US2778187A - Composite yarn - Google Patents

Description

Jan. 22, 1957 Filed Sept. 2, 1954 w. J. LEATH ET AL.

COMPOSITE YARN 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Jan. 22, 1957 J, LEATH ETAL 2,778,187

COMPOSITE YARN 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Sept. 2, 1954 Jan. 22, 1957 w, LEATH ETAL 2,778,187

COMPOSITE YARN Filed Sept. 2, 1954 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 United States T'f atent COMPOSITE YARN William J. Leath, Charlotte, N. C., and Frank E.

In, Gainesville, Ga., assignors, by mesne to Patentex, Inc., New York Original application August 3, 1954, Serial No.

Divided and this No. {453,783

Bobo, assignments, New York, N. Y., a corporation of 44'7,6til). application September 2, 1954, Serial 6 Claims. (Cl. 57-440) sake of brevity, the use of the yarn will be described hereafter in connection with knitting operations, but it is to One of the important features of the knitted fabric manufactured from this yarn is the balanced or relaxed construction that avoids puckering or uneven contraction along the length or width of the fabric, thereby enabling it to lie flat and undistorted so that the hose or other garment made therefrom will assume its usual shape and de 'sired appearance and will differ only in size and stretchability from the same garment knitted in conventional fashion.

An advantageous feature of the ladies hose made in accordance with this invention is the Sheerness or diaphanous character of the hose that results from knitting or" separate, unplied low denier yarn ends.

Prior attempts to produce ladies hose from yarn having substantial stretch characteristics have not proven commercially successful because the hose were opaque, heavy 'and unattractive in appearance. -ducing these nonsheer hose was doubled, plied yarn having two yarn ends highly twisted in opposite directions and plied together. This type of highly twisted and plied yarn contains a multiplicity of small coils that give the yarn stretchability characteristics and which coils are pulled out or elongated when the yarn is stretched.

A characteristic feature of the yarn of the present invention is a wildness or liveliness, i. e., a tendency to twist or form loops, which is induced in the yarn by certain twisting and heat-setting operations. This liveliness :or wildness of the yarn does not produce the multiplicity of small coils that characterize the above-mentioned high twist yarn and which coils require doubling or plying with a similar high twist yarn. However, the liveliness does not require temporary restraining of the yarn to permit knitting or weaving of the yarn in single ends to produce a sheer knitted fabric for ladies hosiery, panties, etc. This temporary control of the yarn, required for knitting or weaving operations, may be effected by temporarily plying with the twisted lively yarn, a different type of untwisted yarn that will exert a restraining efiect on the wildness of the twisted yarn, so that it The yarn used for procan be managed satisfactorily in the knitting machine or loom.

A presently preferred restraining type of yarn for temporarily holding the twisted yarn, is silk, particularly because of its adaptability for knitting with the same machines and equipment used for knitting the twisted, main yarn. Also the silk is further adapted for removal after the knitting operation by dissolving with a suitable chemical such as, for example, caustic soda. Another type of tempora1y restraining yarn that might be used for plying with the twisted yarn and which can be subsequently removed by dissolving with suitable chemicals, e. g., acetone or acetic acid, is cellulose acetate. Likewise, any other natural or synthetic fiber yarn that would serve the above purpose and couldbe removed thereafter is also contemplated for use in the method of this invention.

Regarding the main or permanent yarn to be used for forming the stretchable knitted fabric of this invention, including ladies hosiery, underwear, etc., the present commercially advantageous type of yarn is nylon, com monly used today for knitting such garments. Although nylon yarn is the logical choice at present because of its technical characteristics and commercial availability, other synthetic yarns, for example those known in the trade as Dacron (a condensation polymer of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol) and Dynel (a polymer of vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile), might be used, as well as other suitable synthetic or natural fiber yarns. The following description refers particularly to nylon yarn but by way of illustration only.

The above-mentioned prior art types of ladies stretchable hose are produced from multifilament nylon yarns, and this is considered essential in View of the high twist to which those yarns are subjected, i. e., approximately turns. This high order of twist in one direction, followed by an equal or greater number of twists in the opposite direction, produces the abovementioned multiplicity of small coils in the multifilament yarn. This coiled structure, as well as the extreme wildness of the yarn so produced, requires plying of two ends of this yarn having opposite twists, so that the series of coils in one yarn end meshes or entwines with the series of coils in the other yarn end of opposite twist. By this arrangement one twist neutralizes or offsets the other twist and. thereby produces a relaxed, double, plied yarn having stretchability but nevertheless being subject to the disadvantages of causing puckering, deformation, and non-Sheerness in the knitted fabric.

The yarn and twisting methods of the present invention are not limited to multifilament yarns, but employ equally as Well the monofilament types of yarns. Thus, ladies sheer nylon hose of the most popular type today can be knitted from 15 denier monofilament nylon yarn that has been subjected to the desired twisting and setting operations and plied with a silk or other temporary restraining yarn. These operations comprise, generally, a first twisting of one end of the nylon yarn, multifilament or monofilament, in one direction, say to the right, so as to provide an S twist, then heating to a temperature sufiicient to set the yarn and which temperature will be higher than all subsequently encountered temperatures in the treatment of the yarn or product made therefrom, followed by twisting the yarn in the opposite direction, that is to the left, and providing therein a Z twist. This reverse or backtwisting operation will determine principally the amount of liveliness or wildness in the yarn and the extent of twist will depend upon the degree of this property desired in the yarn.

The first twist applied to the yarn as described just above may vary substantially in extent, or number of twists applied, a typical range being 20 to 50 turns twist. At the end of this first twisting operation, especially if as many as 40 or 50 or more turns are applied, the twisted yarn will possess a substantial liveliness or wildness sufficient to form a stretchable fabric, upon plying with a temporary restraining yarn and knitting or weaving. However, subsequent high temperature treatments of the twisted yarn or fabric produced therefrom, such as normally occur in the manufacture of full fashioned hosiery, would substantially remove the lively characteristics and stretchability of the yarn or fabric because of the fact that the yarn at this stage, immediately after the first twisting, has not been set with heat. Thus it is important in carrying out the method of this invention, to incorporate a heat-setting of the nylon yarn at an appropriate point and to have this heat-setting operation carried out at a temperature appreciably higher than any subsequently encountered temperature.

As above indicated, it is important, and in fact essen tial, to heat-set the yarn at the proper time and at an adequate temperature to avoid losing the lively effects induced in the yarn by the twisting operation when the hose knitted therefrom are subjected to subsequent higher temperature treatments. In the method of this invention, this heat-setting treatment may be carried out after the first twisting operation and prior to the second or backtwisting operation and, in fact, this is the presently preferred procedure. However, worthwhile benefits may be obtained from the method of this invention when carried out as described above except for changing the time or point in the process of the heat-setting operation. For example, we have produced yarn having substantial stretchability and produced ladies full fashioned hose therefrom, in which the heat treating operation was applied to the yarn prior to twisting of the yarn. In this modification, no second or reverse twisting of the yarn is required; only the initial heat treating, followed by twisting the desired number of turns such as, for example, about 50 turns.

In the manufacture of nylon full fashioned hosiery, the twisted yarn would usually be heat-set at a temperature of about 270 F. for a sutficient length of time, c. g., one half hour, to effect the desired heat-setting. This heat-setting temperature could be higher if desired, but the important point is the use of a temperature sufficiently higher than the subsequent processing temperatures to avoid damaging effects of the latter. In the manufacture of full fashioned hosiery, the subsequent processing temperatures encountered inthe dyeing and finishing opera tions are in the order of 250 F. or about 20 lower than the abovementioned 270 F. heat-setting tempera ture, which is found to be a safe margin. If the subsequent temperature equals or exceeds the previous heatsetting temperature, the twist effect in the yarn will be substantially completely lost.

Another important feature of the twisting and heatsetting operations of this invention is that of twisting the yarn adequately following the first twisting and heatsetting operations, because the heat-setting operation substantially removes or neutralizes the liveliness imparted to the yarn by the first twisting operation. This being so, the yarn, after heat-setting, requires further twisting to effect the desired liveliness. The amount of twisting employed after heat-setting will depend upon the desired degree of liveliness or stretchability desired in the yarn or fabric made therefrom. This twisting after heat-setting may vary substantially as to the number of twists and may be of the order of the first twisting operation described above prior to heat-setting. in other words, a typical number of twists for this second twisting operation would be 30 to 50 turns or higher. Usually it is desirable to employ a somewhat higher number of twists in the second twisting operation than in the original twisting operation. For example, if the yarn is originally twisted about 40 to 50 turns, the second twisting operation, after heat-setting, might be in the order of 50 to 60 turns.

Also, it is usually of advantage to employ in this second twisting operation, a twist that is opposite in direction to the original twist, i. e., a Z twist for the second twisting operation where an S twist has been employed in the original twisting operation. A reverse or back twist of this type, after heat-setting, will increase desirably the liveliness in the yarn as compared to a continuation of twist in the same direction as the original twist. Furthermore, the strength and other physical properties of the yarn will be better maintained by use of a reverse or back twist for the second twisting operation.

When multifilament yarns are used in these twisting operations, it is important to extend the reverse or back twisting operation at least some few turns more than the twist in the original twisting operation, so that the several filaments comprising the yarn will be integrated more completely by the additional turns twist than would be the case if the back twist equaled the forward twist and left the filaments in substantially untwisted or parallel position. This filament difficulty does not arise, of course, when monofilament yarns are used, but even with such yarns it has been found desirable to utilize a somewhat more extensive reverse twist than the original twist and thereby obtain a greater liveliness in the yarn.

Following the above-described three steps of first twisting about 40 to 50 turns in one dlrection, then heatsetting and twisting about 50 to 60 turns in the reverse direction, the yarn will possess such liveliness that it could not be handled practically in the knitting or weaving operation. At this point, it is then necessary to ply the yarn temporarily with silk or other restraining yarn, as above mentioned.

In carrying out this plying operation, the twisted nylon yarn is plied with the restraining yarn by twisting the two yarns together for a relatively few turns, such as, for example, 5' to 20 turns. A higher number of turns twist for this plying operation could be employed if it is desired, although it is not usually necessary. The plying twist is usually in the direction of the original twist and therefore opposite to the direction of the twist after heat-setting.

More specific but non-limiting examples of the twisting and heat-setting operations described generally above, which we have employed satisfactorily in the production of yarn for knitting ladies sheer nylon stretchable hose,

are as follows:

One end of monofilament nylon yarn is twisted 30 turns per inch in a Z or left twist direction. Another end of the same nylon yarn is twisted 30 turns per inch in an S or right twist direction. These two separately twisted nylon yarns are subjected to treatment with live steam in suitable equipment such as a pressure or vacuum retort and at a temperature of approximately 265 F.270 F. for a sufiicien't length of time to effect proper penetration. After this treatment with live steam, the yarn is transferred to twister bobbins and twisted 37 turns in the opposite direction of the original twist. As a consequence of this twisting operation, the yarn is very lively or wild and could not be satisfactorily knitted in this condition, and it is therefore plied with the silk yarn as above mentioned, the details of which are as follows:

The yarn that was twisted originally 30 turns to the left, 2 twist, then backtwisted 37 turns to the right, 8 twist, is plied with one end of silk of either 13/15 or 20/22 size, and the plied yarns given a total of approximately 14 turns to the left, 2 twist. The other yarn, which was originally first twisted 30 turns to the right, S twist, then backtwisted 37 turns to the left, 2 twist, is now plied with one end of the silk yarn and the plied construction given a total of 14 turns twist to the right, 3 twist. This plying of the nylon and silk yarns may be carried out in one or more stages on conventional twisting machines. This silk will usually be treated prior to plying with conventional silk soaking treatment, followed by drying and skein winding. Also, it is not to impart any twist to the silk yarn.

To prepare the nylon yarn which is to be plied with the silk yarn, it will be understood from the foregoing that bobbins, spools, pirns or other suitable carriers of the nylon yarn will be used and one or more of these carriers will contain the nylon yarn twisted in one direction and another carrier will contain a supply of the yarn twisted in the opposite direction.

The plying of the twisted lively nylon yarn with silk or other suitable yarn restrains the liveliness as described above and thereby enables the yarn to be handled satisfactorily in knitting ladies hose. However, once the silk or other restraining yarn is removed from the knitted structure, the yarn will again become lively and this requires knitting of the yarn in a manner suitable to restrain somewhat this lively characteristic in the knitted structure. For that purpose, yarns of opposite twist, prepared as described above, are used in counteracting relationship while at the same time avoiding plying of the yarns and the adverse effects thereof. Instead of plying these yarns of opposite twist as has been done heretofore, they are knitted singly in alternating courses or groups of courses, as above mentioned. in other words, the yarn which has a final S twist is used for knitting one or several courses and the yarn that has the opposite or Z twist is used for knitting the next adjacent course or several courses. In this manner, the courses of yarn that tend to untwist to the left are counterbalanced to some extent by the adjacent courses of yarn that tend to untwist to the right, and this results in the balanced knitted fabric or structure mentioned above when these alternating courses recur throughout the length of the fabric, such as the length of a knitted full fashioned ladies hose.

The knitting operation may be carried out on conventional knitting machines of the full fashioned hosiery type, and the separate left and right twisted yarns (plied with silk) are knitted in an alternating pattern; for example, two courses of the nylon and silk plied yarn containing an S twist are first knitted, followed by two courses of nylon and silk plied yarn containing the Z twist.

We have found in commercial these oppositely twisted carried out in alternating necessary practice that knitting of yarns may advantageously be pairs of courses, that is, two courses knitted with left twist yarns and the next two courses knitted with right twist yarns and this alternation repeated throughout the length of the fabric. This paired arrangement is best suited for the usual types of full fashioned knitting machines, but it is to be understood that the courses may be alternated singly instead of in pairs. On the other hand, a greater number of courses, such as 4 or 6 courses, of yarn of one twist may be alternated with a similar number of courses of yarn of the opposite twist.

Although this alternation of courses of opposite twist yarns sufficiently counteracts the tortional forces of these two yarns to prevent puckering or distortion of the fabric generally, the fabric formed in this manner has sufficient distortion or liveliness in the individual stitches or loops to impart substantial stretchability. As an illustrative example of this stretchability, a ladies hose composed of the fabric of this invention can be stretched as much as 50% to 100% or more of its original length without permanent deformation of the stitches or loops, and has the property of contracting to substantially its original length when the stretching tension is removed.

The present-day sheertype of ladies hose normally uses nylon yarn of not greater than 30 denier and the yarn most commonly used is denier nylon yarn, although 12 denier and 10 denier nylon yarns are available and these yarns or even lower denier yarns may be employed in producing ladies sheer hosiery in accordance with this invention. Ladies hose made with nylon yarn as high as denier, in accordance with this invention, possess a degree of sheerness.

Similarly, hose knitted with substantially higher denier yarns,

' the drawing and generally ewe-tee such as denier or higher, and which are known in the tradeas service Weight hose, may likewise be knitted from the stretchable yarn of this invention.

One of the attractive features of ladies hose produced from this yarn, irrespective of the denier used, is that the hose have substantially the same appearance as hose knitted from conventional yarn of the various deniers, which is in distinct contrast to hose knitted from the above-mentioned highly twisted and plied yarns, such as yarns composed of two plies of 20 denier each.

Following the knitting, seaming with a yarn constructed so as to give a comparable stretch to that of the stocking yarn, and other usual grey goods operations before dyeing of the knitted hose, they are subjected to a treatment with caustic soda which removes the silk from the hose, leaving the nylon unharmed. Although subject to variations, details of a typical caustic stripping operation of this type are as follows:

The stockings in the greige are placed in nets such as are normally used in processing and subjected to treatment in 0.75% to 1.0% solution of sodium hydroxide in water for approximately one hour at 210 F., or until the silk is dissolved. The dissolved silk is removed by washing with water, following which the hose are dyed and the excess moisture removed. The hose are then pulled over a boarding form of restricted size to straighten but not to stretch the hose. Subsequent finishing operations, including inspection and packaging of the hose for sale, are carried out in the regular manner.

Hosiery knitted from the stretchable yarn of this invention and in a manner that characterizes the present invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings,

which consist of photomicrographs of ladies full fashioned hose and fragments thereof, and in which:

Fig. l is a side elevational view of a ladies full fashioned hose made in accordance with this invention and having less width and substantially less length than conventional hose, but adapted to be stretched to conventional sizes;

Fig. 2 is an elevational view of the same hose shown in Fig. 1, but stretched over a foot and leg form;

Fig. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a small piece of hosiery fabric knitted from 15 denier monofilament nylon yarn in accordance with this invention and in relaxed or unstretched state;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a small piece of hosiery fabric such as shown in Fig. 3, but stretched to the extent that normally occurs in wearing, as indicated in Fig. 2;

Fig. 5 is the same piece of hosiery fabric as in Fig. 4', but substantially fully stretched;

Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a small piece of knitted unstretched hosiery fabric of the type shown. in 3, but made of 30 denier multifilament nylon yarn;

Fig. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a small piece of knitted hosiery fabric of the type shown in Fig. 6' except stretched to the extent normally encountered in wearing, as indicated in Fig. 2; and

Fig. 8 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a small piece: of knitted hosiery fabric as illustrated in Fig. 7 but sub stantially fully stretched.

Referring more particularly to the several figures in in the order in which they occur, it is to be noted that the full fashioned hose shown:

.. tion, although, if desired, conventional nylon yarn, as for in the photomicrograph identified as Fig. 1 comprises the: usual sheer leg portion, which in this instance is made: from 123 denier monofilament nylon yarn. The hose also has the usual reinforced areas consisting of the welt at the top of the hose and the reinforced foot. The yarn usedl in these reinforced areas may advantageously be the type: of stretchable yarn made in accordance with this inven-- example, 30 denier or higher, could be used in reinforc .iug the welt and foot portions of the hose. in any event,

it is'to bduiidrstobd that the foot portion of the hose will contain'the same stretchable nylon yarn used for knittiiig the legpo'rtion of the hose and, in addition, the added reinforcing nylon yarn if such is desired.

Regarding the general appearance of the full fashioned hose shown in Fig. 1, it is just as sheer in the leg portion as conventional monofilament l denier nylon yarn hose, but has the added advantage of a duller appearance than the conventional nylon yarn hose. Another very desirable feature of this hose is'that of clinging to the leg of the wearer and thereby avoiding the usual wrinkles and frequent poor fit encountered in conventional nylon hose.

A still further important feature of the full fashioned hose made in accordance with this invention is the fact that the seam, once placed properly on the leg of the wearer, will tend to remain in this proper position. This minimizes the well-known problem of crooked seams encountered with conventional hose.

The stretchable character of the foot and heel portion of this hose enables the wearer to adjust the heel height within conventional limits, as desired by the wearer.

Further, the stretchable character of the hose of this invention permits manufacture of the hose in a very limited number of sizes and lengths, such as small, medium and large sizes, as distinct from the conventional six sizes. Likewise, the hose can be made satisfactorily in only three lengths, as compared with the usual three to nine different lengths in the conventional nylon hose.

In Fig. 2, the type of hose described above in connection with Fig. l is shown stretched over a-foot and leg form :of a length and size corresponding approximately to the average foot and leg size of a wearer and illustrates the neat, snug fit of the hose of this invention. Actually, this same hose can be stretched to a substantially greater length than that illustrated in Fig. 2 where desired to accommodate varying leg lengths as well as foot and leg sizes. Similarly, the hose will still provide a good fit when stretched to a substantially lesser degree than that indicated in Fig. 2.

The photomicrograph shown in Fig. 3 illustrates a small piece or fragment of the sheer knitted fabric made from denier monofilament nylon yarn in accordance with this invention and of :the type used in production of the full fashioned hose illustrated in l and 2 above. The fabric fragment shown in Fig. 3 is in substantially relaxed or unstretched condition such as would occur in the finished hose when laid out flat as illustrated in 1 above. As indicated in this Fig. 3, the loops composing this knitted fabric are distorted and lie in different planes, some loops being shown in back of other loops or at different angles so as to give the fabric somewhat of a third dimension. It will also be observed that the loops in the front or nearest the surface photographed are more sharply in focus than the loops located behind or at another angle, these latter loops appearing somewhat fuzzy or not as sharply defined as the loops nearest the surface photographed.

The random disposition of the various loops in this fabric results from the abovedescribed liveliness of the yarn made in accordance with this invention, which liveliness is restrained during the knitting operation but is again rte-established in the knitted fabric after removal of the restraining yarn. This distortion of the individual loops, although not sufficient to disturb the over-all relaxed character of the fabric, is nevertheless suflicient to provide the substantial stretchability in the fabric as described hereinabove and which is illustrated in the succeeding Figs. 4 and 5 in the drawings.

The fabric shown in Fig. 4 is of the exact same type as shown in Fig. 3 and was cut from the same sample, but, as distinct from the fabric in Fig. 3, this fragment of the fabric in Fig. 4 has been stretched to a certain degree. The amount of stretch in this particular example corresponds generally with the amount of stretch that would normally occur in wearing of a hose composed of this fabric and stretched over the leg of the wearer or over a form such as is illustrated in Fig. 2. In comparison with Fig. 3, it will be noted that the random disposition, distortion and wildness that fundamentally characterizes the fabric in Fig. 3 has been removed to a substantial extent by :this limited degree of stretching. Thus in the fabric illustrated in Fig. 4, the knitted loops have been straightened out or oriented toward a more normal arrangement, but are still somewhat distorted and, as will be noted from the pale lines in Fig. 4, some of the loops are still out of focus and are located in a different plane from other loops which appear in sharp focus in this figure. In other words, there is still some liveliness or stretchability remaining in the fabric at this stage of stretching.

Referring to Fig. 5, which shows again the same type of fabric as is illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 but in which the fabric has now been stretched substantially to the maximum extent permissible, it will be noted from Fig. 5 that there still remains a slight degree of distortion or orientation of the respective loops, that is, they are still not arranged in perfect symmetry. It will also be noted from Fig. 5 that the courses of loops extending widthwise across the fabric are arranged in pairs, that is, two courses of loops oriented slightly to the right and the next two courses of loops showing a tendency to twist slightly to the left. This alternate arrangement of left and right twisted pairs of courses extends throughout the length of the fabric, and this would be true likewise of the hose or other garment formed from this type of fabric.

In Figs. 6, 7 and 8, there is illustrated a series of fabrics in different degrees of stretchability, comparable to the fabrics in Figs. 3, 4 and 5 and described above. The principal difference between the fabric illustrated in these latter figures Nos. 6, 7 and 8, is the use therein of 3G denier multifilament nylon yarn instead of the 15 denier monofilamcnt yarn used in the fabric in Figs. 3, 4 and 5. Similarly to the fabric shown in Fig. 3, the 30 denier multifilament nylon fabric shows in Fi g. 6 a wild or random disposition of the loops when the fabric is relaxed or unstretched, a more orderly arrangement of the loops when the fabric is partially stretched as shown in Fig. 7, and finally a substantially symmetrical arrangement of the loops as illustrated in Fig. 8. Similarly to Fig. 5 above, it will be noted that the fabric in Fig. 8 is characterized by the alternate paired arrangement of courses of left and right twists widthwise of the fabric, and this alternation of courses recurs throughout the length of the fabric as it would in the product produced therefrom.

This application claims only the composite yarn, the method of producing this yarn being claimed in our copending application Serial No. 453,761, filed concurrently herewith, now Patent No. 2,711,627, and the textile products and methods of producing same utilizing this yarn being claimed in our copending application Serial No. 447,600, filed August 3, 1954. The present application and the above mentioned application Serial No. 453,761 are divisions of our aforesaid application Serial No. 447,680.

Throughout the specification and claims herein in each instance where reference is made to turns in the twisted yarn, it is to be understood that this is based upon turns per inch, as already stated in one instance hereinabove.

Various modifications and changes may be made in the above-described materials, products and methods without departing from the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims.

We claim:

1. Composite yarn adapted for the production therefrom of knitted and woven textile products having an unusual stretchability, one yarn component of said composite yarn being twisted sufficiently to induce substantial liveliness therein and thereby impart to the textile product produced from the yarn said unusual stretchability, said lively yarn being plied: with. a temporary restraining yarn that subdues said liveliness sufliciently to permit practical handling of the lively yarn in knitting and weaving operations, said restraining yarn being removable by dissolving with chemicals that have no effect on said twisted yarn, said twisted yarn being heat-set and thereby stabilized against adverse effects on its liveliness upon encountering elevated temperature conditions, and said twisted yarn being adapted to resume said substantial liveliness upon removal of said temporary restraining yarn.

2. Composite yarn as defined in claim 1 in which the twisted yarn is composed of synthetic fibers.

3. Composite yarn as defined in claim 1 and in which the twisted yarn is nylon.

4. Composite yarn as defined in claim 1 and in which the twisted yarn is multifilament nylon yarn.

5. Composite yarn as defined in claim 1 and in which the twisted yarn is monofilament nylon yarn.

6. Composite the temporary restraining yarn is silk.

UNITED STATES PATENTS Miles Sept. 15, Meade Oct. 26, Hathorne et al. July 18, Dorgin Nov. 13, Neumager June 16, Brooks June 1,

FOREIGN PATENTS Great Britain Jan. 2, Great Britain Feb. 2,

OTHER REFERENCES Hosiery and Underwear Review, December 1950.

yarn as defined in claim 1 and in which

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