US20170014102A1 - Microcavity-containing polymeric medical devices for enhanced ultrasonic echogenicity - Google Patents

Microcavity-containing polymeric medical devices for enhanced ultrasonic echogenicity Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170014102A1
US20170014102A1 US15/209,082 US201615209082A US2017014102A1 US 20170014102 A1 US20170014102 A1 US 20170014102A1 US 201615209082 A US201615209082 A US 201615209082A US 2017014102 A1 US2017014102 A1 US 2017014102A1
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ultrasound
microcavities
detectable
polymer
detectable device
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US15/209,082
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Devin O'brien-Coon
David Narrow
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Sonavex Inc
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Sonavex Inc
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Priority to US15/209,082 priority Critical patent/US20170014102A1/en
Assigned to Sonavex, Inc. reassignment Sonavex, Inc. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NARROW, David, O'BRIEN-COON, Devin
Publication of US20170014102A1 publication Critical patent/US20170014102A1/en
Priority to US16/673,542 priority patent/US20200139592A1/en
Priority to US17/192,050 priority patent/US11858181B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/48—Diagnostic techniques
    • A61B8/481—Diagnostic techniques involving the use of contrast agent, e.g. microbubbles introduced into the bloodstream
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/02—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
    • A61B8/0833—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/58—Testing, adjusting or calibrating the diagnostic device
    • A61B8/587—Calibration phantoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/0001—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A61B2090/3925—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers ultrasonic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
    • A61B2562/12—Manufacturing methods specially adapted for producing sensors for in-vivo measurements
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
    • A61B8/0833—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures
    • A61B8/0841—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures for locating instruments
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/13—Tomography
    • A61B8/14—Echo-tomography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/02—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C44/04—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles consisting of at least two parts of chemically or physically different materials, e.g. having different densities
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
    • B29C44/36—Feeding the material to be shaped
    • B29C44/38—Feeding the material to be shaped into a closed space, i.e. to make articles of definite length
    • B29C44/42—Feeding the material to be shaped into a closed space, i.e. to make articles of definite length using pressure difference, e.g. by injection or by vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
    • B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2023/10—Polymers of propylene
    • B29K2023/12—PP, i.e. polypropylene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2067/00—Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • B29K2067/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
    • B29K2067/046—PLA, i.e. polylactic acid or polylactide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2069/00—Use of PC, i.e. polycarbonates or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/0088—Blends of polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/04—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
    • B29K2105/041—Microporous
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037—Other properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/753—Medical equipment; Accessories therefor

Definitions

  • the presently disclosed subject matter relates generally to the design of polymeric medical devices which contain specially designed microcavities to generate improved echogenicity characteristics when visualized within the human body using ultrasound.
  • Noninvasive medical methods such as ultrasound imaging offer tremendous medical value and point-of-care utility for diagnosis and measurement. It often is desirable to locate a medical device which is currently within the human body or to identify a site where a procedure or measurement has been previously performed.
  • interpretation of greyscale (B-mode) ultrasound requires expertise and it may be difficult to use native landmarks to determine whether the desired location has been reached. For example, returning to the site of a prior procedure can be challenging because of first, the difficulty in locating the postoperative site and second, the difficulty in determining the orientation of the image vis-à-vis earlier images collected in order to accurately analyze data collected from the location.
  • any such surface modification attempts will fail to significantly increase the echogenicity of polymer devices.
  • attempts to create divots or indentations either randomly distributed across the device body or penetrating through the entire thickness of the device e.g., from the front to back surface of the device) fail to improve echogenicity as desired.
  • Ultrasound tissue marker devices do exist within the medical device landscape for use in localizing sites within the body but are undesirable for certain applications because they lack such an echogenic enhancement method. These markers are often composed of a large surface area to volume ratio (e.g., they may be made up of many small pellets which may be randomly oriented) because the increased surface area maximizes the return of ultrasound waves. If the thickness of the marker body (i.e., the axis perpendicular to the beam direction) is large relative to the ultrasound wavelength, only the device edges and not the interior will be visualized. This is because substantial changes in either density or compressibility do not exist throughout the volume on a microscopic scale. For both the purposes of human visualization as well as medical imaging algorithm detection, it would often be desirable if a method were available to visualize the entire object under ultrasound rather than just the edges.
  • Another significant problem relates to the angle of insonation dependence with respect to the ultrasound.
  • Devices which rely on edge-only reflectance e.g., the previously mentioned existing markers
  • the presently disclosed subject matter provides an ultrasound-detectable polymeric medical device with superior visibility of the body of the device and less ultrasound angle dependence. These desirable characteristics are created by introducing controlled microcavities within the marker to alter the reflection mechanism of the ultrasound waves as they pass through the implant.
  • the cavities have two main purposes: (a) creating differences in density and compressibility within the marker on a small scale, and (b) creating diffuse reflection robust to insonation angle as compared to what is otherwise largely specular reflection.
  • the small-scale density changes ensure that acoustic signal reflections occur throughout the depth of penetration. The distance over which these changes occur is tuned to be relative to the wavelength of the ultrasound, with optimal cavity-polymer transitions occurring at distances comparable to the ultrasound wavelength.
  • the proper choice of microcavity ratio and dimension is essential because creation of excessive acoustic impedence will cause premature absorption of all the ultrasound energy and failure of the object to fully illuminate, while inadequate impedence will result in the internal structure being inadequately echogenic.
  • the microcavities and their essentially random surface orientation vis-à-vis the ultrasound beam will reflect the signal in a diffuse manner.
  • the acoustic signal from the object returns to the probe irrespective of orientation and causes the whole cross-section of the object to appear visible on the ultrasound screen.
  • the presently disclosed subject matter provides a method for inserting and visualizing a medical device containing microcavities, the method comprising: (a) inserting a polymeric medical device with microcavities into a patient; (b) visualizing and detecting the device using B-mode ultrasound during or after surgery; and (c) performing this visualization in multiple near-simultaneous frames, representing different angles of insonation.
  • This method of detecting the medical device from multiple angles of insonation is of particular importance. In many clinical environments, it is desirable to understand the orientation of the imaging plane to gather repeatable data longitudinally, but also to assess a specific site from a variety of perspectives. Furthermore, it is rare that the user will approach the site from the proper angle, so the device must tolerate and accommodate initial error. Thus, the user of the ultrasound must be able to detect the device from essentially all angles of insonation.
  • FIG. 1 displays the cross section of a medical device with internal microcavities.
  • the cavities resemble a spherical or semi-spherical shape across a range of sizes.
  • the device contains an outer layer free of microcavities.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B respectively display the reflectance of the ultrasound beam for a medical device with and a medical device without microcavities.
  • FIG. 2A a medical device without microcavity, exhibits a specular reflection of the ultrasound beam, which results in little to no signal returning to the probe.
  • FIG. 2B displays the diffuse reflection that is generated when the ultrasound beam contacts the microcavities. Unlike in FIG. 2A , a significant portion of the signal is reflected back to the probe, irrespective of the originating angle of the emitted signal.
  • the invention provides an ultrasound-detectable medical device comprising a polymer with microcavities dispersed in some or all of its body capable of providing improved visibility throughout some or all of its volume and under variable angles of insonation FIGS. 1 and 2B .
  • the microcavities extend throughout the entire volume of the medical device.
  • the microcavities occupy a central region of the medical device.
  • the space containing microcavities is surrounded by an outer layer of material without microcavities.
  • the invention provides an ultrasound-detectable device wherein the diameter (microcavity size) ranges between 0.1 to 950 microns, and commonly between 50 to 350 microns. In some instances, the microcavity diameter exceeds 1,000 microns. In other instances, the microcavity diameter ranges from 10 to 500 microns. In additional instances, the microcavities exhibit diameters from 10 to 1,500 microns.
  • the invention provides an ultrasound-detectable device wherein the ideal volume to volume ratio of cavity space to polymer structures should be less than 60%, and is commonly between 12% and 50%. In some instances, the microcavities comprise between 30 to 50% of the volume. In other instances, the volume ratio of microcavities exceeds 60%.
  • the ultrasound-detectable device contains microcavities.
  • the microcavities are composed of gas.
  • the device is created via injection molding.
  • the device is manufactured by extrusion.
  • microcavities are created by introducing gas into the polymer material prior to manufacturing, commonly through injection.
  • microcavities are introduced during the manufacturing process, which can be performed by injecting gas into a mold either before, while, or after the polymer enters the mold.
  • microcavities may be composed of a variety of biocompatible gases. In some instances, super-critical CO2 is used, and in other instances, N2 is used.
  • the microcavities are created via a chemical reaction such that gas is released into the polymer. This may be accomplished with a foaming agent or other chemical processes.
  • the gas may be activated by pressure or temperature changes in the manufacturing process.
  • the microcavities consume a region within the overall volume, rather than the entire device.
  • the region containing the microcavities is central to the device.
  • the region containing the microcavities is surrounded by a layer of polymeric or non-polymeric material that does not contain microcavities.
  • this external layer, or “skin” contains microcavities, though of a reduced density.
  • the region containing the microcavities resides on the top surface of the device (superficial towards the position of the ultrasound probe), while in other embodiments, the microcavity region resides on the bottom surface of the device.
  • an outer layer of the device which is meant to maintain the structural integrity of the inner microcavity-containing region.
  • This outer layer does not contain microcavities and thus provides a barrier protecting the inner region, especially from fluid flow, which could accelerate degradation and also negatively impact the ultrasonic visibility.
  • the outer layer described has a smooth surface to minimize irritation and other adverse events to surrounding tissue or vessels once the device is implanted.
  • the device is used as an echogenic marker for ultrasound location in the human body.
  • Some anatomic structures that can be marked using this device include: veins, arteries, soft tissue, urinary tracts, nerves, and ducts.
  • the device enables location of any of these structures after implantation.
  • the device gives the clinician knowledge of the spatial relationship between the ultrasound probe and anatomic structure, independent of the angle of insonation.
  • the device enables locating the anatomic location repeatedly across many examinations after placement of the device.
  • the size of the device ranges from 1 to 60 mm in length, 1 to 60 mm in width, and 1 to 40 mm in height.
  • Some embodiments of the device represent curved, cradle-like structures.
  • Other embodiments of the device are spheres, rectangles, cubes, plates, pellets, and discs.
  • the device is comprised of one or more resorbable polymers selected from the group of: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and copolymers thereof.
  • PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
  • PLA polylactide
  • PGA polyglycolide
  • PHA polyhydroxyalkanoate
  • PCL polycaprolactone
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • the device is comprised of one or more non-resorbable polymers selected from the group of: polycarbonate, polyetheretherketone, polypropylene, silicone, polyethylene, polyester, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyvinyl chloride, polyethylsulfone, polyacryclate, polyetheretherketone, poly-p-xylylene (parylene), polytetrafluoroethylene, cyclo olefin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyeurethane, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, acetals, polyetherimide, ethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene difluoride, and polyhydroxybutyrate.
  • the device is comprised of both resorbable and non-resorbable materials, which may be in the form of multiple sections with unique
  • the device is manufactured via a foaming process.
  • Microcavities are introduced into the polymer by introducing a blowing agent.
  • the blowing agent created the cellular structure of the microcavities.
  • the blowing agent is a physical blowing agent.
  • the blowing agent is a chemical blowing agent.
  • An alternative way of generating the foam is using a solvent such as acetone.
  • this invention describes injecting the polymer into a mold.
  • An alternative way of producing the device is via extrusion.
  • This invention describes a method for using the device where the device is first inserted into a patient, it is then detected using B-mode ultrasound during or after surgery, and the device is detected in multiple frames, representing different angles of insonation.
  • the ultrasound user can leave the patient and return to find the device at a later time point. This is important because it is often desired to track anatomical or physiological features over a time horizon of multiple days or weeks, and sometimes months or years. This means that user needs to walk away from the patient, return to the patient, and easily locate the device.
  • Another critical feature of the invention is the ability to detect the device using ultrasound from any angle of insonation. This is important because a non-expert is able to locate the marked site and use the visual information to achieve a desired angle or set of angles.
  • the invention enables strong visibility in angles ranging from 25 degrees to 155 degrees from the skin surface.
  • the microcavity feature of the invention provides the ability to visualize the device across such a broad range of insonation angles. Due to the geometry and microcavity feature of the device, the user is able to understand the angle of insonation. Therefore, the user can repeatedly match the same orientation upon each examination, generate the same image of the device, and thus compare anatomic or physiologic conditions reliably over time. Alternatively, the user can approach the device from a new orientation in each additional examination, though will have the geometric information from the device to make proper calculations to adjust for the new angle of insonation.
  • the device should not be compromised at 40 degrees Celsius when in a dark and moist environment, such as human or animal tissue. Compromise includes but is not limited to geometric changes, mechanical deformation, degradation, or microcavity change.
  • the device must maintain its original integrity for at least 72 hours in such conditions.
  • the device must yield contrast when visualized using B-mode ultrasound between 1 cm and 5 cm deep from the surface of the skin.
  • An ultrasound-detectable medical device made by extrusion Specifically, a Nano 16 mm extruder was used with a GFA3-10-30 screw element at 270 mm.
  • the extruder has four zones, each with individual temperature control, which ultimately lead to a die to achieve the desired geometry of the device.
  • the zones were first preheated to 110, 140, 130 and 100° C. respectively.
  • the pressure within the die ranged from 10-70 psi.
  • the feeding rate of the polymer was 2.5 cc/min, and the screw speed fell between 75-100 rpm.
  • the torque on the screw ranged from 1500-3000 Gm.
  • the supercritical CO 2 was injected at 200 psi with a flow rate of 20 cfh.
  • the extruded polymer left the die, it was cooled via an air jacket. In cases when it was desired to achieve variance along the extrusion axis, the device was laser cut once it cooled to room temperature using the air jacket.
  • Example 2 An ultrasound-detectable medical device made by injection molding. The polymer was introduced into the mold via injection through the port. While the material was being injected into the mold, CO 2 gas was simultaneously injected to provide microbubbles. In another example, the CO 2 was introduced into the material prior to injection into the mold. Once the material filled the mold, the mold was released via its pins, the part was removed, and the process was repeated.

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US15/209,082 2015-07-16 2016-07-13 Microcavity-containing polymeric medical devices for enhanced ultrasonic echogenicity Abandoned US20170014102A1 (en)

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US15/209,082 US20170014102A1 (en) 2015-07-16 2016-07-13 Microcavity-containing polymeric medical devices for enhanced ultrasonic echogenicity
US16/673,542 US20200139592A1 (en) 2015-07-16 2019-11-04 Microcavity-containing polymeric medical devices for enhanced ultrasonic echogenicity
US17/192,050 US11858181B2 (en) 2015-07-16 2021-03-04 Microcavity-containing polymeric medical devices for enhanced ultrasonic echogenicity

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EP3322345A4 (de) 2019-03-06
US20200139592A1 (en) 2020-05-07
US20210331358A1 (en) 2021-10-28
CN107847215A (zh) 2018-03-27
CA2985498A1 (en) 2017-01-19
WO2017011522A1 (en) 2017-01-19
JP2018522698A (ja) 2018-08-16
US11858181B2 (en) 2024-01-02
EP3322345A1 (de) 2018-05-23
AU2016293866A1 (en) 2017-12-14

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