US3128879A

US3128879A - Can-sorting device

Info

Publication number: US3128879A
Authority: US
Publication date: 1964-04-14
Anticipated expiration: 1981-04-14

Description

April 1964 T. D. BIRCHALL CAN-SORTING DEVICE 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 13, 1960 INVENTOR. 7710MA$ D. BIRCHALL M QM ATTORNEY A ril 14, 1964 T. D. BIRCHALL CAN-SORTING DEVICE 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed June 13, 1960 )INVENTOR. THOMAS D. BIRCHALL BY m flM AITORICE'Y April 14, 1964 T. D. BIRCHALL CAN-SORTING DEVICE 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed June 15, 1960 INVENTOR. THoMAs D. B/RcHAu. BY Mn 5.

ATTORNEY :NO 9.95 @2598 E E UQ United States Patent 3,128,879 CANSORTING DEVICE Thomas D. Birchali, Turiocir, Califi, assignor to G. W. Hume Company, Turlock, Calif., a corporation of California Filed June 13, 1960, Ser. No. 35,466 It Ciaims. (Cl. 209-1115) This invention relates to a can-sorting device and particularly to a high-speed can-sorting device employing a magnetic pull-oil? device and a photoelectric actuator.

A very good can sorter of this general type is described and claimed in my Patent 2,817,438. The present invention, however, can operate at much higher speeds. For example, it has been used to sort cans at the rate of 600 cans per minuteper second-for extended periods of time, thereby enabling the canner to mix his grades and varieties in continuous cookers so as to use the cookers to full capacity, and then to sort out the cans accurately as fast as they come out of the cookers.

In order to achieve such high speeds of operation several problems had to be solved. One of these had to do with the energization and de-energization of the magnetic pull-01f device. It takes a finite time for an electromagnetic field to collapse, and when operated on either alternating or direct current, this time was too long, for during the de-magnetization a can would already have been deflected from its path by the magnet. This difficult problem I have solved by a novel structure employing two electromagnets, one above the other, wired so that when energized the facing poles are of like polarity. The result has been a much quicker collapse of the field, and unwanted cans have not been unintentionally diverted. Moreover, quicker release of a selected can has been obtained by a horizontal oifset of the two magnets.

Also, it was found that the time of actuation and length of actuation tended to vary. At slower speeds these variations could be tolerated, but at high speeds fl -second difierences are significant. Some trouble was found to be caused by an irregularity in the way the photoelectric cell built up its voltage. These problems have been solved by not relying directly on the wavepattern of the photoelectric-cell voltage but instead employing a cathode follower to isolate the photoelectric cell voltage pattern and then coupling this voltage to an overdriven amplifier that, in turn, is used to initiate a timing circuit for actuation of the magnet assembly. In otherwords, the original irregular wave pattern of the photocell is converted into a square wave, and only the initial impulse of this square wave is used to start an automaticimpulse timer. Thus, consistent actuation of the magnets is provided, and the initiation and duration of the pulse are freed from significant time variations.

I Still other objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description of a preferred form of the invention. This device is not, however, intended to be limited to the illustrative details, for in many instances there are equivalent structures that also fall within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the claims.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of a can-sorting device embodying the principles of the invention. The can conveyor line and side track and some other parts have been broken off to conserve space.

FIG. 2 is a top .plan view of the device of FIG. 1, shown on an enlarged scale.

FIG. 3 is a'view in elevation and in section taken along the line 3-3 in FIG. 2.

'FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view in side elevation and in section of the photoelectric cell and related parts.

"ice

FIG. 5 is an electrical circuit diagram illustrating one circuit that embodies the principles of the present invention, there being many possible variations in the circuit.

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a modified form of cell arrangement, with the pertinent change in circuitry shown diagrammatically.

FIG. 7 is a view in side elevation and in section taken along the line 77 in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a view in front elevation of the modification of FIG. 6.

In this device, cans are photoelectn'cally selected on the basis of whether a certain portion of the can wall reflects light, as it will if not treated, or whether it has been treated so as not to reflect light into the cell. One way of marking cans to get this effect is to paint or print a dark band around each can, each class of cans having the dark band at a dilferent height. All cans having a dark band at the same height will not reflect light at that height; so a photoelectric device at that height will not be actuated to turn off the magnetic take-off device; hence those cans will be taken off the conveyor as they pass a certain point. All other cans reflect light into the photoelectric device with resultant de-energization of the magnet, so that those cans stay on the conveyor. At each sorting station the can line may be divided into two lines until all the cans have been sorted.

FIGS. 1-3 show a conveyor 10 moving a series of cans in upright position. Some cans 11 are encircled by a dark, non-reflective band 12 about /8 of the way up their wall. Other cans 13 have higher bands 14, and still other cans 15 have lower bands 16. This particular station is used to pull the cans 11 oif the conveyor 111 and send them down a side track 17, while the other cms 13 and 15 continue on the conveyor 10. There may be still other band heights, and each band height may have a sorting station; thus a later station will separate the cans 13 from the cans 15, and so on.

The conveyor 10 moves in a channel 20 having

side walls

21 and 22 that give relatively small clearance to the cans so as to keep them in a straight line. A break in the wall 21 is provided at and before the side track 17, which may simply comp-rise a sloped gravity slide 23 leading to rollers 24.

A magnet assembly 25 is located in this break in the wall 21 just at the inlet corner between the conveyor 10 and the side track 17. When the magnet assembly 25 is energized, it seizes a can 11 and holds on to it long enough to divert it into the side track, the combination of the centrifugal force on the can resulting from arcuate movement of the can around the periphery of the magnet assembly 25, gravity, and the stripping action of a nonmagnetic shield 34 releasing it from the magnetic field. When the magnet assembly 25 is de-energized, it exerts no influence on the cans 13 and 15, and they continue on the conveyor 10 past the side track 17.

The magnet assembly 25 of this invention comprises two direct-

current electromagnets

26 and 27, both preferably circular, (though they may be any other convenient geometric shape) and arranged so that the facing

adjacent poles

28 and 29 are of like magnetic polarityboth north (as shown in FIG. 3) or both south. As shown best and possibly somewhat exaggeratedly in FIG. 2, the upper magnet 26 is otfset upstream relatively to the lower magnet 27, so that both

magnets

26 and 27 initially seize the can 11, but only one magnet 27 is still holding the can 11 at the place where it is to be released.

While the

magnets

26 and 27 may be mounted for rotation, as in Patent 2,817,438, excellent results have been achieved when they are stationary, due to the differences between the present invention and that of my former patent. So the present invention is not limited to either stationary or rotatable or rotated magnets. So far as the magnet assembly is concerned the key thing is the use of two

magnets

26 and 27 with

like poles

28 and 29 facing each other, to give rapid demagnetization.

As shown in FIG. 1, a fan 30 may be provided to keep the magnet assembly 25 cool. To facilitate adjustment of the

magnets

26 and 27, both as to their position relative to each other and as to their position relative to the conveyor 10 and side track 17, they are mounted adjustably (as in lengthened slots) on an arm 31, which is pivoted to a bracket 32 for swinging movement out from the track.

As will be explained soon, the magnet assembly 25 is normally energized but is de-energized by the approach of a can not having a band 12 at the proper height. It may be added that the sloping portion 23 may have high

side guide plates

33 and 34 to aid in guiding a oncedefiected can 11 into the side track 17, even though this can 11 is able to break away from the magnets after seizure due to its momentum or to de-energization of the magnet assembly 25 upon the approach of a can 13 or 15.

On the opposite side of the conveyor 10 from the magnet assembly 25 is a vertical plate 35 with a slit 36, through which, in the form of the invention shown in FIGS. 1-4, two

spotlights

37 and 38 send respective beams of light. Adjacent the slit 36 is a photoelectric actuator 40 having its inlet 41 level with and centered with respect to the slit 36. To avoid freak or incidental reflections from cans (as where the ink making the strip 12 covers the can 11 imperfectly) the actuator 40 may comprise an approximately L-shaped tube 42 with an entry portion 43, shown here as horizontal and level with the right-angle portion 44, shown here as vertical, in the upper portion of which the actual photoelectric cell 45 is located, facing down. The L may be inclined either to one side (i.e., the portion 44 only inclined), or back (i.e., the portion 43 inclined also). Thus, the light going through the slit 36 from the

spotlights

37 and 38 has to be reflected back from a bright portion of a can wall to actuate the cell 45, for the L-shaped enclosure diffuses the reflected light. One bright gleam is not enough; the average illumination of that portion of the can wall has to be high before it will actuate the cell 45. Another way of getting this result is shown in FIGS. 6-8 and will be described later.

It will be noted that the wall 35 is part of an L-shaped bracket 46, with slots 47 enabling adjustment closer to and farther from the conveyor 10, relative to a plate 48 that supports the

spotlights

37 and 38. The plate 48 is also movable parallel to the conveyor 10 relative to a base plate 49, and the base plate 49 is mounted on a height-adjustable standard 50 for adjusting its vertical positioning. Very accurate adjustment of the position of the photoelectric device 40 and the slit 36 are obtainable in all directions to get very accurate timing with respect to the magnet assembly 25 as well as to relate it to the proper band height, etc.

As shown at the bottom of FIG. 5, the photoelectric cell 45 is connected to a cathode follower 51 that repeats what is likely to be a rather irregular positive-polarity wave pattern 52. An over-driven amplifier 53 transforms this to a negative square wave 54 of the same time duration as the wave pattern 52. The forward edge 55 of this negative square wave 54 is used to actuate a timing circuit 56, which may be a one-shot multivibrator, thereby producing a second square wave 57 of positive polarity, whose duration is independent of the duration of the square wave 54. This positive square wave 57 is transmitted through a cathode follower 58 to a relay-actuating circuit 59 that energizes the

magnets

26 and 27. Equivalent circuits may be used, of course.

As an example of one such circuit, the upper portion of FIG. 5 is presented. There is a D.-C. power supply 60 for the circuit and a D.-C. power supply 61 for the

magnets

25 and 26. The power supply 60 is connected 4.- to a power line 62, preferably at 300 volts, and to a second power line 63, preferably at 150 volts D.-C.

The photoelectric cell 45 is in series with a protective resistor 64 (e.g., 470,000 ohms) across the 300-volt D.-C. power line 62 and a ground line 65. A lead 66 conmeets the cell 45 to a grid 67 of one-half of an electronic tube 68, which may be a l2AT7, Whose plate 69 is connected to the 300-volt D.-C. power line 62. This half of the tube 68 is used as the cathode follower 51; so its cathode 70 is biased by a resistor 71 (e.g., 82,000 ohms) and connected to the grid 72 of the overdriven amplifier 53 by a resistor 73 (e.g., 1 megohm). Thus the photo electric cell 45 is isolated from the amplifier 53. The amplifier 53, which may be the other half of the 12AT7 tube 68, may have its cathode 74 biased through an adjustable (e.g., 10,000 ohm) potentiometer 75 and its plate 76 connected to the 300-volt D.-C. power line 62 through a plate-load resistor 77 (e.g., 220,000 ohms).

The plate 76 of the overdriven amplifier 53 may be coupled to the timing circuit 56 through a condenser 78 (e.g. 0.01 mf.). The other side of the condenser 78 is connected to the plate 79 of a clamping diode 80 (which may be half of a 6AL5, for example) and to the grid 81 of one-half of an electronic tube 82, such as a 12AX7. Also the condenser 78 is connected through a condenser 34 (e.g., 0.05 mf.) to the plate 83 of the other half of the tube 82. The 150-volt D.-C. line 63 is connected to the plate 79 of the clamping diode through a resistor 85 (e.g., 2 megohms); while the BOO-volt D.-C. line 62 is connected to the plate 83 by a resistor 86 (e.g., 270,000 ohms), and to a plate 87 (opposite the grid 81) by a resistor 88 (e.g., 120,000 ohms).

The clamping diode 80 has its cathode 90 connected to both cathodes 91 and 92 of the tube 82, and all three cathodes 90, 91, and 92 are connected across a bias resistor 93 (e.g., 2,200 ohms) and another resistor 94 (e.g., 10,000 ohms) to the ground line 65. Between the resistors 93 and 94 a lead 95 goes through a grid bias resistor 96 (e.g., 1 megohm) to the grid 97 that is between the plate 83 and cathode 92. Both the lead 95 and the resistor 96 are connected through a resistor 98 (e.g., 150,- 000 ohms) to the -volt line 63, which is also connected to the variable resistor 75 through a resistor 99 (e.g., 15,- 000 ohms), establishing bias reference levels for the overdriven amplifier 53 and the timing circuit 56. Thus the over-driven amplifier 53 sends its signal to and initiates the one-shot multivibrator comprising the timing circuit 56.

Action of the timing circuit one-shot multivibrator and the clamping diode can be described as follows: In steady state condition the right-hand half of the tube 82 is conducting heavily, since its grid 81 is returned to the plus 150 volt DC. power line through the resistor 85. This produces a voltage drop across the common cathode resistor 93 sufiicient to hold the left-hand half of the tube 82 beyond cut-off, since its grid 97 is returned through the resistor 96 to the more negative potential end of the resistor 93. When the negative pulse 54 is received from the over-driven amplifier 53, it is impressed on the grid 81 of the tube 82, since the clamping diode 80 will not conduct when a negative polarity signal is impressed on its plate 79. The leading edge of the negative pulse 54 reduces the amount of conduction between the cathode 91 and the plate 87 and thus reduces the voltage drop across the common cathode resistor 93, which permits the left-hand half of the tube 82 to begin conducting. This conduction between the cathode 92 and the plate 83 produces a voltage drop across the resistor 86, which drives the plate 83 in a less positive direction. This less positive (negative-going) condition is transmitted by the coupling capacitor 84 to the grid 81 of the right-hand half of the tube 82, driving it still more negative. This action multiples until, in a very few micro-seconds, the righthand half of the tube 82 is cut-off, and the left half is conducting heavily. This condition persists until the charge across the coupling capacitor 84 (which'was produced by the less positive change in potential at the plate 83) bleeds off through the resistor 85 to the point where the right-hand half of the tube 82 will once again begin to conduct. When conduction begins again between the cathode 91 and the plate 87, an increased voltage drop appears across the common cathode resistor 93, thus increasing the bias in the direction of cut-ofif of the lefthand half of the tube 82. This reduces the conduction between the cathode 92 and the plate 83, and reduces the voltage drop across the plate resistor 86. The voltage at the plate 83 is now going in a more positive direction and this is transmitted by the coupling'capacitor 84 to the grid 81 of the tube 82; This further increases conduction of the right-hand half of the tube 82, the action multiplying in a very few micro-seconds until the original steady state condition exists where the right-hand half of the tube 82 is conducting heavily and the left-hand half is cut-off. During the steady state condition there is a large voltage drop across the plate resistor 88 due to heavy conduction between the cathode 91 and the plate 87 of the tube 82. The voltage at the plate 87 rises to approximately the potential of the BOO-volt D.-C. power line 62 for the duration of the time that the right-hand half of the tube 82 is at or beyond cut-off. The output of the timing circuit one-shot multivibrator at the plate 87 is a positive direction square wave, the duration of which is determined by the length of time the right-hand half of the tube 82 is kept at or beyond cut-01f. This time is in turn determined by the RC time constant of the capacitor 84 and the resistor 85, and is independent of the duration of the actuating negative square wave 54.

The clamping diode 80 is for the purpose of removing positive-going transients that may exist on the trailing edge of the negative square wave 54, which might tend to reduce the accuracy of the timing circuit 56. The clamping diode 80 will conduct when a positive direction transient appears at its plate 79, thus removing its possible interference at the grid 81 of the tube 82. The normal one-shot multivibrator action in the timing circuit is operated below the level where the clamping diode 80 can conduct; thus its action does not affect the timing circuit except to remove undesirable positive going transients from the actuating negative square wave 54.

The plate 87 is connected to the grid 100 of a cathode follower 53, comprising a tube 101 whose plate 102 is connected to the 300-volt D.-C. power line 62 and whose cathode 103 is connected to ground through a resistor 104 (e.g., 68,000 ohms).

The cathode 103 is also connected to the relay-actuating circuit 59, to both'grids 105 and 106 of a dual triode tube 107 or the like. The

cathodes

108 and 109 of this tube 107 are connected together, to the 300-volt D.-C. power line 62 through a resistor 110 (e.g., 68,000 ohms), and to ground through a resistor 111 (e.g., 4,500 ohms).

The plates 112 and 113 of the tube 107 are likewise connected together and through the coil 114 of a relay 115 to the 300-volt D.-C. power line 62. The relay 115 is normally closed, to energize the D.-C. magnet power supply 61 and the

magnets

26 and 27. However, when the photoelectric cell 45 is energized, the coil 114 opens a relay switch 116 to de-energize the

magnets

26 and 27 for a timed interval. The relay 115 then again closes (as by springs) and the

magnets

26 and 27 are re-energized.

Operation Cans 11, each with a non-reflective marking band 12 at the height of the light slit 36 and cans 13 and 15 with their bands 14 and 16 at different heights, are moved along the conveyor 10. The

lights

37 and 38 are sending beams of light through the slit 36, but there is nothing around to reflect back much light, any part being dulled that would do so. As a result, the

magnets

26 and 27 are energized. They remain energized when a can 11 comes along, for its band 12 does not reflect suflicient light to energize the photoelectriccell 45. Hence, the

magnets

26 and 27 pull the can 11 off the conveyor. Being offset, the magnet 26 releases the can 11 first and once it is started on its way down the side track 17, it is freed from the pull of the magnet 27 by a combination of centrifugal force, gravity, and the stripping action of the non-magnetic shield 34.

, When a can 13 or 15 comes along, its wall reflects light into the slit 36 and energizes the photoelectric cell 45. The positive current pulse 52 from the cell 45 is trans: formed instantaneously into a negative square wave 54 by the overdriven amplifier 53, and the forward edge 55 of the square wave'54 energizes the timing circuit 56, causing instant de-energ-ization of the

magnets

26 and 27 by the relay for a time sufii'cient to let the can 13 or 15 pass by without magnet deflect-ion. Then the relay 115 closes, and the

magnets

26 and 27 are re-energized. (In place of the relay 115 a large thyratron tube or transistor switch may be used.) The like-polarity opposing poles 2'8 and 29 cause the de-enengization to take place very quickly without'prolonged magnetic eflects due to reluctance, slowness in collapse of field, or inertial reactivation, or whatever. Moreover, the

magnets

26 and 27 are as quickly re-activated.

To those skilled in the art to which this invent-ion relates, many changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosures and description herein are purely illustrative of the principles and are not intended to be limiting. For example, a single light source may be used instead of two

lamps

37 and 38. The relay 115 may act oppositely, i. e., be normally open for some applications. A

single magnet

26 or 27 may be used for some applications, and for others twin magnets may be used without wave shaping or other shapes of waves may be used.

A more significant embodiment is shown in FIGS. 6-8. Here, a plurality of photocells 121, r122, 123, and 124 are used back of a plate 125 with a slit 126, provided in a projection 127. A fluorescent tube 128 is used as the light source. The

photoelectric cells

121 and 123 are wired together in series, and the

cells

122 and 124 are in series with each other. The

cell group

121 and 123 is wired in parallel with the group of cells 122 and i124, and wired into the circuit with leads 130, 13-1 taking the place of the cell 45 of FIG. 5. This arrangement gives excellent results, counteracting chance reflection from cans and giving improved accuracy.

What is claimed is:

1. In a can separating device the combination of a conveyor along which said cans are propelled, a pair of magnetizable members adjacent said conveyor located one above the other with the poles closest to each other of like polarity; means to energize said members when it is desired to pull a can off said conveyor, whereby a can adjacent said members will be pulled against them and pulled off said conveyor; and a side conveyor into which said cans are discharged from said members.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein said members are offset slightly along said conveyor, so that only one of them is in contact with said can at said side conveyor.

3. The device of claim 1 wherein said magnets are round, so as to pull a can around a quadrant thereof when taking it off said line.

4. The device of claim 2 wherein said members are horizontally displaced a short distance relative to each other along a line parallel to said conveyor.

5. A can sorting device for sorting from a conveyor line cans having a dark band at a predetermined height around their outer periphery from cans not so marked by using electromagnetic means beside the can conveyor to pull a can ofi said conveyor when magnetized; said device being characterized by photoelectric cell means which controls the magnetization and demagnetization of the electromagnetic means according to whether a predetermined quantity of light is or is not directed at said photoelectric cell means, a wave shaping circuit for converting photoelectric energy from said cell means into a definite wave pattern, and timing means utilizing one pulse portion of said definite wave pattern for energizing said electromagnetic means for a predetermined and definite time independent of the time of actuation of said photoelectric cell means, said photoelectric cell means being combined with light diffusing means for causing reaction of said cell means to the general intensity of reflection of said can at band height rather than to spot reflection.

'6. The device of claim 5 wherein said photoelectric cell means comprises a single cell housed in an L-shaped tubing having a horizontal portion open facing the can line and a vertical portion in which is said cell.

7. The device of claim 5 wherein said cell means comprises a plurality of cells arranged successively close to each other side by side in a lengthwise line beside said conveyor.

8. The device of claim 7 wherein there are four said cells with the first and third said cells in series, the second and fourth cells in series, and the two series groups in parallel with each other.

9. A can sorting device for sorting from a conveyor line cans having a dark band at a predetermined height around their outer periphery from cans not so marked by using electromagnetic means beside the can conveyor to pull a can off said conveyor when magnetized; said device being characterized by photoelectric cell means which controls the magnetization and demagnetization of the electromagnetic means according to whether a predetermined quantity of light is or is not directed at said photoelectric cell means, a wave shaping circuit for converting photoelectric energy from said cell means into a definite wave pattern, and timing means utilizing one pulse portion of said definite wave pattern for energizing said electromagnetic means for a predetermined and definite time independent of the time of actuation of said photoelectric cell means, said wave-shaping circuit producing a square wave and said timing means utilizing the forward impulse thereof as said pulse portion.

10. The device of claim 1 wherein said means to magnet-ize said members comprises photoelectric cell means responsive to light reflected back from the cans on the conveyor, means for shaping the energy waves produced by said cell means to a predetermined uniform shape, and means actuated by said means for shaping for energizing said members for a timed interval.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,446,628 Brown Aug. 10, 1948 2,817,438 Birchall Dec. 24, 1957 2.89:2,951 Linderman June 30, 1959 2,999,591 Crump Sept. 12, 1961 3,005,548 Flanders Oct. 24, 1961

Claims

5. A CAN SORTING DEVICE FOR SORTING FROM A CONVEYOR LINE CANS HAVING A DARK BAND AT A PREDETERMINED HEIGHT AROUND THEIR OUTER PERIPHERY FROM CANS NOT SO MARKED BY USING ELECTROMAGNETIC MEANS BESIDE THE CAN CONVEYOR TO PULL A CAN OFF SAID CONVEYOR WHEN MAGNETIZED; SAID DEVICE BEING CHARACTERIZED BY PHOTOELECTRIC CELL MEANS WHICH CONTROLS THE MAGNETIZATION AND DEMAGNETIZATION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC MEANS ACCORDING TO WHETHER A PREDETERMINED QUANTITY OF LIGHT IS OR IS NOT DIRECTED AT SAID PHOTOELECTRIC CELL MEANS, A WAVE SHAPING CIRCUIT FOR CONVERTING PHOTOELECTRIC ENERGY FROM SAID CELL MEANS INTO A DEFINITE WAVE PATTERN, AND TIMING MEANS UTILIZING ONE PULSE PORTION OF SAID DEFINITE WAVE PATTERN FOR ENERGIZING SAID ELECTROMAGNETIC MEANS FOR A PREDETERMINED AND DEFINITE TIME INDEPENDENT OF THE TIME OF ACTUATION OF SAID PHOTOELECTRIC CELL MEANS, SAID PHOTOELECTRIC CELL MEANS BEING COMBINED WITH LIGHT DIFFUSING MEANS FOR CAUSING REACTION OF SAID CELL MEANS TO THE GENERAL INTENSITY OF REFLECTION OF SAID CAN AT BAND HEIGHT RATHER THAN TO SPOT REFLECTION.