US3841868A - Nickel alloys - Google Patents

Nickel alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
US3841868A
US3841868A US00317594A US31759472A US3841868A US 3841868 A US3841868 A US 3841868A US 00317594 A US00317594 A US 00317594A US 31759472 A US31759472 A US 31759472A US 3841868 A US3841868 A US 3841868A
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Prior art keywords
percent
alloy
weight
nickel
chromium
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US00317594A
Inventor
J Tesk
R Dudek
P Kosmos
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Nobel Biocare AB
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Howmedica Inc
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Priority to US00317594A priority Critical patent/US3841868A/en
Priority to GB5589973A priority patent/GB1415969A/en
Priority to DE2362588A priority patent/DE2362588C3/en
Priority to IL43842A priority patent/IL43842A/en
Priority to CH1778173A priority patent/CH585271A5/xx
Priority to JP14141373A priority patent/JPS5512089B2/ja
Priority to CA188,759A priority patent/CA994129A/en
Priority to IE2313/73A priority patent/IE38669B1/en
Priority to FR7346120A priority patent/FR2211535B1/fr
Priority to US509557A priority patent/US3907555A/en
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Assigned to AUSTENAL INTERNATIONAL, INC. reassignment AUSTENAL INTERNATIONAL, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HOMEDICA, INC.
Assigned to NOBELPHARMA AB reassignment NOBELPHARMA AB ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: AUSTENAL INTERNATIONAL, INC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
    • C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
    • A61K6/80—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth
    • A61K6/84—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising metals or alloys

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A corrosion resistant precision casting alloy'particularly suitable for use as a dental alloy comprises essentially, by weight, 15.0 to 25.0 percent chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent silicon, up to 1.0 percent aluminum, up to 1.0 percent cobalt, up to 0.2 percent carbon and the balance nickel.
  • Prior Art Metals and metal alloys are used extensively in restorative and corrective dentistry for removable restorations, inlays, crowns and bridges, orthodontic appliances, and the like.
  • Dental alloys must meet stringent physical and chemical requirements. First, the chemical nature of the alloy must be such that no harmful physiological effects are produced on the patient or the operator. The alloy must be stainless and resistant to attack bythe various acid and alkaline substances naturally present in the mouth and in foods and beverages. It must be capable of being fabricated into the desired dental appliances by dentists and technicians and yet must be hard enoughand strong enough to resist wear and deformation in use, and it must be capable of being cast to form precision castings free of inclusions, blow holes and other defects.
  • Gold alloys were originally the most widely used and useful of the dental alloys. However, the high cost and scarcity of gold led to the development of dental alloys comprising predominantly cobalt and chromium with minor amounts of tungsten, nickel and other metals. These cobalt-chromium base dental alloys are exemplified by those disclosed in US. Pat. Nos. 1,961,626 and 2,134,423 to Enrique G. Touceda. More recent work has led to the development of dental alloys comprising predominantly nickel and chromium with minor amounts of molybdenum, iron, copper and other metals. These newer nickel-chromium base dental alloys are exemplified by the alloy disclosed in US. Pat. No. 2,597,495 to Jackson and Simmons. All of these prior dental alloys possess to a greater or lesser extent the characteristics required of such alloys as previously discussed. However, none possesses all of the required characteristics to the optimum-extent, and research and development of new dental alloys with improved characteristics is constantly taking place.
  • the improved corrosion resistant alloy of the invention comprises essentially, by weight, 15.0 to 25 percent chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent silicon, up to 1.0 percent aluminum, up to 1.0 percent cobalt, up to 0.2 percent carbon and the balance (52.3 to 79.0 percent) nickel.
  • the resulting alloy is capable of being cast to form precision castings that are free of inclusions, blow to work while possessingadequate strength and hardness.
  • the corrosion resistant alloy of our invention consists predominantly of nickel and chromium with minor but significant amounts of other metals that modify the physical properties (for example, its fusion point, hardness and workability) of the basic alloy composition.
  • the proportion of nickel to chromium in the basic alloy composition may range from about 2:1 to about 5:1, and in the preferred composition is about 3.5:l.
  • Nickel is the major component of the alloy and is employed for its inherent resistance to corrosion.
  • Chromium, the other predominant component of the basic alloy composition enhances the corrosion resistance of the alloy and also is a solid solution/precipitationhardener.
  • the alloy may contain small amounts of cobalt and aluminum, the latter as a deoxidizer and precipitation hardener, and a very small amount of carbon is usually present in the alloy.
  • the alloy of the invention contains a small but significant amount of tin which greatly improves the fluidity of the molten alloy and also contributes to the strength and hardness of the cast alloy without unduly reducing the elongation of the alloy.
  • the alloy composition of the invention should contain 15 to 25 percent'by weight chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent by weight molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent by weight tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent byweight copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent by weight silicon, up to 2.0 percent by weight aluminum, up to 1.0 percent by weight cobalt, up to 0.2 percent by weight carbon and the balance (about 52.3 to 79.0 percent by weight) nickel.
  • tin is an essential constituent thereof.
  • a corrosion resistant alloy which contains the aforementioned components in the amounts specified may be readily cast to produce precision castings that may be easily finished and that have the necessary strength and hardness for the applications intended.
  • the presence of tin in the alloy composition effects a significant improvement in these essential characteristics.
  • a base alloy composition comprising 68.25 parts by weight nickel, 20.0 parts by weight chromium, 4.5 parts by weight molybdenum and 1.25 parts by weight manganese was prepared by melting the substantially pure components in a crucible under an inert atmosphere,
  • the alloy shape that was allowed to air-cool in its investment mold had a Rockwell B hardness of 83, and 0.2 percent yield strength of 49,500 psi and a maximum elongation of 13 percent.
  • the alloy had a Rockwell B hardness of 82, and 0.2 percent yield strength of 42,500 psi and a maximum elongation of 17 percent. Further reductions in the Rockwell B hardness and the 0.2 percent yield strength to values of 80 and 42,000 psi respectively accompanied by an increase in the maximum elongation to 25 percent were accomplished by annealing of the alloy shape at 2,000F.
  • the aluminum serving as a deoxidizer and precipitation hardening'agent.
  • Other melts of the alloy were modified by the inclusion therein of up to 2.0 percent by weight aluminum and up to 1.0 percent by weight cobalt. Some alloy melts contained up to 0.2 percent by weight carbon. All possessed the improved physical properties characteristic of the alloy compositions of the invention.
  • a corrosion resistant, hot workable and hardenable precision casting alloy consisting essentially, by weight

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)

Abstract

A corrosion resistant precision casting alloy particularly suitable for use as a dental alloy comprises essentially, by weight, 15.0 to 25.0 percent chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent silicon, up to 1.0 percent aluminum, up to 1.0 percent cobalt, up to 0.2 percent carbon and the balance nickel.

Description

United States Patent [1 Dudek et al.-
[4 1 Oct. 15,1974
1 1 NICKEL ALLOYS [75] Inventors: Ronald P. Dudek, Elmwood Park;
Peter Kosmos, Alsip; John A. Tesk, Woodridge, all of Ill. [73] Assignee: Howmedica, Chicago, Ill. [22] Filed: Dec. 22, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 317,594
[52] US. Cl. 75/171 [51] Int. Cl. C22c 19/00 [58] Field of Search 75/171, 170; 148/32, 32.5
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,597,495 5/1952 Jackson et al. 75/171 2,743,176 4/1956 Thomas et al. 75/171 Primary Examiner-Richard 0. Dean Attorney, Agent, or FirmPennie & Edmonds 1 5 7] ABSTRACT A corrosion resistant precision casting alloy'particularly suitable for use as a dental alloy comprises essentially, by weight, 15.0 to 25.0 percent chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent silicon, up to 1.0 percent aluminum, up to 1.0 percent cobalt, up to 0.2 percent carbon and the balance nickel.
5 Claims, No Drawings 1 NICKEL ALLOYS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to corrosion resistant precision casting alloys particularly suitable for use as dental alloys.
2. Prior Art Metals and metal alloys are used extensively in restorative and corrective dentistry for removable restorations, inlays, crowns and bridges, orthodontic appliances, and the like. Dental alloys must meet stringent physical and chemical requirements. First, the chemical nature of the alloy must be such that no harmful physiological effects are produced on the patient or the operator. The alloy must be stainless and resistant to attack bythe various acid and alkaline substances naturally present in the mouth and in foods and beverages. It must be capable of being fabricated into the desired dental appliances by dentists and technicians and yet must be hard enoughand strong enough to resist wear and deformation in use, and it must be capable of being cast to form precision castings free of inclusions, blow holes and other defects.
Gold alloys were originally the most widely used and useful of the dental alloys. However, the high cost and scarcity of gold led to the development of dental alloys comprising predominantly cobalt and chromium with minor amounts of tungsten, nickel and other metals. These cobalt-chromium base dental alloys are exemplified by those disclosed in US. Pat. Nos. 1,961,626 and 2,134,423 to Enrique G. Touceda. More recent work has led to the development of dental alloys comprising predominantly nickel and chromium with minor amounts of molybdenum, iron, copper and other metals. These newer nickel-chromium base dental alloys are exemplified by the alloy disclosed in US. Pat. No. 2,597,495 to Jackson and Simmons. All of these prior dental alloys possess to a greater or lesser extent the characteristics required of such alloys as previously discussed. However, none possesses all of the required characteristics to the optimum-extent, and research and development of new dental alloys with improved characteristics is constantly taking place.
As a resultof our investigation of the problems involved in the development of dental alloys with optimum physical and chemical characteristics, we have found that the addition of a minor but significant amount of tin to nickel-chromium base dental alloys results in a marked improvement in the desired properties of these alloys. The presence of tinin the dental alloy reduces the melting point of the alloy and results in improvement in castability, and the resulting casting is easy to finish and polish and possesses the desired strength and hardness.
SUMMARY or THE INVENTION The improved corrosion resistant alloy of the invention comprises essentially, by weight, 15.0 to 25 percent chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent silicon, up to 1.0 percent aluminum, up to 1.0 percent cobalt, up to 0.2 percent carbon and the balance (52.3 to 79.0 percent) nickel. The resulting alloy is capable of being cast to form precision castings that are free of inclusions, blow to work while possessingadequate strength and hardness.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The corrosion resistant alloy of our invention consists predominantly of nickel and chromium with minor but significant amounts of other metals that modify the physical properties (for example, its fusion point, hardness and workability) of the basic alloy composition. In general, the proportion of nickel to chromium in the basic alloy composition may range from about 2:1 to about 5:1, and in the preferred composition is about 3.5:l. Nickel is the major component of the alloy and is employed for its inherent resistance to corrosion. Chromium, the other predominant component of the basic alloy composition, enhances the corrosion resistance of the alloy and also is a solid solution/precipitationhardener. In addition, a small but significant amount of molybdenum is employed to enhance the corrosion resistance of the alloy and as a powerful solid solution/precipitation hardener. A small amount of manganese acts as a safeguard against possible sulfur contamination, a small amount of silicon acts as a deox-' idizer and also lowers the fusion temperature of the alloy, and a small amount of copper is added to improve the surface finish of the cast alloy. Optionally, the alloy may contain small amounts of cobalt and aluminum, the latter as a deoxidizer and precipitation hardener, and a very small amount of carbon is usually present in the alloy. Lastly, the alloy of the invention contains a small but significant amount of tin which greatly improves the fluidity of the molten alloy and also contributes to the strength and hardness of the cast alloy without unduly reducing the elongation of the alloy.
The relative proportions of the various elements comprising the new alloy composition have been determined as the result of an intensive investigation to obtain an alloy having optimum chemical and physical properties. Specifically, we have found that the alloy composition of the invention should contain 15 to 25 percent'by weight chromium, 3.0 to 6.0 percent by weight molybdenum, 1.0 to 4.0 percent by weight tin, 0.5 to 1.5 percent by weight manganese, 0.5 to 5.0 percent byweight copper, 1.0 to 4.0 percent by weight silicon, up to 2.0 percent by weight aluminum, up to 1.0 percent by weight cobalt, up to 0.2 percent by weight carbon and the balance (about 52.3 to 79.0 percent by weight) nickel. It should be noted that'aluminum, cobalt, and carbon are optional constituents of the alloy composition, and further that tin is an essential constituent thereof. A corrosion resistant alloy which contains the aforementioned components in the amounts specified may be readily cast to produce precision castings that may be easily finished and that have the necessary strength and hardness for the applications intended. In particular, the presence of tin in the alloy composition effects a significant improvement in these essential characteristics.
The following specific examples describe the preparation of preferred alloy compositions of the invention.
A base alloy composition comprising 68.25 parts by weight nickel, 20.0 parts by weight chromium, 4.5 parts by weight molybdenum and 1.25 parts by weight manganese was prepared by melting the substantially pure components in a crucible under an inert atmosphere,
' holes, inclusions or other defects. The alloy shape that was allowed to air-cool in its investment mold had a Rockwell B hardness of 83, and 0.2 percent yield strength of 49,500 psi and a maximum elongation of 13 percent. When cooling was accelerated by the water quenching of the alloy shape investment mold composite, the alloy had a Rockwell B hardness of 82, and 0.2 percent yield strength of 42,500 psi and a maximum elongation of 17 percent. Further reductions in the Rockwell B hardness and the 0.2 percent yield strength to values of 80 and 42,000 psi respectively accompanied by an increase in the maximum elongation to 25 percent were accomplished by annealing of the alloy shape at 2,000F. for 30 minutes after which the alloy was quenched in water. The generally good working characteristics typical of the alloy when air cooled can therefore be improved by the two aforementioned techniques or similar treatments following casting. All of these physical characteristics reflect a substantial improvement over the properties of similar, but tinfree, corrosion resistant precision casting alloys known in the prior art.
The foregoing alloy composition was modified by the inclusion of 1.0 percent by weight aluminum therein,
the aluminum serving as a deoxidizer and precipitation hardening'agent. Other melts of the alloy were modified by the inclusion therein of up to 2.0 percent by weight aluminum and up to 1.0 percent by weight cobalt. Some alloy melts contained up to 0.2 percent by weight carbon. All possessed the improved physical properties characteristic of the alloy compositions of the invention.
We claim:
1. A corrosion resistant, hot workable and hardenable precision casting alloy consisting essentially, by weight,
Chromium 15.0 25.0 percent Molybdenum 30 6.0 do. Tin 1.0 4.0 do. Manganese 0.5 1.5 do. Copper 0.5 5.0 do. Silicon 1.0 4.0 do. Aluminum 0.0 1.0 do. Cobalt 0.0 1.0 do. Carbon 0.0 0.2 do. Nickel Baiance 2. The alloy according to claim 1 consisting essentially, by weight,
Chromium 20.0 percent Molybdenum 45 do. Tin 2.0 do. Manganese 1.25 do. Copper L5 do. Silicon 2.5 do. Nickel Balance also contains up to 0.2 percent by weight carbon.

Claims (5)

1. A CORROSION RESISTANT, HOT WORKABLE HARDENABLE PRECISION CASTING ALLOY CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY, BY WEIGHT,
2. The alloy according to claim 1 consisting essentially, by weight,
3. The alloy according to claim 2 in which the alloy also contains 1.0 percent by weight aluminum.
4. The alloy according to claim 2 in which the alloy also contains up to 1.0 percent by weight cobalt.
5. The alloy according to claim 2 in which the alloy also contains up to 0.2 percent by weight carbon.
US00317594A 1972-12-22 1972-12-22 Nickel alloys Expired - Lifetime US3841868A (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00317594A US3841868A (en) 1972-12-22 1972-12-22 Nickel alloys
GB5589973A GB1415969A (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-03 Nickel base alloy
DE2362588A DE2362588C3 (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-17 Corrosion-resistant precision cast alloy
IL43842A IL43842A (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-17 Corrosion resistant precision casting alloys
JP14141373A JPS5512089B2 (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-19
CH1778173A CH585271A5 (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-19
CA188,759A CA994129A (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-21 Nickel base alloy
IE2313/73A IE38669B1 (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-21 Nickel base alloy
FR7346120A FR2211535B1 (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-21
US509557A US3907555A (en) 1972-12-22 1974-09-26 Nickel alloys

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JP (1) JPS5512089B2 (en)
CA (1) CA994129A (en)
CH (1) CH585271A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2362588C3 (en)
FR (1) FR2211535B1 (en)
GB (1) GB1415969A (en)
IE (1) IE38669B1 (en)
IL (1) IL43842A (en)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3948653A (en) * 1975-06-02 1976-04-06 Howmedica Novel nonprecious alloy suitable for fusion to porcelain
US3953203A (en) * 1975-01-24 1976-04-27 Dentsply Research & Development Corporation Jewelry alloys
US4012228A (en) * 1976-05-14 1977-03-15 Howmedica, Inc. Low intrinsic value alloys
US4038074A (en) * 1976-07-19 1977-07-26 Astro Metal alloy composition
US4210447A (en) * 1974-05-01 1980-07-01 Unitek Corporation Dental restorations using castings of non-precious metals
US4243412A (en) * 1979-06-07 1981-01-06 Sybron Corporation Dental alloy
US6103383A (en) * 1998-01-27 2000-08-15 Jeneric/Pentron Incorporated High tungsten, silicon-aluminum dental alloy
WO2005011820A1 (en) * 2003-07-28 2005-02-10 Callaway Golf Company High density alloy for improved mass properties of an article
CN109355516A (en) * 2018-11-08 2019-02-19 沈阳理工大学 A kind of porous nickel alloy and preparation method thereof

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4749546A (en) * 1985-09-12 1988-06-07 Bell-Irh Proprietary Limited Nickel based alloys for high temperature applications
EP0218379B1 (en) * 1985-09-12 1989-12-13 Bell-Irh Limited Nickel-based alloys for high temperature applications

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2597495A (en) * 1950-08-03 1952-05-20 Illium Corp Hot workable nickel alloy
US2743176A (en) * 1954-12-06 1956-04-24 Wankesha Foundry Company Alloy and method of manufacture thereof

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2597495A (en) * 1950-08-03 1952-05-20 Illium Corp Hot workable nickel alloy
US2743176A (en) * 1954-12-06 1956-04-24 Wankesha Foundry Company Alloy and method of manufacture thereof

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4210447A (en) * 1974-05-01 1980-07-01 Unitek Corporation Dental restorations using castings of non-precious metals
US3953203A (en) * 1975-01-24 1976-04-27 Dentsply Research & Development Corporation Jewelry alloys
US3948653A (en) * 1975-06-02 1976-04-06 Howmedica Novel nonprecious alloy suitable for fusion to porcelain
US4012228A (en) * 1976-05-14 1977-03-15 Howmedica, Inc. Low intrinsic value alloys
DE2720495A1 (en) 1976-05-14 1977-11-17 Howmedica ALLOYS WITH LOW VALUE
US4038074A (en) * 1976-07-19 1977-07-26 Astro Metal alloy composition
US4243412A (en) * 1979-06-07 1981-01-06 Sybron Corporation Dental alloy
US6103383A (en) * 1998-01-27 2000-08-15 Jeneric/Pentron Incorporated High tungsten, silicon-aluminum dental alloy
WO2005011820A1 (en) * 2003-07-28 2005-02-10 Callaway Golf Company High density alloy for improved mass properties of an article
GB2418868A (en) * 2003-07-28 2006-04-12 Callaway Golf Co High density alloy for improved mass properties of an article
GB2418868B (en) * 2003-07-28 2007-10-17 Callaway Golf Co High density alloy for improved mass properties of an article
CN100421746C (en) * 2003-07-28 2008-10-01 卡拉韦高尔夫公司 High density alloy for improved mass properties of an article
CN109355516A (en) * 2018-11-08 2019-02-19 沈阳理工大学 A kind of porous nickel alloy and preparation method thereof
CN109355516B (en) * 2018-11-08 2020-06-30 沈阳理工大学 Porous nickel alloy and preparation method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH585271A5 (en) 1977-02-28
IE38669B1 (en) 1978-05-10
JPS5512089B2 (en) 1980-03-29
FR2211535B1 (en) 1979-01-26
IE38669L (en) 1974-06-22
IL43842A0 (en) 1974-03-14
DE2362588A1 (en) 1974-07-04
CA994129A (en) 1976-08-03
DE2362588C3 (en) 1981-10-29
IL43842A (en) 1976-07-30
FR2211535A1 (en) 1974-07-19
JPS49101218A (en) 1974-09-25
GB1415969A (en) 1975-12-03
DE2362588B2 (en) 1981-02-26

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