US20120118551A1 - Heat Transfer Interface And Method Of Improving Heat Transfer - Google Patents

Heat Transfer Interface And Method Of Improving Heat Transfer Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120118551A1
US20120118551A1 US13/255,876 US201013255876A US2012118551A1 US 20120118551 A1 US20120118551 A1 US 20120118551A1 US 201013255876 A US201013255876 A US 201013255876A US 2012118551 A1 US2012118551 A1 US 2012118551A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat transfer
heat
transfer interface
nanotube forest
interface
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Abandoned
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US13/255,876
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English (en)
Inventor
Alexander K. Zettl
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University of California
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University of California
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Priority to US13/255,876 priority Critical patent/US20120118551A1/en
Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZETTL, ALEXANDER K.
Assigned to ENERGY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF reassignment ENERGY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE
Publication of US20120118551A1 publication Critical patent/US20120118551A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
    • F24S70/20—Details of absorbing elements characterised by absorbing coatings; characterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption
    • F24S70/225—Details of absorbing elements characterised by absorbing coatings; characterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption for spectrally selective absorption
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of heat exchange and, more particularly, to the field of heat exchange where a surface enhancement provides improved heat exchange.
  • thermo-solar Two key elements in thermo-solar are absorption of sunlight (i.e. radiant heat transfer or collection and heat transfer to a fluid (i.e. conduction and convection near an interface between a solid and a fluid).
  • the present invention is a heat transfer interface that includes a solid material having first and second surfaces, and a nanotube forest covering at least a portion of the first surface.
  • the heat transfer interface transmits heat from a first side to a second side of the heat transfer interface.
  • the present invention is a method of improving heat transfer in a heat exchanger that includes applying a nanotube forest to a heat transfer surface of a heat transfer interface and installing the heat transfer interface in the heat exchanger.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a cylindrically shaped solid material employed in and embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a cylindrical heat transfer interface of present invention
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a cylindrical heat transfer interface of the present invention
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a heat exchanger of the present invention
  • FIG. 9 is an SEM image of a nanotube forest in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate a superhydrophilic surface treatment in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the heat transfer interface 100 is a solid material 102 having first and second surface, 104 and 106 .
  • a nanotube forest 108 covers at least a portion of the first surface 104 .
  • the solid material 102 may be a metal or some other suitable material such as a dielectric.
  • the nanotube forest 108 includes carbon nanotubes.
  • the nanotube forest may include nanotubes of boron nitride (BN), hybrid nanotubes of boron, nitrogen, and carbon (B x C y N z ), or some other suitable nanotubes.
  • BN boron nitride
  • B x C y N z hybrid nanotubes of boron, nitrogen, and carbon
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • the heat transfer interface 200 is a solid material 102 having first and second surfaces, 104 and 106 , and a nanotube forest 108 covers at least a portion of the first surface 104 .
  • radiant energy 210 e.g., sunlight
  • first side 212 of the interface 200 illuminates at least a portion of the nanotube forest 108 .
  • Heat generated by the radiant energy conducts through the solid material 102 to a second side 214 of the interface 200 .
  • the radiation heat transfer for the heat transfer interface 200 may be away from the nanotube forest 108 to some radiation absorbing body that is at a temperature lower than a temperature of the nanotube forest 108 .
  • the heat transfer interface 300 is a solid material 102 having first and second surfaces, 104 and 106 , and a nanotube forest 108 covers at least a portion of the first surface 104 .
  • heat is transferred from a first side 312 of the interface 300 to a second side 314 where a fluid 316 resides.
  • the heat transfers by a combination of conduction within the solid material 102 and the nanotube forest 108 , and convection in the fluid 316 .
  • the fluid 316 is a liquid such as water.
  • the nanotube forest 108 includes a superhydrophilic surface treatment that acts to attract water and, thus, avoid cavitation in or near the nanotube forest 108 .
  • convection heat transfer of the heat transfer interface 300 may be from the fluid 316 to the nanotube forest 108 of the interface 200 .
  • the heat transfer interface 400 is a solid material 102 having first and second surfaces, 104 and 106 , and nanotube forests, 108 and 409 , cover at least portions of the first and second surfaces, 104 and 106 , respectively.
  • radiant energy 410 e.g., sunlight
  • the second nanotube forest 409 includes a superhydrophilic surface treatment.
  • thermoelectric transfer interface 400 such as including a superhydrophilic surface treatment for the nanotube forest 108 .
  • An embodiment of a heat transfer interface of the present invention may include a cylinder that is illustrated in FIG. 5 .
  • the cylinder 500 is made of a solid material 502 having an outer surface 504 and an inner surface 506 .
  • FIG. 6 An embodiment of a cylindrical heat transfer interface of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 6 .
  • the cylindrical heat transfer interface 600 is the solid material 502 having an outer surface 504 and an inner surface 506 and a nanotube forest 608 covers at least a portion of the outer surface 504 .
  • radiant energy 610 illuminates at least a portion of the nanotube forest 608 . Heat generated by the radiant energy transfers to the inner surface 506 .
  • FIG. 7 Another embodiment of a cylindrical heat transfer interface of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 7 .
  • the cylindrical heat transfer interface 700 includes the solid material 502 having outer and, inner surfaces, 504 and, 506 , and a nanotube forest 708 covers at least a portion of the inner surface 506 .
  • heat is transferred to or from a fluid 712 by combination of convection within the fluid 712 as well as conduction within the solid material 502 and the nanotube forest 708 .
  • the nanotube forest includes a superhydrophilic surface treatment.
  • cylindrical heat transfer interfaces 600 ( FIG. 6) and 700 ( FIG. 7 ), such as covering at least in part both the outer and inner surfaces with nanotube forests or immersing the cylindrical heat transfer interface 600 or 700 in a fluid where heat is transferred to or from the outer surface 504 by convection.
  • the heat exchanger includes a cylindrical heat transfer interface 801 and a mirror 803 .
  • the cylindrical heat transfer interface 801 is a solid material 802 having an outer surface 804 and an inner surface 806 , and outer and inner nanotube forests (e.g., the nanotube forests, 608 and 708 , of FIGS. 6 and 7 ) covering at least portions of the outer and inner surfaces, 804 and 806 , respectively.
  • the nanotube forest that covers at least a portion of the inner surface 806 may include a superhydrophilic surface treatment.
  • the mirror 803 may be a parabolic shaped mirror.
  • radiant energy 810 e.g., sunlight illuminates the outer nanotube forest 804 in part by reflection from the mirror 803 .
  • Heat generated by the radiant energy 810 conducts through the outer nanotube forest, the solid material 802 , and the inner nanotube forest where it is transferred to a fluid 312 (e.g., liquid water).
  • a method of improving heat transfer within a heat exchanger in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention includes applying a nanotube forest to a heat transfer surface of a heat transfer interface and installing the heat transfer interface in the heat exchanger.
  • the method may further comprise applying a superhydrophilic surface treatment to the nanotube forest.
  • Carbon nanotube forests have been applied to solid material substrates using a CVD technique (e.g., see Wang, K., et al., Proc. SPIE 2005, 5718, 22-29), which was modified as follows.
  • a 10 nm thick Fe catalyst film was applied to the substrate prior to applying the carbon nanotube forest to the substrate.
  • a high ethylene concentration was used during nanotube growth. Specifically, flowing pure ethylene at 200 sccm for 10 min. at a growth temperature of 750° C. resulted in forests with an average nanotube diameter of approximately 40 nm.
  • the as-grown forests were resistant to deformation by strong solvent streams and significant mechanical pressure and scratching. It is believed that the observed durability stems form a cementing effect caused by amorphous carbon deposited on the nanotube surface during growth.
  • FIG. 9 is an SEM photo of a nanotube forest that had been applied to a substrate using this technique.
  • Substrates having a carbon nanotube forest on at least a portion of a surface were subject to a superhydrophilic surface treatment using a perflouroazide as schematically illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B where the particular perflouroazide is shown in the figures.
  • FIG. 10A a carbon nanotube 1000 in the presence of the perflouroazide is exposed to UV radiation 1002 .
  • FIG. 10A a carbon nanotube 1000 in the presence of the perflouroazide is exposed to UV radiation 1002 .
  • FIG. 10B illustrates the nanotube 1000 after the surface treatment in which one possibility of bonding of the perflouroazide radicals to a surface of the nanotube 1000 is shown.
  • Nanotube forests treated according to this technique exhibited a “sponge like” behavior with a water contact angle diminishing to near 0° after a few seconds.
  • a contact angle near 0° verifies the superhydrophilic nature of a surface.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
US13/255,876 2009-03-10 2010-03-08 Heat Transfer Interface And Method Of Improving Heat Transfer Abandoned US20120118551A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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US13/255,876 US20120118551A1 (en) 2009-03-10 2010-03-08 Heat Transfer Interface And Method Of Improving Heat Transfer

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US15901709P 2009-03-10 2009-03-10
US13/255,876 US20120118551A1 (en) 2009-03-10 2010-03-08 Heat Transfer Interface And Method Of Improving Heat Transfer
PCT/US2010/026560 WO2010104801A1 (fr) 2009-03-10 2010-03-08 Interface de transfert de chaleur et procédé d'amélioration de transfert de chaleur

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140124186A1 (en) * 2012-11-08 2014-05-08 Shinshu University Radiation member
US20150219410A1 (en) * 2014-01-31 2015-08-06 Asia Vital Components Co., Ltd. Heat Dissipation Structure Enhancing Heat Source Self Heat Radiation
DE102015208277A1 (de) 2015-05-05 2016-11-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrische Maschine mit über einen Wald von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gekühltem Rotor
US11879674B1 (en) 2023-03-08 2024-01-23 Rajiv K. Karkhanis Evaporative cooling system for fluids and solids

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050126766A1 (en) * 2003-09-16 2005-06-16 Koila,Inc. Nanostructure augmentation of surfaces for enhanced thermal transfer with improved contact
US20090314284A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2009-12-24 Schultz Forrest S Solar absorptive coating system
US20100068808A1 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-03-18 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Tubular nanostructure targeted to cell membrane
US20110003143A1 (en) * 2008-02-25 2011-01-06 Central Glass Company, Limited Organosol Containing Magnesium Fluoride Hydroxide, and Manufacturing Method Therefor
US20110217544A1 (en) * 2008-08-21 2011-09-08 Innova Dynamics, Inc. Enhanced surfaces, coatings, and related methods

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US4372291A (en) * 1979-11-09 1983-02-08 Schwartz David M Solar heat exchanger
US20070134496A1 (en) * 2003-10-29 2007-06-14 Sumitomo Precision Products Co., Ltd. Carbon nanotube-dispersed composite material, method for producing same and article same is applied to
US20050238810A1 (en) * 2004-04-26 2005-10-27 Mainstream Engineering Corp. Nanotube/metal substrate composites and methods for producing such composites
US7354650B2 (en) * 2004-05-28 2008-04-08 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Multi-layer coatings with an inorganic oxide network containing layer and methods for their application

Patent Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050126766A1 (en) * 2003-09-16 2005-06-16 Koila,Inc. Nanostructure augmentation of surfaces for enhanced thermal transfer with improved contact
US20110003143A1 (en) * 2008-02-25 2011-01-06 Central Glass Company, Limited Organosol Containing Magnesium Fluoride Hydroxide, and Manufacturing Method Therefor
US20090314284A1 (en) * 2008-06-24 2009-12-24 Schultz Forrest S Solar absorptive coating system
US20110217544A1 (en) * 2008-08-21 2011-09-08 Innova Dynamics, Inc. Enhanced surfaces, coatings, and related methods
US20100068808A1 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-03-18 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Tubular nanostructure targeted to cell membrane

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
Lau et al., Superhydrophobic Carbon Nanotube Forests, 10/22/2003, Nano Letters, 2003, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 1701-1705 *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140124186A1 (en) * 2012-11-08 2014-05-08 Shinshu University Radiation member
US9513070B2 (en) * 2012-11-08 2016-12-06 Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd. Radiation member
US20150219410A1 (en) * 2014-01-31 2015-08-06 Asia Vital Components Co., Ltd. Heat Dissipation Structure Enhancing Heat Source Self Heat Radiation
DE102015208277A1 (de) 2015-05-05 2016-11-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrische Maschine mit über einen Wald von Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gekühltem Rotor
US11879674B1 (en) 2023-03-08 2024-01-23 Rajiv K. Karkhanis Evaporative cooling system for fluids and solids

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Effective date: 20110921

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