US20200345870A1 - Positron emission tomography radiotracer for diseases associated with translocator protein overexpression, translocator protein-targeting ligand for fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy, and production methods therefor - Google Patents

Positron emission tomography radiotracer for diseases associated with translocator protein overexpression, translocator protein-targeting ligand for fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy, and production methods therefor Download PDF

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US20200345870A1
US20200345870A1 US16/929,803 US202016929803A US2020345870A1 US 20200345870 A1 US20200345870 A1 US 20200345870A1 US 202016929803 A US202016929803 A US 202016929803A US 2020345870 A1 US2020345870 A1 US 2020345870A1
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fluorine
radiotracer
precursor
labeled
reaction solution
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Sang Eun Kim
Byung Chul Lee
Sang Hee LEE
Nunzio Denora
Valentino Laquintana
Angela Assunta Lopedota
Annalisa Cutrignelli
Massimo Franco
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SNU R&DB Foundation
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
    • A61K51/0455—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A61K41/0038—Radiosensitizing, i.e. administration of pharmaceutical agents that enhance the effect of radiotherapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A61K41/0057—Photodynamic therapy with a photosensitizer, i.e. agent able to produce reactive oxygen species upon exposure to light or radiation, e.g. UV or visible light; photocleavage of nucleic acids with an agent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/001—Preparation for luminescence or biological staining
    • A61K49/0013—Luminescence
    • A61K49/0017—Fluorescence in vivo
    • A61K49/005—Fluorescence in vivo characterised by the carrier molecule carrying the fluorescent agent
    • A61K49/0052—Small organic molecules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
    • A61K51/0453—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
    • C07B59/002—Heterocyclic compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fluorine-18-labeled positron emission tomography radiotracer for targeting translocator protein overexpression, a fluorescent ligand for fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy, and production methods therefor, and more particularly to: a fluorine-18-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer which is produced using an iodonium salt or boron ester precursor and has an excellent ability to be selectively and specifically taken up into inflammatory regions in neuroinflammation and tumor models; a translocator protein overexpression-targeting fluorescent ligand for fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy, which is produced by introducing a fluorescent material instead of fluorine-18; and production methods therefor.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • Microglial cells of the central nervous system contribute to the activation and homeostatic maintenance of the nervous system, and function to maintain neurons or cause apoptosis by secreting neurotrophins, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, or the like.
  • the activation of microglial cells has been reported in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, and diseases such as stroke, brain injury, and brain infection. It is also known that the deposition of beta amyloid, which is a factor associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease, causes the activation of microglial cells.
  • TSPO 18-kDa translocator protein
  • [ 11 C]DAA1106 has also been reported to have the problem of showing low TSPO-specific signals in TSPO.
  • C-11-labeled AT-acetyl-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxy-5-pyridinamine [ 11 C] PBR28) developed to overcome the pharmacokinetic disadvantages of this [ 11 C]DAA1106) has a high signal-to-noise ratio while maintaining the basic chemical structure of [ 11 C]DAA1106, and thus has been verified as an imaging radiotracer for translocator protein overexpression and researched clinically.
  • [11C] PBR28 is also a compound labeled with carbon-11 having a short half-life, it is a radiotracer that can be used only for a short time after production, and has disadvantages in that it involves a high possibility of radiation exposure and can be applied only to a maximum of two patients depending on the number of PET systems after produced once.
  • the aliphatic ethyl fluorine-18 used in the synthesis of [ 18 F]CB251 has an advantage in that the labeling method is simple, but has disadvantages in that it can be easily metabolized in vivo and in that when fluorine-18 ions produced by the metabolism, which are mainly taken up into bone, are taken up into bone, an image having a lower signal-to-noise ratio compared to a target site is provided.
  • many research groups have attempted to develop compounds in which aromatic compounds are labeled directly with fluorine-18 to increase the in vivo stability of fluorine-18.
  • This aromatic fluorine-18 labeling method is useful for providing in vivo images having a high signal-to-noise ratio by strong carbon-fluorine (C(sp2)-F) bonding, but the reactivity of the aromatic nucleophilic fluorine-18 label is lower than that of the aliphatic fluorine-18 label, and hence various precursors and reaction techniques for increasing the reactivity have still been developed. Accordingly, there is a need for a radiotracer capable of targeting overexpression of a disease-specific translocator protein while allowing simple and efficient labeling with the radioisotope fluorine-18 at the aromatic position of the target compound.
  • ligands which have a high binding affinity for translocator protein and provide selective in vivo imaging, will expend their applications not only to radiotracers for PET imaging but also to fluorescent ligands for use in fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy which can visually provide information on tumor distribution by providing optimal images during surgery through the introduction of fluorescent materials.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide: a PET imaging radiotracer for the diagnosis of neuroinflammation and cancer diseases associated with translocator protein overexpression, which is produced by labeling a translocator protein-targeting ligand with the positron-emitting nuclide fluorine-18; a fluorescent ligand for fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy, which is produced by introducing a fluorescent material instead of fluorine-18 to the same ligand; and production methods therefor.
  • a method for producing a fluorine-18-labeled PET imaging radiotracer for targeting translocator protein overexpression including the steps of: preparing a fluorine-18 reaction solution by adding, to acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), water having dissolved therein fluorine-18 produced from a cyclotron, together with a phase transition catalyst, followed by heating to a temperature of 85 to 95° C.; producing either an iodonium salt precursor (type A precursor) by reacting 2-(4-trimethyltinaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)dipropylacetamide with a (diacetoxy)iodoarene derivative, or a boron ester precursor (type B precursor) by reacting 2-(4-bromoaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)dipropylacetamide with bis(pin
  • the method may further include the first purification step of purifying the radiotracer composition by adding an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution to the radiotracer composition, followed by adsorption onto a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge, washing with water, and then elution with ethanol.
  • the method may further include the second purification step of purifying the radiotracer composition using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a 244 to 264 nm UV detector and a radioisotope gamma-ray detector.
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • the step of producing the fluorine-18 reaction solution may be performed by further adding 18-crown-6 ([C 2 H 4 O] 6 )/cesium hydrogen carbonate (CsHCO 3 ) as the phase transition catalyst to increase the fluorine-18 labeling reactivity.
  • 18-crown-6 [C 2 H 4 O] 6
  • cesium hydrogen carbonate CsHCO 3
  • a ligand and a fluorine-18-labeled PET imaging radiotracer for targeting translocator protein overexpression which are represented by Formula 1 below and produced either by a method including the steps of: preparing a solvent-evaporated fluorine-18 reaction solution by adding, to CH 3 CN, water having fluorine-18 dissolved therein, followed by heating to a temperature of 85 to 95° C.; producing an iodonium salt precursor (type A precursor) by reacting 2-(4-trimethyltinaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)dipropylacetamide with (diacetoxy)iodoarene; preparing an iodonium salt precursor reaction solution by dissolving the iodonium salt precursor and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) in CH 3 CN, and producing a radiotracer composition containing a fluorine-18-lab
  • TEMPO 2,2,6,6-te
  • R is 18 F or 19 F
  • X is C or N
  • Y is C or N.
  • the 2-fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative may be synthesized from an iodonium salt or boron ester precursor (type A or B precursor) represented by Formula 2 below:
  • Z in Formula 2 above may be a functional group selected from the group consisting of iodobenzene tosylate, iodotoluene tosylate, 2-iodo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene tosylate, 4-iodoanisole tosylate, 3-iodoanisole tosylate, 2-iodothiophene tosylate, 3-iodothiophene tosylate, iodobenzene bromide, iodotoluene bromide, 2-iodo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene bromide, 4-iodoanizole bromide, 3-iodoanisole bromide, 2-iodocyophene bromide, 3-iodothiophene bromide, iodobenzene iodide, iodotoluene iodide, 2-iodo-1,3,5-trimethylbenz
  • a fluorescent ligand for targeting translocator protein overexpression represented by Formula 3 below, which is produced by introducing a fluorescent dye or a sensitizer, which has a functional group for complementary bonding, to a 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative precursor substituted with one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains containing a functional group, which is generally (universally) used for bonding with a fluorescent molecule as shown in Formula 4 below:
  • the linker that connects the PEG to the fluorescent dye or the sensitizer may be a compound selected from the group consisting of ether, amide, ester, urea, urethane, thiourea, and disulfide, and the PEG is substituted at any one of the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the ring containing X and Y.
  • the fluorescent ligand having the fluorescent dye or sensitizer introduced thereto may be synthesized from a 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl)dipropylacetamide precursor substituted with one more polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains containing a terminal functional group capable of binding with a fluorescent molecule as shown in Formula 4 below:
  • X is C or N
  • Y is C or N
  • the number (n) of the polyethylene glycol chains is 1 to 10.
  • Z in Formula 4 may be a functional group selected from the group consisting of acid, alcohol, thiol, amine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, bromide, iodide, chloride, N-succinimidyl ester, and sulfo-N-succinimidyl ester, and the PEG is substituted at any one of the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the ring containing X and Y.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a reaction scheme showing a process of synthesizing a fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer using an iodonium salt or boron ester precursor according to one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 depicts HPLC chromatograms showing the results of separating a pure fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer from a synthetic mixture, which is a derivative of Formula 2, in an example of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 depicts HPLC chromatograms showing the results of injecting a pure fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer, which is a derivative of Formula 2, simultaneously with a reference material having a non-radioisotope, in order to check whether the pure fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer is the same as the reference material, in an example of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 depicts images showing the uptake of the fluorine-18-labeleld radiotracer [ 18 F]BS224 ([ 18 F]BS compound, 18 F-labeled Bari and Seoul National University compound) in a portion having neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injected directly into the rat's brain in order to evaluate usefulness against neuroinflammation in a method for evaluating the biological results obtained using a fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer for PET imaging for targeting translocator protein overexpression, synthesized according to the present invention;
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • FIG. 5 depicts images showing the uptake of a fluorine-18-labeleld radiotracer in a portion having cerebral ischemia induced in a middle cerebral artery occlusion ((MCA( ) rat model in order to evaluate diagnostic usefulness for stroke and cerebral infarction diseases in a method for evaluating the biological results obtained using the fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer [ 18 F]BS224 for PET imaging for targeting translocator protein overexpression, synthesized according to the present invention;
  • MCA( ) rat model middle cerebral artery occlusion
  • FIG. 6 is a table comparing the binding affinity of BS224 (Bari and Seoul National University compound 224), which is a ligand for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention, for TSPO or CBR, with the binding affinities of existing compounds known to bind to TSPO or CBR, in rat cerebrocortical samples;
  • FIG. 7 compares the PET images acquired using the PET imaging radiotracer [ 18 F]BS224 for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention with the PET images acquired using existing [ 18 F]CB251 in normal persons;
  • FIG. 8 compares TSPO PET images acquired from a normal person and a midbrain stroke patient using the ligand [ 18 F]BS224 for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention, and shows a graph comparing the radio activity in the lesion region with that of the normal person.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a reaction scheme showing a process of synthesizing a fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer using an iodonium salt or boron ester precursor according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 depicts HPLC chromatograms showing the results of separating a pure fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer from a synthetic mixture, which is a derivative of Formula 2, in an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 depicts HPLC chromatograms showing the results of injecting a pure fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer, which is a derivative of Formula 2, simultaneously with a reference material having a non-radioisotope, in order to check whether the pure fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer is the same as the reference material, in an example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 depicts images showing the uptake of the fluorine-18-labeleld radiotracer [ 18 F]BS224 ([ 18 F]BS compound, 18 F-labeled Bari and
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • FIG. 5 depicts images showing the uptake of a fluorine-18-labeleld radiotracer in a portion having cerebral ischemia induced in a middle cerebral artery occlusion ((MCA( ) rat model in order to evaluate diagnostic usefulness for stroke and cerebral infarction diseases in a method for evaluating the biological results obtained using the fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer [ 18 F]BS224 for PET imaging for targeting translocator protein overexpression, synthesized according to the present invention.
  • MCA( ) rat model middle cerebral artery occlusion
  • FIG. 6 is a table comparing the binding affinity of BS224 (Bari and Seoul National University compound 224), which is a ligand for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention, for TSPO or CBR, with the binding affinities of existing compounds known to bind to TSPO or CBR, in rat cerebrocortical samples.
  • BS224 Bari and Seoul National University compound 224
  • FIG. 7 compares the PET images acquired using the PET imaging radiotracer [ 18 F]BS224 for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention with the PET images acquired using existing [ 18 F]CB251 in normal persons.
  • FIG. 8 shows TSPO PET images acquired from a normal person and a midbrain stroke patient using the ligand [ 18 F]BS224 for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention, brain PET images acquired from the same midbrain stroke patient, and a graph comparing the radio activity between the normal brain cell region and the lesion region in the PET images.
  • a method for producing a fluorine-18-labeled PET imaging radiotracer for targeting translocator protein overexpression may include the steps of:
  • an iodonium salt precursor (type A precursor) by reacting 2-(4-trimethyltinaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)dipropylacetamide with a (diacetoxy)iodoarene derivative, or a boron ester precursor (type B precursor) by reacting 2-(4-bromoaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)dipropylacetamide with bis(pinacolato)diboron;
  • radiotracer composition containing a fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer compound by adding the iodonium salt precursor reaction solution to the fluorine-18 reaction solution, followed by heating and reaction
  • producing a radiotracer composition containing a fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer compound by adding the boron ester precursor reaction solution to the fluorine-18 reaction solution, followed by heating and reaction.
  • the ligand and the fluorine-18-labeled PET imaging radiotracer for targeting translocator protein overexpression may be compounds represented by Formula 1 below:
  • R is 18 F or 19 F
  • X is C or N
  • Y is C or N.
  • the 2-fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative may be synthesized from an iodonium salt or boron ester precursor (type A or B precursor) represented by Formula 2 below:
  • the fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer of Formula 1 may be produced by reacting the iodonium salt or boron ester precursor of Formula 2 with a [ 18 F] cesium fluoride compound formed through the phase transition catalyst (18-crown-6/cesium hydrogen carbonate) added to increase the fluorine-18 labeling reactivity, thereby labeling the aromatic ring with 18 F:
  • the reaction product of Reaction Scheme 1 above may be an iodonium salt or boron ester precursor, and Z in Reaction Scheme 1 above may be a functional group selected from the group consisting of iodobenzene tosylate, iodotoluene tosylate, 2-iodo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene tosylate, 4-iodoanisole tosylate, 3-iodoanisole tosylate, 2-iodothiophene tosylate, 3-iodothiophene tosylate, iodobenzene bromide, iodotoluene bromide, 2-iodo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene bromide, 4-iodoanizole bromide, 3-iodoanisole bromide, 2-iodocyophene bromide, 3-iodothiophene bromide, iodobenzene iodide,
  • Y may be carbon in the case where X is nitrogen, and X may be carbon in the case where Y is nitrogen. Alternatively, both X and Y may be carbon.
  • the introduction of 18 F may be performed by a process including the steps of: preparing a water-evaporated fluorine-18 reaction solution by heating to a temperature of 85 to 95° C.
  • the compound of Formula 2 which is used as a starting material in the production of the fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer, has a structure in which the benzene or pyridine ring on the right side of the iodonium salt precursor is substituted with iodobenzene tosylate, iodotoluene tosylate, or the like, which results in the difference in electron density of the benzene or pyridine ring of the iodonium salt precursor between the two aromatics on both sides with respect to iodine.
  • the substituent exhibits the effect of increasing the yield and selectivity while allowing the right ring of the iodonium salt precursor to be substituted directly with fluorine-18.
  • the 2-fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative represented by Formula 1 may be produced by the method shown in Reaction Scheme 2 below:
  • compound d in Reaction Scheme 2 is a kind of 2-fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative of Formula 1.
  • the fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative may be produced through the steps of: producing compound (b) by reacting compound (a) with dipropylamine in the presence of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and TEA in a tetrahydrofuran solvent (derivative production step 1); producing compound (c) by reacting compound (b) with bromine in a tetrachlorocarbon solvent (derivative production step 2); and producing compound (d) by reacting compound (c) with 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine in a dimethylformamide solvent (derivative production step 3).
  • the intermediate product obtained in each step may be separated/purified by a filtration method, a purification method or the like known in the organic synthesis field.
  • the fluorine-18 [ 18 E]-introduced fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative of Formula 1 may be produced from the iodonium salt or boron ester precursor represented by Formula 2 below:
  • the iodonium salt or boron ester precursor of Formula 2 may be used as a starting material for producing the fluorine-18 [ 18 F]-introduced fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative of Formula 1.
  • Z in Formula 2 allows the electron density of the right ring of the iodonium salt precursor to be different from that of the aromatic compound on the opposite side with respect to iodine, so that it exhibits the effect of increasing the yield and selectivity while allowing fluorine-18 to be introduced directly to the benzene or pyridine on the right side of the iodonium salt precursor.
  • the produce of introducing a fluorine-containing -Z group to the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative may be performed by the step of introducing the -Z group to the right ring of the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative (compound (e)), as shown in Reaction Schemes 3 and 4 below:
  • the compounds that are reacted with compound (3) to introduce the -Z group may be (diacetoxy)arene and para-toluene sulfonic acid.
  • the compounds that are reacted with compound (g) to introduce a boron ester group may be bis(pinacolato)diboron and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] palladium(II) dichloride.
  • the reaction of Reaction Scheme 3 may be performed by dissolving diacetoxyarene in a CH 3 CN solvent, adding para-toluene sulfonic acid thereto, and adding thereto dropwise a solution of a composition for the introduction of the -Z group in a chloroform solvent, followed by stirring at 50° C. for 15 to 18 hours.
  • the reaction of Reaction Scheme 4 may be performed by adding, to a dimethylformamide solvent, a compound for the introduction of the -R group, bis(pinacolato)diboron and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] palladium(II) dichloride, followed by stirring at 80° C. for 5 hours.
  • the present invention also provides a sensitizer-labeled, translocator protein overexpression-targeting tracer for fluorescence imaging-guided surgery and photodynamic therapy, which is represented by Formula 3 below and produced by a method including the step of producing a fluorescent ligand through a reaction between a 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative precursor substituted with one or more PEG chains having a functional group, which is generally (universally) used for bonding to a biomolecule as shown in Formula 4 below, and a fluorescent dye or photodynamic therapy sensitizer having a functional group for complementary bonding to the precursor:
  • the linker that connects the PEG to the fluorescent dye or photodynamic therapy sensitizer may be a compound selected from the group consisting of ether, amide, ester, urea, urethane, thiourea, and disulfide, and the PEG is substituted at any one of the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the ring containing X and Y.
  • the PEG chain-substituted 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative having a fluorescent dye or the sensitizer introduced thereto may be synthesized from a PEG chain-substituted 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative precursor represented by Formula 4 below:
  • X is C or N
  • Y is C or N
  • the number (n) of the polyethylene glycol chains is 1 to 10.
  • Z in Formula 4 may be a functional group selected from the group consisting of acid, alcohol, thiol, amine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, bromide, iodide, chloride, N-succinimidyl ester, and sulfo-N-succinimidyl ester, and the PEG is substituted at any one of the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the ring containing X and Y.
  • the PEG chain-substituted 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative having a fluorescent dye or sensitizer introduced thereto as shown in Formula 3 above may be produced through a reaction between the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative precursor, substituted with one or more PEG chains as represented by Formula 4 above, which have a functional group which is generally (universally) used to connect a particular molecule to a biomolecule by covalent bonding, and a fluorescent dye or photodynamic therapy sensitizer having a functional group for complementary bonding to the precursor.
  • the fluorescent dye or sensitizer that is used in the present invention may be a compound selected from the group consisting of porphyrin-based compounds, porphyrin precursor-based compounds, phthalocyanine-based compounds, porphycene-based compounds, chlorine-based compounds, fluorescein-based compounds, anthracene-based compounds, hypericin, furocoumarin-based compounds, chlorophyll derivatives, purpurin-based compounds, phenothiazines, methylene blue, violet green, azure C, thionine, nile blue A, hypocrellin, rose bengal, rhodamine 123, IR-700, IR-780, PC-413, and lutetium texaphyrin.
  • the porphyrin-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of hematoporphyrin derivatives, dihematoporphyrin ether/ester, porfimer sodium, tetrasodium-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin-sulphonate, and metallotetra-azaporphyrin.
  • the porphyrin precursor-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of d-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), d-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-methyl-, propyl-, and hexyl-esters.
  • ALA d-aminolevulinic acid
  • ALA d-aminolevulinic acid
  • the phthalocyanine-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of chloroaluminum tetra-sulfonated phthalocyanine, zinc(II) phthalocyanine, silicone naphthalocyanine, and aluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine.
  • the porphycene-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of 9-acetoxy-2,7,12,17-tetra-N-propylporphycene, 2-hydroxyethyl-7,12,17-tris(methoxyethyl)porphycene, and 23-carboxy-24-methoxycarbonylbenzo(2,3)-7,12,17-tri(methoxyethyl)-porphycene.
  • the chlorine-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of mono-aspartyl chlorine e6, diaspartyl chlorine e6, chlorine e6 sodium, and bacteriochlorin.
  • the fluorescein-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of fluorescein sodium and tetrabromofluorescein-eosin.
  • the anthracene-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of anthraquinone, acridine orange, and acridine yellow.
  • the furocoumarin-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of 5-methooxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen.
  • the purpurin-based compound may be selected from the group consisting of metallopurpurin and tin etiopurpurin.
  • the fluorine-18-introduced 2-fluoroaryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative of Formula 1 has a high binding affinity for TSPO present in the outer mitochondrial membrane in cells, and thus may be a PET radiotracer for diseases related to TSPO overexpression.
  • the positrons released from fluorine-18 after binding to TSPO in the body meet electrons in the body and annihilate.
  • Two gamma-ray energies (511 keV) produced during the annihilation may be collected and a relevant region showing high specific expression of TSPO in the body may be directly and non-invasively imaged by PET.
  • the fluorescent molecule-introduced 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative of Formula 3 may bind to cancer cells specifically expressing TSPO in the body by a mechanism similar to the above-described mechanism, thus providing an image guide to a correct tumor site during tumor surgery.
  • it may be used as a sensitizer that can more effectively receive the light in the therapeutic wavelength range from an affected area.
  • it may be used in photodynamic therapy in which it binds directly to TSPO in a tumor, and then induces cell necrosis when locally exposed to a light source.
  • the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative compound having the property of binding to TSPO overexpressed in vivo and is injected in vivo and the relevant region is irradiated with light having a specific wavelength corresponding to the fluorescent dye after sufficient targeting of TSPO the substance bound thereto can be visualized by light emission, thus providing guidelines for tumor surgery.
  • the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative having introduced thereto a sensitizer for photodynamic therapy can treat a tumor by releasing reactive oxygen species into the relevant region when receiving light having a specific wavelength.
  • the uptake and release of the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative in a brain and a tumor may be controlled by modifying X or Y of the aryl on the right side of the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative of Formula 1 or 2 or by changing the position of substitution of fluorine-18 or a fluorescent dye or sensitizer introduced via one or more PET chains. If necessary, the uptake and release rates of the derivative may be controlled by increasing the polarity of these substituents.
  • the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivatives of Formulas 1 and 3 according to the present invention may advantageously be used to determine whether various brain diseases and tumors associated with translocator protein overexpression are present or to diagnose and treat the relevant region by administration to mammals, preferably humans.
  • Step 2 Preparation of 3-bromo-4-(4-bromophenyl)-4-oxo-dipropylbutanamide
  • Step 3 Preparation of 2-(2-(4-bromophenyl)-6,8-dichloro-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide
  • Step 4 Preparation of 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-(trimethylstannyl)phenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide
  • a product having high molar activity can be obtained.
  • a fluorine-18 reaction solution is prepared by adding, to CH 3 CN, water containing fluorine-18 dissolved therein.
  • diaryliodonium salt whose aromatic ring compound can be labeled with nucleophilic fluorine-18 without having to use a separate electron-attracting functional group
  • 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-(trimethylstannyl)phenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide is produced and reacted with 4-(diacetoxy)iodoarene to obtain a ((4-(6,8-dichloro-3-(2-(dipropylamino)-2-oxoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) (aryl)iodonium) anion precursor.
  • This iodonium salt precursor is dissolved in CH 3 CN to obtain an iodonium salt reaction solution.
  • a radiotracer composition [ 18 F]BS224) containing a fluorine-18-labeled radiotracer compound may be easily obtained.
  • the step of producing the ((4-(6,8-dichloro-3-(2-(dipropylamino)-2-oxoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) (aryl)iodonium) anion precursor by reacting 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-(trimethylstannyl)phenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide with 4-(diacetoxy)iodotoluene may be performed, as shown in Reaction Scheme 5 below.
  • the step of preparing the fluorine-18 reaction solution may be performed by further adding cesium hydrogen carbonate/18-crown-6 to CH 3 CN to promote the reactivity of fluorine.
  • the production method may further include the first purification step of purifying the radiotracer composition by adding an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution to the radiotracer composition, followed by adsorption onto a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge, washing with water, and then elution with ethanol.
  • the production method may further include the second purification step of purifying the radiotracer composition using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a 244 to 264 nm UV detector and a radioisotope gamma-ray detector.
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • a PEG chain-substituted 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative having a sensitizer introduced thereto as shown in Formula 3 above may be produced by introducing, for example, an IR-780 compound, through amide bonding, as shown in Reaction Scheme 6 below:
  • This compound produced by introducing the photosensitizer IR-780 compound to the 2-aryl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative has the following advantages when used in photodynamic therapy. Since IR-780 acts as a compound that generates heat in cells, into which it has been taken up, when receiving light having a specific wavelength (780 to 800 nm), a therapy that burns a tumor by heat generated by irradiating light into a region into which the compound has been taken up may be applied even to a case in which surgery for selectively removing a tumor such as a bladder tumor is difficult and to a tumor therapy in which the functionality of an organ is highly likely to be lost due to surgery.
  • the present invention also provides a fluorine-18-labeled PET radiotracer ([ 18 F]BS224) for targeting translocator protein overexpression represented by Formula 5 below, which is produced by a method including the steps of: preparing a water-evaporated fluorine-18 reaction solution by adding water containing fluorine-18 dissolved thereto to CH 3 CN, followed by heating to a temperature of 85 to 95° C.; producing a ((4-(6,8-dichloro-3-(2-(dipropylamino)-2-oxoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) (aryl)iodonium) anion precursor as an iodonium salt precursor by reacting a 2-trimethyltinaryl-6, 8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative with 4-(diacetoxy)iodoarene; preparing an iodonium salt precursor reaction solution by dissolving the precursor and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-
  • the fluorine-18-labeled PET radiotracer ([ 18 F]BS224, 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-[ 18 F]fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide) for targeting translocator protein overexpression according to the present invention makes it possible to obtain new images of neuroinflammation and tumors associated with translocator protein overexpression by positron emission tomography, thus diagnosing patients with various brain diseases and tumors associated with translocator protein overexpression.
  • the PET radiotracer of the present invention can provide brain neuroinflammation and tumor imaging diagnostics to a larger number of patients compared to conventional carbon-11 tracers.
  • a 2-pyridyl-6,8-dichloroimidazopyridine derivative may be synthesized as shown in Reaction Scheme 6 such that it has a pyridine ring instead of the benzene ring on the right side of the [ 18 F]BS224 compound.
  • the release of the synthesized derivative compound in a normal brain is suppressed, and thus the synthesized derivative compound may more rapidly provide the difference between a TSPO-overexpressing region and normal cells.
  • Example 1 Synthesis of 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-[ 18 F] fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide using iodonium salt precursor
  • iodonium salt precursor (4 mg, (4-(6,8-dichloro-3-(2-(dipropylamino)-2-oxoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) (p-tolyl)iodonium) and 1 mg of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy were dissolved in 0.3 ml of acetonitrile (container 2), and then the solution was added to container 1, followed by reaction by heating at 140° C. for 10 minutes.
  • the eluted solution was purified using an HPLC system (Waters, Xterra Semi-preparative C18 column, 10 ⁇ 250 mm, 10 ⁇ m; 50% acetonitrile-water, 254 nm, flow rate: 5.0 mL/min) equipped with a 254 nm UV detector and a radioisotope gamma-ray detector, and fluorine-18-labeled [ 18 F]BS224 was isolated with a radiochemical yield of about 25% at 34 minutes.
  • HPLC system Waters, Xterra Semi-preparative C18 column, 10 ⁇ 250 mm, 10 ⁇ m; 50% acetonitrile-water, 254 nm, flow rate: 5.0 mL/min
  • a boron ester precursor (3 mg, 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-N,N-dipropylacetamide) and a copper catalyst (0.2 mg of copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate, or 0.4 mg of tetrakis(pyridine)copper(II) triflate) were dissolved in 0.5 ml of acetonitrile (container 2), and then the solution was added to container 1, followed by reaction by heating at 110° C. for 10 minutes.
  • the eluted solution was purified using an HPLC system (Waters, Xterra Semi-preparative C18 column, 10 ⁇ 250 mm, 10 ⁇ m; 50% acetonitrile-water, 254 nm, flow rate: 5.0 mL/min) equipped with a 254 nm UV detector and a radioisotope gamma-ray detector, and fluorine-18-labeled [ 18 F]BS224pyridine was isolated with a radiochemical yield of about 9% at 34 minutes.
  • HPLC system Waters, Xterra Semi-preparative C18 column, 10 ⁇ 250 mm, 10 ⁇ m; 50% acetonitrile-water, 254 nm, flow rate: 5.0 mL/min
  • reaction mixture was purified using an HPLC system (Waters, Xterra Semi-preparative C18 column, 10 ⁇ 250 mm, 10 ⁇ m; 50% acetonitrile-water, 254 nm, flow rate: 5.0 mL/min) equipped with a 254 nm UV detector and a radioisotope gamma-ray detector, and 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide (BS224) was isolated at about 34 minutes.
  • HPLC system Waters, Xterra Semi-preparative C18 column, 10 ⁇ 250 mm, 10 ⁇ m; 50% acetonitrile-water, 254 nm, flow rate: 5.0 mL/min
  • reaction mixture was filtered through celite, and then extracted with water and dichloromethane.
  • the extracted organic solvent was dried over sodium sulfate, and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to afford the desired compound.
  • a neuroinflammatory rat model male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used. The rats were anesthetized, the skull was exposed, and a small hole was punctured using a bone drill. Next, 50 ⁇ g of LPS was infused into the predetermined right striatum by the use of a Hamilton syringe at a flow rate of 0.5 ⁇ L/min (AP, 0.8 mm; L, ⁇ 2.7 mm and P, ⁇ 5.0 mm from the bregma). The Hamilton syringe was sustained in place for 10 min to avoid the backflow of LPS. The small hole in the skull was filled with wax, and the incised scalp was sutured.
  • AP 0.8 mm
  • L ⁇ 2.7 mm
  • P ⁇ 5.0 mm from the bregma
  • a nylon probe was inserted through the incision to the middle cerebral artery. After inserting the probe, the incised neck portion was closed with a stapler, and then the blood flow was blocked for 60 minutes. After removing the stapler, the probe was carefully pulled out and the threads on both sides of the internal carotid artery were removed. Among the two threads, the thread in the direction of the middle cerebral artery was tied again, and then the thread in the total carotid artery was removed. The incised neck portion was sutured.
  • [ 18 F]BS224 dispersed in 5% ethanol/saline was added to and mixed with n-octanol (5 mL) and sodium phosphate buffer (0.15 M, pH 7.4, 5.0 mL), and then lipophilicity was measured five times. Samples of each phase were counted for radioactivity, and the lipophilicity was expressed as the ratio of the counts per minute from n-octanol versus that of the sodium phosphate buffer. The lipophilicity of [ 18 F]BS224 was 2.78 ⁇ 0.4.
  • the present invention provides a method for producing a fluorine-18-labeled PET radiotracer for targeting translocator protein overexpression, the method including the steps of: preparing a solvent-evaporated fluorine-18 reaction solution by adding water having fluorine-18 dissolved therein to CH 3 CN, followed by heating to a temperature of 85 to 95° C.; producing a ((4-(6,8-dichloro-3-(2-(dipropylamino)-2-oxoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl) (aryl)iodonium) anion precursor as an iodonium salt precursor by reacting 2-(6,8-dichloro-2-(4-(trimethylstannyl)phenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide with 4-(diacetoxy)iodotoluene; producing 2-(6,8-dichloro-2
  • the use of the fluorine-18-labeled PET radiotracer for targeting translocator protein radiotracer according to the present invention makes it possible to diagnose patients with various brain diseases and tumors by obtaining new images of neuroinflammation, stroke and tumors associated with translocator protein overexpression through PET.
  • the PET radiotracer of the present invention can provide brain neuroinflammation and tumor imaging diagnostics to a larger number of patients compared to conventional carbon-11 tracers.

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