US3284168A - Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons Download PDF

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Publication number
US3284168A
US3284168A US257591A US25759163A US3284168A US 3284168 A US3284168 A US 3284168A US 257591 A US257591 A US 257591A US 25759163 A US25759163 A US 25759163A US 3284168 A US3284168 A US 3284168A
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United States
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
ports
axis
combustion
gases
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US257591A
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English (en)
Inventor
Frederic F A Braconier
Jean J L E Riga
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe Belge de lAzote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly SA
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Societe Belge de lAzote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly SA
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Application filed by Societe Belge de lAzote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly SA filed Critical Societe Belge de lAzote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly SA
Priority to US257591A priority Critical patent/US3284168A/en
Priority to DES89219A priority patent/DE1244764B/de
Priority to FR962430A priority patent/FR1388183A/fr
Priority to GB4746/64A priority patent/GB1027512A/en
Priority to BE643430A priority patent/BE643430A/fr
Priority to ES296274A priority patent/ES296274A1/es
Priority to CH161064A priority patent/CH421941A/fr
Priority to NL6401149A priority patent/NL6401149A/xx
Priority to AT113764A priority patent/AT252197B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3284168A publication Critical patent/US3284168A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/34—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts
    • C10G9/36—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/919—Apparatus considerations
    • Y10S585/921—Apparatus considerations using recited apparatus structure
    • Y10S585/922—Reactor fluid manipulating device
    • Y10S585/923—At reactor inlet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/919—Apparatus considerations
    • Y10S585/921—Apparatus considerations using recited apparatus structure
    • Y10S585/924—Reactor shape or disposition

Definitions

  • pyrolysis or thermal decomposition reactions are conveniently utilized to decompose saturated hydrocarbons into less saturated hydrocarbons, particularly acetylene.
  • Two general types of such processes maybe recognized as (a) those in which a saturated hydrocarbon such as methane is partially burned and pyrolyzed to an acetylene, and (b) others in which a fuel gas of some sort is burned with oxygen to produce heat and hot gases into which saturated hydrocarbons such as naphtha are injected for pyrolysis into a mixture of acteylene and ethylene.
  • Pyrolysis reactions of the latter type are generally of the character to which this invention relates and, more particularly, as disclosed in applicants prior Patents Nos. 3,019,271 and 3,055,957.
  • a generally cylindrical furnace is provided and streams of a fuel gas and a comburent gas such as oxygen are fed through ports in the top of the furnace.
  • the ports are arranged on concentric rings and the axes of each pair of oxygen and fuel ports are at an angle of about 90.
  • an important consideration of the technique includes providing the extremely rapid heating of the gas to be pyrolyzed to decomposition temperatures and, most preferably, inthe absence of free oxygen which, if present, would readily react with the hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed to give unwanted secondary products which would decrease the ultimate conversion yield of the hydrocarbon into the desired unsaturated products.
  • the combustion conditions are carefully controlled, including the particular manner of injection of the fuel gas and oxygen to form a uniform ring of flames, each directed substantially parallel to the axis of the combustion chamber and pyrolysis zone.
  • 'it is desired to have the hot combustion gases extend substantially uniformly all across the pyrolysis chamber, particularly at the point therein where there is injected the hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed.
  • this total filling of the chamber with hot combustion gases is preferably obtained without direct impingement of the intensely hot flames on the inner walls of the combustion chamber in order to avoid wasting heat efiiciency merely to heat the combustion chamber walls and in order to lengthen the life of the refractory or other materials from which the chamber is constructed.
  • FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic view in axial sec tion of a pyrolysis furnace embodying andfor practicing this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a transverse section of the apparatus of HG. 1 taken along the line 22 thereof;
  • FIG. 3 is a purely diagrammatic showing indicating undesired operation of the furnace with injection of fuel and comburent gas evenly at equal momenta;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram like FIG. 3 but indicating operation of the furnace as embodying and for practicing this invention
  • FIG. 6 is a detail of one side of fuel and comburent gas ports modified as a means for providing satisfactory operation in accordance herewith with the gases injected at substantially equal momenta.
  • a vertically disposed cylindrical combustion chamber 12 is shown above and in unrestricted flow communication with a pyrolysis chamber 13, with a distributor manifold 11 preposed to combustion chamber 12 and pyrolysis chamber 13.
  • Ports 19 and 20 are symmetrically distributed around groove 18 with a fuel port 19 being adjacent each oxygen port 20, and satisfactory results have been achieved in accordance herewith with each of the ports 19 and 20 dimensioned to give a high jet nozzle velocity, for example of about 100-200 In. per second, to the oxygen and fuel gas injected therethrough into combustion chamber 12.
  • the combustion thus effected is intended to produce a relatively uniform front of hot gases at the upper end of the pyrolysis chamber 13, as defined by the ring of injection ports through which hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed is introduced, also as noted below.
  • the hydrocarbon is pyrolzed into the desired components (such as, primarily, acetylene and ethylene when a hydrocarbon such as naphtha is utilized), and the resulting reactions and decompositions are quenched as the gases proceed down through pyrolysis zone 13 by water sprays 17.
  • desired components such as, primarily, acetylene and ethylene when a hydrocarbon such as naphtha is utilized
  • the hot combustion gases at the level of nozzles 25 be formed with maximum temperature and substantially free of molecular oxygen (which might combine disadvantageously with the hydro carbons to be pyrolyzed producing undesired waste or secondary products), and under conditions as adiabatic as possible.
  • the distributor 11 and the walls of combustion chamber 12 are inevitably subjected to extremely high temperatures, and, while it is perfectly possible to utilize materials for the apparatus which can adequately withstand such temperatures, it is more desirable to arrange matters so that the direct flame heating of the walls of the combustion chamber is minimized as much as possible, both from the standpoint of prolonging the life of whatever refractory metals or other materials are used and from the realization that any quantity of heat utilized merely to impinge directly on the walls of the combustion chamber or any other portions of the apparatus is essentially Wasted.
  • the flames or intense heating of the ring of flames in groove 18 is desired to be such as will form a complete layer of maximum temperature fully combusted gases at the level of injection ports 25, one may note that an arrangement in which the diameter of the ring of flames (i.e., the diameter of the circle defined by the center of groove 18) is about one-half the diameter of combustion chamber 12, the ring of flames will be disposed midway between the walls of combustion chamber 12 and the center thereof so that the flames may be regulated to produce expanding gases to form a uniform hot gas mixture at the level of injection ports 25 without directly impinging upon the walls of the combustion chamber. That is, with notch 13 disposed inwardly from the walls of combustion chamber 12 by a distance corresponding to one-fourth the diameter d thereof, the circular areas indicated on FIG. 1 as BC and AB-CD will be substantially equal.
  • the furnace with the diameter of the circle defined by groove 18 as being greater than one-half the diameter of combustion chamber 12 (as may be desirable for a variety of reasons, especially as the total size and capacity of the apparatus is increased), the same situation does not obtain.
  • the fuel and comburent being injected through ports 19 and 20 with substantially equal momenta, and with such momenta selected so as to produce a flame front or uniform hot gas layer completely filling the combustion chamber 12 at the level of injection ports 25, a situation as diagrammed in FIG. 3 may result.
  • the injection momenta of the fuel and comburent gas streams injected through ports 19 and 20 is specifically altered and controlled so as to form a resultant flow vector moment EF disposed at such an angle to the axis of combustion chamber 12 that such vector reaches the point F at the level of injection nozzles 25 on a circle inwardly spaced from the combustion chamber walls by an amount equivalent to about one-fourth the diameter d of combustion chamber 12.
  • the flame or hot combustion gas propagation direction is influenced by the relative momenta with which the fuel and comburent streams meet each other after being injected into combustion chamber 12 through ports 19 and 20.
  • the individual fuel and comburen-t gas streams being injected through ports 19 and 20 meet at point E, and are represented by vectors EG and EH, having 'a resultant vector EF, depending upon the relative momenta of the separate gas streams. If these momenta are substantially equal, resultant vector EP will be substantially parallel to the axis of combustion chamber 12, and the undesiredor ineflicient results depicted in FIG. 3 are obtained.
  • resultant vector EP will lie at an angle to the axis of combustion chamber 12, and, in accordance herewith, such relative momenta are selected so that the resultant vector EF is inclined at such an angle to the axis of combustion chamber 12 as will dispose vector iEF at a point in combustion chamber 12 approximately 01/ 4 from the outer walls thereof at the level therein defined by the ring of hydrocarbon injection ports 25.
  • the propagation direction of intense heating flames and the hot gases is diverted inside the combustion chamber and toward the center thereof, but con-trollably diverted to concentrate such heating uniformly across the entire transverse area of the combustion chamber at the level therein defined by inlet port 25 While avoiding direct and wasteful or undesired impingement of such heating directly on the walls of the combustion chamber.
  • the foregoing operation also provides for a more uniform and desirable mixture of the hot combustion gases specifically at the effective level where hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed is injected thereinto through injection ports 25.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 As a further example of apparatus and operating techniques with which satisfactory results have been achieved in accordance with this invention, one may note the utilization of a pyrolysis furnace as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 (and as described in more detail in Patent 3,019,271) suitable for the production of six tons per day of acetylene along with 12 tons per day of ethylene from the pyrolysis of petroleum naphtha and operated in a manner indicated in FIG. 4.
  • the diameter d of combustion chamber 12 of such apparatus was approximately 260 mm.
  • the groove 18 had a diameter of about 190 mm, with this larger diameter thus satisfactorily accommodating 40 fuel gas ports 19 and 40 corresponding oxygen ports 20, each disposed in pairs in groove 18 with the axes of ports 19 and 20 being perpendicular to each other and being inclined at an angle of 45 with the axis of combustion chamber 12.
  • the distributor 11 is provided with a groove 28 having a trapezoidal cross section of other than isosceles configuration and, accordingly, with the axes of fuel gas ports 29 and comburent gas ports 30 disposed so that the streams injected into combustion chamber 12 therefrom meet each other at an angle other than 90, and with the axes of the ports 29 and 30 disposed at different angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of combustion chamber 12.
  • a pyrolysis reactor for pyrolyzing hydrocarbons into less saturated hydrocarbons by injection thereof into hot combustion gases in said reactor, the combination which comprises a cylindrical combustion chamber for producing said hot combustion gases by combustion of a fuel gas and a comburent gas therein, a pyrolyzed chamber in direct flow communication with said combustion chamber and into which said hydrocarbons to be pyrolyzed are injected, said pyrolysis chamber being downstream of said combustion chamber in the line of flow of said hot combustion gases, a distributor at the upstream end of said combustion chamber consisting essentially of a plurality of injection ports in said distributor arranged in pairs with the center point of both ports of each pair lying on a common radius of said combustion chamber for injecting a plurality of separate streams of said fuel and comburent gases for admixture and combustion in said combustion chamber, said plurality of pairs of ports being disposed in said distributor in only two circles with one each of each said pair being in each circle and with the circles being coaxial with each other and with said cylindrical combustion chamber and having
  • a pyrolysis reactor as recited in claim 1 which also includes an annular groove in said distributor having a diameter more than half the diameter of said combustion chamber and coaxial therewith, and in which said fuel and comburent gas ports are disposed in opposite sides of said annular groove.
  • a pyrolysis reactor as recited in claim 1 in which the radially outer port of each said pair of ports is connected to a source of comburent gas and is a comburent gas port while the radially inner port of each said pair of ports is connected to a source of fuel gas and is a fuel gas port.
  • a pyrolysis reactor as recited in claim 1 in which the axis of said outer port with an angle of inclination to the axis of said combustion chamber greater than said inner port is positioned to deflect said flames radially inwardly by about one-fourth the diameter of said combustion chamber at the axial position of said hydrocarbon injection.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
US257591A 1963-02-11 1963-02-11 Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons Expired - Lifetime US3284168A (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US257591A US3284168A (en) 1963-02-11 1963-02-11 Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons
DES89219A DE1244764B (de) 1963-02-11 1964-01-25 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von ungesaettigten Kohlenwasserstoffen
FR962430A FR1388183A (fr) 1963-02-11 1964-02-03 Procédé de décomposition thermique d'hydrocarbures
GB4746/64A GB1027512A (en) 1963-02-11 1964-02-04 Improvements in or relating to the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons
BE643430A BE643430A (de) 1963-02-11 1964-02-06
ES296274A ES296274A1 (es) 1963-02-11 1964-02-10 Procedimiento y aparato para la descomposición térmica de hidrocarburos
CH161064A CH421941A (fr) 1963-02-11 1964-02-11 Procédé de pyrolyse d'hydrocarbures
NL6401149A NL6401149A (de) 1963-02-11 1964-02-11
AT113764A AT252197B (de) 1963-02-11 1964-02-11 Verfahren zur Pyrolyse von Kohlenwasserstoffen und Pyrolysereaktor zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens

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US257591A US3284168A (en) 1963-02-11 1963-02-11 Apparatus for thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons

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US3284168A true US3284168A (en) 1966-11-08

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US (1) US3284168A (de)
AT (1) AT252197B (de)
CH (1) CH421941A (de)
DE (1) DE1244764B (de)
ES (1) ES296274A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1027512A (de)
NL (1) NL6401149A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3480416A (en) * 1964-03-12 1969-11-25 Sun Oil Co Gas preparation process and apparatus
US3507588A (en) * 1968-10-03 1970-04-21 Ralph H Merryman Burning of residual liquor fuels
US4444697A (en) * 1981-05-18 1984-04-24 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Method and apparatus for cooling a cracked gas stream
US20230088839A1 (en) * 2020-12-15 2023-03-23 EKONA POWER lNC. Method of recycling carbon to a feedstock gas reactor

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3019271A (en) * 1958-09-08 1962-01-30 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for treatment of hydrocarbons
US3055957A (en) * 1957-06-08 1962-09-25 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for production of unsaturated hydrocarbons
US3176046A (en) * 1960-02-03 1965-03-30 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons with stable high temperature flame

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1181697B (de) * 1958-09-08 1964-11-19 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Verfahren zur thermischen Spaltung von Kohlenwasserstoffen zur Erzeugung von weniger gesaettigten Kohlenwasserstoffen

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3055957A (en) * 1957-06-08 1962-09-25 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for production of unsaturated hydrocarbons
US3019271A (en) * 1958-09-08 1962-01-30 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Process and apparatus for treatment of hydrocarbons
US3176046A (en) * 1960-02-03 1965-03-30 Belge Produits Chimiques Sa Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons with stable high temperature flame

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3480416A (en) * 1964-03-12 1969-11-25 Sun Oil Co Gas preparation process and apparatus
US3507588A (en) * 1968-10-03 1970-04-21 Ralph H Merryman Burning of residual liquor fuels
US4444697A (en) * 1981-05-18 1984-04-24 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Method and apparatus for cooling a cracked gas stream
US20230088839A1 (en) * 2020-12-15 2023-03-23 EKONA POWER lNC. Method of recycling carbon to a feedstock gas reactor
US11642640B2 (en) * 2020-12-15 2023-05-09 Ekona Power Inc. Method of recycling carbon to a feedstock gas reactor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES296274A1 (es) 1964-04-01
GB1027512A (en) 1966-04-27
AT252197B (de) 1967-02-10
NL6401149A (de) 1964-08-12
CH421941A (fr) 1966-10-15
DE1244764B (de) 1967-07-20

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