted position, the tips 15 engage with each other to close the hook.
- the pile holding grooves 33 are characterized in that a rectangular grooved bobbin or cassette 35 can be selectively fitted therein, as shown in FIGS. 15 to 17.
- the cassette has an inverted-Ushaped channel groove 36 at the bottom thereof.
- a U-shaped top groove 37 is formed at the top of the cassette 35, for receiving a cutting edge for severing piles, as will be described hereinafter.
- the side walls of the top and bottom grooves 37 and 36 have cutaway portions 39, 38, respectively.
- Woolen yarn 41 is wound on the cassette at the cutaway portions 38, 29, as shown in FIG. 16.
- V-notches 40 are provided on the side walls of the top groove 37, so as to hold the opposite ends of the woolen yarn 41, as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16.
- the spacing between the two cutaway portions 38 and 39 determine the length of individual cut piles to be knotted to a basic material.
- the length of the cutaway portion 38 or 39, taken in the longitudinal direction of the groove 36 or 37, does not exceed the length of the pile holding groove 33, as measured in the longitudinal direction of the sleeve 8.
- the cassette 35 After the woolen yarn 41 is wound, the cassette is mounted on the handicraft tool by fitting the side walls of the bottom groove 36 on the sleeve 8, as shown in FIG. 17. A cutting edge, such as a scissors c, is inserted in the top groove 37, so as to sever the top portions of the wound loops of the thick woolen yarn 41. It should be noted in FIG. 17 that bottom portions of the wound loops of the yarn 41 extend underneath the sleeve 8. Accordingly, when the cassette is moved vertically upwardly after severing the yarn 41,
- the cassette 35 itself can be separated from the handicraft tool, but a plurality of cut piles aof substantially uniform lengths are left in the pile holding grooves 33, as shown in FIG. 18.
- the spacing between the sleeve 8 and the arm 31 is such that the cut piles a can be held in a row while keeping the side portions of the piles substantially upright.
- the tip of the auxiliary sleeve 34 is applied to a separately prepared meshed basic material 21, so as to scoop the filament 23 of one mesh 22 of the material 21 onto the auxiliary sleeve 34, as shown in FIG. 19.
- the button 13 may be held at the rear position for keeping the tips 15 of the hook levers 14 in engagement with each other, so as to facilitate the scooping of the filament 23.
- the button 13 is moved forwardly v for separating the tips 15 of the two hook levers away from each other, so that two side portions of the foremost cut pile a can be inserted in the space between the thus separated tips 15 of the hook levers 14, as shown in FIG. 20.
- the button 13 is retracted to its rear position, so as to cause the tips 15 of the hook levers 14 to engage with each other while firmly holding the side portions of the cut pile a, and the handicraft tool itself is moved away from the filament 23, as shown in FIG. 21.
- the bent or folder portion of the cut pile a is removed from the pile holding grooves 33, and the side portions of the pile a carried by the tips 15 of the hook levers 14 pass through a loop b defined by I the folded portion of the pile and the filament 23, so
- FIGS. 23 and 24 illustrate a modification of the handicraft tool of FIG. 14, by replacing the reciprocating button with. a swingable button.
- the body 2 of a handle'1 has a side slot 44, wherein a stationary pin 45 is secured, and a sector-shaped swingable button 42 is pivoted to the body 2 by fitting a pivot hole 43 of the button 42 on the pin 45.
- the button 42 has two arms; namely, one arm 46 which is kept outside the handle 1 and another arm 47 disposed within the handle 1.
- the arm 47 fulfills the function of the slider 11 in the preceding embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1. More particularly, inner ends 16 of a pair of hook levers 14 are secured to the arm 47 of the swingable button 42.
- FIGS. 23 and 25 has similar a construction similar to that of the just preceding embodiment, as described in detail with regards to FIGS. 14 to 22.
- a plurality of cut piles a can be formed on the grooves 33 by using a cutting edge and by removing the cassette 35 away from the body in a direction perpendicular to a sleeve 8, in the same manner as the preceding embodiment.
- the knotting of the cut piles a to a separately prepared meshed basic. material 21 can be perfomed substantially in the same manner as in the case of the preceding embodiment, as described in detail hereinbefore by referring to FIGS. 19 to 24.
- the one difference is that the retracting movement of the button 13 of FIG. 14 is replaced with the inward turning of the swingable lever 42 of FIG. 23, and the forwarding movement of the former button is replaced with the resilient outward return of the latter button.
- the resilient return of the swingable button 42 may simplify the knotting operation, as compared with the manual forwarding of the reciprocating button 13.
- a handicraft tool for forming a piled sheet article by knotting a plurality of cut loops of yarn one by one at the bent root portion thereof to each of filaments forming a plurality of meshes of a meshed sheet base comprising an elongated hollow body member to be gripped, a thin sleeve connected with said body member at the forward end thereof so as to produce opposite shoulders at the body member forward end for holding a yarn cut loop with the bent root thereof abutting on the lowersurface of said sleeve and with the legs of said loop each extending upwardly and abutting on each of said shoulders, said sleeve being of'such diameter as allowing same to pass through each of said meshes, a reciprocatingly movable member disposed in said body member so as to be manually moved relative thereto between the forwarded position and the retracted position, and the pair of resilient hook levers arranged in said sleeve extending over a length thereof, said hook levers having their inner ends connected together with said
- a handicraft tool in which there are formed a pair of longitudinally elongated grooves in said body member at each of said opposite shoulders so that the body member is divided at the forward end area thereof into a central longitudinally elongated portion to form a substantial part of said elongated sleeve and two longitudinally elongated side portions each defining said grooves between said central elongated portion, whereby one or more yarn cut loops may be held with each bent root thereof abutting on the lower surface of said central elongated portion and with the legs of said loop extending upwardly through each of said grooves.
- a handicraft tool in which a separate bobbin cassette around which a length of yarn is wound for forming a plurality of successive coils, is adapted to be removably mounted on said body member along said central elongated portion so that when said wound yarn is cut along the upper coiled portions and said bobbin cassette is removed, a plurality of cut loops may be left with each bent root thereof abutting on the lower surface of said central elongated portion and with the legs of said each loop extending upward through each of said grooves.
- a handicraft tool in which said cassette is of substantially rectangular cross section and has a top groove and a bottom groove each longitudinally extending so that said wound yarn may be facilitatingly cut by inserting a cutter blade along said top longitudinal groove and said bobbin cassette may be facilitatingly mounted on said body member with said bottom longitudinal groove sliding along said central elongated portion.
- a handicraft tool which further comprises means for manually actuating said reciprocatingly movable member outside said body member.
- said manual actuation means is a button disposed out of said body member and adapted to be longitudinally moved along a slit formed in the casing wall of the body member so as to drive said reciprocatingly movable member connected with said button between the forwarded and retracted positions.
- a handicraft tool in which said manual actuation means is a swingable sector pivoted at the center thereof on the casing wall of the body member so as to be angularly moved between the normal protruded position and the forcingly pushed retracted position, said sector being mechanically connected with said reciprocatingly movable member in such a way that when said sector is manually pushed against the force of a spring means down into the retracted position, said reciprocatingly movable member is longitudinally moved into the retracted position thereof.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
- Cleaning Implements For Floors, Carpets, Furniture, Walls, And The Like (AREA)
- Woven Fabrics (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP12880172U JPS5254547Y2 (de) | 1972-11-08 | 1972-11-08 | |
JP48103386A JPS5239898B2 (de) | 1972-09-15 | 1973-09-03 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3857592A true US3857592A (en) | 1974-12-31 |
Family
ID=26444029
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00412974A Expired - Lifetime US3857592A (en) | 1972-11-08 | 1973-11-05 | Handicraft tool |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3857592A (de) |
CA (1) | CA999785A (de) |
DE (1) | DE2355328C3 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2206765A5 (de) |
GB (1) | GB1446439A (de) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3970338A (en) * | 1975-06-02 | 1976-07-20 | Shirley L. Depke | Method of making reversible hooked articles |
US6093090A (en) * | 1998-01-28 | 2000-07-25 | The Stanley Works | Reversible clamping hub |
US20150327528A1 (en) * | 2014-03-06 | 2015-11-19 | Phyllis D. O'Neal | Fishing line knotter |
US10040584B1 (en) | 2014-08-06 | 2018-08-07 | Gerald B. Keaton | Multi-purpose tool and method for securing a locking fastener |
US20230287609A1 (en) * | 2022-03-11 | 2023-09-14 | Wilburn Willis | Knitting tool |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112609302A (zh) * | 2020-12-08 | 2021-04-06 | 郴州湘南麻业有限公司 | 黄麻纺织机纺织线用的钩拉装置 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US581240A (en) * | 1897-04-20 | Setts | ||
GB195889A (en) * | 1922-05-29 | 1923-04-12 | Daniel Robson Mackay | An instrument for fringe knotting of carpets, or other fabrics |
US2517461A (en) * | 1949-04-09 | 1950-08-01 | United Fruit Co | Stringing device |
US3415558A (en) * | 1965-09-10 | 1968-12-10 | Pangafin Sa Holding | Method and apparatus for manufacturing a pile fabric |
-
1973
- 1973-10-30 CA CA184,626A patent/CA999785A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-11-02 GB GB5095773A patent/GB1446439A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-11-05 US US00412974A patent/US3857592A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-11-06 DE DE732355328A patent/DE2355328C3/de not_active Expired
- 1973-11-07 FR FR7339497A patent/FR2206765A5/fr not_active Expired
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US581240A (en) * | 1897-04-20 | Setts | ||
GB195889A (en) * | 1922-05-29 | 1923-04-12 | Daniel Robson Mackay | An instrument for fringe knotting of carpets, or other fabrics |
US2517461A (en) * | 1949-04-09 | 1950-08-01 | United Fruit Co | Stringing device |
US3415558A (en) * | 1965-09-10 | 1968-12-10 | Pangafin Sa Holding | Method and apparatus for manufacturing a pile fabric |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3970338A (en) * | 1975-06-02 | 1976-07-20 | Shirley L. Depke | Method of making reversible hooked articles |
US6093090A (en) * | 1998-01-28 | 2000-07-25 | The Stanley Works | Reversible clamping hub |
US20150327528A1 (en) * | 2014-03-06 | 2015-11-19 | Phyllis D. O'Neal | Fishing line knotter |
US9433198B2 (en) * | 2014-03-06 | 2016-09-06 | Phyllis D. O'Neal | Fishing line knotter |
US10040584B1 (en) | 2014-08-06 | 2018-08-07 | Gerald B. Keaton | Multi-purpose tool and method for securing a locking fastener |
US10501218B1 (en) | 2014-08-06 | 2019-12-10 | Gerald B. Keaton | Multi-purpose tool and method for securing a locking fastener |
US20230287609A1 (en) * | 2022-03-11 | 2023-09-14 | Wilburn Willis | Knitting tool |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2206765A5 (de) | 1974-06-07 |
CA999785A (en) | 1976-11-16 |
GB1446439A (en) | 1976-08-18 |
DE2355328B2 (de) | 1978-07-06 |
DE2355328A1 (de) | 1974-05-16 |
DE2355328C3 (de) | 1979-03-01 |
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