US3640700A - Process for producing an ingot of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy - Google Patents

Process for producing an ingot of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy Download PDF

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US3640700A
US3640700A US68363A US3640700DA US3640700A US 3640700 A US3640700 A US 3640700A US 68363 A US68363 A US 68363A US 3640700D A US3640700D A US 3640700DA US 3640700 A US3640700 A US 3640700A
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chromium
metal
aluminum
ingot
process according
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Kenzo Suzuki
Seiya Sasaki
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Riken Piston Ring Industrial Co Ltd
Tekkosha Co Ltd
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Riken Piston Ring Industrial Co Ltd
Tekkosha Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
    • H05B7/02—Details
    • H05B7/06—Electrodes
    • H05B7/07—Electrodes designed to melt in use
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B4/00—Electrothermal treatment of ores or metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • C22C27/06—Alloys based on chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
    • C25C1/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions or iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese
    • C25C1/10—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions or iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese of chromium or manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D1/00—Electroforming

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  • Additional materials are filled into the electrodeposited chromium metal which can be either free of UNITED STATES PATENTS the metal material used as the cathode or not free of the same.
  • a consumable electrode of 2879'209 3 959 g 3 2 9 chromium metal or chromium base alloy is thereby obtained.
  • This invention relates to a process for producing an ingot of high purity chromium metal or chromium base alloy.
  • Chromium metal and chromium-base alloys have high melting points and excellent properties including high resistivity to heat and to oxidation at high temperatures, high corrosion resistance against various acids, and stability in various atmospheres. Chromium metal is produced by electrolysis or the thermit process. The product obtained thereby contains substantial amounts of impurities which make it very brittle so that it is difficult to shape it directly to make a finished product. Thus, chromium obtained in this fashion is merely used as an additive component for alloy compositions. such as nickel-chromium alloy, stainless steel etc.
  • chromium metal or chromium-base alloys have the excellent properties previously described, they may be widely used as heat resistive and corrosion resistive materials, if they are readily workable and also have improved mechanical properties.
  • the powder metallurgy process has the disadvantage that since the powdered material must be pressed under a high pressure, such as generally more than 5 tons/cm the weight of the resulting molded product is restricted to be less than several hundred grams because of the capacity of the pressure device. Thus, a heavier product can hardly be obtained. This is apparent from the fact that only relatively low-weight products of this type have been marketed.
  • a process for heating the material directly in a crucible to melt same and a process for arc-melting the material in a watercooled metal crucible by using a nonconsumable electrode or a consumable electrode.
  • a high-purity ingot cannot be obtained when the melting is carried out in a refractory crucible, because the melting point of the metal or the alloy is very high, for example, 1,905 C. for chromium metal, and because it is very active at that temperature so that it reacts vigorously with the crucible material and also any oxygen, nitrogen or the like that may be present so that the resulting ingot contains a substantial amount of impurities.
  • the consumable electrodes have been obtained by a process similar to that of powder metallurgy in which the powdered material is pressure-molded and sintered or by a process in which the material is melted using the aforementioned nonconsumable electrode.
  • the powder metallurgy process has the disadvantages previously described so that larger-size consumable electrodes can hardly be obtained. while the latter arc-melting process requires a nonconsumable arc-melting step, in which particular care must be taken to avoid contamination, with the result that the cost of the ingot becomes very high.
  • a main object of this invention is to provide a process for making an ingot of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy which has a lower content of impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus and sulfur, than are present in ingots obtained by known methods and which also has improved mechanical properties.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a process for producing an ingot of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy which is adapted for making ingots on a large scale, using a consumable electrode which is high in density and in mechanical strength and which may withstand a large current load.
  • an ingot of chromium or chromium-base alloy is produced by melting a consumable electrode which is obtained by a process comprising the steps of electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing chromium salt, using a cathode made of a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, electrodepositing chromium metal on said metal material to form a composite consisting of said metal material and the electrodeposited chromium metal and either removing or not removing said metal material from the composite.
  • a modification of the process comprises electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing chromium salt, using a cathode made of a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, electrodepositing chromium metal on said material to form a composite consisting of said metal material and the electrodeposited chromium metal, either removing or not removing said metal material from the composite, either filling at least one of the components (which except for chromium are hereinafter referred to as alloying elements) of said chromium-base alloy or not filling the same into the composite which is either free or not free of said metal material, and then heating the same to degasify it and/or to sinter it under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere.
  • FIG. I is a sectional view of a cell used in a process for producing a consumable electrode of chromium or chromiumbase alloy according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 2 (a-d) are sectional views of various shapes of consumable electrodes according to the invention, in which the cathode material has been removed.
  • FIGS. 3 (a-d) are corresponding sectional views of the consumable electrodes in which the cathode material has been removed and then the electrodes have been filled with chromium metal or alloying constituents.
  • FIGS, 4 (0-0) are corresponding sectional views of the consumable electrodes in which the cathode material is hollow and is filled with chromium metal or alloying constituents.
  • a cathode 3 of predetermined shape is positioned in spaced relation to anodes 4 in the anode compartment 5.
  • An electrodeposited chromium metal layer 6 is built up on the cathode 3 according to a conventional electrolysis procedure.
  • the catholyte 7 passes through diaphragm 8 into the anode compartment to form anolyte 9 and is then drained.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates four examples of tubular or hollow consumable electrodes obtained by removing only the cathode material from the composites consisting of the cathode material and electrodeposited chromium metal which were obtained as the results of electrolyses using various shapes of metal materials as cathodes.
  • the consumable electrode 11 is circular, the electrode 12 elliptical, the electrode 13 square, and the electrode 14 rectangular in their horizontal cross sections, respectively.
  • A designates the chromium metal layer while B indicates the central openings in the electrodes.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates four examples of consumable electrodes obtained by filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the central openings in the tubular consumable electrodes illustrated in FIG. 2 and then heating them to sinter them under reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere.
  • Said tubular consumable electrodes are prepared by removing only the cathode material from the composites consisting of cathode material and electrodeposited chromium metal which are obtained by electrolyzing aqueous solutions of chromium salt using various shapes of metal materials as cathodes.
  • the electrode 11 is circular, the electrode 12 elliptical, the electrode 13 square and the electrode 14 rectangular in the horizontal cross section, respectively.
  • A designates the chromium metal layer
  • C designates the chromium metal and/or alloying elements filled into the central hollow portions.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates four examples of consumable electrodes obtained by filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the composites consisting of cathode material and electrodeposited chromium metal and then heating them to sinter them under reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere.
  • Said composites are obtained by electrolyzing aqueous solutions of chromium salt using various shapes of metal materials as cathodes.
  • the cathodes are hollow in this instance and the chromium metal and/or alloying elements fill the central openings in the cathodes.
  • the electrode 11 is circular, the electrode 12 elliptical, the electrode 13 square and. the electrode l4 rectangular in the horizontal cross section, respectively.
  • a and D designate the chromium metal layers and cathode materials, respectively, while C designates the alloying elements and/or chromium metal filled into the hollow central openings in the cathodes.
  • the metal material used to make the cathode may be comprised of aluminum, aluminum alloy such as silumin, metals such as iron or their alloys, all of which are dissolvable in acid or alkali and/or have low melting points, if they are to be removed after electrolysis.
  • the metal material to be used as the cathode may be in the shape of a tube, rod or plate of circular, elliptical, polygonal, or any other suitable shape, in horizontal cross section.
  • a tubular material is preferred because it is light in weight and it absorbs stresses in the electrodeposited substance to thereby reduce cracking of the electrodedeposited substance. Since little chromium metal is deposited on the inner wall ofa tubular cathode material, the cathode material can be easily removed by melting it or by dissolving it.
  • a cathode which is circular or nearly circular in shape, in horizontal cross section, may preferably be rotated during the electrolysis.
  • the electrolyte for electrodeposition of the chromium metal may be a conventional electrolyte used for elec trowinning of chromium containing trivalent chromium sulfate and ammonium sulfate, or an aqueous solution containing hexavalent chromic acid.
  • the electrolysis is carried out under the conventional conditions for electrolytic deposition of chromium.
  • One example is as follows:
  • the cathode material 3 can be removed from the electrodeposited layer 6 by the following steps after the electrolysis process is over. If the cathode material is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, the cathode material is removed from the electrodeposited substance by heating it to a temperature above the melting point of the cathode material so as to melt it, or by immersing it in an alkaline solution to dissolve only the cathode material.
  • the cathode material 3 is, for example, made of iron, it may be immersed in an acid which does not dissolve chromium, such as nitric acid, so as to dissolve only the cathode material.
  • the alloying elements filled in the central openings can be one or more of the substances required for forming a chromium-base alloy of the predetermined composition.
  • the alloying elements can be of various shapes such as powder, grain, wire or strips. The amount and composition of the alloying elements is determined by the composition of the chromium-base alloy to be produced.
  • a consumable electrode may be directly obtained in the step of electrowinning of chromium metal.
  • the cathode material is formed to the desired shape and size, the consumable electrode produced will also be ofthe desired shape and size.
  • this invention provides a less expensive and larger type of consumable electrode, a high-purity chromium metal ingot may be produced, with high productivity but at lower cost, by a consumable-electrode-melting process using the consumable electrode of this invention.
  • the consumable electrode can be further filled with chromium metal and/or alloying elements as indicated in FIGS. 3 and 4, and no pressing process as in the conventional powder metallurgy procedure is required. Then, the resulting mixture is sintered under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere, whereby said consumable electrode is also sintered with the chromium metal and/or alloying ele ments. Accordingly, the thus obtained consumable electrode is of low cost, and since it has high-density electrodeposited chromium on its periphery, the weight per unit length is high and its electrical conductivity is very good. Thus, it can withstand a large current load during the consumable-electrode-melting and the latter can be easily carried out.
  • EXAMPLE I A cathode was formed by blasting an aluminum pipe of 50 mm. in outer diameter and 750 mm. in length with metal grit, and then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the aluminum pipe to form a composite under the following conditions:
  • Time of deposition l7l) hours The cathode was rotated about its longitudinal axis at a con stant rate of one complete revolution per each 8 hours during the electrolyzing and the direction of rotation was reversed each 8 hours in order to obtain uniform electrodeposition of chromium.
  • the cathode was pulled from the cell and cleaned with water, then immersed in a l0 percent sodium hydroxide aqueous solution so as to dissolve the aluminum component of the cathode with the result that a chromium metal pipe or tube of approximately 5 mm. in thickness and approximately 4 kg. in weight was obtained.
  • a chromium metal pipe or tube of approximately 5 mm. in thickness and approximately 4 kg. in weight was obtained.
  • the weight of the chromium metal consumable electrode thereby obtained was 10.0 kg. and the chemical analysis thereof was as follows:
  • EXAMPLE 2 A cathode was formed by blasting an iron pipe of 25 mm. in outer diameter and 500 mm. in length with metal grit, then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the iron pipe under the same conditions as in example 1 except the time of deposition was 200 hours. The cathode was rotated as described in example l during the electrolyzing. After the electrodeposition. the cathode was pulled from the cell and cleaned with water, then immersed in a percent nitric acid aqueous solution so as to dissolve the iron component of the cathode with the result that a chromium metal pipe of mm. in inner diameter. approximately 6 mm. in thickness and 500 mm. in length was obtained. This pipe was heated in a vacuum furnace at a temperature of 500 C. for 90 minutes to remove hydrogen. The chromium metal pipe obtained was 1.65 kg. in weight.
  • a cathode was obtained by blasting with metal grit the outside of an aluminum alloy pipe of silumin containing silicon 1 L0 percent. iron 0.5 percent and aluminum balance, having the shape of the electrode 12 shown in FIG. 2. and being 36 mm. in major dimension and 10 mm. in minor dimension. respectively, of the horizontal cross section and 500 mm. in vertical length.
  • the pipe was disposed in a cell in which the major dimension (in cross section) of the pipe was placed in confronting relationship to an anode.
  • Chromium metal was deposited on the outer surface of the aluminum cathode by electrolysis under the same conditions as in example I except the time ofdeposition was 200 hours.
  • the cathode with the electrodeposited chromium thereon was pulled from the cell, washed by water. and then put into a vacuum furnace. Said cathode was heated at 800 C. for 60 minutes to melt the aluminum alloy component and the electrodeposited chromium metal was separated from the aluminum alloy component and was dehydrogenated concurrently.
  • the thus obtained chromium metal tube was 5-7 mm. in thickness. 500 mm. in length and 1.6 kg. in weight.
  • chromium metal tubes Three of these chromium metal tubes were welded together to form a long consumable electrode, which is consumableelectrode-arc-melted in a water-cooled copper crucible in an argon atmosphere (0.3 atm. pressure).
  • a high-purity chromi urn metal ingot was obtained and it was 50 mm. in diameter and 3.9 kg. in weight.
  • the obtained ingot was machinable by cutting, grinding. turning or the like.
  • the transition temperature between brittle and ductile was 72 C.. and the hardness was 104 measured by a 10 kg. Vickers tester.
  • test piece prepared from the ingot was boiled with 60 percent nitric acid, 30 percent nitric acid or aqua regia.
  • EXAMPLE 5 An electrolysis was carried out under the same conditions as in example I to obtain a composite which was identical with that in said example, followed by removing the aluminum from the composite in the same way as in example 1
  • the produced ingot was I00 mm. in diameter and 28 kg. in weight.
  • the consumable-electrode-arc-melting was carried out by a current of l0,000 A. at volts.
  • the creep rupture strength at 900 C. ofa test piece prepared from the ingot was 28 kglmm. for 100 hours.
  • EXAMPLE 6 A cathode was formed by blasting with metal grit a nickel rod of 70 mm. in major dimension and 14 mm. in minor dimension of the horizontal cross section, and 750 mm. in vertical lengthv The nickel rod was disposed in an electrolyte so that the major dimension (in cross section) of the rod confronted an anode. Chromium metal was electrodeposited on the surface of the nickel rod under the following conditions:
  • the electrolysis was continued for 240 hours until the weight of the electrodeposited chromium corresponded to that of the nickel cathode in order to prepare a consumable electrode having a composition of percent chromium-50 percent nickel.
  • the thus obtained electrodeposited chromium was 68 mm. in thickness and 6.3 kg. in weight.
  • the cathode and the chromium thereon was pulled from the cell, washed by water, and then heated at a temperature of l,300 C. for 10 hours in a hydrogen atmosphere showing a dew point of 40 C. so as to remove gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and the like contained in the electrodeposited metal.
  • the obtained consumable electrode was 12 kg. by weight and had an overall composition as follows, which was substantially identical with the desired one:
  • EXAMPLE 7 A cathode was formed by blasting an iron pipe of 25 mm. in outer diameter, 3 mm. in thickness and 750 mm. in length with metal grit, then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the iron pipe under the following conditions: Composition and pH ol'catholyte Trivalent chromium ion 13 g/l. Divalent chromium ion 20 gjl Ammonium ion g /l. pH 2.2*2.4 Temperature 45 C. Current density 7.2 A film. Time of deposition I60 hours The cathode was rotated as described in example i during the electrolyzing. The electrodeposited chromium metal was approximately 5.5 mm. in thickness and approximately 2.3 kg.
  • the cathode was pulled from the cell, washed by water, and then heated at l,300 C. for l0 hours in a hydrogen atmosphere showing a dew point of 40 C. to degasify such gases as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and the like contained in the electrodeposited chromium metal.
  • the obtained composite consumable electrode was 3.5 kg. in weight and its overall composition was as follows, which was substantially identical with the desired one:
  • the produced ingot which was 60 mm. in diameter and 9 kg. in weight, possessed good mechanical properties so that it could be subjected to either hot or cold working.
  • the mechanical properties of this alloy were as follows:
  • the electrodeposited chromium metal was approximately 6 mm. in thickness and approximately 5 kg. in weight.
  • the cathode was pulled from the cell, washed by water and dried, and in this pipe a mixture consisting of 2.5 kg. of chromium metal powder which passed through a IO-mesh sieve, 1.5 kg. of iron-aluminum alloy (35 percent by weight aluminum) powder which passed through a l-mesh sieve and 0.8 kg. of iron wires of 2 mm. in diameter was placed in the pipe, then this was heated in a vacuum furnace at l,300 C. for 5 hours so as to degasify and to sinter the composite.
  • the thus-obtained consumable electrode was [2.3 kg. in weight and had an overall composition shown as follows, which composition was substantially identical with the desired one.
  • the product was lOO mm. in diameter and 44 kg. in weight.
  • the thus obtained alloy could be subjected to rolling or draw ing.
  • the mechanical property and the oxidatiomresisting property of this product were as follows:
  • a process for producing a metal ingot containing at least a substantial amount of chromium comprising the steps of electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing chromium salt as an electrolyte using as a cathode a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, thereby to form a composite comprising the metal material and the electrodeposited chromium metal, and then carrying out consumable-electrode-melting using at least the electrodeposited chromium metal, as a consumable electrode.
  • metal ingot is a chromium metal ingot, and including the further step of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode melting, removing the metal material from the composite.
  • a process according to claim 8 wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt the aluminum or the aluminum alloyv 12
  • a process according to claim 8. wherein iron is used as the metal material, and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid.
  • a process according to claim 19. including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumableelectrode-melting, filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the composite and heating the composite under a reduced pressure or ?n a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.

Abstract

A process for producing an ingot of chromium metal or chromiumbase alloy having a low content of impurities, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the like, in which an aqueous solution containing chromium salt is electrolyzed using as the cathode a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, such as circular, elliptical, rectangular or the like in horizontal cross section, to electrodeposit chromium on said metal material. The metal material, if desired, may be removed by chemical dissolution or heat melting after the electrolysis. The thus obtained chromium metal of the predetermined shape may be used as a consumable electrode. Additional materials are filled into the electrodeposited chromium metal which can be either free of the metal material used as the cathode or not free of the same. The chromium metal filled with the additional material is heated to sinter same under a reduced (vacuum) pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere. A consumable electrode of chromium metal or chromium base alloy is thereby obtained. A high purity chromium metal ingot or chromium base alloy ingot is produced using the thus obtained consumable electrode by consumable-electrode-melting in a water-cooled metal crucible.

Description

United States Patent Suzuki et al. 1 Feb. 8, 1972 [S4] PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AN INGOT 3,503,860 3/1970 lnoue ..204/35 R ()F Cl-[RQMIUM METAL, ()R 3,565,602 2/1971 Konisi et al. ....7S/lC CHROMlUM-BASE ALLOY Primary Examiner john H. Mack [72] Inventors: Kenn) Suzuki, Kumagaya; Seiya Sasakl, Assistant Examiner-T. Tufariello Yamagata, both of Japan Attorney-Woodhams, Blanchard and Flynn [73] Assignees: Riken Piston Ring 1nd. Co., Ltd.; Tek- [57] ABSTRACT kosha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan A process for producing an ingot of chromium metal or [22] Filed: Aug. 31, 1970 chromium-base alloy having a low content of impurities, such [21] APP] NO: 68,363 as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the llke, 1n whlch an aqueous solution containing chromium salt is electrolyzed using as the cathode a metal material [52] US. Cl. ..75/10 C, 13/18, 75/176, formed in a predetermined shape, such as circular, elliptical,
164/52, 164/252, 204/9, 204/23, 204/37 R rectangular or the like in horizontal cross section, to elec- [51] Int. Cl ..C23b 7/02, C23b 7/00, C23b /52 trodeposit chromium on said metal material. The metal [58] Field of Search ..204/9, 23, 35, 37; 13/18; material, if desired, may be removed by chemical dissolution 164/52; 75/176, 10 C, l0 R or heat melting after the electrolysis. The thus obtained chromium metal of the predetermined shape may be used as a 56] References Ci d consumable electrode. Additional materials are filled into the electrodeposited chromium metal which can be either free of UNITED STATES PATENTS the metal material used as the cathode or not free of the same. 2,782,114 2/1957 Preston ..75/10c F f z l g "5 mama 2 813 921 11/1957 Vordahl et al "13/13 Same a (vacuum) p'essure 281846l 957 G be l3 3| in a hydrogen atmosphere. A consumable electrode of 2879'209 3 959 g 3 2 9 chromium metal or chromium base alloy is thereby obtained. I l o I A high purity chromium metal ingot or chromium base alloy 3905346 0/1961 Murphy "/10 C ingot is produced using the thus obtained consumable elec- 3135350 4/1967 K "204/23 trode by consumable-electrode-melting in a watercooled 3,379,238 4/1968 SIeckman 164/252 metal crucib|e 3,409,725 11/1968 Penberthy .....,13/l8 3,414,488 12/1968 \Villingham ..204/37 R 22 Claims, 13 Drawing Figures Q N a 1 1 7 l g :It: 1?:":71Z
' 1 5 i i i 1 i i i i i i I I I b i l i l 1 2 I 1 I I I I 2 I 1 I i I i 2 l l i I L J L 1 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AN INGOT OF C HROMIUM METAL R CHROMIUM-BASE ALLOY BACKGROU ND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a process for producing an ingot of high purity chromium metal or chromium base alloy.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Chromium metal and chromium-base alloys have high melting points and excellent properties including high resistivity to heat and to oxidation at high temperatures, high corrosion resistance against various acids, and stability in various atmospheres. Chromium metal is produced by electrolysis or the thermit process. The product obtained thereby contains substantial amounts of impurities which make it very brittle so that it is difficult to shape it directly to make a finished product. Thus, chromium obtained in this fashion is merely used as an additive component for alloy compositions. such as nickel-chromium alloy, stainless steel etc.
However, since chromium metal or chromium-base alloys have the excellent properties previously described, they may be widely used as heat resistive and corrosion resistive materials, if they are readily workable and also have improved mechanical properties.
In order to obtain a chromium metal or chromium-base alloy product, it has been proposed to mold a chromium metal or chromium-base alloy by powder metallurgy after powdering same and a process for machining or plastically working the ingot obtained by melting the metal or the alloy in a proper process.
The powder metallurgy process has the disadvantage that since the powdered material must be pressed under a high pressure, such as generally more than 5 tons/cm the weight of the resulting molded product is restricted to be less than several hundred grams because of the capacity of the pressure device. Thus, a heavier product can hardly be obtained. This is apparent from the fact that only relatively low-weight products of this type have been marketed.
In order to produce the ingots, there have been disclosed a process for heating the material directly in a crucible to melt same and a process for arc-melting the material in a watercooled metal crucible by using a nonconsumable electrode or a consumable electrode. According to the process for melting the metal or the alloy in a crucible, a high-purity ingot cannot be obtained when the melting is carried out in a refractory crucible, because the melting point of the metal or the alloy is very high, for example, 1,905 C. for chromium metal, and because it is very active at that temperature so that it reacts vigorously with the crucible material and also any oxygen, nitrogen or the like that may be present so that the resulting ingot contains a substantial amount of impurities.
The process for arc-melting in a water cooled metal crucible is described by Sully in his book entitled Chromium. According to this description, in the case of a nonconsumable electrode system, a process for melting chromium metal powder using a tungsten electrode as the nonconsumable electrode is exemplified. This process has disadvantages, namely, that because the molten chromium has a high temperature, the metal will be contaminated by the tungsten electrode, while if less electric current is used in order to reduce such contamination, a segregation occurs, in the resulting ingot.
Although the process for melting chromium metal or chromium-base alloy using a consumable electrode has the advantage that lower amounts of impurities are contained in the product, it has not been possible to provide consumable electrodes on a large scale with the results that mass production of chromium or chromium alloy ingots cannot be accomplished so that the cost of the ingots is high.
Heretofore, the consumable electrodes have been obtained by a process similar to that of powder metallurgy in which the powdered material is pressure-molded and sintered or by a process in which the material is melted using the aforementioned nonconsumable electrode.
LII
The powder metallurgy process has the disadvantages previously described so that larger-size consumable electrodes can hardly be obtained. while the latter arc-melting process requires a nonconsumable arc-melting step, in which particular care must be taken to avoid contamination, with the result that the cost of the ingot becomes very high.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A main object of this invention is to provide a process for making an ingot of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy which has a lower content of impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus and sulfur, than are present in ingots obtained by known methods and which also has improved mechanical properties.
Another object of this invention is to provide a process for producing an ingot of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy which is adapted for making ingots on a large scale, using a consumable electrode which is high in density and in mechanical strength and which may withstand a large current load.
We have discovered a process for producing a consumable electrode of chromium metal or chromium-base alloy which does not have the above-mentioned disadvantages. We have further discovered a process for producing an ingot of chromi' urn metal or chromium-base alloy, which has a lower content of impurities and excellent mechanical properties, by consumable-electrode-melting using the consumable electrode obtained by the foregoing process. The discoveries are the results of studies on the physical and chemical properties of chromium metal and chromium-base alloys and on the elec trolysis of chromium metal.
According to the present invention, an ingot of chromium or chromium-base alloy is produced by melting a consumable electrode which is obtained by a process comprising the steps of electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing chromium salt, using a cathode made of a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, electrodepositing chromium metal on said metal material to form a composite consisting of said metal material and the electrodeposited chromium metal and either removing or not removing said metal material from the composite. A modification of the process comprises electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing chromium salt, using a cathode made of a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, electrodepositing chromium metal on said material to form a composite consisting of said metal material and the electrodeposited chromium metal, either removing or not removing said metal material from the composite, either filling at least one of the components (which except for chromium are hereinafter referred to as alloying elements) of said chromium-base alloy or not filling the same into the composite which is either free or not free of said metal material, and then heating the same to degasify it and/or to sinter it under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a sectional view of a cell used in a process for producing a consumable electrode of chromium or chromiumbase alloy according to the invention.
FIGS. 2 (a-d) are sectional views of various shapes of consumable electrodes according to the invention, in which the cathode material has been removed.
FIGS. 3 (a-d) are corresponding sectional views of the consumable electrodes in which the cathode material has been removed and then the electrodes have been filled with chromium metal or alloying constituents.
FIGS, 4 (0-0) are corresponding sectional views of the consumable electrodes in which the cathode material is hollow and is filled with chromium metal or alloying constituents.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. I, in a cell tank 1 which is filled with electrolyte 2, a cathode 3 of predetermined shape is positioned in spaced relation to anodes 4 in the anode compartment 5. An electrodeposited chromium metal layer 6 is built up on the cathode 3 according to a conventional electrolysis procedure. The catholyte 7 passes through diaphragm 8 into the anode compartment to form anolyte 9 and is then drained.
FIG. 2 illustrates four examples of tubular or hollow consumable electrodes obtained by removing only the cathode material from the composites consisting of the cathode material and electrodeposited chromium metal which were obtained as the results of electrolyses using various shapes of metal materials as cathodes. in this Figure the consumable electrode 11 is circular, the electrode 12 elliptical, the electrode 13 square, and the electrode 14 rectangular in their horizontal cross sections, respectively. A designates the chromium metal layer while B indicates the central openings in the electrodes.
FIG. 3 illustrates four examples of consumable electrodes obtained by filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the central openings in the tubular consumable electrodes illustrated in FIG. 2 and then heating them to sinter them under reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere. Said tubular consumable electrodes are prepared by removing only the cathode material from the composites consisting of cathode material and electrodeposited chromium metal which are obtained by electrolyzing aqueous solutions of chromium salt using various shapes of metal materials as cathodes. The electrode 11 is circular, the electrode 12 elliptical, the electrode 13 square and the electrode 14 rectangular in the horizontal cross section, respectively. A designates the chromium metal layer, while C designates the chromium metal and/or alloying elements filled into the central hollow portions.
FIG. 4 illustrates four examples of consumable electrodes obtained by filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the composites consisting of cathode material and electrodeposited chromium metal and then heating them to sinter them under reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere. Said composites are obtained by electrolyzing aqueous solutions of chromium salt using various shapes of metal materials as cathodes. The cathodes are hollow in this instance and the chromium metal and/or alloying elements fill the central openings in the cathodes. The electrode 11 is circular, the electrode 12 elliptical, the electrode 13 square and. the electrode l4 rectangular in the horizontal cross section, respectively. A and D designate the chromium metal layers and cathode materials, respectively, while C designates the alloying elements and/or chromium metal filled into the hollow central openings in the cathodes.
The metal material used to make the cathode may be comprised of aluminum, aluminum alloy such as silumin, metals such as iron or their alloys, all of which are dissolvable in acid or alkali and/or have low melting points, if they are to be removed after electrolysis.
The metal material to be used as the cathode may be in the shape of a tube, rod or plate of circular, elliptical, polygonal, or any other suitable shape, in horizontal cross section. A tubular material is preferred because it is light in weight and it absorbs stresses in the electrodeposited substance to thereby reduce cracking of the electrodedeposited substance. Since little chromium metal is deposited on the inner wall ofa tubular cathode material, the cathode material can be easily removed by melting it or by dissolving it. A cathode which is circular or nearly circular in shape, in horizontal cross section, may preferably be rotated during the electrolysis.
The electrolyte for electrodeposition of the chromium metal may be a conventional electrolyte used for elec trowinning of chromium containing trivalent chromium sulfate and ammonium sulfate, or an aqueous solution containing hexavalent chromic acid.
The electrolysis is carried out under the conventional conditions for electrolytic deposition of chromium. One example is as follows:
Composition and pH of catholyte Chromium ion Ammonium ion gjl. Current density The cathode material 3 can be removed from the electrodeposited layer 6 by the following steps after the electrolysis process is over. If the cathode material is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, the cathode material is removed from the electrodeposited substance by heating it to a temperature above the melting point of the cathode material so as to melt it, or by immersing it in an alkaline solution to dissolve only the cathode material.
If the cathode material 3 is, for example, made of iron, it may be immersed in an acid which does not dissolve chromium, such as nitric acid, so as to dissolve only the cathode material.
The alloying elements filled in the central openings (FIGS. 3 and 4) can be one or more of the substances required for forming a chromium-base alloy of the predetermined composition. The alloying elements can be of various shapes such as powder, grain, wire or strips. The amount and composition of the alloying elements is determined by the composition of the chromium-base alloy to be produced.
According to this invention, a consumable electrode may be directly obtained in the step of electrowinning of chromium metal. In this case, if the cathode material is formed to the desired shape and size, the consumable electrode produced will also be ofthe desired shape and size.
Accordingly, since this invention provides a less expensive and larger type of consumable electrode, a high-purity chromium metal ingot may be produced, with high productivity but at lower cost, by a consumable-electrode-melting process using the consumable electrode of this invention.
As previously described, the consumable electrode can be further filled with chromium metal and/or alloying elements as indicated in FIGS. 3 and 4, and no pressing process as in the conventional powder metallurgy procedure is required. Then, the resulting mixture is sintered under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere, whereby said consumable electrode is also sintered with the chromium metal and/or alloying ele ments. Accordingly, the thus obtained consumable electrode is of low cost, and since it has high-density electrodeposited chromium on its periphery, the weight per unit length is high and its electrical conductivity is very good. Thus, it can withstand a large current load during the consumable-electrode-melting and the latter can be easily carried out.
EXAMPLE I A cathode was formed by blasting an aluminum pipe of 50 mm. in outer diameter and 750 mm. in length with metal grit, and then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the aluminum pipe to form a composite under the following conditions:
Composition and pH of catholyte Trivalent chromium ion l3 gJl. Divalent chromium ion 20 gJl Ammonium ion lOl) gJl. pH 2.2-2.4 Temperature 50 C, Current density 7.0 AJdm. Time of deposition l7l) hours The cathode was rotated about its longitudinal axis at a con stant rate of one complete revolution per each 8 hours during the electrolyzing and the direction of rotation was reversed each 8 hours in order to obtain uniform electrodeposition of chromium. After the electrodeposition was over, the cathode was pulled from the cell and cleaned with water, then immersed in a l0 percent sodium hydroxide aqueous solution so as to dissolve the aluminum component of the cathode with the result that a chromium metal pipe or tube of approximately 5 mm. in thickness and approximately 4 kg. in weight was obtained. Into this pipe was filled chromium metal powder which passed through a IO-mesh sieve, then the pipe was heated at a temperature of 1.400 C. for 4 hours in a hydrogen atmosphere having a dew point of 40 C. so as to degasify and to sinter the pipe and its contents. The weight of the chromium metal consumable electrode thereby obtained was 10.0 kg. and the chemical analysis thereof was as follows:
Content in weight '1' Content in weight in Element in the chromium metal the obtained chromium powder used as filler metal consumable electrode Hydrogen (1.007; 0.000654 Nitrogen 0.025% l),0l2i
Oxygen 0.35! 0.05%
Carbon 0.02% 0.012;
Sulfur 0.023% 0.012%
Aluminum 0.003%
Hydrogen 0.00051- Nitrogen (MN I; Oxygen (l (13% Carbon 0.0!0'! Sulfur (l.(]l Vt Aluminum The obtained ingot was machinable by cutting. grinding, turning or the like. the transition temperature between brittle and ductile was 230 C., and the hardness was I l7 measured by a l() kg. Vicker's tester.
EXAMPLE 2 A cathode was formed by blasting an iron pipe of 25 mm. in outer diameter and 500 mm. in length with metal grit, then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the iron pipe under the same conditions as in example 1 except the time of deposition was 200 hours. The cathode was rotated as described in example l during the electrolyzing. After the electrodeposition. the cathode was pulled from the cell and cleaned with water, then immersed in a percent nitric acid aqueous solution so as to dissolve the iron component of the cathode with the result that a chromium metal pipe of mm. in inner diameter. approximately 6 mm. in thickness and 500 mm. in length was obtained. This pipe was heated in a vacuum furnace at a temperature of 500 C. for 90 minutes to remove hydrogen. The chromium metal pipe obtained was 1.65 kg. in weight.
Three of the thus obtained chromium metal pipes were welded together to form a long consumable electrode, which was then subjected to consumableelectrode-memelting in a water-cooled copper crucible with the result that a high-purity metal ingot was obtained. The produced ingot was 50 mm. in diameter and 4.0 kg. in weight. The chemical analyses of the impurities in the consumable electrode and in the ingot thus obtained were as follows:
Content in '1 by Content in Z by EXAMPLE 3 A cathode was obtained by blasting with metal grit the outside of an aluminum alloy pipe of silumin containing silicon 1 L0 percent. iron 0.5 percent and aluminum balance, having the shape of the electrode 12 shown in FIG. 2. and being 36 mm. in major dimension and 10 mm. in minor dimension. respectively, of the horizontal cross section and 500 mm. in vertical length. The pipe was disposed in a cell in which the major dimension (in cross section) of the pipe was placed in confronting relationship to an anode. Chromium metal was deposited on the outer surface of the aluminum cathode by electrolysis under the same conditions as in example I except the time ofdeposition was 200 hours.
After the electrodeposition was completed. the cathode with the electrodeposited chromium thereon was pulled from the cell, washed by water. and then put into a vacuum furnace. Said cathode was heated at 800 C. for 60 minutes to melt the aluminum alloy component and the electrodeposited chromium metal was separated from the aluminum alloy component and was dehydrogenated concurrently. The thus obtained chromium metal tube was 5-7 mm. in thickness. 500 mm. in length and 1.6 kg. in weight.
Three of these chromium metal tubes were welded together to form a long consumable electrode, which is consumableelectrode-arc-melted in a water-cooled copper crucible in an argon atmosphere (0.3 atm. pressure). A high-purity chromi urn metal ingot was obtained and it was 50 mm. in diameter and 3.9 kg. in weight.
The chemical analyses of the impurities in the consumable electrode and in the ingot were as follows:
Three of the consumable electrodes obtained in example I were welded together to make one long consumable electrode, which was melted by an electro-slag-melting using a slag having a composition of 60 percent CaF and 40 percent Ce O The chemical analysis of the impurities in the thus obtained ingot was as follows:
Hydrogen 0000b? Nltrugert 00s; Oxygen 0.0M? Carbon 00l lTt Sulfur 0005 Aluminum 0.002?
The obtained ingot was machinable by cutting, grinding. turning or the like. The transition temperature between brittle and ductile was 72 C.. and the hardness was 104 measured by a 10 kg. Vickers tester.
No appreciable corrosion on the test piece prepared from the ingot was observed when it was boiled with 60 percent nitric acid, 30 percent nitric acid or aqua regia.
EXAMPLE 5 An electrolysis was carried out under the same conditions as in example I to obtain a composite which was identical with that in said example, followed by removing the aluminum from the composite in the same way as in example 1 A powder mixture of 2.2 kg. of chromium metal. 4.2 kg. of low-carbon ferromolybdenum (Mo content: 63 percent) having particle sizes of less than mesh and less than 40 mesh, respectively, was filled in the chromium metal tube, then this was heated in a hydrogen atmosphere showing a dew point of -40 C. at a temperature of L400 C. for 4 hours so as to degasify and to sinter the tube and its contents.
Three of the thus obtained tubes consisting of chromium metal and low-carbon ferromolybdenum were welded together to form a long consumable electrode, then it was subjected to consumable-electrode-arc-melting in a water-cooled copper crucible with the result that an ingot of a high-purity alloy of 60 percent chromium-l5 percent ironpercent molybdenum was obtained. The chemical analysis was as follows:
Chromium Balance Molybdenum 24]? Iron lSA /i Hydrogen 0.0005 Nitrogen 0.008% Oxygen 0.012% Sulfur l) 017";
The produced ingot was I00 mm. in diameter and 28 kg. in weight. The consumable-electrode-arc-melting was carried out by a current of l0,000 A. at volts. The creep rupture strength at 900 C. ofa test piece prepared from the ingot was 28 kglmm. for 100 hours.
EXAMPLE 6 A cathode was formed by blasting with metal grit a nickel rod of 70 mm. in major dimension and 14 mm. in minor dimension of the horizontal cross section, and 750 mm. in vertical lengthv The nickel rod was disposed in an electrolyte so that the major dimension (in cross section) of the rod confronted an anode. Chromium metal was electrodeposited on the surface of the nickel rod under the following conditions:
Composition and pH of catholyte Trtvalent chromium ion l3 g.ll. Divalent chromium ion 20 g./l. Ammonium ion [00 g./lv pH 2.2-2.4 Temperature C. Current density 7.0 A./dm.
The electrolysis was continued for 240 hours until the weight of the electrodeposited chromium corresponded to that of the nickel cathode in order to prepare a consumable electrode having a composition of percent chromium-50 percent nickel. The thus obtained electrodeposited chromium was 68 mm. in thickness and 6.3 kg. in weight.
After the electrodeposition, the cathode and the chromium thereon was pulled from the cell, washed by water, and then heated at a temperature of l,300 C. for 10 hours in a hydrogen atmosphere showing a dew point of 40 C. so as to remove gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and the like contained in the electrodeposited metal.
The obtained consumable electrode was 12 kg. by weight and had an overall composition as follows, which was substantially identical with the desired one:
Chromium Balance Nickel dl'lfill Iron 0.07%
Silicon 0.0l3'7r Hydrogen 0.001% Oxygen 015 i Nitrogen 0.0M? Carbon 0.013%
Sulfur 0.008%
Four of these consumable electrodes were welded together to form a longer consumable electrode. which was then sub jected to consumable-electrode-arc-melting in a water-cooled copper crucible with the result that an ingot of a high purity nickel-chromium alloy was obtained. The chemical analysis of the ingot was as follows:
Chromium Balance Nickel 45.2!
Iron 0.07"]
Silicon 0.0l31 Hydrogen 0.0007; Oxygen 0.0li Nitrogen 0.012 Carbon 0.0l 2'1 Sulfur 0.007%
EXAMPLE 7 A cathode was formed by blasting an iron pipe of 25 mm. in outer diameter, 3 mm. in thickness and 750 mm. in length with metal grit, then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the iron pipe under the following conditions: Composition and pH ol'catholyte Trivalent chromium ion 13 g/l. Divalent chromium ion 20 gjl Ammonium ion g /l. pH 2.2*2.4 Temperature 45 C. Current density 7.2 A film. Time of deposition I60 hours The cathode was rotated as described in example i during the electrolyzing. The electrodeposited chromium metal was approximately 5.5 mm. in thickness and approximately 2.3 kg. by weight. After the electrolysis, the cathode was pulled from the cell, washed by water, and then heated at l,300 C. for l0 hours in a hydrogen atmosphere showing a dew point of 40 C. to degasify such gases as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and the like contained in the electrodeposited chromium metal.
The obtained composite consumable electrode was 3.5 kg. in weight and its overall composition was as follows, which was substantially identical with the desired one:
Chromium Balance Iran 341 Silicon 0.l0( Manganese 0.071 Hydrogen 000W: Oxygen 01'] Nltrogen 001% Carbon 0.012% Sulfur 0.012%
Three of these composite consumable electrodes composed of chromium and iron were welded together to form a long tubular consumable electrode, which was subjected to consuma ble-electrode-arc-melting in a water-cooled copper crucible with the result that an ingot of a high-purity chromium-iron alloy was obtained The composition of the ingot was as follows:
Chromium Balance Iron 33.8; Silicon 0.10% Manganese 0,06% Hydrogen 0.00089 Oxygen 0.03; Nitrogen 0.008; Sulfur 0.0] l.
The produced ingot, which was 60 mm. in diameter and 9 kg. in weight, possessed good mechanical properties so that it could be subjected to either hot or cold working. The mechanical properties of this alloy were as follows:
Tensile strength Elongation This alloy contained so much chromium that excellent corrosion and heat resistance, listed as follows, were obtained:
\\ eight increase by oxidation tll air at L000 C (l I] rug/cm," hour EXAMPLE 8 A cathode was formed by blasting an iron pipe of 50 mm. in outer diameter, 3 mm. in thickness and 750 mm. in length with metal grit, then chromium metal was electrodeposited on the outer surface of the iron pipe under the same conditions as in example 7, except that the time of deposition was I76 hours.
The electrodeposited chromium metal was approximately 6 mm. in thickness and approximately 5 kg. in weight.
After the electrolysis, the cathode was pulled from the cell, washed by water and dried, and in this pipe a mixture consisting of 2.5 kg. of chromium metal powder which passed through a IO-mesh sieve, 1.5 kg. of iron-aluminum alloy (35 percent by weight aluminum) powder which passed through a l-mesh sieve and 0.8 kg. of iron wires of 2 mm. in diameter was placed in the pipe, then this was heated in a vacuum furnace at l,300 C. for 5 hours so as to degasify and to sinter the composite.
The thus-obtained consumable electrode was [2.3 kg. in weight and had an overall composition shown as follows, which composition was substantially identical with the desired one.
Chromium Balance iron 35.6;
Aluminum 4.3%
Silicon 0.1 l /l Manganese 0.09 6 Hydrogen 0.00m Oxygen 0.2% Nitrogen 0.0294 Carbon 0.0l 3% Sulfur [)Dl fi /r Four of the thus-obtained consumable electrodes were welded together to form one consumable electrode, which was subjected to electro-slag-melting by using a slag having a composition of 80% of CaF; and of Al O in a water-cooled copper crucible with the result that an ingot of a high-purity chromium'iron-aluminum alloy was obtained. The composition of the ingot was as follows:
Chromium Balance Iron 35.9%
Aluminum 41;
Silicon 010% Manganese 0.08% Hydrogen [)00l5i Oxygen 0.01m Nitrogen 0006' Carbon 0.012;
Sulfur 0.004%
The product was lOO mm. in diameter and 44 kg. in weight. The thus obtained alloy could be subjected to rolling or draw ing. The mechanical property and the oxidatiomresisting property of this product were as follows:
Tensile strength Elongation Weight increase by oxidation in air at l,2(]0 C,
0.05 mgfcm. hour EXAMPLE 9 After the electrolysis, the cathode was pulled from the cell, washed with water and dried. in this titanium pipe surrounded by the electrodeposited chromium there was placed a powder mixture consisting of 2.2 kg. of chromium metal powder which passed through a l0-mesh sieve and 4.2 kg. of low-carbon ferromolybdenum (63 percent by weight of Mo) powder which passed through a 40-mesh sieve, then this was heated in a vacuum furnace at 1,400 C. for 2 hours so as to degasify and to sinter the composite. The thus-obtained consumable electrode was 10.6 kg. in weight and its overall composition was as follows, which composition was substantially identical with the desired one.
Chromium Balance Molybdenum 24.5'4 lron l4. 1 '4 Titanium 2.5!
Silicon 0 399 Hydrogen 0 ()(llk Oxygen 0.25; Nitrogen 0.0205 Carbon 0.02396 Sulfur 0,0301
Four of the thus-obtained consumable electrodes were welded together to form a long consumable electrode, which was subjected to consumableelectrode-arc-melting in a water-cooled copper crucible with the result that high-purity chromium-molybdenum-iron-titanium alloy (58.5 percent chromium25 percent molybdenum-l4 percent iron-2.5 per cent titanium) was obtained. The product was mm. in diameter and 40 kg. by weight.
This consumable-electrodearc'melting was carried out under the current condition of 3,500 A. at 40 volts.
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A process for producing a metal ingot containing at least a substantial amount of chromium comprising the steps of electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing chromium salt as an electrolyte using as a cathode a metal material formed in a predetermined shape, thereby to form a composite comprising the metal material and the electrodeposited chromium metal, and then carrying out consumable-electrode-melting using at least the electrodeposited chromium metal, as a consumable electrode.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium metal ingot, and including the further step of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode melting, removing the metal material from the composite.
3, A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium metal ingot, and including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode melting, removing the meta] material from the composite and heating the electrodeposited chromium metal under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
4. A process according to claim 3, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material.
5. A process according to claim 3, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by dis solving the same in an alkaline solution.
6. A process according to claim 3, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the meta] material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt said aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
7. A process according to claim 3, wherein iron is used as the metal material and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid.
8. A process according to claim 3, including the further step of, after the removing of the metal material from the composite and prior to the heating ofthe electrodeposited chromium metal under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere, filling chromium metal into the electrodeposited chromium metal.
9. A process according to claim 8, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material.
10. A process according to claim 8 wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by immersing the composite in an alkaline solution to dissolve the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
ll. A process according to claim 8, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt the aluminum or the aluminum alloyv 12 A process according to claim 8. wherein iron is used as the metal material, and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid.
13. A process according to claim 1. wherein the metal ingot is a chromium-base alloy ingot, and including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting. removing the metal material from the composite and filling a member selected from the group consisting of alloying elements and a mixture of alloying elements and chromium metal into the electrodeposited chromium metal.
14. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium-base alloy ingot, and including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, removing the metal material from the composite, filling a member selected from the group consisting of alloying elements and a mixture of alloying elements and chromium metal into the electrodeposited chromium metal and heating the electrodeposited chromium metal under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
15. A process according to claim 14, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal materials [6. A process according to claim 14. wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material. and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by immersing the composite in an alkaline solution to dissolve the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
17. A process according to claim [4, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material. and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt the aluminum or the aluminum alloy,
18. A process according to claim 14 wherein iron is used as the metal material, and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid [94 A process according to claim I, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium-base alloy ingot, and in which the entire composite is subjected to said consumable-electrode-melting so that the metal material comprises a component of said chromium-base alloy ingot.
20. A process according to claim 19, including the further step of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, heating the composite under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
2L A process according to claim 19, including the further step of. after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting. filling chromium metal and/or alloying ele ments into the composite.
22. A process according to claim 19. including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumableelectrode-melting, filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the composite and heating the composite under a reduced pressure or ?n a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.

Claims (21)

  1. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium metal ingot, and including the further step of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, removing the metal material from the composite.
  2. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium metal ingot, and including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, removing the metal material from the composite and heating the electrodeposited chromium metal under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
  3. 4. A process according to claim 3, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material.
  4. 5. A process according to claim 3, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by dissolving the same in an alkaline solution.
  5. 6. A process according to claim 3, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt said aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
  6. 7. A process according to claim 3, wherein iron is used as the metal material and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid.
  7. 8. A process according to claim 3, including the further step of, after the removing of the metal material from the composite and prior to the heating of the electrodeposited chromium metal under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere, filling chromium metal into the electrodeposited chromium metal.
  8. 9. A process according to claim 8, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material.
  9. 10. A process according to claim 8, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by immersing the composite in an alkaline solution to dissolve the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
  10. 11. A process according to claim 8, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
  11. 12. A process according to claim 8, wherein iron is used as the metal material, and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid.
  12. 13. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium-base alloy ingot, and including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, removing the metal material from the composite and filling a member selected from the group consisting of alloying elements and a mixture of alloying elements and chromium metal into the electrodeposited chromium metal.
  13. 14. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium-base alloy ingot, and including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, removing the metal material from the composite, filling a member selected from the group consisting of alloying elements and a mixture of alloying elements and chromium metal into the electrodeposited chromium metal and heating the electrodeposited chromium metal under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
  14. 15. A process according to claim 14, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material.
  15. 16. A process according to claim 14, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material, and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by immersing the composite in an alkaline solution to dissolve the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
  16. 17. A process according to claim 14, wherein aluminum or aluminum alloy is used as the metal material, and the removing of the aluminum or the aluminum alloy is carried out by heating the composite to melt the aluminum or the aluminum alloy.
  17. 18. A process according to claim 14 wherein iron is used as the metal material, and the removing of the iron is carried out by dissolving the same in an acid.
  18. 19. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal ingot is a chromium-base alloy ingot, and in which the entire composite is subjected to said consumable-electrode-melting so that the metal material comprises a component of said chromium-base alloy ingot.
  19. 20. A process according to claim 19, including the further step of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, heating the composite under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
  20. 21. A process according to claim 19, including the further step of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the composite.
  21. 22. A process according to claim 19, including the further steps of, after the electrolysis and prior to the consumable-electrode-melting, filling chromium metal and/or alloying elements into the composite and heating the composite under a reduced pressure or in a hydrogen atmosphere to degasify the same.
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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3865174A (en) * 1972-10-25 1975-02-11 Crucible Inc Method for the nonconsumable electrode melting of reactive metals
US4027720A (en) * 1975-02-25 1977-06-07 Vereinigte Edelstahlwerke Ag Method of producing homogenous ingots of high-melting, nitrogen-containing alloys
US5411611A (en) * 1993-08-05 1995-05-02 Cabot Corporation Consumable electrode method for forming micro-alloyed products
US5866067A (en) * 1997-03-24 1999-02-02 Sony Corporation And Materials Research Corporation High purity chromium metal by casting with controlled oxygen content
US20050281703A1 (en) * 1999-05-27 2005-12-22 Japan Science And Technology Agency Cr-based alloy having an excellent strength-ductility balance at high temperature
US20080269041A1 (en) * 2007-04-30 2008-10-30 Howmet Corporation Crucible for melting high chromium alloys
US20120318682A1 (en) * 2011-06-16 2012-12-20 Korea Institute Of Geoscience And Mineral Resources (Kigam) Electrowinning apparatus and method for recovering useful metals from aqueous solutions

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3865174A (en) * 1972-10-25 1975-02-11 Crucible Inc Method for the nonconsumable electrode melting of reactive metals
US4027720A (en) * 1975-02-25 1977-06-07 Vereinigte Edelstahlwerke Ag Method of producing homogenous ingots of high-melting, nitrogen-containing alloys
US5411611A (en) * 1993-08-05 1995-05-02 Cabot Corporation Consumable electrode method for forming micro-alloyed products
US5846287A (en) * 1993-08-05 1998-12-08 Cabot Corporation Consumable electrode method for forming micro-alloyed products
US5866067A (en) * 1997-03-24 1999-02-02 Sony Corporation And Materials Research Corporation High purity chromium metal by casting with controlled oxygen content
US6039788A (en) * 1997-03-24 2000-03-21 Sony Corporation Melting and casting of high purity chromium with controlled oxygen content
US20050281703A1 (en) * 1999-05-27 2005-12-22 Japan Science And Technology Agency Cr-based alloy having an excellent strength-ductility balance at high temperature
US7037467B1 (en) * 1999-05-27 2006-05-02 Japan Science And Technology Agency Cr-based alloy excellent in balance between strength and ductility at high temperature
US8685315B2 (en) 1999-05-27 2014-04-01 Japan Science And Technology Agency Cr-based alloy having an excellent strength-ductility balance at high temperature
US20080269041A1 (en) * 2007-04-30 2008-10-30 Howmet Corporation Crucible for melting high chromium alloys
US20120318682A1 (en) * 2011-06-16 2012-12-20 Korea Institute Of Geoscience And Mineral Resources (Kigam) Electrowinning apparatus and method for recovering useful metals from aqueous solutions
US8986519B2 (en) * 2011-06-16 2015-03-24 Korea Institute Of Geoscience And Mineral Resources (Kigam) Electrowinning apparatus and method for recovering useful metals from aqueous solutions

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