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  • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
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  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
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  • C07D487/14—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the invention relates to 4-methyl-2,3,5,9,9b-pentaaza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene derivatives of general formula (I) which are inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10, useful in treating central nervous system diseases and other diseases.
• the invention relates to processes for preparing pharmaceutical compositions as well as processes for manufacture the compounds according to the invention.
• Cognitive dysfunction plays a role in a number of central nervous system disorders, including neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease and dementia, but also psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorders. As world population grows older the number of patients with dementia and AD is growing. Therefore, most people are familiar with the cognitive deficits related to these neurological diseases (Massoud and Gauthier, 2010).
• Schizophrenia has a heterogeneous symptomatic picture (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) that may be divided into three distinct disease domains: positive symptoms (psychotic episodes of hallucinations, delusions and agitation), negative symptoms (social withdrawal, anhedonia, flattened affect) and cognitive deficits (deficits in executive function, verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency) (Thompson and Meltzer, 1993).
• ADHD attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• Depression is a severe mental disorder which extremely impairs daily life. Its prevalence is about 10% of the world population with an incidence of 2% according to WHO. Women are more affected than men and elder people more than younger people. The disorder mostly implies a life-long treatment due to the progression of the disease and permanent total disability.
• Bipolar disorders are characterized by complex symptomatology, including severe symptoms of mood disorders but also manic episodes and cognitive deficits.
• the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition and International Classification of Mental Disorder recommend subgroups of bipolar disorder based on whether depressive or manic [psychotic] symptoms and episodes are dominating and on the frequency of the episodes (Gaiwani, 2009).
• Pharmacological agents commonly used in the management of bipolar disorder include lithium; anticonvulsants, such as valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine; and recent years have witnessed increasing use of atypical antipsychotics (Altamura et al., 2011).
• As a problem of current therapy the development of tolerance against anticonvulsant treatment and 30% of treatment refractory cases are described (Post and Weiss, 2010; Gaiwani, 2009).
• ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• impulsivity a hyperactivity that is primarily seen in boys.
• the disease starts at an early age and symptoms are most intense during childhood. After puberty the signs of the disease are more masked and focus on cognitive dysfunction (Jucaite et al. 2005; Turner et al. 2003). Although modern research broadened the understanding of the pathomechanism the exact etiology of the disease remains unclear.
• the symptoms seen in ADHD are not due to a hyperactivity but a hypoactivity of the so called executive loop of the striatum (Winstanley et al., 2006; Plizska, 2005).
• the executive loop is responsible for the regulation of cognitive processes such as planning, working memory and attention (Benke et al., 2003; Easton et al., 2007).
• a dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex or other pathways within the loop induces impulsivity and a loss of the ability to filter stimuli that come from the outside. The latter causes the symptoms of sustained attention and hyperactivity (Roberts and Wallis, 2000; Gonzales et al., 2000).
• the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system plays a central role in regulating the activity of the executive loop (Jucaite et al., 2005). This conclusion is also supported by the current treatment for ADHD that aims for an activation of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system (Jucaite et al., 2005).
• PDE Phosphodiesterases
• the phosphodiesterases of the different families vary in their substrate selectivity. Thus, some families only hydrolyse cAMP others only cGMP. Some phosphodiesterases, such as phosphodiesterase 2 and 10, inactivate both cAMP and cGMP (Menniti et al., 2006).
• phosphodiesterase families have different regulatory properties and intracellular location; some are bound to cell membranes and some are dissociated in the cytoplasm, additionally, a division into various intracellular compartments has been reported (Conti and Jin, 1999).
• PDE2 and PDE10 hydrolyse both, cGMP and cAMP (Menniti et al., 2006; Soderling et al., 1999; Kotera et al., 1999).
• PDE2 mRNA is mainly distributed in olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, cortex, amygdala, striatum, and hippocampus (Lakics et al., 2005; van Staveren et al., 2003).
• PDE10 PDE10A
• PDE10A is primarily expressed in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate putamen. Areas with moderate expression are the thalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex and olfactory tubercle (Menniti et al., 2001).
• PDE2 in the nucleus accumbens (part of the striatum), the olfactory bulb, the olfactory tubercle and the amygdala and the expression of PDE10 in the nucleus accumbens, the olfactory tubercle and the thalamus supports additional involvement of PDE2 and 10 in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression (Modell et al., 1990). This is supported by in vivo studies.
• the selective PDE2 inhibitors BAY60-7550 and ND-7001 are described to be effective in animal models of anxiety and stress-induced behavior (Masood et al., 2008, 2009).
• PDE10 In addition to the pro-cognitive and antidepressant potential of PDE10 inhibition there is evidence for an additional antipsychotic potential of PDE10 inhibitors.
• PDE10 In the striatum PDE10 is predominately found postsynaptic in the medium spiny neurons (Xie et al., 2006). By this location, PDE10 may have an important influence on the signal cascade induced by dopaminergic and glutamatergic input on the striatum, two neurotransmitter systems playing a predominate role in the pathomechanism of psychosis.
• PDE10A inhibitors by up-regulating cAMP and cGMP levels act as D1 agonists and D2 antagonists because the activation of Gs-protein coupled dopamine D1 receptor increases intracellular cAMP, whereas the activation of the Gi-protein coupled dopamine D2 receptor decreases intracellular cAMP levels through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity (Mutschler et al., 2001). Accordingly, PDE10 inhibitors are reported to be active in several animal models of schizophrenia (Schmidt et al., 2008; Siuciak et al., 2006; Grauer et al., 2009).
• PDE10 inhibitors have been disclosed recently in J. Med. Chem., 2011, 54, 7621-7638.
• CSF cerebrospinal fluid
• Inhibition of the hERG channel by xenobiotics and subsequent delayed cardiac repolarization is associated with an increased risk for a specific polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmia, torsade de pointes, as established by Sanguinetti et al. (1995, Cell, Apr. 21, 81(2):299-307) and a large body of subsequent evidence.
• low hERG channel inhibition such as that shown by the compounds of the present invention, is highly desirable for therapeutics.
• Imidazotriazinones are described in WO 2002/068423 for the treatment of e.g. memory deficiency, cognitive disorders, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
• Oxindoles are described in WO 2005/041957 for the treatment of dementia.
• Further inhibitors of PDE2 are known from WO 2007/121319 for the treatment of anxiety and depression, from WO 2013/034761, WO 2012/104293 and WO2013/000924 for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders, from WO 2006/072615, WO 2006/072612, WO 2006/024640 and WO 2005/113517 for the treatment of arthritis, cancer, edema and septic shock, from WO 2005/063723 for the treatment of renal and liver failure, liver dysfunction, restless leg syndrome, rheumatic disorders, arthritis, rhinitis, asthma and obesity, from WO 2005/041957 for the treatment of cancer and thrombotic disorders, from WO 2006/102728 for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension from WO 2008/043461 for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, erectile dysfunction, inflammation and renal failure and from WO 2005/061497 for the treatment of e.g. dementia, memory disorders, cancer and osteoporosis.
• benzodiazepines are described in WO 2005/063723 for the general treatment of CNS diseases including anxiety, depression, ADHD, neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's disease and psychosis.
• the compounds of the present invention provide further advantageous pharmacokinetic properties.
• the compounds of the present invention show high concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and have a high CSF to plasma ratio, which translates in lower efficacious doses of the compounds for disease treatment and as a consequence in further potential advantages such as minimization of side effects.
• CSF cerebrospinal fluid
• compounds of the present inventions show good metabolic stability and low potential of formation of biologically active metabolite and low hERG potassium channel inhibition.
• one aspect of the invention refers to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and salts thereof as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10.
• Another aspect of the invention refers to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10 and reaching high concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or having high CSF to plasma ratio.
• CSF cerebrospinal fluid
• Another aspect of the invention refers to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10 and showing good metabolic stability.
• Another aspect of the invention refers to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10 with low hERG channel inhibition.
• Another aspect of the invention refers to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10 with low potential of forming biologically active metabolite.
• this invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, containing at least one compound according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof optionally together with one or more inert carriers and/or diluents.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof or pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of disorders associated with PDE2 and/or 10 hyperactivity and/or cAMP and/or cGMP hypofunction.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to processes of manufacture of the compounds of the present invention.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof or pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds according to formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the solvates thereof, the hydrates thereof and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof for the use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases or conditions which can be influenced by inhibition of PDE2 and/or 10 hyperactivity and/or cAMP and/or cGMP hypofunction, such as (1) disorders comprising the symptom of cognitive deficiency; (2) organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders, dementia; (3) mental retardation; (4) mood affective disorders; (5) neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders; (6) behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence, attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD) including Autism spectrum disorders; (7) disorders of psychological development, developmental
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment, amelioration and/or prevention of cognitive impairment being related to perception, concentration, cognition, learning or memory.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment amelioration and/or prevention of cognitive impairment being related to age-associated learning and memory impairments, age-associated memory losses, vascular dementia, craniocerebral trauma, stroke, dementia occurring after strokes (post stroke dementia), post-traumatic dementia, general concentration impairments, concentration impairments in children with learning and memory problems, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, dementia with degeneration of the frontal lobes, including Pick's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, progressive nuclear palsy, dementia with corticobasal degeneration, amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld-Jacob dementia, HIV dementia, schizophrenia with dementia or Korsakoff's psychosis.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
• compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of pain disorders, including but not limited to inflammatory, neuropatic and osteoarthritic pain.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of sleep disorders, bipolar disorder, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetis mellitus, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or a disease of the testes, brain, small intestine, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, thymus or spleen.
• Each R 1x , R 2x , R 3x , R 4x/5x , R 8x , R 7x , R 8x and A x represents a characterized, individual embodiment for the corresponding substituent as described above.
• preferred individual embodiments of the first aspect of the invention are fully characterized by the term (R 1x , R 2x , R 3x , R 4x/5x , R 6x , R 7x , R 8x and A x ), wherein for each index x an individual figure is given that ranges from “a” to the highest letter given above. All individual embodiments described by the term in parentheses with full permutation of the indices x, referring to the definitions above, shall be comprised by the present invention.
• Table 1 shows, exemplarily and in the order of increasing preference from the first line to the last line, such embodiments E-1 to E-37 of the invention that are considered preferred. This means that embodiment E-37, represented by the entries in the last row of Table 1, is the most preferred embodiment.
• aryl-C 1-3 -alkyl- means an aryl group which is bound to a C 1-3 -alkyl group, the latter of which is bound to the core molecule or to the group to which the substituent is attached.
• core molecule is defined by the following structure:
• the attachment site of a given residue to another group shall be variable, i.e. any capable atom, bearing hydrogens to be replaced, within this residue may be the linking spot to the group being attached, unless otherwise indicated.
• An asterisk may be used in sub-formulas to indicate the bond which is connected to the core molecule or to the substituent to which it is bound as defined.
• a given chemical formula or name shall encompass tautomers and all stereo, optical and geometrical isomers (e.g. enantiomers, diastereomers, E/Z isomers etc. . . . ) and racemates thereof as well as mixtures in different proportions of the separate enantiomers, mixtures of diastereomers, or mixtures of any of the foregoing forms where such isomers and enantiomers exist, as well as salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and solvates thereof such as for instance hydrates including solvates of the free compounds or solvates of a salt of the compound.
• phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “physiologically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts or “physiologically acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts or physiologically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
• such salts include salts from ammonia, L-arginine, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine (2,2′-iminobis(ethanol)), diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, 2-aminoethanol, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, lysine, magnesium hydroxide, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, piperazine, potassium hydroxide, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine (2,2′,2′′-nitrilotris(ethanol)), tromethamine, zinc hydroxide, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloro-acetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, be
• salts can be formed with cations from metals like aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like (also see Pharmaceutical salts, Berge, S. M. et al., J. Pharm. Sci., (1977), 66, 1-19).
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a sufficient amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic diluent like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile, or a mixture thereof.
• Salts of other acids than those mentioned above which for example are useful for purifying or isolating the compounds of the present invention e.g. trifluoro acetate salts
• Salts of other acids than those mentioned above which for example are useful for purifying or isolating the compounds of the present invention also comprise a part of the invention.
• substituted means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's viable valence number is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
• partially unsaturated as used herein means that in the designated group or moiety 1, 2, or more, preferably 1 or 2, double bonds are present.
• the term “partially unsaturated” does not cover fully unsaturated groups or moieties.
• groups may optionally be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, HO—, optionally with 1 to 7 fluorine atoms substituted C 1-3 -alkyl-O—, and optionally with 1 to 7 fluorine atoms substituted C 1-3 -alkyl-” means that the referenced group may be substituted with 1 to 5 substituents, wherein these substituents can be halogen, HO—, C 1-3 -alkyl-O— which may be optionally fluorinated with 1 to 7 fluoro atoms, and C 1-3 -alkyl-O— which may be optionally fluorinated with 1 to 7 fluoro atoms.
• halogen generally denotes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• C 1-n -alkyl wherein n is an integer from 2 to n, either alone or in combination with another radical denotes an acyclic, saturated, branched or linear hydrocarbon radical with 1 to n C atoms.
• C 1-5 -alkyl embraces the radicals H 3 C—, H 3 C—CH 2 —, H 3 C—CH 2 —CH 2 —, H 3 C—CH(CH 3 )—, H 3 C—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, H 3 C—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—, H 3 C—CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, H 3 C—C(CH 3 ) 2 —, H 3 C—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —, H 3 C—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—, H 3 C—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, H 3 C—CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, H 3
• Carbocyclyl and “carbocycle” as used either alone or in combination with another radical mean, if not mentioned otherwise, a mono- bi- or tricyclic ring structure consisting of 3 to 14 carbon atoms.
• the terms include the following exemplary structures which are not depicted as radicals as each form may be attached through a covalent bond to any atom so long as appropriate valences are maintained:
• C 3-n -cycloalkyl wherein n is an integer from 4 to n, either alone or in combination with another radical denotes a cyclic, saturated, unbranched hydrocarbon radical with 3 to n C atoms.
• C 3-7 -cycloalkyl includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
• the terms encompass fused, bridged and spirocyclic systems. The terms are intended to include all the possible isomeric forms.
• the terms include the following exemplary structures which are not depicted as radicals as each form may be attached through a covalent bond to any atom so long as appropriate valences are maintained:
• aryl as used herein, either alone or in combination with another radical, denotes a carbocyclic aromatic monocyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms which may be further fused to a second 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic group which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated.
• Aryl includes, but is not limited to, phenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and dihydronaphthyl.
• heteroaryl is intended to include all the possible isomeric forms.
• heteroaryl includes the following exemplary structures which are not depicted as radicals as each form may be attached through a covalent bond to any atom so long as appropriate valences are maintained:
• the compounds according to the invention may be obtained using methods of synthesis known in principle.
• the compounds are obtained by the following methods according to the invention which are described in more detail hereinafter.
• substituted 1,2-pyrido-diamines (A), commercially available or prepared following well known reported procedures, were reacted with the appropriate 1,2-keto ester or acid in EtOH or MeOH as solvents at room temperature, to form the corresponding pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazinone intermediates (B,C).
• regioisomers were separated by flash chromatography and treated with POCl 3 under heating to obtain the 2-chloro-pyridopyrazines (D).
• Nucleophilic substitution was performed using hydrazine hydrate in appropriate solvents (e.g. EtOH) at room temperature to form the corresponding pyrido[2,3-b]-pyrazin-3yl-idrazines derivatives (F).
• Reaction with appropriate acyl chlorides or carboxylic acids in the presence of a coupling agent (e.g. HATU or TBTU) and a base (e.g. TEA or DIPEA) gave the corresponding hydrazides (E) which were submitted to in situ cyclization to triazoles core by heating in appropriate solvent (e.g. cyclohexanol).
• step 5 preformed hydrazides derivative were reacted with 2-chloro-pyridopyrazines (D) in appropriate solvents (such as DMF) to gave intermediates hydrazides (E) which were then converted to compounds G as described before or heating directly the 2-chloro-pyridopyrazines (D) with the appropriate hydrazides in appropriate solvent such as cyclohexanol at high temperature.
• appropriate solvents such as DMF
• R x and R y Examples 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 32a, 33, 34, 35, 35a, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 106, 107, 108a, 108b, 108c, 108d, 109a, 109b, 109c, 109d, 110b, 110d, 111 were prepared following the above described procedures.
• Examples 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 were prepared following the above described procedure.
• Examples 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 96a, 96b, 96c, 97 were prepared following the above described procedure.
• the epoxide obtained by reaction with appropriate trimethyl sulphonium ylide was then subjected to ring opening with hydride and subsequent oxidation with suitable agents such as manganese dioxide in appropriate solvents (DCM).
• Examples 76, 77, 78, 79 were prepared following the above reported procedure.
• the omologated derivatives Examples 80, 81 were obtained performing the first step as described in Scheme 9a.
• Example 103, 103b, 103c were prepared following the above described procedure.
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof have valuable pharmacological properties, particularly as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10.
• the in-vitro effect of the active compounds of the invention can be shown with the following biological assays.
• SF9 lysate containing PDE2A is incubated at room temperature for 1 h with [ 3 H]cAMP and the reaction is terminated by addition of SPA beads in 18 mM zinc sulphate.
• the [ 3 H]AMP bound to SPA beads is determined after at least 3 hours of sedimentation of the beads, the signal is recorded using the TopCount with a recording time of 3 min/well.
• PDE 2A protein is expressed upon baculovirus infection in SF9 cells.
• the cells have been incubated upon infection for ⁇ 3 days and protein production was confirmed by Western Blot.
• the cells were collected by centrifugation and the pellet frozen in liquid nitrogen before it was resuspended in PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors. After 45 min incubation on ice, the cell debris was removed by centrifugation (13.000 rpm, 30 min).
• the assay conditions were as follows:
• total assay volume 40 ⁇ l protein amount: 5 ng protein concentration: 500 pg/ ⁇ l substrate concentration: 20 nM; ⁇ 1.08 mCi/l incubation time: 60 min
• the buffer used for above described assay buffer was:
• test-compound solution test compound diluted in assay buffer at twofold the desired concentration
• IC50 are calculated with GraphPadPrism or other suited software setting the positive control as 100 and the negative control as 0. For calculation of IC50 usually 11 dilutions of the test compound are selected.
• test-compound solution test compound diluted in assay buffer at twofold the desired concentration
• the signal is recorded using the TopCount with a recording time of 3 min/well.
• PDE 10A protein is expressed upon baculovirus infection in SF9 cells.
• the cells have been incubated upon infection for ⁇ 3 days and protein production was confirmed by Western Blot.
• the cells were collected by centrifugation and the pellet frozen in liquid nitrogen before it was resuspended in PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors. After 45 min incubation on ice, the cell debris was removed by centrifugation (13.000 rpm, 30 min).
• the PDE reaction cleaves cAMP to AMP.
• the IMAP system (Molecular Device) using fluorescence polarization (FP) as detection principle was used to measure enzyme activity.
• a fluorescent labeled cAMP was used as substrate for the reaction, generating a labeled AMP.
• the fluorescent AMP binds specifically to the large M(III)-based nano-particles which reduces the rotational speed of the substrate and thus increases its polarization.
• the inhibition of PDE 2A or 10 enzyme activity was assessed using IMAP-Phosphodiesterase-cAMP fluorescence labeled substrate (Molecular Devices, Order No. R7506), IMAP TR-FRET screening express (Molecular Devices, Order No. R8160, the TR-FRET component will not be used) and PDE 2A or PDE10 protein expressed upon baculovirus infection in SF9 cells.
• the cells were incubated after infection for ⁇ 3 days and protein production was confirmed by Western Blot. The cells were collected by centrifugation and the pellet frozen in liquid nitrogen before it was resuspended in PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors. After 45 min incubation on ice, the cell debris was removed by centrifugation (13.000 rpm, 30 min). Since SF 9 cells do not express cAMP hydrolyzing enzymes to a high extent, no further purification of the protein was needed.
• the analysis of the data was performed by calculation of the percentage of inhibition in the presence of test compound compared to the vehicle control samples (100% control, no inhibition) and a low control (0% control, no enzyme).
• IC50 values are calculated with Assay Explorer or other suited software based on curve fitting of results of at least 8 different compound concentrations.
• the compound concentrations may vary according to the needed range, but typically cover the range between 10 ⁇ M and 0.1 pM.
• Test compounds were administered to animals (rat) different routes at doses of 10.0 or 5 ⁇ mol/kg, (both oral and intravenous). After compound administration, the animals were sacrificed in a CO 2 chamber and CSF samples were carefully collected by puncture of the cisterna magna. Immediately after CSF sampling, blood was taken by heart puncture and brains were dissected out. Blood was collected in EDTA-coated microvettes and plasma was prepared by centrifugation. Concentration of the test compounds in plasma, CSF or brain homogenate was determined using HPLC-MS-MS.
• the compounds of the present invention are not only very potent phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10 inhibitors but also reach high CSF concentrations and adequate CSF to plasma ratios.
• the metabolic degradation of the test compound was assayed at 37° C. with pooled liver microsomes from various species.
• the final incubation volume of 100 ⁇ l per time point contains TRIS buffer pH 7.6 at room temperature (0.1 M), magnesium chloride (5 mM), microsomal protein (1 mg/mL for human and dog, 0.5 mg/mL for other species) and the test compound at a final concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
• the reactions were initiated by addition of betanicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH, 1 mM), and terminated by transferring an aliquot into solvent after different time points.
• HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293 cells were stably transfected with hERG cDNA.
• Cells were superfused with a bath solution containing (mM): NaCl (137), KCl (4.0), MgCl2 (1.0), CaCl2 (1.8), Glucose (10), HEPES (10), pH 7.4 with NaOH.
• Patch pipettes were made from borosilicate glass tubing using a horizontal puller and filled with pipette solution containing (mM): K-aspartate (130), MgCl2 (5.0), EGTA (5.0), K2ATP (4.0), HEPES (10.0), pH 7.2 with KOH. Resistance of the microelectrodes was in the range between 2 and 5 M ⁇ .
• Membrane currents were recorded using an EPC-10 patch clamp amplifier and PatchMaster software. hERG-mediated membrane currents were recorded at 35° C., using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique.
• Transfected HEK293 cells were clamped at a holding potential of ⁇ 60 mV and hERG-mediated inactivating tail currents were elicited using a pulse pattern with fixed amplitudes (activation/inactivation: 40 mV for 2000 ms; recovery: 120 mV for 2 ms; ramp to 40 mV in 2 ms; inactivating tail current: 40 mV for 50 ms) repeated at 15 s intervals.
• a pulse pattern with fixed amplitudes (activation/inactivation: 40 mV for 2000 ms; recovery: 120 mV for 2 ms; ramp to 40 mV in 2 ms; inactivating tail current: 40 mV for 50 ms) repeated at 15 s intervals.
• the different concentrations of the test compound were applied sequentially on each of the different cells investigated.
• a steady state level of baseline current was measured for at least 6 sweeps prior to the application of the first test compound concentration.
• test compound was dissolved in DMSO to yield a master stock solution which was diluted further in DMSO to stock solutions needed for the lower concentrations.
• Final dilutions in extracellular buffer were prepared freshly from these stocks by a 1:1000 dilution step each before starting the experiments.
• Peak current amplitudes were measured 3 ms after the ramp to +40 mV. For baseline and each concentration the peak currents of the three last sweeps before application of the next concentration were averaged. Residual currents ( 1/10) were calculated for each cell as the fraction of actual average peak current and average baseline peak current.
• the compounds of general formula I according to the invention including the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the hydrates thereof, the solvates and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof, are suitable for the treatment and/or preventative treatment of all those diseases or conditions which can be influenced by inhibition of PDE2 and/or 10 hyperactivity and/or cAMP and/or cGMP hypofunction.
• compounds according to the invention are particularly suitable for the prevention or treatment of diseases, particularly (1) disorders comprising the symptom of cognitive deficiency; (2) organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders, dementia; (3) mental retardation; (4) mood [affective] disorders; (5) neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders; (6) behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence, attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD) and Autism spectrum disorders; (7) disorders of psychological development, developmental disorders of scholastic skills; (8) schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; (9) disorders of adult personality and behaviour; (10) mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use; (11) extrapyramidal and movement disorders; (12) episodic and paroxysmal disorders, epilepsy; (13) Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system, ataxia; (14) Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors; (15) sexual dysfunction comprising excessive sexual drive; (16) factitious disorders.
• diseases particularly (1) disorders comprising the symptom
• the compounds according to the invention can be used for the treatment, amelioration and/or prevention of cognitive impairment being related to perception, concentration, cognition, learning or memory.
• the compounds according to the invention can be used for the treatment amelioration and/or prevention of cognitive impairment being related to age-associated learning and memory impairments, age-associated memory losses, vascular dementia, craniocerebral trauma, stroke, dementia occurring after strokes (post stroke dementia), post-traumatic dementia, general concentration impairments, concentration impairments in children with learning and memory problems, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, dementia with degeneration of the frontal lobes, including Pick's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, progressive nuclear palsy, dementia with corticobasal degeneration, amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld-Jacob dementia, HIV dementia, schizophrenia with dementia or Korsakoff's psychosis.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
• compounds according toe the invention can be used for the treatment of pain disorders including but not limited to inflammatory, neuropatic and osteoarthritic pain.
• the compounds according to the invention can be used for the treatment of sleep disorders, bipolar disorder, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetis mellitus, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or a disease of the testes, brain, small intestine, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, thymus or spleen.
• the compounds according to the invention are suitable for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and for the treatment schizophrenia.
• the compounds according to the invention are suitable for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia.
• the compounds according to the invention are suitable for symptomatic treatment of prodromal and mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's Disease and for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia.
• the present invention relates to methods for the treatment or prevention of above mentioned diseases and conditions, which method comprises the administration of an effective amount of a compound of general formula I, the tautomers thereof, the stereoisomers thereof, the mixtures thereof, the hydrates thereof, the solvates and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof, to a human being.
• the dose range of the compounds of general formula I applicable per day is usually from 0.1 to 1000 mg, preferably from 1 to 500 mg by oral route, in each case administered 1 to 4 times a day.
• Each dosage unit may conveniently contain from 0.1 to 500 mg, preferably 1 to 100 mg.
• the actual pharmaceutically effective amount or therapeutic dosage will of course depend on factors known by those skilled in the art such as age and weight of the patient, route of administration and severity of disease. In any case the combination will be administered at dosages and in a manner which allows a pharmaceutically effective amount to be delivered based upon patient's unique condition.
• Suitable preparations for administering the compounds of formula I, including the physiologically acceptable salts thereof, will be apparent to those with ordinary skill in the art and include for example tablets, pills, capsules, suppositories, lozenges, troches, solutions, syrups, elixirs, sachets, injectables, inhalatives, powders, etc.
• the content of the pharmaceutically active compound(s) should be in the range from 0.1 to 95 wt.-%, preferably 5.0 to 90 wt.-% of the composition as a whole.
• Suitable tablets may be obtained, for example, by mixing one or more compounds according to formula I with known excipients, for example inert diluents, carriers, disintegrants, adjuvants, surfactants, binders and/or lubricants.
• excipients for example inert diluents, carriers, disintegrants, adjuvants, surfactants, binders and/or lubricants.
• the tablets may also consist of several layers.
• the compounds of formula I prepared according to the invention may be formulated, optionally together with other active substances, together with one or more inert conventional carriers and/or diluents, e.g. with corn starch, lactose, glucose, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, citric acid, tartaric acid, water, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water/ethanol, water/glycerol, water/sorbitol, water/polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cetylstearyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose or fatty substances such as hard fat or suitable mixtures thereof.
• inert conventional carriers and/or diluents e.g. with corn starch, lactose, glucose, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, citric acid, tartaric acid, water, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water/ethanol, water/glycerol, water/sorbitol, water/polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cetylstearyl alcohol
• the compounds according to the invention may also be used in conjunction with other active substances, particularly for the treatment and/or prevention of the diseases and conditions mentioned above.
• Other active substances which are suitable for such combinations include, for example, BACE inhibitors; amyloid aggregation inhibitors (e.g. ELND-005); directly or indirectly acting neuroprotective and/or disease-modifying substances; anti-oxidants (e.g. vitamin E or ginkolide); anti-inflammatory substances (e.g.
• Cox inhibitors NSAIDs additionally or exclusively having Abeta lowering properties
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors statins
• acetylcholinesterase inhibitors e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine, galantamine
• NMDA receptor antagonists e.g.
• AMPA receptor agonists AMPA receptor positive modulators
• AMPAkines monoamine receptor reuptake inhibitors, substances modulating the concentration or release of neurotransmitters
• substances inducing the secretion of growth hormone e.g., ibutamoren mesylate and capromorelin
• CB-1 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists antibiotics (e.g., minocyclin or rifampicin); PDE2, PDE4, PDE5, PDE9, PDE10 inhibitors, GABAA receptor inverse agonists, GABAA receptor antagonists, nicotinic receptor agonists or partial agonists or positive modulators, alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonists or partial agonists or positive modulators, alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonists or partial agonists or positive modulators; histamine H3 antagonists, 5 HT-4 agonists or partial agonists, 5HT-6 antagonists, alpha2-adrenorecept
• the compounds according to the invention may also be used in combination with immunotherapies (e.g., active immunisation with Abeta or parts thereof or passive immunisation with humanised anti-Abeta antibodies or nanobodies) for the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases and conditions.
• immunotherapies e.g., active immunisation with Abeta or parts thereof or passive immunisation with humanised anti-Abeta antibodies or nanobodies
• the dosage for the combination partners mentioned above is usefully 1/5 of the lowest dose normally recommended up to 1/1 of the normally recommended dose.
• this invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof combined with at least one of the active substances described above as a combination partner, for preparing a pharmaceutical composition which is suitable for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions which can be affected by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10.
• a pharmaceutical composition which is suitable for the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions which can be affected by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 and/or 10.
• These are preferably pathologies related to PDE2 and/or 10 hyperactivity and/or cAMP and/or cGMP hypofunction, particularly one of the diseases or conditions listed above, most particularly prodromal and mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's Disease and cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia.
• the use of the compound according to the invention, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with another active substance may take place simultaneously or at staggered times, but particularly within a short space of time. If they are administered simultaneously, the two active substances are given to the patient together; while if they are used at staggered times the two active substances are given to the patient within a period of less than or equal to 12 hours, but particularly less than or equal to 6 hours.
• this invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound according to the invention or a physiologically acceptable salt of such a compound and at least one of the active substances described above as combination partners, optionally together with one or more inert carriers and/or diluents.
• the compound according to the invention, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, and the additional active substance to be combined therewith may both be present together in one formulation, for example a tablet or capsule, or separately in two identical or different formulations, for example as a so-called kit-of-parts.
• Instrument GC/MS Thermo Scientific TRACE GC ULTRA, DSQ II MS single quadrupole; column: Agilent DB-5MS, 25 m ⁇ 0.2 5 mmol ⁇ 0.25 ⁇ m; carrier gas: Helium, 1 mL/min costant flow; oven program: 50° C., to 100° C. in 10° C./min, to 200° C. in 20° C./min, to 320° C. in 30° C./min (hold 10 min); detection: DSQ II MS single quadrupole; ion source: EI; scan range: 50-450 amu.
• the most suitable purification techniques applied for the purification of compounds of the present invention are direct phase silica gel flash chromatography and reverse phase chromatography or preparative HPLC.
• racemic mixture points to the two stereochemical options and thus the manufactured compounds is a mixture of:
• single stereoisomer indicates that the absolute configuration is unknown.
• Single stereoisomer a is assigned to the first eluting isomer in chiral HPLC
• single stereoisomer b is assigned to the second eluting isomer in chiral HPLC.
• TRANS-single stereoisomer indicates a relative configuration known (trans) and the planar bond indicates the unknown absolute configuration.
• Single stereoisomer a is assigned to the first eluting isomer in chiral HPLC
• single stereoisomer b is assigned to the second eluting isomer in chiral HPLC.
• Step 1 was performed in analogy to what reported in literature reference: Li, Yuanzhen et al. Organic Letters, 2007, vol. 9, #20 p. 4057-4060, starting from Ester Intermediate 5c.
• Step 1 was performed in analogy to what reported in the literature reference: Duong, Hung A.; et al. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 2011, vol. 50, p. 463-466, starting from commercially available (3-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-acetic acid.
• Step 3 was performed in analogy to Step 2 starting from Intermediate obtained in Step 2.
• Step 4 was performed in analogy to preparation of Intermediate 5o, starting from Intermediate obtained in Step 3.
• Step 1 was performed in analogy to what described in Step 1 in the preparation of Intermediate 7a, starting from commercially available 2-Isopropenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane.
• Chloride Intermediates were prepare in analogy to Chloride Intermediate 9 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from the corresponding Amide Intermediates. Heating temperature reported in Table.
• Epoxide Intermediate 29a (4 g) was prepared in analogy to what described in WO2010/47956 A1, starting from methylene cyclobutane (5 g, 73 mmol).
• Epoxide Intermediate 29b (1 g) was prepared in analogy to what described in WO2013/55577 A1 starting from 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran (2 g, 23.78 mmol).
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.2 g, 0.67 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), cesium carbonate (0.63 g, 1.92 mmol) and Intermediate 28 (0.41 g, 1.28 mmol) were added. Mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h, then solvent evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in DOM and washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.21 g of the title compound.
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.4 g, 1.3 mmol) in dry DMF (4 mL), cesium carbonate (0.85 g, 2.62 mmol) and methylbromoacetate (0.152 mL, 1.56 mmol) were added. Mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, solvent evaporated and the residue treated with EtOAc. A saturated solution of NH 4 Cl was added, phases were separated and evaporated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 50:50 to 0:100 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.29 g of the title compound.
• Example 12 (0.04 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 1 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Intermediate 9f (0.3 g, 0.68 mmol) and Hydrazide Intermediate 4 (0.27, 0.68 mmol).
• Example 12a (0.15 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 12 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from the Hydrazide Intermediate 6a (0.23 g, 1.45 mmol).
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.1 g, 0.24 mmol) in dry ACN (3 mL), cesium carbonate (0.2 g) and commercially available 3-chloro-1-propanol (0.04 mL) were added. Mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h, then solvent evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in DCM and washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evapoarated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 94:6 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.02 g of the title compound.
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.05 g, 0.16 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), Intermediate 10 (0.05 g, 0.018 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.08 g, 0.24 mmol) were added and mixture heated at 100° C. for 2 h. Solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved with DCM, washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 70:30 to 20:80 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.025 g of the title compound.
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.08 g, 0.16 mmol) in dry ACN (3 mL), commercially available 2-bromo-ethanol (0.65 g, 0.52 mmol) and cesium carbonate (0.5 g, 1.54 mmol) were added and mixture heated at 80° C. for 48 h. Solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved with DCM, washed with 1N solution of NaOH and then with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 97:3 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.04 g of the title compound.
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.05 g, 0.16 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), commercially available 1-bromo-2-propanol (0.09 g, 0.64 mmol) and potassium tert-butoxide (0.1 g, 0.96 mmol) were added and mixture heated at 130° C. for 8 h. Solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved with DCM, washed with 1N solution of NaOH and then with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 97:3 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.05 g of the title compound.
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.085 g, 0.27 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), commercially available (R)-1-chloro-2-propanol (0.052 g, 0.55 mmol) and potassium tert-butoxide (0.093 g, 0.82 mmol) were added and mixture heated at 130° C. for 48 h. Solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved with DCM, washed with 1N solution of NaOH and then with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 97:3 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.0085 g of the title compound.
• Example 1 To a solution of Example 1 (0.115 g, 0.37 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), cesium carbonate (0.36 g, 1.11 mmol) and Intermediate 11 (0.09 g, 0.37 mmol) were added and mixture heated at 100° C. for 4 h. Solvent was evaporated, the residue was dissolved with DCM, washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. Phases were separated, organics dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 80:20 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.025 g of the title compound.
• Example 20 was prepared as described for Example 19, starting from Example 1 (0.08 g, 0.26 mmol) and Intermediate 13 (0.2 g, 0.78 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.032 g of the title compound.
• Example 21 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 1 (0.065 g, 0.21 mmol) and Intermediate 14 (0.12 g, 0.42 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.035 g of the title compound.
• Example 22 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 1 (0.1 g, 0.32 mmol) and Intermediate 15 (0.093 g, 0.38 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.032 g of the title compound.
• Example 23 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 1 (0.1 g, 0.32 mmol) and Intermediate 17 (0.093 g, 0.38 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.02 g of the title compound.
• Example 24 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 1 (0.1 g, 0.32 mmol) and Intermediate 16 (0.093 g, 0.38 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.03 g of the title compound.
• Example 25 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 1 (0.1 g, 0.32 mmol) and Intermediate 18 (0.097 g, 0.38 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.03 g of the title compound.
• Example 26 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 4 (0.08 g, 0.27 mmol) and commercially available 3-chloro-1-propanol (0.052 g, 0.54 mmol). The crude was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 97:3 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.052 g of the title compound.
• Example 27 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 2 (0.133 g, 80% content, 0.32 mmol) and commercially available 3-chloro-1-propanol (0.046 g, 0.49 mmol). The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Method 11). Fractions containing the pure compound were combined and evaporated to reduced volume, diluted with DCM and treated with a saturated solution of sodium carbonate. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.039 g of the title compound.
• Example 28 was prepared as described for Example 20, starting from Example 2 (0.133 g, 80% content, 0.32 mmol) and commercially available 2-bromo-ethanol (0.061 g, 0.49 mmol). The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (Method 12). Fractions containing the pure compound are combined and evaporated to reduced volume, diluted with DCM and treated with a saturated solution of sodium carbonate. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.025 g of the title compound.
• Example 2 To a solution of Example 2 (0.07 g, 0.20 mmol) and commercially available 2-bromo-methylether (0.057 g, 0.41 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), cesium carbonate (0.199 g, 0.61 mmol) was added and the mixture heated at 100° C. for 1 h. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved with DCM and treated with water. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 80:20 to 40:60 hexane/EtOAc) to obtain 0.023 g of the title compound.
• flash chromatography eluent from 80:20 to 40:60 hexane/EtOAc
• Example 2 To a solution of Example 2 (0.07 g, 0.20 mmol) and Intermediate 14 (0.12 g, 0.41 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), cesium carbonate (0.2 g, 0.61 mmol) was added and the mixture heated at 90° C. for 2 h. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved with DCM and treated with water. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 80:20 to 40:60 hexane/EtOAc) and then further purified by prep-HPLC (Method 14). Fractions containing the pure compound were combined and evaporated to reduced volume, diluted with DCM. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.047 g of the title compound.
• Example 31 was prepared as described for Example 30 starting from Example 2 (0.07 g, 0.20 mmol) and commercially available 1-bromo-3-methoxy-propane (0.063 g, 0.41 mmol). After heating for 3 h at 100° C. in dry DMF (3 mL), solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved with DCM and treated with water. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 88:12 to 0:100 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.043 g of the title compound.
• Example 32 was prepared as described for Example 31 starting from Example 2 (0.09 g, 0.26 mmol) and Intermediate 13 (0.20 g, 0.78 mmol). Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved with DCM and washed with 1N solution of NaOH. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 88:12 to 0:100 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.037 g of the title compound.
• Example 32a (0.06 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 32 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Example 9 (0.08 g, 0.23 mmol).
• Example 33 was prepared as described for Example 31 starting from Example 2 (0.07 g, 0.20 mmol) and commercially available 1-bromo-3-trifluoro-methoxypropane (0.084 g, 0.41 mmol). Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved with DCM and washed with water. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 88:12 to 0:100 Cy/EtOAc) and then further purified by prep-HPLC (Method 14). Fractions containing the pure compound were combined and evaporated to reduced volume, diluted with DCM.
• Example 2 To a solution of Example 2 (0.082 g, 0.25 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), potassium tert-butoxide (0.084 g, 0.65 mmol) and Intermediate 20 (0.176 g, 0.50 mmol) were added. The resulting solution was heated at 120° C. for 5 h. The mixture was left at room temperature for 24 h. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved in DCM and treated with a 1N solution of NaOH. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 20:80 to 0:100 ACN/H 2 O) to obtain 0.033 g of the title compound.
• Example 2 To a solution of Example 2 (0.095 g, 0.29 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), potassium tert-butoxide (0.074 g, 0.22 mmol and Intermediate 19 (0.204 g, 0.58 mmol) were added. The resulting solution was heated at 120° C. for 5 h. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved in DCM and treated with a 1N solution of NaOH. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 80:20 to 0:100 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.023 g of the title compound.
• Example 3 To a solution of Example 3 (0.07 g, 0.24 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL), cesium carbonate (0.23 g, 0.71 mmol) and commercially available 3-chloro-1-propanol (0.024 g, 0.26 mmol) were added and the mixture heated at 100° C. for 3 h. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved with DCM and washed with 1N solution of NaOH. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the crude purified by prep-HPLC (Method 11). Fractions containing the pure compound were combined and evaporated to reduced volume, diluted with DCM and washed with a saturated solution of sodium carbonate. Phases were separated, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.02 g of the title compound.
• Example 37 was prepared as described for Example 32 starting from Example 1 (0.07 g, 0.22 mmol) and Intermediate 26 (0.22 g, 067 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.046 g of the title compound.
• Example 38 was prepared as described for Example 32 starting from Example 1 (0.07 g, 0.22 mmol) and Intermediate 27 (0.127 g, 044 mmol). The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 50:50 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain 0.045 g of the title compound.
• Example 40 was prepared as described Example 14, starting from Example 1 (0.075 g, 0.24 mmol) and Intermediate 31 (0.12 g, 0.48 mmol). Crude was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 95:5 DCM/EtOH) to obtain 0.046 g of the title compound.
• Example 41 (0.05 g) was prepared as described for Example 22 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Example 2 (0.1 g, 0.3 mmol).
• Example 42 (0.06 g) was prepared as described for Example 23 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Example 2 (0.09 g, 0.28 mmol).
• Example 43 (0.03 g) was prepared as described for Example 24 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Example 2 (0.09 g, 0.28 mmol).
• Example 1 (0.07 mg, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (3 mL), isobutylene oxide (0.03 mg, 0.43 mmol) and cesium carbonate (208 mg, 0.64 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was warmed to 100° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed, dichloromethane was added and the organic phase was washed with a 1M NaOH water solution, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum. The crude product obtained was purified by reverse phase chromatography to give the desired compound (29 mg).
• Example 44 The following Examples were prepared in analogy to Example 44 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from the corresponding Starting Example and the suitable epoxides.
• Example 58 (0.01 g) was prepared in analogy to example 44 starting from Example 1 (0.2 g, 0.61 mmol) and epoxide intermediate 29 (0.07 g, 0.73 mmol) after chiral
• Example 58b was obtained by chiral HPLC separation of Example 58.
• HPLC-MS (Method 13): R t 2.95 min
• the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water.
• the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum.
• the crude product obtained was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 80:20 Cy/EtOAc) to obtain the title compound (0.3 g).
• Example 64 (0.03 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 1 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Intermediate 2 (0.1 g, 0.55 mmol) and Hydrazide Intermediate 6i (0.15 g, 0.55 mmol).
• Example 65 (0.03 mg) was prepared in analogy to the preparation of Intermediate 5i and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Scaffold Intermediate 30d (0.1 g, 0.25 mmol).
• Example 70 (0.03 g) was prepared in analogy to the preparation of Intermediate 5j and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Scaffold Intermediate 30b (0.16 g, 0.38 mmol) and acetone (0.07 mg, 1.13 mmol).
• step 3 Intermediate from step 3 (0.17 g, 0.38 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (10 mL), manganese dioxide (0.38 g, 3.38 mmol) was added and the suspension was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered on a celite pad and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product obtained was purified by flash chromatography (eluent 90:10 DCM/MeOH) to obtain the desired compound (0.14 M.
• Example 80 (0.02 g) was prepared in step 2, step 3 and step 4 step in analogy to Example 75 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from the Intermediate obtained in step 1.
• Step 1 was performed as follow:
• Step 2 Step 2 and Step 4 were performed in analogy to Example 75.
• Example 80 was prepared in analogy to Example 80 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from the corresponding Scaffold Intermediates.
• Example 82 (0.09 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 1 starting from Chloride Intermediate 2 (0.1 g, 0.61 mmol) and Hydrazide Intermediate 6p (0.2 g, 0.61 mmol).
• Example 98 (0.026 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 1 starting from Chloride Intermediate 2 (0.3 g, 1.45 mmol) and Hydrazide Intermediate 6q (0.4 g, 1.56 mmol) after semipreparative chiral purification.
• Example 99 (0.028 g) was obtained via further elution from the column in the semipreparative chiral chromatographic purification of Example 98.
• Step 1 The intermediate obtained in Step 1 (0.4 g, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in THF (6 mL) and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. for 5 minutes. Lithiumaluminium hydride (0.5 mL of a 2M solution in THF) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 minutes then allowed to reach room temperature and stirred for 0.5 h.
• Example 101 (0.05 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 100 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from Scaffold Intermediate 30i (0.36 g, 0.9 mmol).
• Step 1 was performed in analogy to preparation of Example 1 starting from Chloride Intermediate 9 (0.3 g, 1.39 mmol) and Hydrazide Intermediate 6o (0.47 g, 1.39 mmol).
• step 1 Intermediate from step 1 (0.09 g, 0.26 mmol) and hydrochloric acid (10 mL of a 37% water solution) were dissolved in 10 mL of 1,4-dioxane.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes.
• a bicarbonate saturated water solution was added, THF was removed in vacuum and the reaction mixture was extracted with DCM.
• the organic phase was separated, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated.
• the crude product obtained was purified by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 90:10 DCM/MeOH) to obtain the title compound (0.03 g).
• Step 2 was performed in analogy to Step 2 in the preparation of Example 102. 0.02 g of the desired product were obtained after purification by flash chromatography (eluent from 100:0 to 90:10 DCM/MeOH).
• Example 104a was obtained via Chiral HPLC purification of Example 104.
• Example 104b Further elution from the chiral column gave Example 104b.
• Example 105 (0.03 g) was prepared in analogy to Example 104, starting from 8-Cyclopropyl-1-[5-(3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2-fluoro-phenyl]-4-methyl-2,3,5,9,9b-pentaaza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene (0.05 g, 0.12 mmol) which was obtained as by-product in the preparation of Example 95 and isolated from the same flash chromatography purification.
• Example 44 The following Examples were prepared in analogy to Example 44 and purified applying the most suitable purification technique, starting from the corresponding Starting Example and the corresponding epoxides.
• TRANS regioisomeric racemic mixtures were obtained in analogy to preparation of Example 44, starting from epoxide Intermediate 29 and the corresponding Starting Examples or Starting Intermediates.

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