US3661742A - Electrolytic method of marine fouling control - Google Patents

Electrolytic method of marine fouling control Download PDF

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US3661742A
US3661742A US48523A US3661742DA US3661742A US 3661742 A US3661742 A US 3661742A US 48523 A US48523 A US 48523A US 3661742D A US3661742D A US 3661742DA US 3661742 A US3661742 A US 3661742A
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marine
toxic
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density
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Oliver Osborn
Bernard L Prows
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Dow Chemical Co
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Dow Chemical Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions

Definitions

  • lt is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved electrolytic system which protects against both corrosion and marine fouling of metallic surfaces.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrolytic system which protects metallic surfaces from marine fouling by forcing toxic ions into solution thereby inhibiting marine life growth thereon.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrolytic system which protects against marine fouling by forcing toxic ions into solution at the metal-solution interface which inhibit marine life attachment thereto.
  • the metal to be protected from marine fouling is corrosionprotected by any well-known cathodic protection system in which the metal itself is the cathode and an external power source which performs the anodic function.
  • the method of the present invention can advantageously be applied to metallic surfaces which are already provided with special metallic paints for corrosion protection.
  • the covering of the metallic surface to be protected can be accomplished by a variety of means, for example, by plating the surface with a metal or an alloy or painting the surface with an electrically conductive metallic paint.
  • An electrically conductive metallic paint is one whose metallic pigment particles are so concentrated so that each one is in contact with its neighbors to permit electrical flow. No matter how the protective covering is applied, it should contain metals whose ions are toxic to marine life, i.e. copper, mercury, silver, tin, ar-
  • Some of the more commonly employed 1 marine, anti-fouling paints contain cuprous oxide as the toxi cant.
  • the current reversal or slugging" action of the present invention can be accomplished by utilizing a timer and a double pole-single relaysystem, but any arrangement of electrical apparatus capable of obtaining the desired result of current flow reversal at a sufficiently increased rate is acceptable. It should be noted that the slugging action of the present invention can be accomplished manually as well as through the employment of an automatic timer system.
  • the length of time, defined previously as periodic intervals, between current reversals is determined by many various factors.
  • the growth rate of the marine organisms, which corresponds to their strength of attachment, must be considered in the determination.
  • the temperature of the seawater in which the metal to be protected is submerged has an effect on the rate of maturity of the marine life therein and consequently their holding power, thus this is another factor to be considered.
  • the current density level which is applied at current reversal is a significant factor in determining, in conjunction with the previous factors, the interval of time between current reversals.
  • the cathode of the system becomes the anode and vice versa, and the current density is increased from a constant cathodic protection rate to a rate of between about 10 milliamperes/ft to about 1,000 milliamperes/ft for a period of between about 0.5 minutes/hour to about 2 minutes/hour, or a rate of between about 1,000 ma/ft to about 2,500 ma/ft for a period of between about 0.5 minutes/day to about 2.0 minutes/day.
  • the novel method of this invention is operable in the above stated ranges, to remain within the limits of economic feasibility, it is preferred, at the moment of current flow reversal, to increase the current density from a constant cathodic protection system rate to a rate of between about 50 milliamperes/ft to about 200 milliamperes/ft for a period of between about 1 minute/hour to about 1.5 minutes/hour or a rate of between 1,200 ma/ft to about 2,000 ma/ft for a period of between about 1 minute/day to about 1.5 minutes/day so as to control the release of metallic ions in such a manner as to give maximum efficiency of utilization. Under these conditions, any marine life attachments which may have begun to form on the metallic surface would be killed or forced to lose their grip" at regular intervals.
  • EXAMPLE The apparatus constructed for determining the effect of various toxic metals and current levels on attached marine organisms consisted of a timer-relay control panel, housed in a weather-tight box. The necessary variable potentiometers and fixed resistors were included in the circuitry.
  • the apparatus was placed in seawater with a salinity at 3 k percent and a constant current flow of about 4.0 ft/sec.
  • a constant cathodic protection of 3.0 ma/ft was supplied to each of the 6 X 12 inch iron, zinc and copper coupons. Three coupons of each type of metal were used.
  • Marine life attachments were inhibited on all of the copper plates. The results were moderate on the coupon with ma reverse current, strong inhibition on the 100 ma coupon, and complete on the 1,000 ma coupon. Little or no efi'ect, however, was noticeable on the iron or zinc plates. After the period of current reversal, it was noticeable that very little corrosion had been caused to the plates by the reversing of the current.
  • cathodic protection to the sample coupons is terminated 1 minute out of each day, during which time, the current flow is reversed and increased to values of one thousand fifteen hundred and two thousand five hundred milliamperes (ma)/ft on the first, second and third coupons, respectively.
  • Marine life attachment is inhibited on all of the copper plates. Moderate results are obtained on the coupon with 1,000 ma reverse current, strong inhibition on the 1,500 ma coupon, and complete on the 2,500 ma coupon. Very little corrosion is caused to the plates by the reversing of the current. Little or no effect is noticed on the iron or zinc plates.
  • the toxic metal covering is selected from the group consisting of copper, mercury, silver, tin, arsenic and cadmium.
  • an electrolytic method for the cathodic protection of a metallic surface in contact with seawater wherein said surface is covered with a metal whose ions are toxic to marine organisms and wherein a current is applied between said surface as the cathode and an anode
  • the improvement comprising reversing said current once each hour for between about 0.5 minute to about 2 minutes at a density of between about 10 ma/ft to about 1,000 ma/ft, thereby forcing said toxic ions into solution which inhibit the formation of said marine organisms on said metallic surfaces without causing an appreciable amount of corrosion thereto.
  • the toxic metal covering is selected from the group consisting of copper, mercury, silver, tin, arsenic and cadmium.

Abstract

An improved method of inhibiting the sustained attachment of marine organisms to metallic surfaces while preventing corrosion of the metallic surface by cathodic protection. Inhibition of marine organism attachment takes place when toxic ions are forced into solution by reversing and increasing the current density in the cathodic protection system at periodic intervals for a short period of time.

Description

0 United States Patent 1151 3,66 1,742 Osborn et al. 1 May 9, 1972 [54] ELECTROLYTIC METHOD OF MARINE 3,241,512 3/1966 Green ..204/196 FOULING CONTROL 3,303,118 2/1967 Anderson ..204/196 3,497,434 2/1970 Littauer ..204/ 147 [72] Inventors: Oliver Osborn; Bernard L. Prows, both of Lake Jackson Primary Examiner-T. Tung [73] ASSign I T DOW Chemical C p y, Midland, Att0rney-Griswold & Burdick and Raymond B. Ledlie Mich.
22 Filed: June 22, 1970 ABSTRACT [21 Appl. No.: 48,523 An improved method of inhibiting the sustained attachment of marine organisms to metallic surfaces while preventing corrosion of the metallic surface by cathodic protection. Inhibition 104/147 1 52;??933 of marine organism attachment takes place when toxic ions [58] Fieid 198 are forced into solution by reversing and increasing the cur- 1 2 rent density in the cathodic protection system at periodic intervals for a short period of time. [56] References Cited 7 Claims, No Drawings BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There are many effects on metallic surfaces when they are exposed to seawater, for example, corrosion and marine fouling. Various efforts have been made to protect metallic surfaces from the growth of marine life thereon, i.e. anti-fouling paints and electrolytic systems. The use of cathodic protection systems for the protection of metallic surfaces against corrosion is likewise widely recognized. In such protection systems the metallic surface to be protected acts as the cathode and another metal in a sacrificial capacity acts as the anode.
There have also been devised dual systems for controlling both corrosion and marine fouling of metallic surfaces in the presence of seawater. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,303,l 18. This patent utilizes a system of electrodes whereby a ships hull can be protected from corrosion by cathodic protection and protected from marine fouling by the decomposition of seawater which creates decomposition products which are toxic to marine organisms. U.S. Pat. No. 3,497,434 discloses a continuous protection system to inhibit growth of marine life on a metal surface while at rest.
The conventional processes, both electrolytic and non-electrolytic, have experienced various problems which make them less than satisfactory. Anti-fouling paints have been found to have a short life span of protection. Previous electrolytic processes experience the problem of having no protection against corrosion when the metallic surface is protected against marine fouling and vice versa.
lt is the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved electrolytic system which protects against both corrosion and marine fouling of metallic surfaces.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrolytic system which protects metallic surfaces from marine fouling by forcing toxic ions into solution thereby inhibiting marine life growth thereon.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrolytic system which protects against marine fouling by forcing toxic ions into solution at the metal-solution interface which inhibit marine life attachment thereto.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become obvious from a reading of the following detailed description.
it has now been discovered that, in an improved electrolytic system for the cathodic protection of a metallic surface in contact with seawater wherein the metallic surface is connected in electrical circuit with an impressed current anode by covering the metallic surface to be protected with a metal whose ions are toxic to marine organisms and at periodic intervals applying a reverse current to the cathodic protection system, said reverse current having a higher density than the current of the cathodic protection system, said toxic ions are forced into solution at the metal-seawater interface which inhibit the formation of the marine organisms on the metallic surface without causing an appreciable amount of corrosion to the metallic surface.
The metal to be protected from marine fouling is corrosionprotected by any well-known cathodic protection system in which the metal itself is the cathode and an external power source which performs the anodic function. Also, the method of the present invention can advantageously be applied to metallic surfaces which are already provided with special metallic paints for corrosion protection.
The covering of the metallic surface to be protected can be accomplished by a variety of means, for example, by plating the surface with a metal or an alloy or painting the surface with an electrically conductive metallic paint. An electrically conductive metallic paint is one whose metallic pigment particles are so concentrated so that each one is in contact with its neighbors to permit electrical flow. No matter how the protective covering is applied, it should contain metals whose ions are toxic to marine life, i.e. copper, mercury, silver, tin, ar-
senic, and cadmium. Some of the more commonly employed 1 marine, anti-fouling paints contain cuprous oxide as the toxi cant.
The current reversal or slugging" action of the present invention can be accomplished by utilizing a timer and a double pole-single relaysystem, but any arrangement of electrical apparatus capable of obtaining the desired result of current flow reversal at a sufficiently increased rate is acceptable. It should be noted that the slugging action of the present invention can be accomplished manually as well as through the employment of an automatic timer system.
The length of time, defined previously as periodic intervals, between current reversals is determined by many various factors. The growth rate of the marine organisms, which corresponds to their strength of attachment, must be considered in the determination. The temperature of the seawater in which the metal to be protected is submerged has an effect on the rate of maturity of the marine life therein and consequently their holding power, thus this is another factor to be considered. Further, the current density level which is applied at current reversal is a significant factor in determining, in conjunction with the previous factors, the interval of time between current reversals.
At the moment of current flow reversal, the cathode of the system becomes the anode and vice versa, and the current density is increased from a constant cathodic protection rate to a rate of between about 10 milliamperes/ft to about 1,000 milliamperes/ft for a period of between about 0.5 minutes/hour to about 2 minutes/hour, or a rate of between about 1,000 ma/ft to about 2,500 ma/ft for a period of between about 0.5 minutes/day to about 2.0 minutes/day.
Although the novel method of this invention is operable in the above stated ranges, to remain within the limits of economic feasibility, it is preferred, at the moment of current flow reversal, to increase the current density from a constant cathodic protection system rate to a rate of between about 50 milliamperes/ft to about 200 milliamperes/ft for a period of between about 1 minute/hour to about 1.5 minutes/hour or a rate of between 1,200 ma/ft to about 2,000 ma/ft for a period of between about 1 minute/day to about 1.5 minutes/day so as to control the release of metallic ions in such a manner as to give maximum efficiency of utilization. Under these conditions, any marine life attachments which may have begun to form on the metallic surface would be killed or forced to lose their grip" at regular intervals.
The following example is provided to more clearly illustrate the invention, however, and is not to be construed as limiting to the scope thereof.
EXAMPLE The apparatus constructed for determining the effect of various toxic metals and current levels on attached marine organisms consisted of a timer-relay control panel, housed in a weather-tight box. The necessary variable potentiometers and fixed resistors were included in the circuitry.
Various types of metal coupons were attached by means of insulators to a 4 feet X 8 feet X 14 inches framework of wooden 2 X 4 inch planks. Electric wire leads from each coupon and the anodes led to the control panel where various currents were supplied by means of a 6-volt car battery, continuously recharged. The timer mechanism was operated with volt alternating current.
The apparatus was placed in seawater with a salinity at 3 k percent and a constant current flow of about 4.0 ft/sec. A constant cathodic protection of 3.0 ma/ft was supplied to each of the 6 X 12 inch iron, zinc and copper coupons. Three coupons of each type of metal were used.
Cathodic protection was terminated 1 minute out of each hour, during which time, the current flow was reversed and increased to values of 10, 100, and 1,000 milliamperes (ma)/ft on the first, second, and third coupons, respectively.
Marine life attachments were inhibited on all of the copper plates. The results were moderate on the coupon with ma reverse current, strong inhibition on the 100 ma coupon, and complete on the 1,000 ma coupon. Little or no efi'ect, however, was noticeable on the iron or zinc plates. After the period of current reversal, it was noticeable that very little corrosion had been caused to the plates by the reversing of the current.
In a similar manner, cathodic protection to the sample coupons is terminated 1 minute out of each day, during which time, the current flow is reversed and increased to values of one thousand fifteen hundred and two thousand five hundred milliamperes (ma)/ft on the first, second and third coupons, respectively.
Marine life attachment is inhibited on all of the copper plates. Moderate results are obtained on the coupon with 1,000 ma reverse current, strong inhibition on the 1,500 ma coupon, and complete on the 2,500 ma coupon. Very little corrosion is caused to the plates by the reversing of the current. Little or no effect is noticed on the iron or zinc plates.
I We claim:
1. In an electrolytic method for the cathodic protection of a metallic surface in contact with seawater wherein said surface is covered with a metal whose ions are toxic to marine organisms and wherein a current is applied between said surface as the cathode and an anode the improvement comprising reversing said current once each hour for between about 0.5 minute to about 2 minutes at a density of about 10 ma/ft to about 1,000 ma/ft or once each day for between about 0.5 minute to about 1.5 minutes at a density of between about L000 ma/ft to about 2,500 ma/ft which reverse current is greater than that utilized for said cathodic protection, thereby forcing said toxic ions into solution which inhibit the formation of said marine organisms on said metallic surfaces without causing an appreciable amount of corrosion thereto.
2. The improved method of claim 1 wherein the toxic metal covering is selected from the group consisting of copper, mercury, silver, tin, arsenic and cadmium.
3. The improved method of claim 1 wherein the current is reversed each hour for between about 1.0 minute to about 1.5 minutes at a density of between about 50 ma/ft to about 200 ma/ft 4. The improved method of claim 1 wherein the current is reversed each day for between about 1.0 minute to about 1.5
rninutes at a density of between about 1,200 ma/ft to about 2,000 ma/ft 5. In an electrolytic method for the cathodic protection of a metallic surface in contact with seawater wherein said surface is covered with a metal whose ions are toxic to marine organisms and wherein a current is applied between said surface as the cathode and an anode, the improvement comprising reversing said current once each hour for between about 0.5 minute to about 2 minutes at a density of between about 10 ma/ft to about 1,000 ma/ft, thereby forcing said toxic ions into solution which inhibit the formation of said marine organisms on said metallic surfaces without causing an appreciable amount of corrosion thereto.
6. The improved method of claim 5 wherein the toxic metal covering is selected from the group consisting of copper, mercury, silver, tin, arsenic and cadmium.
7. The improved method of claim 5 wherein the current is reversed each hour for between about 1.0 minute to about L5 minutes at a density of between about 50 ma/ft to about 200 ma. 2

Claims (6)

  1. 2. The improved method of claim 1 wherein the toxic metal covering is selected from the group consisting of copper, mercury, silver, tin, arsenic and cadmium.
  2. 3. The improved method of claim 1 wherein the current is reversed each hour for between about 1.0 minute to about 1.5 minutes at a density of between about 50 ma/ft2 to about 200 ma/ft2.
  3. 4. The improved method of claim 1 wherein the current is reversed each day for between about 1.0 minute to about 1.5 minutes at a density of between about 1,200 ma/ft2 to about 2,000 ma/ft2.
  4. 5. In an electrolytic method for the cathodic protection of a metallic surface in contact with seawater wherein said surface is covered with a metal whose ions are toxic to marine organisms and wherein a current is applied between said surface as the cathode and an anode, the improvement comprising reversing said current once each hour for between about 0.5 minute to about 2 minutes at a density of between about 10 ma/ft2 to about 1,000 ma/ft2, thereby forcing said toxic ions into solution which inhibit the formation of said marine organisms on said metallic surfaces without causing an appreciable amount of corrosion thereto.
  5. 6. The improved method of claim 5 wherein the toxic metal covering is selected from the group consisting of copper, mercury, silver, tin, arsenic and cadmium.
  6. 7. The improved method of claim 5 wherein the current is reversed each hour for between about 1.0 minute to about 1.5 minutes at a density of between about 50 ma/ft2 to about 200 ma.
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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3766032A (en) * 1971-07-19 1973-10-16 A Yeiser Method for control of marine fouling
US4196064A (en) * 1978-11-06 1980-04-01 Conoco, Inc. Marine fouling control
US4690740A (en) * 1986-03-07 1987-09-01 The Dow Chemical Company Method for maintaining effective corrosion inhibition in gas scrubbing plant
US5009757A (en) * 1988-01-19 1991-04-23 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Electrochemical system for the prevention of fouling on steel structures in seawater
WO1991014018A1 (en) * 1990-03-12 1991-09-19 I. Krüger As Electrolytic apparatus for protection against corrosion of a freshwater piping system
WO1991018130A1 (en) * 1990-05-15 1991-11-28 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Method and apparatus for the prevention of fouling and/or corrosion of structures in seawater, brackish water and/or fresh water
US5182007A (en) * 1990-07-23 1993-01-26 Daiki Engineering Co., Ltd. Stain preventing method
US5346598A (en) * 1988-01-19 1994-09-13 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Method for the prevention of fouling and/or corrosion of structures in seawater, brackish water and/or fresh water
US5395491A (en) * 1990-09-21 1995-03-07 Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S. Method for preventing sea water cells from being destroyed by biofouling
US5417820A (en) * 1992-07-31 1995-05-23 Fears; Clois D. Method to prevent adherence of marine organisms on surfaces of submerged components
US5510659A (en) * 1994-01-13 1996-04-23 Lewis; David C. Electrolysis inhibiting marine energy management system
WO1996013425A1 (en) * 1994-11-01 1996-05-09 Synton Oy Method for inhibition of growth of organisms on faces of constructions submerged in a liquid
WO1996029450A1 (en) * 1995-03-20 1996-09-26 Fears Clois D A method to prevent adherence of marine organisms on surfaces of submerged components
US5643424A (en) * 1988-01-19 1997-07-01 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Apparatus for the prevention of fouling and/or corrosion of structures in seawater, brackish water and/or fresh water
US6173669B1 (en) 1999-10-14 2001-01-16 Brunswick Corporation Apparatus and method for inhibiting fouling of an underwater surface
EP1088650A1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2001-04-04 Showa Co., Ltd. Antifouling member and process for producing the same
US6547952B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2003-04-15 Brunswick Corporation System for inhibiting fouling of an underwater surface
US7211173B1 (en) 2003-07-29 2007-05-01 Brunswick Corporation System for inhibiting fouling of an underwater surface
CN105965122A (en) * 2016-06-25 2016-09-28 葛长路 Surface anti-fouling corrosion-resistant alloy for ocean engineering steel and solder coating method

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US820105A (en) * 1903-10-30 1906-05-08 Pittsburgh Electrolytic Mfg Company Electrolytic ship-bottom cleaner.
US3241512A (en) * 1964-02-12 1966-03-22 William G Green Anti-fouling, barnacles, algae, eliminator
US3303118A (en) * 1963-04-08 1967-02-07 Engelhard Ind Inc Cathodic protection and anti-marine fouling electrode system
US3497434A (en) * 1967-07-20 1970-02-24 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Method for preventing fouling of metal in a marine environment

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US820105A (en) * 1903-10-30 1906-05-08 Pittsburgh Electrolytic Mfg Company Electrolytic ship-bottom cleaner.
US3303118A (en) * 1963-04-08 1967-02-07 Engelhard Ind Inc Cathodic protection and anti-marine fouling electrode system
US3241512A (en) * 1964-02-12 1966-03-22 William G Green Anti-fouling, barnacles, algae, eliminator
US3497434A (en) * 1967-07-20 1970-02-24 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Method for preventing fouling of metal in a marine environment

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3766032A (en) * 1971-07-19 1973-10-16 A Yeiser Method for control of marine fouling
US4196064A (en) * 1978-11-06 1980-04-01 Conoco, Inc. Marine fouling control
US4690740A (en) * 1986-03-07 1987-09-01 The Dow Chemical Company Method for maintaining effective corrosion inhibition in gas scrubbing plant
US5009757A (en) * 1988-01-19 1991-04-23 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Electrochemical system for the prevention of fouling on steel structures in seawater
US5643424A (en) * 1988-01-19 1997-07-01 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Apparatus for the prevention of fouling and/or corrosion of structures in seawater, brackish water and/or fresh water
US5346598A (en) * 1988-01-19 1994-09-13 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Method for the prevention of fouling and/or corrosion of structures in seawater, brackish water and/or fresh water
WO1991014018A1 (en) * 1990-03-12 1991-09-19 I. Krüger As Electrolytic apparatus for protection against corrosion of a freshwater piping system
WO1991018130A1 (en) * 1990-05-15 1991-11-28 Marine Environmental Research, Inc. Method and apparatus for the prevention of fouling and/or corrosion of structures in seawater, brackish water and/or fresh water
US5182007A (en) * 1990-07-23 1993-01-26 Daiki Engineering Co., Ltd. Stain preventing method
US5395491A (en) * 1990-09-21 1995-03-07 Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S. Method for preventing sea water cells from being destroyed by biofouling
US5417820A (en) * 1992-07-31 1995-05-23 Fears; Clois D. Method to prevent adherence of marine organisms on surfaces of submerged components
US5510659A (en) * 1994-01-13 1996-04-23 Lewis; David C. Electrolysis inhibiting marine energy management system
WO1996013425A1 (en) * 1994-11-01 1996-05-09 Synton Oy Method for inhibition of growth of organisms on faces of constructions submerged in a liquid
US5868920A (en) * 1994-11-01 1999-02-09 Synton Oy Method for inhibition of growth of organisms on faces of constructions submerged in a liquid
AU700613B2 (en) * 1994-11-01 1999-01-07 Savcor Process Oy Method for inhibition of growth of organisms on faces of constructions submerged in a liquid
WO1996029450A1 (en) * 1995-03-20 1996-09-26 Fears Clois D A method to prevent adherence of marine organisms on surfaces of submerged components
EP1088650A1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2001-04-04 Showa Co., Ltd. Antifouling member and process for producing the same
US6410164B1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2002-06-25 Showa Co., Ltd. Antifouling member and process for producing the same
EP1088650A4 (en) * 1998-06-17 2003-09-03 Showa Co Ltd Antifouling member and process for producing the same
US6173669B1 (en) 1999-10-14 2001-01-16 Brunswick Corporation Apparatus and method for inhibiting fouling of an underwater surface
US6547952B1 (en) 2001-07-13 2003-04-15 Brunswick Corporation System for inhibiting fouling of an underwater surface
US7211173B1 (en) 2003-07-29 2007-05-01 Brunswick Corporation System for inhibiting fouling of an underwater surface
CN105965122A (en) * 2016-06-25 2016-09-28 葛长路 Surface anti-fouling corrosion-resistant alloy for ocean engineering steel and solder coating method
CN105965122B (en) * 2016-06-25 2018-12-28 天津泊荣石油科技发展有限公司 A kind of ocean engineering steel surface anti-fouling corrosion resistant alloy and pricker coating method

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