US3769189A - Apparatus for carbon content analysis - Google Patents

Apparatus for carbon content analysis Download PDF

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Publication number
US3769189A
US3769189A US00044702A US3769189DA US3769189A US 3769189 A US3769189 A US 3769189A US 00044702 A US00044702 A US 00044702A US 3769189D A US3769189D A US 3769189DA US 3769189 A US3769189 A US 3769189A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
carbon
enclosure
carbon content
fluid
metal
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00044702A
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English (en)
Inventor
G Long
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UK Atomic Energy Authority
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UK Atomic Energy Authority
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of US3769189A publication Critical patent/US3769189A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
    • G01N27/411—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing of liquid metals
    • G01N27/4112—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte
    • G01N27/4114—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte for detection of gases other than oxygen

Definitions

  • a device for measuring the carbon content of fluids comprising an enclosure for insertion into the fluid, the enclosure comprising a metal in which carbon is both soluble and mobile at the operating temperature; a reference electrode within the enclosure, the said reference electrode containing a known proportion of carbon; means for making electrical connection to the enclosure which forms a second electrode; a salt electrolyte within the enclosure and in contact with the inner surface thereof and the said reference electrode, the electrolyte containing carbon in an ionised state and having ,a known carbon potential relative to thesaid reference electrodejand means for measuring the potential difference between the enclosure and the said reference electrode.
  • the most convenient reference electrode is carbon dispersed in a metal matrix with a known proportion of carbon content, or the electrode may comprise graph ite provided precautions are taken to prevent free carbon therefrom from migrating to the enclosure.
  • R is the gas constant
  • T is the absolute temperature
  • F is the Faraday equivalent
  • I a,- is the activity of the carbon in the metal relative to graphite.
  • Calcium carbide is a suitable electrolyte, but since it melts at 2,300C, a solvent is desirable.
  • calcium chloride is a suitable solvent and the use of a 10 mol per cent solution'of calcium carbide in calciurnchloride is satisfactory. Any other stable mol ten salt, in which calcium carbide is soluble, would be suitable in place of the calcium chloride.
  • the calcium carbide is cnveniently prepared by reacting pure calcium with graphite in an inert gas atmosphere.
  • the enclosure may comprise iron, nickel or their alloys which are all materials permeable by any hydrogen present in the gas atmosphere. Thus hydrogen will penetrate to the interior of the enclosure, but this is no disadvantage in the device according to the present invention.
  • the equilibrium reactions taking place within a furnace can be represented as:
  • the measurement is an equilibrium measurement. Once equilibrium is reached the carbon content concentration in the metal of the enclosure will depend in a calculable manner on the carbon concentration of the fluid in contact with the outer surface of the enclosure. Whilst the enclosure is maintained in contact with the fluid, changes in the carbon concentration of the fluid will cause a corresponding change in concentration in the metal of the enclosure and, consequently, in the potential between the enclosure and the said first electrode. Thus, continuous monitoring of carbon content of the fluid may be provided.
  • An enclosure is provided by a thin-walled thimble 15 of metal appropriate (as explained above) to the nature of the fluid 12.
  • the thimble 15 is sealingly secured to a thickerwalled support tube 16, mounted so that the thimble 15 is within the furnace and projecting into the fluid 12, whilst the support tube 16 extends out, with an appropriate seal (not shown), through an aperture in the furnace 11.
  • the top of the support tube 16 is closed by an electrically insulating closure 17 which supports a reference electrode 18.
  • the reference electrode 18 desirably comprises carbon dispersed in a metal matrix and extends centrally through the closure 17 down to just short of the bottom of the thimble 15.
  • a pure graphite reference electrode may be employed, but an electrode comprising carbon dispersed in a metal matrix has the advantage that the carbon is firmly bound and the risk of carbon particles ff'om the reference electrode migrating to the thimble surface is avoided.
  • the electrolyte 19 which is in contact with the interior surface of the thimble l5 and with the reference electrode 18.
  • a potentiometer 21 is provided for measuring the potential difference between the thimble 15 and the reference electrode 18.
  • carbon from the fluid 12 migrates into the metal of the thimble 15 and, at equilibrium, the concentration of carbon in the walls of the thimble is related in a calculable manner with the concentration of carbon in the fluid surrounding the thimble 15.
  • the reading of the potentiometer 21 is related to the carbon concentration in the metal of the thimble 15 and thus provides an indication of carbon content in the fluid.
  • a device for measuring the carbon content of fluids comprising an enclosure for insertion into the fluid, the enclosure comprising a metal in which carbon is both soluble and mobile such that the concentration of carbon in the enclosure metal will depend on the carbon content of the fluid into which it is inserted; a reference electrode within the enclosure, the reference elctrode comprising carbon dispersed in a metal matrix and containing a known proportion of carbon; means for making, electrical connection to the enclosure which forms a second electrode; I a salt electrolyte within the enclosure and in contact with the inner surface thereof and the said reference electrode,-the electrolyte containingcarbon in an ionized state and having a known carbon potential relative to the said reference electrode; and means for measuring the potential difference between the enclosure and the said reference elctrode.
  • a device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the said salt comprises calcium chloride.
  • a device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the enclosure is of a material selected from iron, nickel, an alloy of iron, and an alloy of nickel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating And Analyzing Materials By Characteristic Methods (AREA)
  • Measuring Oxygen Concentration In Cells (AREA)
US00044702A 1969-06-13 1970-06-09 Apparatus for carbon content analysis Expired - Lifetime US3769189A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB3021069 1969-06-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3769189A true US3769189A (en) 1973-10-30

Family

ID=10304031

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00044702A Expired - Lifetime US3769189A (en) 1969-06-13 1970-06-09 Apparatus for carbon content analysis

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3769189A (de)
JP (1) JPS5039555B1 (de)
DE (1) DE2028734C3 (de)
FR (1) FR2052556A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1252215A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3865709A (en) * 1973-11-02 1975-02-11 Prodyot Roy Carbon activity meter
FR2325929A1 (fr) * 1975-09-26 1977-04-22 Gen Electric Dispositif electrochimique pour la mesure de la concentration en carbone d'un fluide
US4065348A (en) * 1975-04-23 1977-12-27 Westvaco Corporation Method and apparatus for detecting and controlling the caustic in paper pulp bleaching
EP0477859A1 (de) * 1990-09-26 1992-04-01 Nkk Corporation Sonde mit gemischter Sub-Elektrode zur Bestimmung der Kohlenstoff-Aktivität von Eisenschmelzen

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS50121559A (de) * 1974-03-18 1975-09-23
JPS5575680U (de) * 1979-10-30 1980-05-24

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3403090A (en) * 1964-05-06 1968-09-24 Yawata Iron & Steel Co Vessel for measuring oxygen content of a molten metal
US3523066A (en) * 1966-06-23 1970-08-04 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Determination of combined carbon in metals

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3403090A (en) * 1964-05-06 1968-09-24 Yawata Iron & Steel Co Vessel for measuring oxygen content of a molten metal
US3523066A (en) * 1966-06-23 1970-08-04 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Determination of combined carbon in metals

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3865709A (en) * 1973-11-02 1975-02-11 Prodyot Roy Carbon activity meter
US4065348A (en) * 1975-04-23 1977-12-27 Westvaco Corporation Method and apparatus for detecting and controlling the caustic in paper pulp bleaching
FR2325929A1 (fr) * 1975-09-26 1977-04-22 Gen Electric Dispositif electrochimique pour la mesure de la concentration en carbone d'un fluide
US4065371A (en) * 1975-09-26 1977-12-27 General Electric Company Electrochemical carbon meter
EP0477859A1 (de) * 1990-09-26 1992-04-01 Nkk Corporation Sonde mit gemischter Sub-Elektrode zur Bestimmung der Kohlenstoff-Aktivität von Eisenschmelzen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2028734B2 (de) 1979-05-31
DE2028734A1 (de) 1970-12-17
FR2052556A5 (de) 1971-04-09
GB1252215A (de) 1971-11-03
JPS5039555B1 (de) 1975-12-17
DE2028734C3 (de) 1980-02-07

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