US3241429A - Pictorial parallax panoramagram units - Google Patents
Pictorial parallax panoramagram units Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3241429A US3241429A US202930A US20293062A US3241429A US 3241429 A US3241429 A US 3241429A US 202930 A US202930 A US 202930A US 20293062 A US20293062 A US 20293062A US 3241429 A US3241429 A US 3241429A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- screen
- image
- unit
- panoramagram
- units
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-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B35/00—Stereoscopic photography
- G03B35/18—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing
- G03B35/24—Stereoscopic photography by simultaneous viewing using apertured or refractive resolving means on screens or between screen and eye
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
- B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
- B29D11/00278—Lenticular sheets
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
- G03B21/06—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor affording only episcopic projection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
- G03B21/14—Details
- G03B21/32—Details specially adapted for motion-picture projection
Definitions
- Pictorial parallax panoramagrams might be generically referred to as optical units which produce an illusion of depth to a person viewing the unit.
- the illusion can take on diiferent types of characteristics.
- the viewer observes what appears to be an image field having true three-dimensional characteristics.
- the depth characteristics of the image illusion are not pronounced, and instead the viewer observes what may be deemed a changeable picture.
- the viewer nor mally maintains the panoramagram unit in a comparatively fixed position while viewing the same, although movement of the panoramagram unit does not destroy the illusion necessarily. More specifically, with the former type of panoramagram unit, the viewer observes an image with apparent three dimensional characteristics whether the panoramagram unit is moved slightly or not.
- the second type of panoramagram unit referred to above is in normal use moved in position relative to the viewers eyes, and with the movement of the panoramagram unit, the viewer has the illusion of seeing at least a portion of the image being viewed change in its position.
- this latter type of panoramagram unit the viewer may see in observing and moving the same, some aspect of the image in motion, e.g., a mans arm move from a position where his hand is in his pocket to a position where his hand is above the head.
- pictorial parallax panoramagram units While two basic different types of pictorial parallax panoramagram units have been described in the preceding paragraphs, and while reference has been made to a person whose hand changes in position in connection with the description of one type, it should be understood from the outset that the term pictorial does not necessarily refer to a picture in the sense of being a work of art, but instead refers to any type of display, whether the same be in the form of wording, a true artistic creation, or any other type of image. It should further be under stood that the present invention is concerned with providing pictorial parallax panoramagram units, whether they be of the true three-dimensional form or changeable picture form described above, or some modification thereof.
- Pictorial parallax panoramagrams or as they are sometimes called Stereograms or 3-D units, generally comprise a lineated image layer having a lineated screen disposed thereover.
- the lineated image layer comprises 3,241,429 Patented Mar. 22, 1966 a plurality of panels, each of substantially equal width.
- adjacent panels of the image layer often contain a portion of an image taken from the same point of view but at a different time.
- adjacent panels of the image layer would essentially comprise integrated parts of two pictures which dilfer by the position of the hand as viewed from the same point of view-i.e., there would be a time difference in the respective image portions.
- Adjacent panels can be portions of separate pictures adapted to be sequentially displayed but the basic arrangement is essentially the same.
- optical screen in general use, may be of the type which comprises alternate opaque and transparent sections, or it may be of the type incorporating a plurality of adjacent and transparent lens elements.
- the screen focuses the light reflected by the unit and received by the eyes from different groups of lineated panels on the image layer.
- One group of panels shows the image in one position, whereas another group of panels shows the image in another position.
- there may be several groups of lineated panels on the image layer in which event various positions would be observed by the viewer as the unit is rotated relative to the users eyes.
- the lineated screen when the lineated screen is disposed over a 3-D image layer incorporating panels presenting the image from different points of view, then one panel of the layer is disposed under each lenticle in the screen, and the users right and left eyes see portions of the ultimate image separated in perspective.
- the brain unconciously recognizes these portions as belonging together.
- the two continuous images or portions are fused into a single sensory image, and the observer receives the illusion of depth and hence a three-dimensional impression of the composite picture under observation.
- pictorial parallax panoramagram units While all pictorial parallax panoramagram units appear to fall into the aforesaid groups, and while the operating principles and characteristics of such panoramagram units conform with the preceding discussion, from the standpoint of physical characteristics, and from the standpoint of production techniques, the various forms of pictorial parallax panoramagram units can be further differentiated. For example, it has previously been suggested to provide pictorial parallax panoramagrams wherein the self-sustaining thick lineated screen is directly affixed to the image layer. Still further, it has been suggested to provide such units wherein the image layer is chemically developed in contact with the screen itself, as opposed to being formed separately and attached thereto. Even further, it has been previously suggested to provide pictorial parallax panoramagrams wherein the image layer is initially formed, and a thin coating or film is thereafter applied thereover and embossed to form a screen.
- the invention is concerned with providing a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit of the type having a lenticulated screen comprising a plurality of parallel lens elements, all of which are trans parent. Further, the invention is concerned with providing such a unit wherein the screen is formed as a flexible layer having an image-carrying base thereunder, or as a flexible film having an image layer directly affixed thereto.
- the present invention is not concerned with providing an ultimate pictorial parallax panoramagram unit incorporating a lineated screen having alternate transparent and opaque sections, nor is it concerned with providing a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit of the type incorporating an image base which is secured by adhesive to a separate lineated screen.
- a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit which comprises an image or base layer which is secured by means of a separate adhesive to a separate lineating screen.
- the lineations of the screen be aligned with the lineations or panels of the image layer.
- the adhesive must be applied in such a manner as to permit subsequent adjustment of the screen relative to the image layer, or otherwise, an exact alignment cannot normally be maintained.
- Other workers in the field have recognized this problem, and it is generally appreciated that the alignment problem presents difiiculties in fabrication of a unit of the type here in question, and results in individual unit assembly, as opposed to permitting mass production techniques.
- a still further problem with the separate screen type unit results from the variations in temperature conditions and humidity conditions which affect the screen differently than the image layer due to the dilferential in relative expansion and/or contraction.
- the differential in temperature and humidity coefficients between the lenticular screen and the image layer cause misalignment, and resulting blurring of the image being viewed.
- problems are encountered in applying the adhesive so that the same extends uniformly between the base of the lenticular screen and the image layer.
- the screen of a separately formed unit must be self-sustaining and comparatively thick.
- This previously suggested process provides for applying a heat softenable layer of plastic over a previously formed image layer, and then subsequently applying pressure to the plastic layer so as to directly afiix the same to the image layer.
- the pressure-applying operation is carried out with an embossing roller which serves to form the heat softenable plastic into a plurality of adjacent lens elements or lenticles.
- a comparatively thick and self-sustaining, non-flexible sheet of plastic is passed between a plurality of softening rolls, in serpentine fashion, and then placed into over-lying relation with an image layer. Thereafter, the softened sheet is embossed and pressed on the image layer to form the final pictorial parallax panoramagram unit.
- a continuous image-carrying base strip is fed under an operating roller system where a continuous web of sheet plastic is brought into contact thereover. In subsequent stages of the operation, the continuous plastic web is heat softened and formed into a plurality of adjacent elongate lenticles thereby providing the lenticular screen of the ultimate unit.
- the proponents of the third technique discussed above recognized the disadvantages of the first and third embodiments, and emphasized the practicability of utilizing a continuous web of plastic material which was brought into contact with an image-carrying base layer, and then embossed to provide a lenticular screen. While this phase of the third technique appeared to be the most practical according to the prior literature, operation in accordance with this embodiment also presents serious problems.
- tension must be maintained thereon, and the uniformity in thickness thereof varies under the tension.
- there is non-uniformity in thickness, and uniformity in the lenticles formed cannot be assured.
- the present invention is specifically directed to satisfying the aforesaid needs, and has as its principal object the provision of a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit (a) which can be fabricated from a minimum of material; (b) which is durable in shipment and use; (c) which possesses the desired optical characteristics; (d) which is flexible in nature and applicable to varying forms of display; and most important (e) which can be formed in accordance with mass production techniques at rapid rates and yet possess the aforesaid desired characteristics.
- a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit (a) which can be fabricated from a minimum of material; (b) which is durable in shipment and use; (c) which possesses the desired optical characteristics; (d) which is flexible in nature and applicable to varying forms of display; and most important (e) which can be formed in accordance with mass production techniques at rapid rates and yet possess the aforesaid desired characteristics.
- a still further primary object hereof is to provide methods of fabricating pictorial parallax panora-magrams possessing the aforesaid features, which methods are practical in nature. Additionally, a still further primary object of the primary invention is to provide apparatus for carrying out such methods to produce pictorial panoramagrams in accordance herewith.
- the invention has certain specific objects, including the following: (a) The provision of a flexible thin screen pictorial parallax panoramagram uniti.e., the provision of such a panoramagram unit incorporating a lenticular screen having a thickness of less than .025 inch; (b) the provision of such a panoramagram unit which affords clarity in vision and sufiicient abrasion resistance to permit the use of the unit on greeting cards, magazines, or
- panoramagram unit which comprises a base-image carrying layer formed of a suitable base material such as paper, and -asuperimposed lenticular screen layer formed of a suitable plastic which does not require a plasticizer for formation thereof, and which affords flexibility;
- a panoramagram unit as prescribed in subparagraph (c) which incorporates a plastic layer formed from an inexpensive plastic, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or the like;
- a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit as prescribed in subparagraphs (a) and (b), which unit comprises a flexible plastic, lenticular screen and an image layer printed directly thereon;
- provision of a unit as prescribed in subparagraph (e) which is formed from various types of plastics, preferably possessing particular characteristics; and
- provision of a unit conforming with all of the preceding objects which can be formed in varying sizes to accommodate differing displays in differing environments.
- a further important object hereof is to provide a lens wherein a substantially wider viewing angle than that existent with a conventional lenticular screen is achieved.
- the basic embodiments of the invention center about the provision of a flexible thin screen pictorial parallax panoramagram conforming with the previously discussed objects, regardless of the particular lens shape, spacing, or form.
- Specific method objects of the present invention with respect to a preferred modification hereof include the following: (a) The provision of a basic method of forming a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit including a plastic, lenticular screen having an image layer directly printed thereon; (b) the provision of a basic method of forming a flexible lenticular screen adapted to receive a printed image directly on the rear face thereof; (c) the provision of a method as prescribed in subparagraph (b) which incorporates extrusion and forming steps adapted to be carried out with easily fabricated equipment; and (d) the provision of an overall method conforming with subparagraph (a) which utilizes the steps of subparagraph (a) with suitably modified, but generally conventional printing techniques.
- specific apparatus objects hereof include the following: (a) The provision of an apparatus including, in combination, extruding means adapted to extrude a thin layer of flexible material, and forming means adapted to receive such layer and form a series of adjacent lens elements in one face thereof while simultaneously setting the plastic in its final dimensionally stable form and providing a guide edge thereon; and (b) the provision of apparatus which permits direct printing of an image layer on the unformed or rear face of the formed plastic layer in optical illusion creating alignment and registry with the lens elements formed in the opposite face of the plastic layer.
- a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit comprises a flexible optical display.
- the display includes a lenticulated image layer and a lenticular screen having a base face and a lenticulated forward face.
- the image layer is fixed in direct contact with the base face of the screen, and in alignment with the lenticles defined by the forward face thereof.
- the focal point of the lenticles of the screen lie at least substantially in the plane of the image layer-i.e., at a point which affords the best optical clarity with a planar rear face adjacent the image layer.
- the screen has a maximum thickness of between .005 and .025 inch.
- the pictorial parallax panoramagram unit is a laminated structure consisting of a plastic, lenticular screen and an originally separate base layer, e.g., paper, fixed to the rear face of the screen.
- the panoramagram unit consits of a plastic, lenticular screen having the image layer printed directly on the rear face thereof.
- the unit is manufactured by applying a flowable coating of the plastic, preferably a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon, in a viscous state onto a lineated image lafer preferably in sheet form, and thereafter embossing the coating into the form of lenticles properly aligned with the lineations on the image layer.
- the plastic is preferably such that it has a melt temperature of between 275 and 350 F., and a coating vicosity of between 10 and 200 poises.
- the chill temperature of such plastic is such that it permits the application of the plastic and subsequent forming thereof, while at the same time allowing for setting as the plastic is engaged by a forming embossing-type roller.
- the embossing roller is chilled to properly set the plastic, but after setting the plastic, maintains its fiexible characteristics, and affords a screen having a flexibility of between 0.1 and 2.0 1O psi.
- the apparatus for producing a unit in accordance with the aforesaid preferred embodiment includes a series of rollers adapted to carry out the method steps, as well as a controllable reservoir for depositing the plastic on the image layer as the image layer passes thereunder.
- the apparatus also includes sequentially operated gripping means and a vacuum type pick-up feed.
- the preferred form of apparatus includes gear-operated timing means to insure proper sequential operation.
- a plastic having specific properties, is extruded as a thin layer and then formed and set as a lenticular screen having a lenticular forward face and a guide edge(s). Thereafter, an image is directly printed on the rear face of the screen in illusion-creating optical registry with the lenticles formed in the forward face thereof.
- the apparatus for producing this form of product includes extrusion means, forming means and printing means.
- FIGURE 1 is a fragmental enlarged perspective view of a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment hereof;
- FIGURE 2 is a fragmental and schematic end view of the unit shown in FIGURE 1;
- FIGURE 3 is an enlarged schematic sectional view of a unit such as shown in FIGURE 1, but adapted specifically to create a two-position changeable picture illusion;
- FIGURE 4 is an enlarged schematic sectional view, similar to FIGURE 3, but presenting a modified unit adapted to create a multiple-position changeable picture illusion;
- FIGURE 5 is an enlarged schematic fragmental end view of a unit adapted to create a changeable picture illusion, and shows the viewing disposition of this type unit relative to a viewers eyes;
- FIGURE 6 is an enlarged schematic fragmental end view of a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit such as shown in FIGURE 1, but adapted to create a true threedimensional illusion, and shows the viewing disposition of this type urrit relative to a viewers eyes;
- FIGURE 7 is an enlarged fragmental schematic view of a unit such as shown in FIGURE 6.
- FIGURE 8 is anenlarged fragmental schematic view of a unit as shown in FIGURE 1, and presents dimensional features of importance in the invention
- FIGURE 9 is an enlarged schematic fragmental view of an image layer adapted to be incorporated in a unit such as shown in FIGURE 1, FIGURE 9 illustrating the panel make-up of such layer;
- FIGURE 10 is a reduced pan view of a sheet carrying a plurality of image sections thereon, each of which sections is adapted to form the image layer of one final panoramagram unit;
- FIGURE 11 is a schematic side view of a preferred processing assembly provided hereby and operating in 10 accordance with the preferred method hereof t6 coat an image-carrying base layer with a plastic coating and form such coating into a lenticular screen in situ on the base layer;
- FIGURE 12 is a reduced schematic elevational view of a sheet carrying a plurality of image sections thereon and a coating thereover being embossed to form final panoramagram units;
- FIGURE 13 is an enlarged fragmental schematic side view of the front portion of a modified form of lenticle which can be provided on a lenticular screen constructed in accordance herewith; and FIGURE 13(a) is an enlarged fragmental schematic side view of the rear portion of such modified lenticle;
- FIGURE 14 is an enlarged fragmental plan view of a lenticular screen provided in accordance with the modification of FIGURES 13 and 13(a);
- FIGURE 15 is an enlarged fragmental sectional view of a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit constructed in accordance herewith and incorporating the modified lenticle construction of FIGURES l3 and 13(a);
- FIGURE 16 is an enlarged schematic side view of a further modified form of lenticle which can be incorporated in a pictorial parallax panoramagram unit con structed in accordance herewith;
- FIGURE 17 is an enlarged fragmental plan view of a lenticular screen provided in accordance with the modification of FIGURE 16;
- FIGURE 18 is an enlarged fragmental sectional view of a panoramagram unit constructed in accordance herewith and incorporating a lenticular screen as shown in FIGURE 17;
- FIGURE 19 is a schematic side view of a modified assembly adapted to coat image-carrying base layers with a plastic coating in accordance with a modified method hereof, and form such coating in situ into a lenticular screen in optical registry with the image carried on such base layer, all in accordance with a modified method hereof;
- FIGURE 20 is a schematic side view of a further modified assembly adapted to coat image-carrying base layers with a plastic coating in accordance with a further modified method hereof and form such coating in situ into a lenticular screen in optical registry with the image carried on such base layer;
- FIGURE 21 is a schematic side view of a still further modified assembly adapted to coat image-carrying base layers with a plastic coating in accordance with a still further modified method hereof, and form such coating in situ into a lenticulated screen in optical registry with the image carried on such base layer;
- FIGURE 22 is an enlarged fragmental transverse sectional view of a coating plate adapted to be used on the periphery of a coating roller incorporated in the assemblies of FIGURES 19 and 21;
- FIGURE 23 is a fragmental enlarged front plan view of a portion of the plate shown in FIGURE 22;
- FIGURE 24 is a schematic side view presenting in some detail structural aspects of devices to be used in and with the assembly of FIGURE 11 to selectively control' the coating operation performed thereby;
- FIGURE 25 is a perspective view of a preferred form of plastic discharge coating means incorporated in the system of FIGURE 24;
- FIGURE 26 is a transverse sectional view of the coating means shown in FIGURE 25;
- FIGURE 27 is a fragmental elevational view of the preferred modified product hereof;
- FIGURE 28 is an enlarged fragmental sectional view of the panoramagr'am unit shown in FIGURE 27, FIG- URE 28 presenting an exaggeration of the image layer for purposes of explanation;
- FIGURE 29 is a fragmental perspective view of an assembly adapted to form sheet stock for use in making
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202930A US3241429A (en) | 1962-05-14 | 1962-05-14 | Pictorial parallax panoramagram units |
DE19631447789 DE1447789A1 (de) | 1962-05-14 | 1963-05-14 | Parallaxpanoramagrammeinheit und Verfahren zur Herstellung solcher Einheiten |
DE19631797183 DE1797183A1 (de) | 1962-05-14 | 1963-05-14 | Linsenrasterbildschicht |
US436976A US3635778A (en) | 1962-05-14 | 1965-01-06 | Apparatus for making pictorial parallax panoramagram units |
BE674903D BE674903A (de) | 1962-05-14 | 1966-01-10 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202930A US3241429A (en) | 1962-05-14 | 1962-05-14 | Pictorial parallax panoramagram units |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3241429A true US3241429A (en) | 1966-03-22 |
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ID=22751787
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US202930A Expired - Lifetime US3241429A (en) | 1962-05-14 | 1962-05-14 | Pictorial parallax panoramagram units |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US3241429A (de) |
DE (2) | DE1447789A1 (de) |
Cited By (87)
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1447789A1 (de) | 1969-10-16 |
DE1797183A1 (de) | 1969-11-27 |
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