US20180244631A1 - Inhibition of olig2 activity - Google Patents

Inhibition of olig2 activity Download PDF

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US20180244631A1
US20180244631A1 US15/553,478 US201615553478A US2018244631A1 US 20180244631 A1 US20180244631 A1 US 20180244631A1 US 201615553478 A US201615553478 A US 201615553478A US 2018244631 A1 US2018244631 A1 US 2018244631A1
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unsubstituted
substituted
compound
formula
another embodiment
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Inventor
Graham Beaton
Fabio C. Tucci
Satheesh B. Ravula
Stanton F. McHardy
Francisco Xavier RUIZ, III
Ambrosio LOPEZ, Jr.
Bismarck CAMPOS
Hua-Yu Leo Wang
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Curtana Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Curtana Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Priority to US15/553,478 priority Critical patent/US20180244631A1/en
Assigned to Curtana Pharmaceuticals, Inc. reassignment Curtana Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MCHARDY, STANTON F., RUIZ, Francisco Xavier, III, BEATON, GRAHAM, CAMPOS, BISMARCK, RAVULA, SATHEESH B., TUCCI, FABIO C., WANG, Hua-Yu Leo, LOPEZ, Ambrosio, Jr.
Publication of US20180244631A1 publication Critical patent/US20180244631A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
    • C07D239/48—Two nitrogen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/17—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having the group >N—C(O)—N< or >N—C(S)—N<, e.g. urea, thiourea, carmustine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

  • Described herein are compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) (hereinafter “compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI)”), compositions that include such compounds, and methods of use thereof, for inhibition of Olig2 activity.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 13 is H. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 13 is —CH 3 . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 13 is —CH 2 CH 3 . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein J is C(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 2 and q is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 3 and q is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 2 and q is 2.
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein m is 2. In another embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein m is 3. In another embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 10 is H or CH 3 . In another embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is O. In another embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments, is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is a bond.
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 5 is CH 2 CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein n is 2.
  • n is 1.
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein n is 0.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • X is C(R) 7 ; Y is N; and Z is N.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 21 is —OH, —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 , —CO 2 R 22 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 22 ) 2 , —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl.
  • R 10 is H or CH 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ) and R 14 and R 15 are each H.
  • R 11 and R 12 are each independently H, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 11 and R 12 are each independently unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl, —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 ,
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently H, halogen, or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 14 and R 15 are each H.
  • R 21 is —OH, —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 , —CO 2 R 22 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 22 ) 2 , —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 21 is —OH.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 21 is —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 .
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 21 is —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 .
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 22 is independently H or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and R 23 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • m is 2.
  • m is 3.
  • R 6 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof, for the formulation of a medicament for inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell is provided.
  • the method includes contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) including embodiments thereof.
  • a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof, for the formulation of a medicament for inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell is provided.
  • the method includes contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) including embodiments thereof.
  • a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition in a subject that would benefit from inhibition of Olig2 activity comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition in a subject that would benefit from inhibition of Olig2 activity comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein the disease is cancer or Down's Syndrome.
  • a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein the disease is cancer or Down's Syndrome.
  • a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating Down's Syndrome in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein the disease is cancer or Down's Syndrome.
  • a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating Down's Syndrome in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein the cancer is brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, or leukemia.
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein the cancer is brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, or leukemia.
  • a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein the cancer is brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, or leukemia.
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (IIA) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition that would benefit from inhibition of Olig2 activity.
  • a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), or (VI) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition that would benefit from inhibition of Olig2 activity.
  • the compounds described herein are modulators or inhibitors of the neural and GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) stem cell transcriptional repressor OLIG2 (e.g. NM 005806, NP 005797 for human).
  • OLIG2 (also written herein as Olig2) is the oligodendrocyte trasnsciption factor 2.
  • This protein is a member of the bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) family.
  • the bHLH family is a family of transcription factors that contain the structure motif characterized by two alpha helices connected by a loop.
  • the transcription factors containing bLHL domains are generally dimeric. Generally one of the helices contains basic amino acid residues that facilitate binding to DNA.
  • OLIG2 is normally restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) in non-disease states, where it is an essential regulator of progenitor cell fate. OLIG2 homodimerizes and hetereodimerizes with the E12 or E47 proteins to then bind and repress the p21 gene promoter among other effects. P21 is a stem cell and tumor suppressor, and is directly repressed by OLIG2. P21 is activated by the tumor suppressor p53. p53 occurs in the intact, wild type form in nearly 70% of primary GBM patient samples. OLIG2 is highly expressed in all diffuse gliomas, and is found in virtually 100% of GBM cells positive for the CD133 stem cell marker.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • OLIG2 is typically not found in normal brain and in tissues outside the CNS unless they are malignant, such as T-cell leukemia, melanoma, lung and breast cancer. No other neural or glial marker gene, and no other transcriptional repressor displays as consistent a link to brain cancers. In contrast, membrane receptors (EGFR, PDGFR, etc) are not uniformly expressed among patients, and various approaches to targeting them has been met with limited success in GBM treatment.
  • the expression of Olig2 in diffuse gliomas likely results from the transformed stem cell origin of these tumors. It has been found that a small cohort of the cells present in patient GBM expresses neural stem cell markers including CD133 and nestin, among others.
  • the CD133(+) cells isolated from existing GBM are highly tumorigenic when orthotopically implanted into mice. In one study, as few as 100 of the CD133(+) cells extracted from a patient GBM produced an invasive tumor when transplanted into the brain of a recipient mouse, while 100,000 CD133( ⁇ ) GBM cells were unable to generate a tumor. Consistent with these findings, a strikingly high percentage of GBM occur in close proximity to the neural stem cell germinal zones in the brain, i.e., neural stem cells undergo malignant transformation and migrate some distance from the germinal zones and establish a GBM.
  • CD133(+) cells are significantly more resistant to radiation and cytotoxic agents used to treat GBM than the bulk of the tumor mass which is comprised of CD133( ⁇ ) cells.
  • conventional radio/chemotherapy spares the CSCs within a GBM, and unless these cells are targeted, the tumor invariably is resurgent, with lethal effect.
  • the very few patients that survive GBM suffer lifelong morbidity from chemo- and radio-toxicity, in terms of cognition, endocrine balance, and other functions.
  • Olig2 is highly expressed in GBM CSCs, but is only expressed in low levels by normal brain and is not detected in tissues outside the nervous system. Olig2 inhibitors would offer a therapeutic margin superior to conventional chemotherapy. Low systemic toxicity would be much more compatible with long-term clinical management of GBM than is the case with currently used treatment approaches.
  • Olig2 which is a transcription factor critical for survival and proliferation of glioblastoma and other brain cancers, i.e., medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, and oligodendrogliomas.
  • Olig2 especially is detected primarily in the brain, generally not outside the nervous system, and it is highly expressed in glioblastoma tumors. This means that Olig2 inhibition should have relatively low toxicity to a patient.
  • Olig2 is also over-expressed in melanomas, lung cancers, breast cancer and T-cell leukemias, so an Olig2 inhibitor may also be applicable to the treatment of these cancers.
  • Olig2 inhibition should compare favorably to other signaling pathway inhibitors in glioblastoma.
  • Olig2 is a robust target in that the hinge region of its dimerization loop is unique compared to other proteins of its class (basic helix-loop-helix proteins).
  • Olig2 targeted inhibitors described herein should prove unique in terms of efficacy and toxicity.
  • TTZ Temozolomide
  • cyclophosphamide carmustine
  • carboplatin carboplatin
  • Avastin Avastin
  • methods of inhibiting the activity of OLIG2 include contacting an Olig2 protein with an effective amount of a compound provided herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI).
  • a compound provided herein e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI).
  • the compound may have the structure of the Formulae provided herein (or any of the embodiments thereof described above).
  • the methods of inhibiting a Olig2 protein are conducted within a cell.
  • methods of inhibiting the activity of Olig2 within a cell are provided.
  • the method includes contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound provided herein.
  • the cell is a prokaryote or eukaryote.
  • the cell may be a eukaryote (e.g. protozoan cell, fungal cell, plant cell or an animal cell).
  • the cell is a mammalian cell such as a human cell, cow cell, pig cell, horse cell, dog cell and cat cell, mouse cell, or rat cell.
  • the cell is a human cell.
  • the cell may form part of an organ or an organism. In certain embodiments, the cell does not form part of an organ or an organism.
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell includes contacting the cell with a compound as provided herein (e.g. Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), and (V)).
  • a compound as provided herein e.g. Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), and (V)
  • the compound binds the hinge region of the dimerization loop of Olig2.
  • the compound inhibits dimerization of Olig2.
  • Compounds described herein inhibit the activity of Olig2 within a cell and may be used in the treatment of diseases or conditions where inhibition of Olig2 activity has a beneficial effect.
  • In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is O or N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is O or N(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is O. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is N(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is N(CH 3 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein A is a bond.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is N, p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is N, p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is halogen.
  • R 5 is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubsti
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (I) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (I) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • X is C(R 7 ); Y is N; and Z is N. In a further embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments of Formula (I), X is C(H); Y is N; and Z is N. In a further embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments of Formula (I), X is C(R 7 ); Y is C(R 7 ); and Z is N. In a further embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments of Formula (I), X is C(H); Y is C(H); and Z is N. In a further embodiment of the aforementioned embodiments of Formula (I), X is C(R 7 ); Y is N; and Z is C(R 7 ).
  • X is C(H); Y is N; and Z is C(H).
  • X is C(R 7 ); Y is C(R 7 ); and Z is C(R 7 ).
  • X is C(H); Y is C(H); and Z is C(H).
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridin
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted phenyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 .
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 22 is independently H or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and R 23 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 21 is substituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 21 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 22 is independently H or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and R 23 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (II) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 5 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • R 4 is H, halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein R 4 is H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OCF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 4 is H.
  • R 4 is halogen.
  • R 4 is F.
  • R 4 is Cl.
  • R 4 is Br.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is H.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is halogen.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IIA) wherein n is 0 and R 4 is F.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is Br.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —CH 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyr
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 23, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 5 is halogen.
  • R 5 is a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or un
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IIB) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridin
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • a compound of Formula (I) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 23, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 5 is halogen.
  • R 5 is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsub
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IIC) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • R 13 is H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted —C 1 -C 4 alkylC 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted —C 1 -C 4 alkylC 2 -C 7 heteroaryl;
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 6 is unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 6 is substituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is halogen.
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsub
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • R 4 is H, halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 4 is H, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OCF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 4 is H.
  • R 4 is halogen.
  • R 4 is F.
  • R 4 is Cl.
  • R 4 is Br.
  • R 4 is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 4 is —CF 3 . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 4 is —OCF 3 . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) R 4 is —CH 3 . In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is H.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is halogen.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein n is 0 and R 4 is F.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein n is 0 and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IID) wherein n is 0 and R 4 is Br.
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —CH 3 .
  • n is 0 and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is Cl.
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is F.
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is H.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is H.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is H.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is H.
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is H.
  • n 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is Cl, and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —CH 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, R 1 is —OCH 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is —CF 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • n 1, R 1 is —OCF 3 , and R 4 is —OCF 3 .
  • A is O, or N(R 10 ).
  • A is O, CH 2 , or N(H).
  • A is O.
  • A is N(R 10 ).
  • A is N(H).
  • A is N(CH 3 ).
  • A is a bond.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (III) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is N, p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is N, p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubsti
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (III) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (III) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • A is O, or N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein A is O, or N(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein A is O. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein A is N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein A is N(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein A is N(CH 3 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein A is a bond.
  • a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is N, p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is N, p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is halogen.
  • R 5 is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubsti
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is O, or N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is O, or N(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is O. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is N(R 10 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is N(H). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is N(CH 3 ). In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein A is a bond.
  • a compound of Formula (V) wherein R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 21 is a compound of Formula (V) wherein R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 2, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ).
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are each H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and R 12 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, R 11 is CH 3 , and R 12 is CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m N(R 11 )(R 12 ), m is 3, and R 11 and R 12 are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (V) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (V) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is N, p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is N, p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is halogen.
  • R 5 is a compound of Formula (V) wherein R 5 is —CF 3 .
  • R 5 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is —CH 3 .
  • R 5 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (V) wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, —CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 3 is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubsti
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —CF 3 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (V) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently F or —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently Cl or —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n is a compound of Formula (V) wherein n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl.
  • R 6 is unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 6 is —CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 .
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H or halogen.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , and each R 14 and R 15 are H or halogen.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 2, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 21 is —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(H)S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(H)C( ⁇ O)CH 3 .
  • R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 22 ) 2 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 2, and R 21 is —CO 2 R 22 .
  • R 21 is —CO 2 Et.
  • R 6 is —(C(R 14 )(R 15 )) m R 21 , m is 3, and each R 14 and R 15 are H.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is substituted phenyl.
  • R 21 is substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —OH.
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —N(R 22 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(H)S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 .
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) m R 21 , m is 3, and R 21 is —N(R 22 )C( ⁇ O)R 23 .
  • R 21 is —N(H)C( ⁇ O)CH 3 .
  • R 21 is —C( ⁇ O)N(R 22 ) 2 .
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • J is C(H), p is 1, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, and q is 1.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, and q is 2.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 1, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 3, q is 1, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 13 is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 6 is
  • J is C(H), p is 2, q is 2, and R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently H or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; and at least one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is H, and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 2 is CH 3 , and R 3 is CH 3 .
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and R 3 is H.
  • R 3 is H.
  • R 3 is H.
  • R 3 is H.
  • a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein R 2 and R 3 are taken together to form 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —OH, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, —SR 8 , —N(R 8 )S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(R 8 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)R 9 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 R 9 , —C( ⁇ O)R 9 , —CO 2 R 8 , —N(R 8 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)N(R 8 ) 2 , —N(R 8 )C( ⁇ O)R 9 , substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 7 heteroaryl.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 3.
  • each R 1 is independently halogen, —CN, —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 F, —OCF 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and n is 2.
  • n is 3, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is independently halogen.
  • n is 2, and one R 1 is F and one R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 2, and each R 1 is F.
  • n is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein n is 2, and each R 1 is Cl.
  • n is 2, and one R 1 is F and one R 1 is Cl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is halogen.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is F.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is Cl.
  • n 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is CH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —CF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCH 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 3 .
  • n is 1, and R 1 is —OCF 2 H.
  • Deuterium (D or 2 H) is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen and has an atomic weight of 2.0144. Hydrogen naturally occurs as a mixture of the isotopes 1 H (hydrogen or protium), D ( 2 H or deuterium), and T ( 3 H or tritium). The natural abundance of deuterium is 0.015%. Generally, in chemical compounds with an H atom, the H atom actually represents a mixture of H and D, with about 0.015% being D. In some embodiments, deuterium-enriched compounds described herein are achieved by either exchanging protons with deuterium or via starting materials and/or intermediates enriched with deuterium.
  • the compounds described herein may in some cases exist as diastereomers, enantiomers, or other stereoisomeric forms.
  • the compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Separation of stereoisomers may be performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof (Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981, herein incorporated by reference for this disclosure). Stereoisomers may also be obtained by stereoselective synthesis.
  • compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the formulas described herein.
  • compositions described herein include the use of amorphous forms as well as crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs).
  • the compounds described herein may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like.
  • the solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
  • compounds described herein may be prepared as prodrugs.
  • a “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial.
  • a further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a pharmaceutically active compound is modified such that the active compound will be regenerated upon in vivo administration.
  • the prodrug can be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug.
  • prodrugs of the compound are designed.
  • Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims.
  • some of the herein-described compounds may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not.
  • the prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • Prodrugs may be designed as reversible drug derivatives, for use as modifiers to enhance drug transport to site-specific tissues. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. See, e.g., Fedorak et al., Am. J. Physiol., 269:G210-218 (1995); McLoed et al., Gastroenterol, 106:405-413 (1994); Hochhaus et al., Biomed.
  • Sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds described herein can be susceptible to various metabolic reactions, therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures, such as, by way of example only, halogens can reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
  • the compounds described herein may be labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, photoactivatable or chemiluminescent labels.
  • Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, respectively.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds described herein for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.
  • compositions described herein may be formed as, and/or used as, pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • pharmaceutical acceptable salts include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethaned
  • compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
  • compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.
  • a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein.
  • the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
  • compounds described herein are in various forms, including but not limited to, amorphous forms, milled forms and nano-particulate forms.
  • compounds described herein include crystalline forms, also known as polymorphs. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
  • the screening and characterization of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, polymorphs and/or solvates may be accomplished using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, vapor sorption, and microscopy.
  • Thermal analysis methods address thermo chemical degradation or thermo physical processes including, but not limited to, polymorphic transitions, and such methods are used to analyze the relationships between polymorphic forms, determine weight loss, to find the glass transition temperature, or for excipient compatibility studies.
  • Such methods include, but are not limited to, Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC), Modulated Differential Scanning calorimetry (MDCS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Thermogravi-metric and Infrared analysis (TG/IR).
  • DSC Differential Scanning calorimetry
  • MDCS Modulated Differential Scanning calorimetry
  • TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
  • TG/IR Thermogravi-metric and Infrared analysis
  • X-ray diffraction methods include, but are not limited to, single crystal and powder diffractometers and synchrotron sources.
  • the various spectroscopic techniques used include, but are not limited to, Raman, FTIR, UV-VIS, and NMR (liquid and solid state).
  • the various microscopy techniques include, but are not limited to, polarized light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy with EDX (in gas or water vapor atmosphere), IR microscopy, and Raman microscopy.
  • the synthesis of compounds described herein are accomplished using means described in the chemical literature, using the methods described herein, or by a combination thereof.
  • solvents, temperatures and other reaction conditions presented herein may vary.
  • compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) are prepared according to the synthetic route shown in Scheme 1.
  • the isocyanate and amine synthetic intermediates are prepared according to Schemes 3-4.
  • the starting materials and reagents used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein are synthesized or are obtained from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to, Sigma-Aldrich, FischerScientific (Fischer Chemicals), and AcrosOrganics.
  • the compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents are synthesized using techniques and materials described herein as well as those that are recognized in the field, such as described, for example, in Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989), March, A DVANCED O RGANIC C HEMISTRY 4 th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, A DVANCED O RGANIC C HEMISTRY 4 th Ed., Vols.
  • Standard techniques can be used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients.
  • Standard techniques can be used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection).
  • Reactions and purification techniques can be performed e.g., using kits of manufacturer's specifications or as commonly accomplished in the art or as described herein.
  • the foregoing techniques and procedures can be generally performed of conventional methods and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification.
  • C 1 -C x includes C 1 -C 2 , C 1 -C 3 . . . C 1 -C x .
  • C 1 -C x refers to the number of carbon atoms that make up the moiety to which it designates (excluding optional substituents).
  • alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl groups may or may not include units of unsaturation.
  • the alkyl moiety may be a “saturated alkyl” group, which means that it does not contain any units of unsaturation (i.e. a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond).
  • the alkyl group may also be an “unsaturated alkyl” moiety, which means that it contains at least one unit of unsaturation.
  • the alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
  • the “alkyl” group may have 1 to 12 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 6” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 6 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated).
  • the alkyl group of the compounds described herein may be designated as “C 1 -C 6 alkyl” or similar designations.
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl indicates that there are one to six carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl, propen-3-yl (allyl), cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl.
  • Alkyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, an alkyl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkylene group).
  • alkoxy refers to a “—O-alkyl” group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • alkenyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which the first two atoms of the alkyl group form a double bond that is not part of an aromatic group. That is, an alkenyl group begins with the atoms —C(R) ⁇ CR 2 , wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or different.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkenyl group include —CH ⁇ CH 2 , —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 , —CH ⁇ CHCH 3 , —CH ⁇ C(CH 3 ) 2 and —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CHCH 3 .
  • alkenyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic (in which case, it would also be known as a “cycloalkenyl” group).
  • Alkenyl groups may have 2 to 6 carbons. Alkenyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, an alkenyl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkenylene group).
  • alkynyl refers to a type of alkyl group in which the first two atoms of the alkyl group form a triple bond. That is, an alkynyl group begins with the atoms —C ⁇ C—R, wherein R refers to the remaining portions of the alkynyl group.
  • Non-limiting examples of an alkynyl group include —C ⁇ CH, —C ⁇ CCH 3 , —C ⁇ CCH 2 CH 3 and —C ⁇ CCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • the “R” portion of the alkynyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
  • An alkynyl group can have 2 to 6 carbons.
  • Alkynyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Depending on the structure, an alkynyl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an alkynylene group).
  • Amino refers to a —NH 2 group.
  • “Dialkylamino” refers to a —N(alkyl) 2 group, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • aromatic refers to a planar ring having a delocalized ⁇ -electron system containing 4n+2 ⁇ electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatic rings can be formed from five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than nine atoms. Aromatics can be optionally substituted.
  • aromatic includes both aryl groups (e.g., phenyl, naphthalenyl) and heteroaryl groups (e.g., pyridinyl, quinolinyl).
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom.
  • Aryl rings can be formed by five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than nine carbon atoms.
  • Aryl groups can be optionally substituted. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, and naphthalenyl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).
  • carbocyclic ring refers to a ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom.
  • the carbocyclic ring may be aryl or cycloalkyl.
  • Carboxy refers to —CO 2 H.
  • carboxy moieties may be replaced with a “carboxylic acid bioisostere”, which refers to a functional group or moiety that exhibits similar physical and/or chemical properties as a carboxylic acid moiety.
  • a carboxylic acid bioisostere has similar biological properties to that of a carboxylic acid group.
  • a compound with a carboxylic acid moiety can have the carboxylic acid moiety exchanged with a carboxylic acid bioisostere and have similar physical and/or biological properties when compared to the carboxylic acid-containing compound.
  • a carboxylic acid bioisostere would ionize at physiological pH to roughly the same extent as a carboxylic acid group.
  • bioisosteres of a carboxylic acid include, but are not limited to,
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. Cycloalkyls may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyls may be fused with an aromatic ring (in which case the cycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring carbon atom). Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, the following moieties:
  • heteroaryl or, alternatively, “heteroaromatic” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • An N-containing “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” moiety refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom.
  • Polycyclic heteroaryl groups may be fused or non-fused.
  • Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include the following moieties:
  • heterocycloalkyl group or “heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkyl group, wherein at least one skeletal ring atom is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the radicals may be fused with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups also referred to as non-aromatic heterocycles, include:
  • heteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides.
  • heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring).
  • heterocyclic ring refers to a ring wherein at least one skeletal ring atom is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the heterocyclic ring may be heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl.
  • halo or, alternatively, “halogen” means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogens.
  • the halogens may the same or they may be different.
  • Non-limiting examples of haloalkyls include —CH 2 Cl, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CF(CH 3 ) 3 , and the like.
  • fluoroalkyl and “fluoroalkoxy” include alkyl and alkoxy groups, respectively, that are substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
  • fluoroalkyls include —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —CF(CH 3 ) 3 , and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of fluoroalkoxy groups include —OCF 3 , —OCHF 2 , —OCH 2 F, —OCH 2 CF 3 , —OCF 2 CF 3 , —OCF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , —OCF(CH 3 ) 2 , and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl radical where one or more skeletal chain atoms is selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, or combinations thereof.
  • the heteroatom(s) may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 —O—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 3 , —CH 2 —NH—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH—CH 3 , —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—CH 3 , —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 , —S(O)—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —CH 3 , —CH 2 —NH—OCH 3 , —CH 2 —O—Si(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 —CH ⁇ N—OCH 3 , and —CH ⁇ CH—N(CH 3 )—CH 3 .
  • heteroalkyl may have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • bond refers to a chemical bond between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure.
  • moiety refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule.
  • substituent “R” appearing by itself and without a number designation refers to a substituent selected from among from alkyl, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon), and heterocycloalkyl.
  • optionally substituted or “substituted” means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, —OH, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, arylsulfone, —CN, alkyne, C 1 -C 6 alkylalkyne, halo, acyl, acyloxy, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 -alkyl, nitro, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups (e.g.
  • an optional substituents may be L s R s , wherein each L s is independently selected from a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —S—, —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 —, —NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH—, —NHS( ⁇ O) 2 —, —OC(O)NH—, —NHC(O)O—, —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)-, or —(C 2 -C 6 alkenyl)-; and each R s is independently selected from among H, (C 1 -C 6 alkyl), (C 3 —C cycloalkyl), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, and C 1 -C
  • the methods and formulations described herein include the use of crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
  • subject or “patient” encompasses mammals and non-mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the diseases refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with the compounds or methods provided herein.
  • the disease is a disease related to (e.g. caused by) Olig2 or aberrant Olig2 activity (e.g. brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanomas, lung cancers, breast cancer, leukemias, or Down's Syndrome).
  • Olig2 or aberrant Olig2 activity e.g. brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanomas, lung cancers, breast cancer, leukemias, or Down's Syndrome.
  • diseases, disorders, or conditions include, but are not limited to brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanomas, lung cancers, breast cancer, leukemias, Down's Syndrome, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's Disease, frontotemporal dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-St Hurssler-Scheinker syndrome, prion disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, Syndrome X, depression, anxiety, glaucoma, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cognition enhancement, Cushing's Syndrome, Addison's Disease, osteoporosis, frailty, muscle fra
  • “disease” or “condition” refer to cancer.
  • cancer refers to human cancers and carcinomas, sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, etc., including solid and lymphoid cancers, kidney, breast, lung, bladder, colon, ovarian, prostate, pancreas, stomach, brain, head and neck, skin, uterine, testicular, glioma, esophagus, and liver cancer, including hepatocarcinoma, lymphoma, including B-acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (e.g., Burkitt's, Small Cell, and Large Cell lymphomas), Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia (including AML, ALL, and CML), or multiple myeloma.
  • cancer refers to human cancers and carcinomas, sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, etc.
  • cancer refers to all types of cancer, neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including leukemia, carcinomas and sarcomas.
  • Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include cancer of the thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix, colon, head & neck, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus or Medulloblastoma.
  • Additional examples include, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, or prostate cancer.
  • leukemia refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases of the blood-forming organs and is generally characterized by a distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified on the basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute or chronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid (lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase in the number abnormal cells in the blood-leukemic or aleukemic (subleukemic).
  • Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia, a leukocythemic leukemia, basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia, bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonal leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross' leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia, stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia, lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia,
  • sarcoma generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance.
  • Sarcomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, fascial sarcoma,
  • melanoma is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs.
  • Melanomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, or superficial spreading melanoma.
  • carcinoma refers to a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases.
  • exemplary carcinomas that may be treated with a compound or method provided herein include, for example, medullary thyroid carcinoma, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epier
  • a “cancer associated with aberrant Olig2 activity” is a cancer caused by aberrant Olig2 activity (e.g. a mutated Olig2 gene).
  • Olig2 related cancers may include brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanomas, lung cancers, breast cancer, leukemias, T cell leukemias.
  • amelioration of the symptoms of a particular disease, disorder or condition by administration of a particular compound or pharmaceutical composition refers to any lessening of severity, delay in onset, slowing of progression, or shortening of duration, whether permanent or temporary, lasting or transient that can be attributed to or associated with administration of the compound or composition.
  • module means to interact with a target protein either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target protein, including, by way of example only, to inhibit the activity of the target, or to limit or reduce the activity of the target.
  • a modulator refers to a compound that alters an activity of a target.
  • a modulator can cause an increase or decrease in the magnitude of a certain activity of a target compared to the magnitude of the activity in the absence of the modulator.
  • a modulator is an inhibitor, which decreases the magnitude of one or more activities of a target.
  • an inhibitor completely prevents one or more activities of a target.
  • an Olig2 modulator is a compound that reduces the activity of Olig2 in a cell.
  • an Olig2 disease modulator is a compound that reduces the severity of one or more symptoms of a disease associated with Olig2 (e.g. cancer or Down's Syndrome).
  • target activity refers to a biological activity capable of being modulated by a modulator.
  • Certain exemplary target activities include, but are not limited to, binding affinity, signal transduction, enzymatic activity, tumor growth, inflammation or inflammation-related processes, and amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a disease or condition.
  • inhibitors refer to inhibition of oligodendrocyte trasnsciption factor 2 activity. In reference to a protein-inhibitor interaction the terms mean negatively affecting (e.g. decreasing) the activity or function of the protein (e.g. decreasing gene transcription regulated by Olig2) relative to the activity or function of the protein (e.g. Olig2, transcription factor) in the absence of the inhibitor (e.g. Olig2 inhibitor or Olig2 inhibitor compound).
  • inhibition refers to reduction of a disease or symptoms of disease.
  • inhibition refers to a reduction in the activity of a signal transduction pathway or signaling pathway (e.g.
  • inhibition includes, at least in part, partially or totally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delaying activation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a protein (e.g. Olig2). In some embodiments, inhibition refers to inhibition of Olig2.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutical combination means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients.
  • fixed combination means that one active ingredient, e.g. a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage.
  • non-fixed combination means that one active ingredient, e.g.
  • a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), and a co-agent are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient.
  • cocktail therapy e.g. the administration of three or more active ingredients.
  • pharmaceutical composition refers to a mixture of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein with other chemical components, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to: intravenous, oral, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary and topical administration.
  • an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition that includes a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms.
  • An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
  • an “enhance” or “enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
  • the term “enhancing” refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system.
  • An “enhancing-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
  • Contacting is used in accordance with its plain ordinary meaning and refers to the process of allowing at least two distinct species (e.g. chemical compounds including biomolecules, or cells) to become sufficiently proximal to react, interact or physically touch. It should be appreciated, however, the resulting reaction product can be produced directly from a reaction between the added reagents or from an intermediate from one or more of the added reagents which can be produced in the reaction mixture.
  • the term “contacting” may include allowing two species to react, interact, or physically touch, wherein the two species may be a compound as described herein and a protein or enzyme (e.g. Olig2). In some embodiments, the protein may be Olig2. In some embodiments contacting includes allowing a compound described herein to interact with a protein or enzyme that is involved in transcription.
  • co-administration are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
  • excipient refers to relatively nontoxic chemical compounds or agents that facilitate the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues.
  • dilute refers to chemical compounds that are used to dilute the compound of interest prior to delivery. Diluents can also be used to stabilize compounds because they can provide a more stable environment. Salts dissolved in buffered solutions (which also can provide pH control or maintenance) are utilized as diluents in the art, including, but not limited to a phosphate buffered saline solution.
  • a “metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • active metabolite refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized.
  • metabolized refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound.
  • cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulphydryl groups. Further information on metabolism may be obtained from The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill (1996). Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein can be identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds.
  • Bioavailability refers to the percentage of the weight of the compound disclosed herein (e.g. compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI)), that is delivered into the general circulation of the animal or human being studied.
  • the total exposure (AUC(0- ⁇ )) of a drug when administered intravenously is usually defined as 100% bioavailable (F %).
  • Oral bioavailability refers to the extent to which a compound disclosed herein, is absorbed into the general circulation when the pharmaceutical composition is taken orally as compared to intravenous injection.
  • Blood plasma concentration refers to the concentration of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) disclosed herein, in the plasma component of blood of a subject. It is understood that the plasma concentration of compounds described herein may vary significantly between subjects, due to variability with respect to metabolism and/or possible interactions with other therapeutic agents. In accordance with one embodiment disclosed herein, the blood plasma concentration of the compounds disclosed herein may vary from subject to subject. Likewise, values such as maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) or time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), or total area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC(0- ⁇ )) may vary from subject to subject. Due to this variability, the amount necessary to constitute “a therapeutically effective amount” of a compound may vary from subject to subject.
  • Cmax maximum plasma concentration
  • Tmax time to reach maximum plasma concentration
  • AUC(0- ⁇ ) total area under the plasma concentration time curve
  • amelioration refers to an improvement in a disease or condition or at least a partial relief of symptoms associated with a disease or condition.
  • immune cells include cells of the immune system and cells that perform a function or activity in an immune response, such as, but not limited to, T-cells, B-cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, plasma cells, white blood cells, antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells.
  • composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof, for the formulation of a medicament for inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell is provided.
  • the method includes contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), including embodiments thereof.
  • a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition in a subject that would benefit from inhibition of Olig2 activity comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating a disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; wherein the disease is cancer or Down's Syndrome.
  • a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • a method for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein the cancer is brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, astrocytomas, brain stem gliomas, meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, or leukemia.
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein the cancer is brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma
  • a method of inhibiting the activity of Olig2 in a cell comprising contacting the cell with a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
  • compositions which includes an effective amount of a compound provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • compositions further including a second pharmaceutically active ingredient.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing: i) a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, and/or excipient; and ii) one or more compounds described herein.
  • any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments that include single administrations of the effective amount of the compounds disclosed herein, including further embodiments in which: (i) the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) is administered once; (ii) the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day; (iii) continually; or (iv) continuously.
  • the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) is temporarily suspended or the dose of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) is resumed.
  • the length of the drug holiday can vary from 2 days to 1 year.
  • compounds described herein are administered to a human. In some embodiments, compounds described herein are orally administered.
  • compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers including excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Additional details about suitable excipients for pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.
  • a pharmaceutical composition refers to a mixture of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, with other chemical components, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • therapeutically effective amounts of compounds described herein are administered in a pharmaceutical composition to a mammal having a disease, disorder, or condition to be treated.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • a therapeutically effective amount can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used and other factors.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) can be used singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents as components of mixtures (as in combination therapy).
  • compositions described herein can be administered to a subject by multiple administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular), intranasal, buccal, topical, rectal, or transdermal administration routes.
  • parenteral e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular
  • intranasal e.g., buccal
  • topical e.g., topical, rectal, or transdermal administration routes.
  • compositions described herein which include a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, can be formulated into any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions, liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions, aerosols, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, effervescent formulations, lyophilized formulations, tablets, powders, pills, dragees, capsules, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate release and controlled release formulations.
  • aqueous oral dispersions liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions, aerosols, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, effervescent formulations, lyophilized formulations, tablets, powders, pills,
  • compositions including a compound described herein may be manufactured in a conventional manner, such as, by way of example only, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions will include at least one compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, as an active ingredient in free-acid or free-base form, or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
  • the methods and pharmaceutical compositions described herein include the use of crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein.
  • the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.
  • compositions provided herein may also include one or more preservatives to inhibit microbial activity.
  • Suitable preservatives include quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride.
  • compositions for oral use can be obtained by mixing one or more solid excipient with one or more of the compounds described herein (e.g. compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI)), optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets, pills, or capsules.
  • compounds described herein e.g. compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI)
  • suitable auxiliaries if desired, to obtain tablets, pills, or capsules.
  • Suitable excipients include, for example, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or others such as: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP or povidone) or calcium phosphate.
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions that can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • the solid dosage forms disclosed herein may be in the form of a tablet, (including a suspension tablet, a fast-melt tablet, a bite-disintegration tablet, a rapid-disintegration tablet, an effervescent tablet, or a caplet), a pill, a powder (including a sterile packaged powder, a dispensable powder, or an effervescent powder), a capsule (including both soft or hard capsules, e.g., capsules made from animal-derived gelatin or plant-derived HPMC, or “sprinkle capsules”), solid dispersion, solid solution, bioerodible dosage form, controlled release formulations, pulsatile release dosage forms, multiparticulate dosage forms, pellets, granules, or an aerosol.
  • a tablet including a suspension tablet, a fast-melt tablet, a bite-disintegration tablet, a rapid-disintegration tablet, an effervescent tablet, or a caplet
  • a pill including a sterile
  • the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a powder. In still other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet, including but not limited to, a fast-melt tablet. Additionally, pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds described herein may be administered as a single capsule or in multiple capsule dosage form. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is administered in two, or three, or four, capsules or tablets.
  • solid dosage forms e.g., tablets, effervescent tablets, and capsules
  • solid dosage forms are prepared by mixing particles of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, with one or more pharmaceutical excipients to form a bulk blend composition.
  • compositions When referring to these bulk blend compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the particles of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, are dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms, such as tablets, pills, and capsules.
  • the individual unit dosages may also include film coatings, which disintegrate upon oral ingestion or upon contact with diluent.
  • These formulations can be manufactured by conventional pharmacological techniques.
  • the pharmaceutical solid dosage forms described herein can include a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as a compatible carrier, binder, filling agent, suspending agent, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, disintegrating agent, dispersing agent, surfactant, lubricant, colorant, diluent, solubilizer, moistening agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetration enhancer, wetting agent, anti-foaming agent, antioxidant, preservative, or one or more combination thereof.
  • a compatible carrier such as a compatible carrier, binder, filling agent, suspending agent, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, disintegrating agent, dispersing agent, surfactant, lubricant, colorant, diluent, solubilizer, moistening agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetration enhancer, wetting agent, anti-foam
  • a film coating is provided around the formulation of the compound described herein.
  • some or all of the particles of the compound described herein are coated.
  • some or all of the particles of the compound described herein are microencapsulated.
  • the particles of the compound described herein are not microencapsulated and are uncoated.
  • Suitable carriers for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, maltodextrin, glycerine, magnesium silicate, sodium caseinate, soy lecithin, sodium chloride, tricalcium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, carrageenan, monoglyceride, diglyceride, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol and the like.
  • Suitable filling agents for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, lactose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose powder, dextrose, dextrates, dextran, starches, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethycellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylmethycellulose phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate (HPMCAS), sucrose, xylitol, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, polyethylene glycol, and the like.
  • disintegrants are often used in the formulation, especially when the dosage forms are compressed with binder. Disintegrants help rupturing the dosage form matrix by swelling or capillary action when moisture is absorbed into the dosage form.
  • Suitable disintegrants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, natural starch such as corn starch or potato starch, a pregelatinized starch such as National 1551 or Amijel®, or sodium starch glycolate such as Promogel® or Explotab®, a cellulose such as a wood product, methylcrystalline cellulose, e.g., Avicel®, Avicel® PH101, Avicel® PH102, Avicel® PH105, Elcema® P100, Emcocel®, Vivacel®, Ming Tia®, and Solka-Floc®, methylcellulose, croscarmellose, or a cross-linked cellulose, such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose) (Ac-Di-Sol®), cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, or cross-linked croscarmellose, a cross-linked starch such as sodium starch glycolate, a cross-linked polymer such as crospovidone, a cross-linked polyvinylpyr
  • Binders impart cohesiveness to solid oral dosage form formulations: for powder filled capsule formulation, they aid in plug formation that can be filled into soft or hard shell capsules and for tablet formulation, they ensure the tablet remaining intact after compression and help assure blend uniformity prior to a compression or fill step.
  • Materials suitable for use as binders in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose (e.g., Methocel®), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (e.g.
  • binder levels of 20-70% are used in powder-filled gelatin capsule formulations. Binder usage level in tablet formulations varies whether direct compression, wet granulation, roller compaction, or usage of other excipients such as fillers which itself can act as moderate binder. In some embodiments, formulators determine the binder level for the formulations, but binder usage level of up to 70% in tablet formulations is common.
  • Suitable lubricants or glidants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, stearic acid, calcium hydroxide, talc, corn starch, sodium stearyl fumerate, alkali-metal and alkaline earth metal salts, such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, stearic acid, sodium stearates, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, waxes, Stearowet®, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, a polyethylene glycol or a methoxypolyethylene glycol such as CarbowaxTM, PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, propylene glycol, sodium oleate, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl benzoate, magnesium or sodium lauryl sulfate, and the like.
  • stearic acid calcium hydroxide, talc, corn
  • Suitable diluents for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, sugars (including lactose, sucrose, and dextrose), polysaccharides (including dextrates and maltodextrin), polyols (including mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol), cyclodextrins and the like.
  • Suitable wetting agents for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, for example, oleic acid, glyceryl monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., Polyquat 10®), sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, sodium docusate, triacetin, vitamin E TPGS and the like.
  • quaternary ammonium compounds e.g., Polyquat 10®
  • Suitable surfactants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polysorbates, polaxomers, bile salts, glyceryl monostearate, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g., Pluronic® (BASF), and the like.
  • Suitable suspending agents for use in the solid dosage forms described here include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone K12, polyvinylpyrrolidone K17, polyvinylpyrrolidone K25, or polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, polyethylene glycol, e.g., the polyethylene glycol can have a molecular weight of about 300 to about 6000, or about 3350 to about 4000, or about 5400 to about 7000, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (S630), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polysorbate-80, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium alginate, gums, such as, e.g., gum tragacanth and gum acacia, guar gum, xanthans, including xanthan gum, sugars, cellulosics, such as, e
  • Suitable antioxidants for use in the solid dosage forms described herein include, for example, e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium ascorbate, and tocopherol.
  • BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
  • sodium ascorbate sodium ascorbate
  • tocopherol sodium ascorbate
  • additives used in the solid dosage forms described herein there is considerable overlap between additives used in the solid dosage forms described herein.
  • the above-listed additives should be taken as merely exemplary, and not limiting, of the types of additives that can be included in solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
  • one or more layers of the pharmaceutical formulation are plasticized.
  • a plasticizer is generally a high boiling point solid or liquid. Suitable plasticizers can be added from about 0.01% to about 50% by weight (w/w) of the coating composition.
  • Plasticizers include, but are not limited to, diethyl phthalate, citrate esters, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, acetylated glycerides, triacetin, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate, dibutyl sebacate, stearic acid, stearol, stearate, and castor oil.
  • Compressed tablets are solid dosage forms prepared by compacting the bulk blend of the formulations described above.
  • compressed tablets which are designed to dissolve in the mouth will include one or more flavoring agents.
  • the compressed tablets will include a film surrounding the final compressed tablet.
  • the film coating can provide a delayed release of the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein from the formulation.
  • the film coating aids in patient compliance (e.g., Opadry® coatings or sugar coating). Film coatings including Opadry® typically range from about 1% to about 3% of the tablet weight.
  • the compressed tablets include one or more excipients.
  • a capsule may be prepared, for example, by placing the bulk blend of the formulation of the compound described above, inside of a capsule.
  • the formulations non-aqueous suspensions and solutions
  • the formulations are placed in a soft gelatin capsule.
  • the formulations are placed in standard gelatin capsules or non-gelatin capsules such as capsules comprising HPMC.
  • the formulation is placed in a sprinkle capsule, wherein the capsule may be swallowed whole or the capsule may be opened and the contents sprinkled on food prior to eating.
  • the therapeutic dose is split into multiple (e.g., two, three, or four) capsules.
  • the entire dose of the formulation is delivered in a capsule form.
  • the particles of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein and one or more excipients are dry blended and compressed into a mass, such as a tablet, having a hardness sufficient to provide a pharmaceutical composition that substantially disintegrates within less than about 30 minutes, less than about 35 minutes, less than about 40 minutes, less than about 45 minutes, less than about 50 minutes, less than about 55 minutes, or less than about 60 minutes, after oral administration, thereby releasing the formulation into the gastrointestinal fluid.
  • dosage forms may include microencapsulated formulations.
  • one or more other compatible materials are present in the microencapsulation material.
  • Exemplary materials include, but are not limited to, pH modifiers, erosion facilitators, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, flavoring agents, and carrier materials such as binders, suspending agents, disintegration agents, filling agents, surfactants, solubilizers, stabilizers, lubricants, wetting agents, and diluents.
  • Materials useful for the microencapsulation described herein include materials compatible with compounds described herein, which sufficiently isolate the compound from other non-compatible excipients.
  • Materials compatible with compounds described herein are those that delay the release of the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) in vivo.
  • Exemplary microencapsulation materials useful for delaying the release of the formulations including compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers (HPC) such as Klucel® or Nisso HPC, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers (L-HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ethers (HPMC) such as Seppifilm-LC, Pharmacoat®, Metolose SR, Methocel®-E, Opadry YS, PrimaFlo, Benecel MP824, and Benecel MP843, methylcellulose polymers such as Methocel®-A, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate Aqoat (HF-LS, HF-LG, HF-MS) and Metolose®, Ethylcelluloses (EC) and mixtures thereof such as E461, Ethocel®, Aqualon®-EC, Surelease®, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) such as Opadry AMB, hydroxy
  • plasticizers such as polyethylene glycols, e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1450, PEG 3350, and PEG 800, stearic acid, propylene glycol, oleic acid, and triacetin are incorporated into the microencapsulation material.
  • the microencapsulating material useful for delaying the release of the pharmaceutical compositions is from the USP or the National Formulary (NF).
  • the microencapsulation material is Klucel.
  • the microencapsulation material is methocel.
  • Microencapsulated compounds described herein may be formulated by methods that include, e.g., spray drying processes, spinning disk-solvent processes, hot melt processes, spray chilling methods, fluidized bed, electrostatic deposition, centrifugal extrusion, rotational suspension separation, polymerization at liquid-gas or solid-gas interface, pressure extrusion, or spraying solvent extraction bath.
  • spray drying processes spinning disk-solvent processes
  • hot melt processes hot melt processes
  • spray chilling methods fluidized bed
  • electrostatic deposition centrifugal extrusion
  • rotational suspension separation polymerization at liquid-gas or solid-gas interface
  • pressure extrusion or spraying solvent extraction bath.
  • several chemical techniques e.g., complex coacervation, solvent evaporation, polymer-polymer incompatibility, interfacial polymerization in liquid media, in situ polymerization, in-liquid drying, and desolvation in liquid media could also be used.
  • other methods such as roller compaction, extrusion/spheronization, coacer
  • Effervescent powders are also prepared in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Effervescent salts have been used to disperse medicines in water for oral administration.
  • Effervescent salts are granules or coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in a dry mixture, usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and/or tartaric acid. When such salts are added to water, the acids and the base react to liberate carbon dioxide gas, thereby causing “effervescence.”
  • Examples of effervescent salts include, e.g., the following ingredients: sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, citric acid and/or tartaric acid. Any acid-base combination that results in the liberation of carbon dioxide can be used in place of the combination of sodium bicarbonate and citric and tartaric acids, as long as the ingredients were suitable for pharmaceutical use and result in a pH of about 6.0 or higher.
  • the formulations described herein, which include a compound described herein are solid dispersions.
  • Methods of producing such solid dispersions include, but are not limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,343,789, 5,340,591, 5,456,923, 5,700,485, 5,723,269, and U.S. patent publication no. 2004/0013734.
  • the formulations described herein are solid solutions. Solid solutions incorporate a substance together with the active agent and other excipients such that heating the mixture results in dissolution of the drug and the resulting composition is then cooled to provide a solid blend which can be further formulated or directly added to a capsule or compressed into a tablet. Methods of producing such solid solutions include, but are not limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,151,273, 5,281,420, and 6,083,518.
  • Controlled release refers to the release of the compounds described herein from a dosage form in which it is incorporated according to a desired profile over an extended period of time.
  • Controlled release profiles include, for example, sustained release, prolonged release, pulsatile release, and delayed release profiles.
  • controlled release compositions allow delivery of an agent to a subject over an extended period of time according to a predetermined profile.
  • Such release rates can provide therapeutically effective levels of agent for an extended period of time and thereby provide a longer period of pharmacologic response while minimizing side effects as compared to conventional rapid release dosage forms. Such longer periods of response provide for many inherent benefits that are not achieved with the corresponding short acting, immediate release preparations.
  • the solid dosage forms described herein can be formulated as enteric coated delayed release oral dosage forms, i.e., as an oral dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein which utilizes an enteric coating to affect release in the small intestine of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the enteric coated dosage form may be a compressed or molded or extruded tablet/mold (coated or uncoated) containing granules, powder, pellets, beads or particles of the active ingredient and/or other composition components, which are themselves coated or uncoated.
  • the enteric coated oral dosage form may also be a capsule (coated or uncoated) containing pellets, beads or granules of the solid carrier or the composition, which are themselves coated or uncoated.
  • delayed release refers to the delivery so that the release can be accomplished at some generally predictable location in the intestinal tract more distal to that which would have been accomplished if there had been no delayed release alterations.
  • the method for delay of release is coating. Any coatings should be applied to a sufficient thickness such that the entire coating does not dissolve in the gastrointestinal fluids at pH below about 5, but does dissolve at pH about 5 and above. Coatings may be made from:
  • Acrylic polymers The performance of acrylic polymers (primarily their solubility in biological fluids) can vary based on the degree and type of substitution. Examples of suitable acrylic polymers include methacrylic acid copolymers and ammonium methacrylate copolymers.
  • the Eudragit series E, L, S, RL, RS and NE are available as solubilized in organic solvent, aqueous dispersion, or dry powders.
  • the Eudragit series RL, NE, and RS are insoluble in the gastrointestinal tract but are permeable and are used primarily for colonic targeting.
  • the Eudragit series E dissolve in the stomach.
  • the Eudragit series L, L-30D and S are insoluble in stomach and dissolve in the intestine;
  • Cellulose Derivatives examples include: ethyl cellulose; reaction mixtures of partial acetate esters of cellulose with phthalic anhydride. The performance can vary based on the degree and type of substitution.
  • Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) dissolves in pH>6.
  • Aquateric (FMC) is an aqueous based system and is a spray dried CAP pseudolatex with particles ⁇ 1
  • Other components in Aquateric can include pluronics, Tweens, and acetylated monoglycerides.
  • Suitable cellulose derivatives include: cellulose acetate trimellitate (Eastman); methylcellulose (Pharmacoat, Methocel); hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP); hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose succinate (HPMCS); and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (e.g., AQOAT (Shin Etsu)).
  • HPMCP such as, HP-50, HP-55, HP-55S, HP-55F grades are suitable.
  • the performance can vary based on the degree and type of substitution.
  • suitable grades of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate include, but are not limited to, AS-LG (LF), which dissolves at pH 5, AS-MG (MF), which dissolves at pH 5.5, and AS-HG (HF), which dissolves at higher pH.
  • AS-LG LF
  • AS-MG MF
  • AS-HG HF
  • polymers are offered as granules, or as fine powders for aqueous dispersions;
  • PVAP Poly Vinyl Acetate Phthalate
  • the coating can, and usually does, contain a plasticizer and possibly other coating excipients such as colorants, talc, and/or magnesium stearate.
  • Suitable plasticizers include triethyl citrate (Citroflex 2), triacetin (glyceryl triacetate), acetyl triethyl citrate (Citroflec A2), Carbowax 400 (polyethylene glycol 400), diethyl phthalate, tributyl citrate, acetylated monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acid esters, propylene glycol, and dibutyl phthalate.
  • anionic carboxylic acrylic polymers usually will contain 10-25% by weight of a plasticizer, especially dibutyl phthalate, polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate and triacetin.
  • a plasticizer especially dibutyl phthalate, polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate and triacetin.
  • Conventional coating techniques such as spray or pan coating are employed to apply coatings. The coating thickness must be sufficient to ensure that the oral dosage form remains intact until the desired site of topical delivery in the intestinal tract is reached.
  • Colorants, detackifiers, surfactants, antifoaming agents, lubricants may be added to the coatings besides plasticizers to solubilize or disperse the coating material, and to improve coating performance and the coated product.
  • the formulations described herein which include a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein, are delivered using a pulsatile dosage form.
  • a pulsatile dosage form is capable of providing one or more immediate release pulses at predetermined time points after a controlled lag time or at specific sites.
  • Pulsatile dosage forms may be administered using a variety of pulsatile formulations including, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,692; 5,017,381; 5,229,135; 5,840,329; 4,871,549; 5,260,068; 5,260,069; 5,508,040; 5,567,441 and 5,837,284.
  • controlled release systems are suitable for use with the formulations described herein.
  • delivery systems include, e.g., polymer-based systems, such as polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyanhydrides and polycaprolactone; porous matrices, nonpolymer-based systems that are lipids, including sterols, such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids, or neutral fats, such as mono-, di- and triglycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide-based systems; wax coatings, bioerodible dosage forms, compressed tablets using conventional binders and the like. See, e.g., Liberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2 Ed., Vol. 1, pp.
  • pharmaceutical formulations include particles of the compounds described herein, e.g. compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), and at least one dispersing agent or suspending agent for oral administration to a subject.
  • the formulations may be a powder and/or granules for suspension, and upon admixture with water, a substantially uniform suspension is obtained.
  • Liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administration can be aqueous suspensions selected from the group including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups. See, e.g., Singh et al., Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, 2nd Ed., pp. 754-757 (2002).
  • aqueous suspensions and dispersions described herein can remain in a homogenous state, as defined in The USP Pharmacists' Pharmacopeia (2005 edition, chapter 905), for at least 4 hours.
  • the homogeneity should be determined by a sampling method consistent with regard to determining homogeneity of the entire composition.
  • an aqueous suspension can be re-suspended into a homogenous suspension by physical agitation lasting less than 1 minute.
  • an aqueous suspension can be re-suspended into a homogenous suspension by physical agitation lasting less than 45 seconds.
  • an aqueous suspension can be re-suspended into a homogenous suspension by physical agitation lasting less than 30 seconds. In still another embodiment, no agitation is necessary to maintain a homogeneous aqueous dispersion.
  • compositions described herein may include sweetening agents such as, but not limited to, acacia syrup, acesulfame K, alitame, anise, apple, aspartame, banana, Bavarian cream, berry, black currant, butterscotch, calcium citrate, camphor, caramel, cherry, cherry cream, chocolate, cinnamon, bubble gum, citrus, citrus punch, citrus cream, cotton candy, cocoa, cola, cool cherry, cool citrus, cyclamate, cylamate, dextrose, eucalyptus , eugenol, fructose, fruit punch, ginger, glycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhiza (licorice) syrup, grape, grapefruit, honey, isomalt, lemon, lime, lemon cream, monoammonium glyrrhizinate (MagnaSweet), maltol, mannitol, maple, marshmallow, menthol, mint cream, mixed berry, neohe
  • the pharmaceutical formulations described herein can be self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS).
  • SEDDS self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
  • Emulsions are dispersions of one immiscible phase in another, usually in the form of droplets.
  • emulsions are created by vigorous mechanical dispersion.
  • SEDDS as opposed to emulsions or microemulsions, spontaneously form emulsions when added to an excess of water without any external mechanical dispersion or agitation.
  • An advantage of SEDDS is that only gentle mixing is required to distribute the droplets throughout the solution. Additionally, water or the aqueous phase can be added just prior to administration, which ensures stability of an unstable or hydrophobic active ingredient.
  • the SEDDS provides an effective delivery system for oral and parenteral delivery of hydrophobic active ingredients.
  • SEDDS may provide improvements in the bioavailability of hydrophobic active ingredients.
  • Methods of producing self-emulsifying dosage forms include, but are not limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,401, 6,667,048, and 6,960,563.
  • compositions and formulations are prepared with suitable nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.
  • suitable carriers is highly dependent upon the exact nature of the nasal dosage form desired, e.g., solutions, suspensions, ointments, or gels.
  • Nasal dosage forms generally contain large amounts of water in addition to the active ingredient. Minor amounts of other ingredients such as pH adjusters, emulsifiers or dispersing agents, preservatives, surfactants, gelling agents, or buffering and other stabilizing and solubilizing agents may also be present.
  • the nasal dosage form should be isotonic with nasal secretions.
  • the compounds described herein may be in a form as an aerosol, a mist or a powder.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions described herein are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • Capsules and cartridges of, such as, by way of example only, gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound described herein and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • buccal formulations that include compounds described herein may be administered using a variety of formulations which include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,229,447, 4,596,795, 4,755,386, and 5,739,136.
  • the buccal dosage forms described herein can further include a bioerodible (hydrolysable) polymeric carrier that also serves to adhere the dosage form to the buccal mucosa.
  • the buccal dosage form is fabricated so as to erode gradually over a predetermined time period, wherein the delivery of the compound is provided essentially throughout.
  • buccal drug delivery avoids the disadvantages encountered with oral drug administration, e.g., slow absorption, degradation of the active agent by fluids present in the gastrointestinal tract and/or first-pass inactivation in the liver.
  • bioerodible (hydrolysable) polymeric carrier virtually any such carrier can be used, so long as the desired drug release profile is not compromised, and the carrier is compatible with the compounds described herein, and any other components that may be present in the buccal dosage unit.
  • the polymeric carrier comprises hydrophilic (water-soluble and water-swellable) polymers that adhere to the wet surface of the buccal mucosa.
  • polymeric carriers useful herein include acrylic acid polymers and co, e.g., those known as “carbomers” (Carbopol®, which may be obtained from B.F. Goodrich, is one such polymer).
  • Carbopol® which may be obtained from B.F. Goodrich, is one such polymer.
  • Other components may also be incorporated into the buccal dosage forms described herein include, but are not limited to, disintegrants, diluents, binders, lubricants, flavoring, colorants, preservatives, and the like.
  • the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a conventional manner.
  • Transdermal formulations described herein may be administered using a variety of devices including but not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,598,122, 3,598,123, 3,710,795, 3,731,683, 3,742,951, 3,814,097, 3,921,636, 3,972,995, 3,993,072, 3,993,073, 3,996,934, 4,031,894, 4,060,084, 4,069,307, 4,077,407, 4,201,211, 4,230,105, 4,292,299, 4,292,303, 5,336,168, 5,665,378, 5,837,280, 5,869,090, 6,923,983, 6,929,801 and 6,946,144.
  • transdermal dosage forms described herein may incorporate certain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are conventional in the art.
  • the transdermal formulations described herein include at least three components: (1) a formulation of a compound of; (2) a penetration enhancer; and (3) an aqueous adjuvant.
  • transdermal formulations can include additional components such as, but not limited to, gelling agents, creams and ointment bases, and the like.
  • the transdermal formulation can further include a woven or non-woven backing material to enhance absorption and prevent the removal of the transdermal formulation from the skin.
  • the transdermal formulations described herein can maintain a saturated or supersaturated state to promote diffusion into the skin.
  • Formulations suitable for transdermal administration of compounds described herein may employ transdermal delivery devices and transdermal delivery patches and can be lipophilic emulsions or buffered, aqueous solutions, dissolved and/or dispersed in a polymer or an adhesive. Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Still further, transdermal delivery of the compounds described herein can be accomplished by means of iontophoretic patches and the like. Additionally, transdermal patches can provide controlled delivery of the compounds described herein. The rate of absorption can be slowed by using rate-controlling membranes or by trapping the compound within a polymer matrix or gel. Conversely, absorption enhancers can be used to increase absorption.
  • transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound to the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin.
  • Formulations suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection may include physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents, or vehicles including water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethylene-glycol, glycerol, cremophor and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • Formulations suitable for subcutaneous injection may also contain additives such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the growth of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • compounds described herein may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally recognized in the field.
  • appropriate formulations may include aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, preferably with physiologically compatible buffers or excipients. Such excipients are generally recognized in the field.
  • Parenteral injections may involve bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein may be in a form suitable for parenteral injection as a sterile suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • compositions provided herein also include an mucoadhesive polymer, selected from among, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, carbomer (acrylic acid polymer), poly(methylmethacrylate), polyacrylamide, polycarbophil, acrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymer, sodium alginate and dextran.
  • an mucoadhesive polymer selected from among, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, carbomer (acrylic acid polymer), poly(methylmethacrylate), polyacrylamide, polycarbophil, acrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymer, sodium alginate and dextran.
  • the compounds described herein may be administered topically and are formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams or ointments.
  • Such pharmaceutical compounds can contain solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives.
  • the compounds described herein may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention enemas, containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides, as well as synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG, and the like.
  • a low-melting wax such as, but not limited to, a mixture of fatty acid glycerides, optionally in combination with cocoa butter is first melted.
  • an agent such as a compound of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) is administered in an amount effective for amelioration of, or prevention of the development of symptoms of, the disease or disorder (i.e., a therapeutically effective amount).
  • a therapeutically effective amount can be an amount that is capable of at least partially preventing or reversing a disease or disorder.
  • the dose required to obtain an effective amount may vary depending on the agent, formulation, disease or disorder, and individual to whom the agent is administered.
  • Determination of effective amounts may also involve in vitro assays in which varying doses of agent are administered to cells in culture and the concentration of agent effective for ameliorating some or all symptoms is determined in order to calculate the concentration required in vivo. Effective amounts may also be based in in vivo animal studies.
  • An agent can be administered prior to, concurrently with and subsequent to the appearance of symptoms of a disease or disorder.
  • an agent is administered to a subject with a family history of the disease or disorder, or who has a phenotype that may indicate a predisposition to a disease or disorder, or who has a genotype which predisposes the subject to the disease or disorder.
  • the compounds described herein can be used in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of cancer, or for the treatment of diseases or conditions that would benefit, at least in part, from Olig2 inhibition.
  • a method for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a subject in need of such treatment involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said subject.
  • compositions containing the compounds described herein are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition. Such an amount is defined to be a “prophylactically effective amount or dose.”
  • a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition is defined to be a “prophylactically effective amount or dose.”
  • dose a pharmaceutically effective amount or dose.
  • the precise amounts also depend on the patient's state of health, weight, and the like.
  • effective amounts for this use will depend on the severity and course of the disease, disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • the administration of the compounds may be administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration of the patient's life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient's disease or condition.
  • the administration of the compounds may be given continuously; alternatively, the dose of drug being administered may be temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”).
  • the length of the drug holiday can vary between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, 35 days, 50 days, 70 days, 100 days, 120 days, 150 days, 180 days, 200 days, 250 days, 280 days, 300 days, 320 days, 350 days, or 365 days.
  • the dose reduction during a drug holiday may be from about 10% to about 100%, including, by way of example only, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%.
  • a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, can be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved disease, disorder or condition is retained. Patients can, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • the amount of a given agent that will correspond to such an amount will vary depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease or condition and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight) of the subject or host in need of treatment, but can nevertheless be determined in a manner recognized in the field according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or host being treated.
  • doses employed for adult human treatment will typically be in the range of about 0.02-about 5000 mg per day, in some embodiments, about 1-about 1500 mg per day.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered simultaneously (or over a short period of time) or at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages.
  • the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compound.
  • the unit dosage may be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation.
  • Non-limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules.
  • Aqueous suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers.
  • multiple-dose reclosable containers can be used, in which case it is typical to include a preservative in the composition.
  • formulations for parenteral injection may be presented in unit dosage form, which include, but are not limited to ampoules, or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the daily dosages appropriate for the compounds described herein described herein are from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg. In one embodiment, the daily dosages are from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
  • An indicated daily dosage in the larger mammal, including, but not limited to, humans, is in the range from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, conveniently administered in a single dose or in divided doses, including, but not limited to, up to four times a day or in extended release form.
  • Suitable unit dosage forms for oral administration include from about 1 to about 500 mg active ingredient. In one embodiment, the unit dosage is about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about, 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 400 mg, or about 500 mg.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio between LD 50 and ED 50 .
  • Compounds exhibiting high therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with minimal toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
  • the benefit experienced by a patient may be increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.
  • another therapeutic agent which also includes a therapeutic regimen
  • the overall benefit experienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience a synergistic benefit.
  • the compounds or drugs of the present invention can be administered alone or co-administered in combination with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and/or immunotherapy.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein can be co-administered with conventional chemotherapeutic agents including alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan, mechlorethamine, uramustine, thiotepa, nitrosoureas, etc.), anti-metabolites (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, azathioprine, methotrexate, leucovorin, capecitabine, cytarabine, floxuridine, fludarabine, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, etc.), plant alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophylocate, axam
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein can also be co-administered with conventional hormonal therapeutic agents including, but not limited to, steroids (e.g., dexamethasone), finasteride, aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH) such as goserelin.
  • steroids e.g., dexamethasone
  • finasteride e.g., aromatase inhibitors
  • tamoxifen e.g., tamoxifen
  • GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (IID), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein can be co-administered with conventional immunotherapeutic agents including, but not limited to, immunostimulants (e.g., Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), levamisole, interleukin-2, alpha-interferon, etc.), monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-CD20, anti-HER2, anti-CD52, anti-HLA-DR, and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies), immunotoxins (e.g., anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-calicheamicin conjugate, anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody- pseudomonas exotoxin conjugate, etc.), and radioimmunotherapy (e.g., anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody conjugated to 111 In, 90 Y, or 131 I, etc.).
  • immunostimulants
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (IIA), (IIB), (IIC), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) described herein can also be co-administered with STAT 3 inhibitors or Janus Kinase inhibitors.
  • the particular choice of compounds used will depend upon the diagnosis of the attending physicians and their judgment of the condition of the patient and the appropriate treatment protocol.
  • the compounds may be administered concurrently (e.g., simultaneously, essentially simultaneously or within the same treatment protocol) or sequentially, depending upon the nature of the disease, disorder, or condition, the condition of the patient, and the actual choice of compounds used.
  • the determination of the order of administration, and the number of repetitions of administration of each therapeutic agent during a treatment protocol, is well within the knowledge of the physician after evaluation of the disease being treated and the condition of the patient.
  • Therapeutically-effective dosages can vary when the drugs are used in treatment combinations. Methods for experimentally determining therapeutically-effective dosages of drugs and other agents for use in combination treatment regimens are described in the literature. For example, the use of metronomic dosing, i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic side effects, has been described extensively in the literature Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.
  • dosages of the co-administered compounds will of course vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the disease or condition being treated and so forth.
  • the compound provided herein may be administered either simultaneously with the biologically active agent(s), or sequentially. If administered sequentially, the attending physician will decide on the appropriate sequence of administering protein in combination with the biologically active agent(s).
  • the multiple therapeutic agents may be administered in any order or even simultaneously. If simultaneously, the multiple therapeutic agents may be provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (by way of example only, either as a single pill or as two separate pills). One of the therapeutic agents may be given in multiple doses, or both may be given as multiple doses. If not simultaneous, the timing between the multiple doses may vary from more than zero weeks to less than four weeks.
  • the combination methods, compositions and formulations are not to be limited to the use of only two agents; the use of multiple therapeutic combinations are also envisioned.
  • the dosage regimen to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the condition(s) for which relief is sought can be modified in accordance with a variety of factors. These factors include the disorder or condition from which the subject suffers, as well as the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject. Thus, the dosage regimen actually employed can vary widely and therefore can deviate from the dosage regimens set forth herein.
  • the pharmaceutical agents which make up the combination therapy disclosed herein may be a combined dosage form or in separate dosage forms intended for substantially simultaneous administration.
  • the pharmaceutical agents that make up the combination therapy may also be administered sequentially, with either therapeutic compound being administered by a regimen calling for two-step administration.
  • the two-step administration regimen may call for sequential administration of the active agents or spaced-apart administration of the separate active agents.
  • the time period between the multiple administration steps may range from, a few minutes to several hours, depending upon the properties of each pharmaceutical agent, such as potency, solubility, bioavailability, plasma half-life and kinetic profile of the pharmaceutical agent. Circadian variation of the target molecule concentration may also determine the optimal dose interval.
  • the compounds described herein also may be used in combination with procedures that may provide additional or synergistic benefit to the patient.
  • patients are expected to find therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in the methods described herein, wherein pharmaceutical composition of a compound disclosed herein and/or combinations with other therapeutics are combined with genetic testing to determine whether that individual is a carrier of a mutant gene that is known to be correlated with certain diseases or conditions.
  • the compounds described herein and combination therapies can be administered before, during or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timing of administering the composition containing a compound can vary.
  • the compounds can be used as a prophylactic and can be administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of the disease or condition.
  • the compounds and compositions can be administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms.
  • the administration of the compounds can be initiated within the first 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, preferably within the first 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, more preferably within the first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms, and most preferably within 3 hours of the onset of the symptoms.
  • the initial administration can be via any route practical, such as, for example, an intravenous injection, a bolus injection, infusion over about 5 minutes to about 5 hours, a pill, a capsule, transdermal patch, buccal delivery, and the like, or combination thereof.
  • a compound is preferably administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a disease or condition is detected or suspected, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease, such as, for example, from 1 day to about 3 months.
  • the length of treatment can vary for each subject, and the length can be determined using the known criteria.
  • the compound or a formulation containing the compound can be administered for at least 2 weeks, preferably about 1 month to about 5 years.
  • kits and articles of manufacture are also described herein.
  • Such kits can include a carrier, package, or container that is compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) including one of the separate elements to be used in a method described herein.
  • Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes.
  • the containers can be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
  • Packaging materials for use in packaging pharmaceutical products include, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,323,907, 5,052,558 and 5,033,252.
  • Examples of pharmaceutical packaging materials include, but are not limited to, blister packs, bottles, tubes, inhalers, pumps, bags, vials, containers, syringes, bottles, and any packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and intended mode of administration and treatment.
  • a wide array of formulations of the compounds and compositions provided herein are contemplated as are a variety of treatments for any disease, disorder, or condition that would benefit by inhibition of Olig2 activity.
  • the container(s) can include one or more compounds described herein, optionally in a composition or in combination with another agent as disclosed herein.
  • the container(s) optionally have a sterile access port (for example the container can be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
  • kits optionally comprising a compound with an identifying description or label or instructions relating to its use in the methods described herein.
  • a kit will typically may include one or more additional containers, each with one or more of various materials (such as reagents, optionally in concentrated form, and/or devices) desirable from a commercial and user standpoint for use of a compound described herein.
  • materials include, but not limited to, buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes; carrier, package, container, vial and/or tube labels listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • a set of instructions will also typically be included.
  • a label can be on or associated with the container.
  • a label can be on a container when letters, numbers or other characters forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container itself; a label can be associated with a container when it is present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the container, e.g., as a package insert.
  • a label can be used to indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific therapeutic application. The label can also indicate directions for use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be presented in a pack or dispenser device which can contain one or more unit dosage forms containing a compound provided herein.
  • the pack can for example contain metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device can be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • the pack or dispenser can also be accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the drug for human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, can be the labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs, or the approved product insert.
  • Compositions containing a compound provided herein formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier can also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
  • the starting materials and reagents used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein may be synthesized or can be obtained from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to, Sigma-Aldrich, Acros Organics, Fluka, and Fischer Scientific.
  • HPLC methods Platform (Methods 1-3): Agilent 1100 series HPLC, comprised of pumps, degasser and UV detector, equipped with an auto-sampler. MS detector (APCI) PE Sciex API 150 EX. Platform (Method 4): Agilent 1290 series HPLC, comprised of binary pumps, degasser and UV detector, equipped with an auto-sampler. MS detector AJS-ES.
  • Step 1 tert-butyl 2-(2-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ureido)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylate (23)
  • Step 2 ( ⁇ )-2-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ureido]-6-methyl-4-(3-piperidylamino)pyrimidine hydrochloride (24)
  • the BOC derivative (9) (741 mg, 1.5 mmol) was suspended into a 9:1 mixture of DCM: MeOH (7.5 mL) and HCl (4M in dioxane, 7.5 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Volatiles were removed in vacuo to yield the title compound (10) as a hydrochloride salt (500 mg).
  • Step 1 (4- ⁇ 2-[3-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-ureido]-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-ylamino ⁇ -butyl)-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (25)
  • Step 2 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-methyl-6-((4-(methylamino)butyl)amino)pyrimidin-2-yl)urea
  • Step 1 3-(4-Chloro-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-imidazolidinone (31)
  • Step 2 ( ⁇ )-tert-butyl 3-(2-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylate (32)
  • Step 3 ( ⁇ )-1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-[6-methyl-4-(3-piperidylamino)-2-pyrimidinyl]-2-imidazolidinone (33)
  • Step 4 ( ⁇ )-1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-[4-(1-ethyl-3-piperidylamino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl]-2-imidazolidinone (34)
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