US20200039945A1 - Compounds - Google Patents

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US20200039945A1
US20200039945A1 US16/446,868 US201916446868A US2020039945A1 US 20200039945 A1 US20200039945 A1 US 20200039945A1 US 201916446868 A US201916446868 A US 201916446868A US 2020039945 A1 US2020039945 A1 US 2020039945A1
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mmol
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Inventor
Helen Rachel Lagiakos
Benjamin Joseph Morrow
Richard Charles Foitzik
Catherine Fae Hemley
Michelle Ang Camerino
Paul Anthony Stupple
Ylva Elisabet Bergman Bozikis
Scott Raymond Walker
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Monash University
CTXT Pty Ltd
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CTXT Pty Ltd
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Assigned to MONASH UNIVERSITY reassignment MONASH UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WALKER, Scott Raymond, HEMLEY, Catherine Fae, LAGIAKOS, H. Rachel, BOZIKIS, Ylva Elisabet Bergman, CAMERINO, Michelle Ang, FOITZIK, Richard Charles, MORROW, Benjamin Joseph, STUPPLE, PAUL ANTHONY
Assigned to CTXT PTY LTD reassignment CTXT PTY LTD ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MONASH UNIVERSITY
Publication of US20200039945A1 publication Critical patent/US20200039945A1/en
Priority to US17/392,356 priority Critical patent/US20220153710A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
    • C07D261/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
    • A61K31/423—Oxazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4245—Oxadiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/428—Thiazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds which act as Lysine Acetyl Transferase (KAT) inhibitors of the MYST family.
  • KAT Lysine Acetyl Transferase
  • the MYST family is the largest family of KATs and is named after the founding members in yeast and mammals: MOZ, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2 and TIP60 (Dekker 2014). MYST proteins mediate many biological functions including gene regulation, DNA repair, cell-cycle regulation and development (Avvakumov 2007; Voss 2009). The KAT proteins of the MYST family play key roles in post-translational modification of histones and thus have a profound effect on chromatin structure in the eukaryotic nucleus (Avvakumov 2007).
  • the family currently comprises five mammalian KATs: TIP60 (KAT5; HTATIP; MIM 601409), MOZ (KAT6A; MIM 601408; MYST3), MORF (KAT6b; QKF; MYST4), HBO (KAT8; HBO1; MYST2) and MOF (KAT8; MYST1) (Voss 2009).
  • TIP60 KAT5; HTATIP; MIM 601409
  • MOZ KAT6A; MIM 601408; MYST3
  • MORF KAT6b; QKF; MYST4
  • HBO KAT8; HBO1; MYST2
  • MOF KAT8; MYST1
  • MYST proteins function in multisubunit protein complexes including adaptors such as ING proteins that mediate DNA binding (Avvakumov 2007).
  • ING proteins that mediate DNA binding
  • TIP60 is affiliated to the NuA4 multiprotein complex (which embraces more than 16 members) (Zhang 2017).
  • Holbert 2007 there have also been some reports of a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif within the structure of the MOZ protein itself (Holbert 2007), which suggests the capacity to bind directly to DNA.
  • the acetyltransferase activity of MYST proteins is effected by the MYST domain (the catalytic domain).
  • the MYST domain contains an acetyl-coenzyme A binding motif, which is structurally conserved with other HATs, and an unusual C 2 HC-type zinc finger (Voss 2009).
  • the highly conserved MYST domain, including the acetyl-CoA binding motif and zinc finger, is considered to be the defining feature of this family of enzymes (Avvakumov 2007).
  • HBO1 positively regulates initiation of DNA replication (Avvakumov 2007; Aggarwal 2004; Doyon 2006; Iizuka 2006) via acetylation of histone substrates, which presumably leads to a more accessible chromatin conformation (Avvakumov 2007, Iizuka 2006).
  • HBO1 is also known to play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer by promoting an enrichment of cancer stem-like cells (Duong 2013) and by destabilising the estrogen receptor ⁇ (ER ⁇ ) through ubiquinitiation, which proceeds via the histone-acetylating activity of HBO1 (Iizuka 2013).
  • HBO1 has also been implicated in Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) (Shi 2015).
  • TIP60 (KAT5) is the most studied member of the MYST family. TIP60 plays an important role not only in the regulation of transcription but also in the process of DNA damage repair, particularly in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) (Gil 2017). TIP60 can acetylate p53, ATM and c-Myc. TIP60 and MOF specifically acetylate lysine 120 (K120) of p53 upon DNA damage (Avvakumov 2007). TIP60 has also been implicated in being important for regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology.
  • FOXP3 is the master regulator in the development and function of Tregs and it has been shown that acetylation of FOXP3 by TIP60 is essential for FOXP3 activity (Li 2007, Xiao 2014).
  • conditional TIP60 deletion in mice leads to a scurfy-like fatal autoimmune disease, mimicking a phenotype seen in FOXP3 knock out mice (Xiao 2014).
  • Treg cells can facilitate tumour progression by suppressing adaptive immunity against the tumour.
  • MOF males absent on the first
  • MOF was originally identified as one of the components of the dosage compensation in Drosophila , and was classified as a member of the MYST family based on functional studies and sequence analysis (Su 2016).
  • the human ortholog exhibits significant similarity to drosophila MOF; containing an acetyl-CoA-binding site, a chromodomain (which binds histones) and a C 2 HC-type zinc finger (Su 2016).
  • MOF is a key enzyme for acetylating histone H4K16, and MOF-containing complexes are implicated in various essential cell functions with links to cancer (Su 2016).
  • MOF metal-oxide-semiconductor
  • a critical role of MOF in tumorigenesis suggests a critical role of MOF in tumorigenesis (Su 2016).
  • KAT activity of MOF has been shown to be required to sustain MLL-AF9 leukemia and may be important for multiple AML subtypes (Valerio 2017).
  • KAT6B (Querkopf) was first identified in a mutation screen for genes regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development (Thomas 2000). Mice homozygous for the KAT6B mutant allele have severe defects in cerebral cortex development resulting from a severe reduction in both proliferation and differentiation of specifically the cortical progenitor population during embryonic development. KAT6B is required for the maintenance of the adult neural stem cell population and is part of a system regulating differentiation of stem cells into neurons (Merson 2006). KAT6B is also mutated in rare forms of leukaemia (Vizmanos 2003).
  • MOZ locus ranks as the 12th most commonly amplified region across all cancer types (Zack 2013). MOZ is within the 8p11-p12 amplicon, which is seen at frequencies around 10-15% in various cancers, especially breast and ovarian (Turner-Ivey 2014). MOZ was first identified as a fusion partner of the CREB-binding protein (CBP) during examination of a specific chromosomal translocation in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) (Avvakumov 2007; Borrow 1996). MOZ KAT activity is necessary for promoting the expression of MEIS1 and HOXa9, proteins that are typically seen overexpressed in some lymphomas and leukaemias.
  • CBP CREB-binding protein
  • Inhibitors of some MYSTs are known.
  • the present invention provides compounds which inhibit the activity of one or more KATs of the MYST family, i.e., TIP60, KAT6B, MOZ, HBO1 and MOF.
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in a method of therapy:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from:
  • a first aspect also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a second aspect of the present invention provides a method of treatment of cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment, a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined in the first aspect of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.
  • the second aspect of the present invention also provides the use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined in the first aspect of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer, and a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined in the first aspect of the invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the treatment of cancer.
  • the compound as defined in the first aspect may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer.
  • a third aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from:
  • R 4 is OMe
  • R 4 is Cl, and either R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are H, or R 2 is C 1-3 alkyl or bromo, and R 1 and R 3 are H; or (d) R 3 is C 1-3 alkyl and R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are H.
  • a fourth aspect of the present invention provides the synthesis of compounds as defined in the first or third aspects of the invention, as described below.
  • substituted refers to a parent group which bears one or more substituents.
  • substituted is used herein in the conventional sense and refers to a chemical moiety which is covalently attached to, or if appropriate, fused to, a parent group.
  • optionally substituted as used herein, pertains to a parent group which may be unsubstituted or which may be substituted.
  • C 5-12 heteroaryl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic structure having from 5 to 12 rings atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are ring heteroatoms.
  • aromatic structure is used to denote a single ring or fused ring systems having aromatic properties
  • ring heteroatom refers to a nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur atom.
  • the prefixes denote the number of atoms making up the aromatic structure, or range of number of atoms making up the aromatic structure, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
  • C 5-12 heteroaryl structures include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
  • N 1 pyrrole (azole) (C 5 ), pyridine (azine) (C 6 ); pyridone (C 6 ); indole (C 9 ); quinoline (C 10 ); S 1 : furan (oxole) (C 5 ); S 1 : thiophene (thiole) (C 5 ); N 1 O 1 : oxazole (C 5 ), isoxazole (C 5 ), isoxazine (C 6 ); N 2 O 1 : oxadiazole (furazan) (C 5 ); N 1 S 1 : thiazole (C 5 ), isothiazole (C 5 ); N 2 S 1 : thiadiazole (C 5 ) N 2 : imidazole (1,3-diazole) (C 5 ), pyrazole (1,2-diazole) (C 5 ), pyridazine (1,2-diazine) (C 6 ), pyr
  • Halo refers to a group selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • Cyano refers to a group —C ⁇ N.
  • Hydroxy refers to a group —OH.
  • Phenyl the term “phenyl” as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a single aromatic ring structure having 6 carbon ring atoms (—C 6 H 5 ).
  • Phenoxy the term “phenoxy” as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from the oxygen atom of phenol (—O—C 6 H 5 ).
  • C 1-4 alkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a saturated hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ), and butyl (C 4 ).
  • saturated linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), and n-butyl (C 4 ).
  • saturated branched alkyl groups include iso-propyl (C 3 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ) and tert-butyl (C 4 ).
  • C 3-6 cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon compound having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ) and cyclonexyl (C 6 ).
  • C 1-4 alkoxy refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an oxygen atom of a saturated alcohol compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It can be represented as —O—C 1-4 alkyl. Examples of C 1-4 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy (C 1 ), ethoxy (C 2 ), propyloxy (C 3 ), and butyloxy (C 4 ).
  • C 1-4 alkyl carbamoyl —NHC( ⁇ O)OR wherein R is a C 1-4 alkyl group as defined above.
  • Examples of C 1-4 alkyl carbamoyl include, but are not limited to, —N(H)C( ⁇ O)OCH 3 , —N(H)C( ⁇ O)OCH 2 CH 3 , and —N(H)C( ⁇ O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • Acylamido —NR(C ⁇ O)R′ wherein R and R′ are independently selected from H and C 1-4 alkyl as defined above. R and R′ may also be —(CH 2 ) n —, where n is 3 or 4.
  • Examples of an acylamido group include, but are not limited to, —N(H)C( ⁇ O)CF 3 , N(H)C( ⁇ O)Me, and:
  • C 1-4 alkyl ester refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an oxygen atom of a saturated carboxylic acid compound having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. It can be represented as —O—C(O)—C 1-4 alkyl.
  • C 1-4 alkyl ester groups include, but are not limited to, acetoxy (—O—C(O)—CH 3 ), propanoyloxy (—O—C(O)—CH 2 CH 3 ), butanoyloxy (—O—C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) and pentanoyloxy (—O—C(O)—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ).
  • a reference to carboxylic acid also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (—COO ⁇ ), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
  • a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (—N + HR 1 R 2 ), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for example, a hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group.
  • a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (—O ⁇ ), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
  • a salt of the active compound may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding salt of the active compound, for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge 1977.
  • a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
  • suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al +3 .
  • Suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e. NH 4 +) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2 + , NHR 3 + , NR 4 + ).
  • suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine.
  • An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) 4 + .
  • a salt may be formed with a suitable anion.
  • suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
  • Suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, trifluoroacetic acid and valeric.
  • solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g. active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
  • Certain compounds of the invention may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r-forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and I-forms; (+) and ( ⁇ ) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; ⁇ - and ⁇ -forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).
  • chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
  • stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
  • Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
  • Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
  • the compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
  • a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
  • a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
  • the terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
  • the carbon atom to which R 1 and Cy are bound may be a stereochemical centre, i.e. when R 1 is not H and R 1 and Cy are different.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be a racemic mixture, or may be in enantiomeric excess or substantially enantiomerically pure.
  • isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e. isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
  • a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, —CH 2 OH.
  • a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
  • a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g. C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
  • C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl
  • butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl
  • methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl
  • keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
  • tautomer or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.
  • proton tautomers also known as prototropic tautomers
  • Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.
  • H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; and the like.
  • isotopes examples include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as, but not limited to 2 H (deuterium, D), 3 H (tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 F, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 36 Cl, and 125 I.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H, 13C, and 14C are incorporated.
  • Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the invention may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • An 18F labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT studies.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes, particularly deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index.
  • deuterium in this context is regarded as a substituent.
  • the concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor.
  • any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom.
  • a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof.
  • Methods for the preparation (e.g. asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g. fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
  • the compounds of the present invention inhibit the activity of one or more KATs of the MYST family, i.e., TIP60, KAT6B, MOZ, HBO1 and MOF.
  • the inhibitory activity of the compounds of the invention is likely to vary between the KATs of the MYST family.
  • the compounds of the present invention may selectively inhibit the activity of one or more KATs of the MYST family over other KATs of the MYST family, i.e. the inhibitory activity of the compound may be higher for one or more of the KATs of the MYST family over one or more of the other KATs of the MYST family.
  • Compounds of the present invention may (selectively) inhbit the activity of a single KAT of the MYST family.
  • compounds of the present invention may inhibit the activity of TIP60, MORF, MOZ, HBO1 or MOF.
  • Compounds of the present invention may inhibit the activity of two KATs of the MYST family, for example MOZ and MORF.
  • Compounds of the present invention may inhibit the activity of three KATs of the MYST family, for example MOZ, MORF and HBO1.
  • Compounds of the present invention may inhibit the activity of four KATs of the MYST family, for example MOZ, MORF, HBO1 and TIP60.
  • Compounds of the present invention may inhibit the activity of all five KATs of the MYST family, thus the compounds may inhibit the activity of TIP60, MORF, MOZ, HBO1 and MOF.
  • Compounds of the present invention may, in particular, inhibit the activity of MOZ and/or KAT6B and/or HBO1 and/or TIP60.
  • Compounds disclosed herein may provide a therapeutic benefit in a number of disorders, in particular, in the treatment or prevention of cancers.
  • Inhibitors of post-translational lysine acetylation mediated by KATs of the MYST family are considered to be promising anti-neoplastic agents and therefore may be useful therapeutic agents, e.g. for use in the treatment of cancer. Such agents may also be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancers which exhibit overexpression of MYST proteins.
  • a “cancer” may be any form of cancer.
  • a cancer can comprise any one or more of the following: leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, prostate cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, colon and rectal cancer, colon cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cancer.
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • AML acute myeloid leukemia
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • CML chronic myeloid leukemia
  • non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's disease
  • prostate cancer lung cancer
  • melanoma breast cancer
  • colon and rectal cancer colon cancer
  • colon cancer squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cancer.
  • the cancer may comprise adrenocortical cancer, anal cancer, bladder cancer, blood cancer, bone cancer, brain tumor, cancer of the female genital system, cancer of the male genital system, central nervous system lymphoma, cervical cancer, childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, childhood sarcoma, endometrial cancer, endometrial sarcoma, esophageal cancer, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastrointestinal tract cancer, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, liver cancer, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant thymoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myeloma, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, nervous system cancer, neuroblastoma, oral cavity cancer, oropharyn
  • Cancers may be of a particular type.
  • types of cancer include lymphoma, melanoma, carcinoma (e.g. adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma), astrocytoma, glioma, medulloblastoma, myeloma, meningioma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma (e.g. angiosarcoma, chrondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma).
  • carcinoma e.g. adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
  • astrocytoma e.g. adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
  • astrocytoma e.g. adenocarcinoma,
  • the cancer may be a MYST overexpressing cancer.
  • the cancer may overexpress MYST protein relative to non-cancerous tissue.
  • the cancer overproduces MYST mRNA relative to non-cancerous tissue.
  • the overexpressed MYST protein or MYST mRNA may be any one KATs of the MYST family, i.e. any one of TIP60, KAT6B, MOZ, HBO1 and MOF.
  • the cancer may overexpress more than one KATs of the MYST family, e.g. two or more selected from the group consisting of TIP60, KAT6B, MOZ, HBO1 and MOF.
  • the cancer may be a cancer that evades immune recognition, e.g. via tumor-associated Treg cells.
  • the cancer may be a bromodomain overexpressing cancer:
  • the cancer cell may overexpress one or more bromodomain-containing proteins (herein referred to as “bromodomain proteins”) relative to non-cancerous tissue. It may overproduce one or more bromodomain mRNA as compared to non-cancerous tissue.
  • the level of bromodomain protein and/or mRNA in the cell is at a level approximately equivalent to that of a non-cancerous cell.
  • the cancer may overexpress one or more bromodomain proteins selected from the group consisting of; a bromodomain protein (namely BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRD7, BRD8, BRD9 and BRDT), TAF1/TAF1L, TFIID, SMARC2 (also called BRM) and SMARC4 (also called BRG1).
  • a bromodomain protein namely BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRD7, BRD8, BRD9 and BRDT
  • TAF1/TAF1L TFIID
  • SMARC2 also called BRM
  • SMARC4 also called BRG1
  • some colon cancers overexpress BRD8.
  • Some acute myeloid leukemia cells overexpress BRD4.
  • Treg cells are immunosuppressive cells, which act to prevent autoimmunity in the healthy mammalian immune system.
  • some cancers act to upregulate Treg activity to evade the host immune system.
  • Infiltration of Tregs in many tumour types correlates with poor patient prognoses and Treg cell depletion in tumour models demonstrates increased anti-tumour immune responses (Melero 2015).
  • Tumour-associated Treg suppression of the host immune system has been reported in lung (Joshi 2015), (Tso 2012), breast (Gobert 2009; Yan 2011), prostate (Miller 2006) & pancreatic (Wang X 2016) cancers.
  • FOXP3 is considered to be the master regulator of Treg differentiation, development and function of Treg cells.
  • FOXP3 acetylation of FOXP3 plays a critical role in the stability of the FOXP3 protein and in regulating its ability to access DNA; and FOXP3 acetylation is mediated by KATs (Dhuban 2017). Decreases in TI P60-mediated FOXP3 acetylation has been shown to attenuate Treg development, suggesting a further mechanism by which the inhibition of the acetylating activity of MYST proteins could be used to intervene in diseases such as cancer.
  • the agents described herein may be useful in combination with other anti-cancer therapies. They may act synergistically with chemo- or radiotherapy, and/or with targeted therapies, including but not limited to FGFR1 inhibitors and therapies targeting nuclear hormone receptors.
  • the agents described herein may be useful in combination with bromodomain targeted drugs including BET inhibitors.
  • BET inhibitors reversibly bind the bromodomains of the BET proteins BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT.
  • a MYST protein antagonist disclosed herein may be administered in conjunction with a radiotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic regime. It may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with radio and/or chemotherapy. Suitable chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy protocols will be readily appreciable to the skilled person.
  • the compound described herein may be combined with low dose chemo or radio therapy. Appropriate dosages for “low dose” chemo or radio therapy will be readily appreciable to the skilled practitioner.
  • the compounds of the present application are used to abrogate Treg suppression, these may be combined with with immune checkpoint inhibitors (Melero 2015, Wang L 2016). Furthermore, where compounds of the present invention which abrogate Treg suppression may be used in combination with radiotherapy, to reduce the depletion of Treg function in tumours (Persa 2015, Jeong 2016)
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used in a method of therapy. Also provided is a method of treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • a therapeutically-effective amount is an amount sufficient to show benefit to a patient. Such benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom.
  • the actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage, is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors.
  • the anti-cancer treatment defined herein may be applied as a sole therapy or may involve, in addition to the compound of the invention, conventional surgery or radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
  • Such chemotherapy may include one or more of the following categories of anti-tumour agents:—
  • antiproliferative/antineoplastic drugs and combinations thereof as used in medical oncology, such as alkylating agents (for example cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulphan, temozolamide and nitrosoureas); antimetabolites (for example gemcitabine and antifolates such as fluoropyrimidines like 5 fluorouracil and tegafur, raltitrexed, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and hydroxyurea); antitumour antibiotics (for example anthracyclines like adriamycin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitomycin-C, dactinomycin and mithramycin); antimitotic agents (for example vinca alkaloids like vincristine, vinblastine
  • inhibitors of growth factor function include growth factor antibodies and growth factor receptor antibodies (for example the anti erbB2 antibody trastuzumab [HerceptinT], the anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab, the anti erbB1 antibody cetuximab [Erbitux, C225] and any growth factor or growth factor receptor antibodies disclosed by Stern 2005; such inhibitors also include tyrosine kinas
  • the active compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the active compound may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or at the site of desired action, including but not limited to, oral (e.g. by ingestion); topical (including e.g. transdermal, intranasal, ocular, buccal, and sublingual); pulmonary (e.g. by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g. an aerosol, e.g.
  • vaginal parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, intravitreal and intrasternal; by implant of a depot, for example, subcutaneously, intravitreal or intramuscularly.
  • the subject may be a eukaryote, an animal, a vertebrate animal, a mammal, a rodent (e.g.
  • a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse murine (e.g. a mouse), canine (e.g. a dog), feline (e.g. a cat), equine (e.g. a horse), a primate, simian (e.g. a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g. marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g. gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-utan, gibbon), or a human.
  • simian e.g. a monkey or ape
  • a monkey e.g. marmoset, baboon
  • an ape e.g. gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-utan, gibbon
  • a human e.g. gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-utan, gibbon
  • the active compound While it is possible for the active compound to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical composition (e.g. formulation) comprising at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, excipients, diluents, fillers, buffers, stabilisers, preservatives, lubricants, or other materials well known to those skilled in the art and optionally other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
  • a pharmaceutical composition e.g. formulation
  • the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, buffers, adjuvants, stabilisers, or other materials, as described herein.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject (e.g. human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • a subject e.g. human
  • Each carrier, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
  • Suitable carriers, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
  • Formulations may be in the form of liquids, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, syrups, tablets, losenges, granules, powders, capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, suppositories, pessaries, ointments, gels, pastes, creams, sprays, mists, foams, lotions, oils, boluses, electuaries, or aerosols.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; as a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion; as a bolus; as an electuary; or as a paste.
  • a tablet may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more binders (e.g. povidone, gelatin, acacia, sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers or diluents (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc, silica); disintegrants (e.g.
  • Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active compound therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration may be formulated as an ointment, cream, suspension, lotion, powder, solution, past, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil.
  • a formulation may comprise a patch or a dressing such as a bandage or adhesive plaster impregnated with active compounds and optionally one or more excipients or diluents.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include losenges comprising the active compound in a flavoured basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active compound in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active compound in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active compound.
  • Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid for administration as, for example, nasal spray, nasal drops, or by aerosol administration by nebuliser include aqueous or oily solutions of the active compound.
  • Formulations suitable for administration by inhalation include those presented as an aerosol spray from a pressurised pack, with the use of a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
  • a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration via the skin include ointments, creams, and emulsions.
  • the active compound When formulated in an ointment, the active compound may optionally be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active compounds may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active compound through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.
  • the oily phase may optionally comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), or it may comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
  • an emulsifier otherwise known as an emulgent
  • a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabiliser. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
  • the emulsifier(s) with or without stabiliser(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
  • the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
  • Suitable emulgents and emulsion stabilisers include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodium lauryl sulphate.
  • the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations may be very low.
  • the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required.
  • mono-isoadipate such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the
  • high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
  • Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active compound, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents, and liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • Suitable isotonic vehicles for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection.
  • concentration of the active compound in the solution is from about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ⁇ g/mL, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
  • Formulations may be in the form of liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the active compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • appropriate dosages of the compound, and compositions comprising the compound can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects.
  • the selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient.
  • the amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.
  • Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician.
  • a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ng to about 25 mg (more typically about 1 ⁇ g to about 10 mg) per kilogram body weight of the subject per day.
  • the active compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug, or the like
  • the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 mg, 3 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 150 mg, 2 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 200 mg, 2 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.
  • treatment pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
  • Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e., prophylaxis, prevention is also included.
  • terapéuticaally-effective amount pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.
  • prophylactically-effective amount refers to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired prophylactic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.
  • the subject/patient may be an animal, mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an
  • the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for example, a foetus.
  • the subject/patient is a human.
  • the compounds of the invention can be prepared by employing the following general methods and using procedures described in detail for the examples.
  • the reaction conditions referred to are illustrative and non-limiting, for example one skilled in the art may use a diverse range of synthetic methods to synthesise the desired compounds such as but not limited to methods described in literature (for example but not limited to March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 7th Edition or Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations: Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations).
  • Scheme 1A illustrates the formation of a sulfonamide bond to form compounds with the structure I by coupling a relevant sulfonyl chloride compound of structure G2 with a primary or secondary amine such as benzisoxazole amine G3.
  • sulfonamides will be apparent to those skilled in the art, but include for example the use of a suitable base such as but not limited to pyridine, LiHMDS, n-BuLi or NaH and the use of activated forms of the sulfonic acid such as the corresponding sulfonyl halide.
  • a suitable base such as but not limited to pyridine, LiHMDS, n-BuLi or NaH
  • activated forms of the sulfonic acid such as the corresponding sulfonyl halide.
  • Formation of sulfonyl chlorides of structure G2 from the corresponding acids of structure G1 can be achieved by for example use of thionyl chloride or cyanuric chloride.
  • the activated form of a sulfonic acid such as but not limited to a pentafluorophenyl sulfonate ester or trichlorophenyl sulfonate ester with the structure G5 can be coupled with the relevant primary or secondary amine, such as benzisoxazole amine G3 (Scheme 1B).
  • Formation of the sulfonate ester in G5 from the corresponding sulfonyl chloride G2 and relevant phenol (R 5 may be for example pentaflurorphenyl or trichlorophenyl) can be achieved using a suitable base such as but not limited to pyridine or triethylamine.
  • a suitable base such as but not limited to pyridine or triethylamine.
  • Scheme 2A illustrates the formation of a sulfonyl chloride such as G2, as a substituent which is part of Ar.
  • aryl compound G6 may be sequentially treated with a base, such as but not limited to n-BuLi, and sulphur dioxide to furnish the lithium arylsulfinate which is further oxidised by for example sulfuryl chloride to give the desired sulfonyl chloride in G2.
  • a base such as but not limited to n-BuLi
  • sulphur dioxide to furnish the lithium arylsulfinate which is further oxidised by for example sulfuryl chloride to give the desired sulfonyl chloride in G2.
  • the product G2 may be isolated by methods know to those skilled in the art or may be formed in situ and used immediately in subsequent step.
  • the sulfonyl chloride in G2 may be formed from an aryl thiol in structure G8 illustrated in Scheme 2B.
  • Methods to form G2 include for example the use of a suitable oxidant such as but not limited to hydrogen peroxide and potassium nitrate in the presence of a chloride source such as but not limited to chlorotrimethylsilane or thionyl chloride.
  • a thiol of structure G8 may be synthesised from a compound of structure G7 where (X) may be a halogen by methods known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to nucleophilic displacement in the presence or absence of a transition metal.
  • sulfonation of an aryl compound such as G6 may give the corresponding sulfonic acid of structure G1. This can be achieved by any suitable reagent known to those skilled in the art, for example sulphur trioxide or sulfuric acid.
  • the sulfonic acid G1 may be converted to the sulfonyl chloride G2 by methods outlined in General Synthesis 1, Scheme 1A.
  • Scheme 3A illustrates the formation of a benzisoxazole amine such as G3 from an aryl nitrile with an ortho substituent X, such as structure G9.
  • the group (X) may be, but is not limited to, a halogen such as a chloro or a fluoro group and is chosen to be suitable for the reaction employed.
  • the starting material G9 may be reacted with an oxime such as but not limited to acetone oxime or with for example acetohydroxamic acid, in the presence of a suitable base such as but not limited to potassium tert-butoxide, to form the benzisoxazole amine G3.
  • an oxime such as but not limited to acetone oxime or with for example acetohydroxamic acid
  • a suitable base such as but not limited to potassium tert-butoxide
  • Scheme 4A illustrates the addition of an R 7 group to a compound of structure G10 (where R 6 represents H or a suitable protecting group including but not limited to 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMB); methods for the removal of said protecting groups will be known to those skilled in the art (for example Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4 th Edition )), as a substituent which is part of Ar.
  • R 6 represents H or a suitable protecting group including but not limited to 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMB); methods for the removal of said protecting groups will be known to those skilled in the art (for example Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4 th Edition )), as a substituent which is part of Ar.
  • This can be achieved using any suitable coupling reaction known to the person skilled in the art, for example Suzuki coupling.
  • the groups R 7 B 1 and X are chosen to be suitable for the coupling reaction employed.
  • (X) may be a halogen, triflate or other suitable group
  • Examples of B 1 that can be used in the Suzuki coupling include, but are not limited to, those shown below.
  • a variety of coupling reactions may be used to introduce the R 7 group other than Suzuki coupling, such as for example transition metal catalysed coupling reactions or for example tin (Stille type reaction) and zinc (Negishi type reaction) compounds.
  • a Chan-Lam type coupling may be used when the group (X) is for example, but not limited to, a phenol (O—H) or primary or secondary amine (R′R′′N—H).
  • substituent R 7 may be introduced prior to sulfonamide and benzisoxazole formation on the nitrile precursor G9 (when R 1 or R 2 or R 3 or R 4 ⁇ X or B 1 ) in General Synthesis 3, Scheme 3D.
  • Scheme 5A illustrates the addition of a nitrogen linked R 8 group, as a substituent which is part of Ar or on the benzisoxazole moiety to give a compound of structure G16.
  • This can be achieved using any suitable coupling reaction known to the person skilled in the art, for example, by SnAr displacement or Buchwald coupling.
  • the group denoted by (X) may be, but not limited to, a halogen and is chosen to be suitable for the coupling reaction employed.
  • substituent OR 8 or NHR 8 may be introduced prior to sulfonamide and benzisoxazole formation on the nitrile precursor G9 (when R 1 or R 2 or R 3 or R 4 ⁇ X) in General Synthesis 3, Scheme 3D.
  • Scheme 6A illustrates the addition of an amine (HNR 10 R 11 )) to form the corresponding amide, as a substituent which is a part of Ar or on the benzisoxazole moiety to give a compound of structure G19.
  • This can be achieved by coupling a relevant carboxylic acid with a primary amine or a secondary amine NHR 10 R 11 .
  • Methods to form such amides will be apparent to those skilled in the art, but include for example the use of reagents such as HATU, HBTU, T3P and EDCl/HOBt, and the use of activated forms of the carboxylic acid such as the corresponding acyl halide, mixed anhydride or N-hydroxysuccinimide ester.
  • a base such as an alkali metal hydroxide or an acid for example aqueous hydrochloric acid.
  • the ester or acid G18 in Scheme 7A may be reduced to the hydroxyl compound such as structure G21.
  • Methods for such transformation will be known to those skilled in the art but include for example the use of reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride (for the ester and carboxylic acid) and borane (for the carboxylic acid).
  • an ester group may be introduced prior to sulfonamide and benzisoxazole formation on the nitrile precursor G9 (when R 1 or R 2 or R 3 or R 4 ⁇ X) in General Synthesis 3, Scheme 3D.
  • Scheme 8A illustrates the reduction of a nitro group in structure G22 to form the corresponding amine in structure G23, as a substituent which is part of the Ar or on the benzisoxazole moiety.
  • Reduction of the nitro group to the primary amine G23 will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include but are not limited to using reducing conditions such as a transition metal (Fe, In, Zn) in the presence of HCl, hydrogenation in the presence of a transition metal or transition metal catalyst.
  • reducing conditions such as a transition metal (Fe, In, Zn) in the presence of HCl, hydrogenation in the presence of a transition metal or transition metal catalyst.
  • an amine group may be introduced prior to sulfonamide and benzisoxazole formation on the nitrile precursor G9 (when R 1 or R 2 or R 3 or R 4 ⁇ NO 2 ) in General Synthesis 3, Scheme 3D.
  • Scheme 9A illustrates the introduction of a nitrile group in structure G25, as a substituent which is part or the Ar or on the benzisoxazole moiety.
  • the method for such transformation will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include but are not limited to SnAr displacement, or a transition metal catalysed coupling with a suitable cyanide reagent.
  • the group denoted by (X) in structure G24 may be, but not limited to, a halogen, triflate or mesylate and is chosen to be suitable for the reaction employed.
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be H. In some of these embodiments, one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are H. In other of these embodiments, two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are H. In other of these embodiments, three of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is not H.
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be C 1-3 alkyl, optionally substituted by:
  • phenyl C 5-6 heteroaryl, C 1-4 alkyl carbamoyl, acylamido, or one or more fluoro groups.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be C 1-3 alkyl.
  • the C 1-3 alkyl group may be methyl, ethyl or propyl. These groups may be unsubstituted. These groups may be substituted by one or more fluoro groups, and may be perfluorinated, e.g. CF 3 , C 2 F 5 . These groups may be substituted by one, two, three, four or five fluoro groups. In some embodiment, these groups may be substituted by one; one or two; or one, two or three fluoro groups.
  • the substituent may be selected from:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be C 1-3 alkoxy, optionally substituted by C 3-6 cycloalkyl or by one of more fluoro groups.
  • the C 1-3 alkoxy group may be methoxy, ethoxy or propyloxy. These groups may be unsubstituted. These groups may be substituted by one or more fluoro groups, and may be perfluorinated, e.g. OCF 3 , OC 2 F 5 . These groups may be substituted by one, two, three, four or five fluoro groups. In some embodiment, these groups may be substituted by one; one or two; or one, two or three fluoro groups.
  • the alkoxy group may be substituted by C 3-6 cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopropyl. Thus the overall group may be OCH 2 (cyclopropyl).
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • the C 3-6 cycloalkyl group may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • the C 3-6 cycloalkyl group may be cyclopropyl.
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be halo.
  • the halo group may be fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be COR C , where R C is selected from NR N1 R N2 , where R N1 and R N2 are independently selected from H and methyl.
  • the group may be selected from C(O)NH 2 , C(O)NHCH 3 and C(O)N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be cyano, NH 2 , NO 2 . In some of these embodiments at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be cyano. In others of these embodiments at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be NH 2 . In others of these embodiments at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be NO 2 .
  • At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be phenyl or C 5-6 heteroaryl, which groups are optionally substituted by methyl, cyano, hydroxy or methoxy. In some of these embodiments at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be phenyl. In others of these embodiments at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be C 5-6 heteroaryl, for example oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl. The phenyl or C 5-6 heteroaryl group may be unsubstituted.
  • the phenyl group may be substituted by methyl, cyano or methoxy.
  • the C 5-6 heteroaryl group may be substituted by one or more methyl groups, such that the overall group is, for example, dimethylpyrazolyl or N-methylpyrazolyl.
  • R 4 is methoxy
  • R 4 is methoxy
  • R 2 is CH 2 OCH 3 or CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 and R 1 and R 3 are H.
  • R 4 is methoxy
  • R 2 is phenyl, optionally substituted by methyl or methoxy
  • R 1 and R 3 are H.
  • R 4 is methoxy
  • R 2 is C 5-6 heteroaryl, optionally substituted by methyl.
  • R 4 is methoxy and R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are H.
  • R 4 is chloro
  • R 2 is C 1-3 alkyl or bromo
  • R 1 and R 3 are H.
  • R 4 is chloro and R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are H.
  • R 3 is C 1-3 alkyl and R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are H.
  • Ar is selected from phenyl, napthyl and C 5-10 heteroaryl groups, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • Ar is phenyl
  • Ar is napthyl
  • Ar is a C 5-10 heteroaryl group.
  • the C 5-10 heteroaryl group may be selected from: quinolinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzofuran and benzotriazolyl.
  • Ar is quinolinyl or benzothiazolyl.
  • Ar is the group:
  • a substituent for Ar is C 1-4 alkyl, optionally substituted by hydroxy, C 1-2 alkoxy, NH 2 , C 1-4 alkyl carbamoyl, or by one or more fluoro groups.
  • the C 1-4 alkyl group may be methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl. These groups may be unsubstituted. These groups may be substituted by one or more fluoro groups, and may be perfluorinated, e.g. CF 3 , C 2 F 5 . If the alkyl group is substituted, the substituent may be selected from:
  • a substituent for Ar is C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • the C 3-6 cycloalkyl group may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • the C 3-6 cycloalkyl group may be cyclohexyl.
  • a substituent for Ar is hydroxy; cyano; NR N3 R N4 , where R N3 and R N4 are independently selected from H and methyl; or acylamido.
  • the substituent may be hydroxy.
  • the substituent may be cyano.
  • the substituent may be NR N3 R N4 , where R N3 and R N4 are independently selected from H and methyl—thus the substituent may be NH 2 , NHCH 3 or N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • the substituent may be acylamido, such as NHCO 2 CH 3 .
  • a substituent for Ar is halo.
  • the halo group may be fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • a substituent for Ar is C 1-3 alkoxy, optionally substituted by hydroxy, C(O)NH 2 , C 3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, C 5-6 heteroaryl, or by one of more fluoro groups.
  • the C 1-3 alkoxy group may be methoxy, ethoxy or propyloxy. These groups may be unsubstituted. These groups may be substituted by one or more fluoro groups, and may be perfluorinated, e.g. OCF 3 , OC 2 F 5 .
  • the alkoxy group may be substituted by hydroxyl, such that the overall group is, for example, OC 2 H 4 OH.
  • the alkoxy group may be substituted by C(O)NH 2 , such that the overall group is, for example, OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 .
  • the alkoxy group may be substituted by C 3-6 cycloalkyl, e.g. cyclopropyl, such that overall group may be, for example, OCH 2 (cyclopropyl).
  • the alkoxy group may be substituted by phenyl, such that the overall group is, for example, benzyloxy.
  • the alkoxy group may be substituted by C 5-6 heteroaryl, e.g. pyridyl, pyrazolyl, such that the overall group is, for example, OCH 2 (N-methylpyrazolyl) or OCH 2 (methoxypyridyl).
  • a substituent for Ar is phenoxy, optionally substituted by fluoro. In some of these embodiments the substituent may be phenoxy. In others of these embodiments, the substituent may be OC 6 H 4 F.
  • a substituent for Ar is phenyl or C 5-6 heteroaryl. In some of these embodiments, the substituent is phenyl. In others of these embodiments, the substituent may be C 5-6 heteroaryl, such as oxazolyl or N-pyrazolyl.
  • a substituent for Ar is SF 5 or SO 2 CH 3 . In some of these embodiments, the substituent is SF 5 . In others of these embodiments, the substituent is SO 2 Me.
  • a substituent for Ar is —(CH 2 ) n —Y—, where Y is O or CH 2 , and n is 2 or 3.
  • This substituent is particularly relevant when Ar is phenyl, and forms a partially unsaturated fused ring with the phenyl.
  • Ar can be tetralinyl (i.e. fused cyclohexane), indanyl (i.e. fused cyclopentane), chromanyl (i.e. fused tetrahydopyran) or dihydrobenzofuranyl.
  • a substituted for Ar is C 1-4 alkyl ester.
  • the substituent is C(O)OCH 3 .
  • the substituent is C(O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 .
  • Ar-1 Certain embodiments of Ar may be represented by the formula (Ar-1):
  • R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , R A4 (if present) and R A5 (if present) are independently selected from H and the optional substituents for Ar.
  • R A2 is ethyl
  • R A3 is selected from cycloalkyl; phenoxy; phenyl; C 5-6 heteroaryl; SF 5 ; and SO 2 CH 3 .
  • Ar is 5-ethyl-2-methoxyphenyl.
  • Ar is 5-CF 3 -2-methoxyphenyl.
  • Ar is 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl.
  • Ar is quinolinyl. These compounds may show selective activity against HBO1.
  • R 4 is methoxy
  • R 2 is selected from CH 2 O CH 3 , CH 2 O CH 2 CH 3 and optionally substituted phenyl
  • Ar is 2,6-dimethoxybenzene. These compounds may show particular activity against MOZ and MORF. Compounds where R 2 is selected from CH 2 OCH 3 and CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 may show selective activity against MOZ and MORF.
  • Ar is not 4-aminophenyl.
  • Ar is not 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl.
  • Ar is not 2-(difluromethoxy)phenyl.
  • Ar is not 4-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl.
  • Ar is not unsubstituted napthyl.
  • Compounds of particular interest include those of the examples.
  • ether lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS or LiHMDS), potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS), sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS), n-butyllithium (n-BuLi), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCI), tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF), and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD).
  • LHMDS or LiHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
  • KHMDS potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
  • NaHMDS sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
  • TLC refers to thin layer chromatography
  • LCMS data was generated using either an Agilent 6100 Series Single Quad (LCMS-A), an Agilent 1260 Infinity Series UPLC/MS (LCMS-B), an Agilent 1200 (LCMS-C and LCMS-D), a Waters 2695 alliance (LCMS-E), an Agilent 6120 Single Quad (LCMS-F) or mass-directed HPLC-MS.
  • Chlorine isotopes are reported as 35 Cl
  • Bromine isotopes are reported as either 79 Br or 81 Br or both 79 Br/ 81 Br.
  • Drying gas temp 300° C.
  • Vaporizer temperature 200° C.
  • Step size 0.1 sec
  • Drying gas temp 350° C.
  • Step size 0.1 sec
  • Nebulizer pressure 35 psi Drying gas temperature: 350° C.
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11-1 mg/mL, then filtered through syringe filter with 0.22 ⁇ m. (Injection volume: 1-10 ⁇ L)
  • Nebulizer pressure 35 psi Drying gas temperature: 350° C.
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11-1 mg/mL, then filtered through the syringe filter with 0.22 ⁇ m. (Injection volume: 1-10 ⁇ L)
  • Drying gas flow 600 L/hr Cone: 50 L/hr
  • Source temperature 100° C.
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11-1 mg/mL, then filtered through the syringe filter with 0.22 ⁇ m. (Injection volume: 1-10 ⁇ L)
  • Drying gas temp 250° C.
  • Vaporizer temperature 200° C.
  • Step size 0.1 sec
  • Ion Source Single-quadrupole
  • Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed on Merck silica gel 60 F254 aluminium-backed plates which were visualised using fluorescence quenching under UV light or a basic KMnO 4 dip or Ninhydrin dip.
  • Preparative thin-layer chromatography was performed using Tklst (China), grand grade: (HPTLC): 8 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m>80%; (TLC): 10-40 ⁇ m. Type: GF254. Compounds were visualised by UV (254 nm).
  • Microwave irradiation was achieved using a CEM Explorer SP Microwave Reactor. Where necessary, anhydrous solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or dried using conventional methods.
  • n-BuLi 2.5 M solution in hexanes, 2.9 mL, 7.32 mmol
  • Tributylchlorostannane (1.96 mL, 7.25 mmol) was then added and the mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and residue was taken up in hexanes (50 mL).
  • the solid was suspended in n-hexane (100 mL), cooled to 0° C. and a solution of SO 2 Cl 2 (4.9 g, 36 mmol) in n-hexane (20 mL) was added dropwise while keeping the internal temperature below 3° C. The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and the solids were collected by filtration and washed with cold n-hexane. The solids were then partitioned between diethyl ether and water, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with diethyl ether.
  • the solid was suspended in n-hexane (40 mL), cooled to 0° C. and a solution of SO 2 Cl 2 (634 mg, 4.7 mmol) in n-hexane (5 mL) was added dropwise while keeping the internal temperature below 3° C. The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and the solids were collected by filtration and washed with cold n-hexane. The solids were then partitioned between diethyl ether and water, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (590 mg, 40%) as a white solid.
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