US20110189653A1 - Detection and prognosis of cervical cancer - Google Patents

Detection and prognosis of cervical cancer Download PDF

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US20110189653A1
US20110189653A1 US12/933,747 US93374709A US2011189653A1 US 20110189653 A1 US20110189653 A1 US 20110189653A1 US 93374709 A US93374709 A US 93374709A US 2011189653 A1 US2011189653 A1 US 2011189653A1
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gene
cervical
cells
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methylated
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Wim Van Criekinge
Valerie Deregowski
Luc Dehaspe
G.Bea A. Wisman
Ate G.J. Van Der Zee
E. M.D. Schuuring
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Mdxhealth SA
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
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    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/112—Disease subtyping, staging or classification
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/154—Methylation markers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/16—Primer sets for multiplex assays

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the area of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • it relates to methods and kits for identifying, diagnosing, prognosing, and monitoring cervical cancer. These methods include determining the methylation status or the expression levels of particular genes, or a combination thereof.
  • Cervical cancer is the fifth most deadly cancer in women. Worldwide, approximately 500,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed and about 250,000 women die from this disease annually (www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets).
  • squamous cell carcinomas SCC
  • AdC glandular surface cells
  • cervical cancers have features of both SCC and AdC. These are called adenosquamous carcinomas or mixed carcinomas (www.cancer.org).
  • Cervical cancer evolves from pre-existing noninvasive premalignant lesions referred to as cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs), ranging from CIN I (mild dysplasia) to CIN II (moderate dysplasia) to CIN III (severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ). This process usually takes several years but sometimes can happen in less than a year. For most women, pre-cancerous cells will remain unchanged and disappear without any treatment.
  • CINs cervical intraepithelial neoplasias
  • PAP Papanicolaou
  • the cervical smears are examined by light microscopy and the specimens containing morphologically abnormal cells are classified into PAP Ito V, at a scale of increasing severity of the lesion.
  • present PAP test has some limitations and is not completely ideal for screening as it suffers from suboptimal single-test sensitivity, limited reproducibility, and many equivocal.
  • HPV Human Papillomavirus
  • methylation markers have been described in literature and aberrant methylation of genes has been linked to cervical cancer (Virmani et al, 2001). In addition, methylation markers may serve for predictive purposes as they often reflect the sensitivity to therapy or duration of patient survival.
  • DNA methylation is a chemical modification of DNA performed by enzymes called methyltransferases, in which a methyl group (m) is added to certain cytosines (C) of DNA.
  • This non-mutational (epigenetic) process (mC) is a critical factor in gene expression regulation. (See J. G. Herman, Seminars in Cancer Biology, 9: 359-67, 1999).
  • the present invention is based on the finding that several genes are identified as being differentially methylated in cervical cancers. This information is useful for cervical cancer screening, risk-assessment, prognosis, disease identification, disease staging, and identification of therapeutic targets.
  • the identification of new genes that are methylated in cervical cancer allows accurate and effective early diagnostic assays, methylation profiling using multiple genes and identification of new targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • the invention provides a method for identifying cervical cancer or its precursor, or predisposition to cervical cancer.
  • Epigenetic modification of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of genes according to Table 1 is detected in a test sample containing cervical cells or nucleic acids from cervical cells.
  • the test sample is identified as containing cells that are neoplastic, precursor to neoplastic, or predisposed to neoplasia, or as containing nucleic acids from cells that are neoplastic, precursor to neoplastic, or predisposed to neoplasia.
  • the at least one gene is selected from a group of genes consisting of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, ALX3, ALX4, AR, ARID4A, ATM, AURKA, B4GALT1, BMP2, BMP6, BNIP3, C13orf18, C16orf48, C9orf19, CALCA, CAMK4, CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDH4, CDK6, CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CLSTN2, CLU, COL1A1, CPT1C, CTDSPL, CYCLIND2, DAPK1, DBC1, DDX19B, DKK2, EGFR, EGR4, EPB41L3, FOS, FOXE1, GADD45A, GATA4, GDAP1L1, GNB4, GPNMB, GREM1, Gst-Pi, HHIP, HIN1, HOOK2, HOXA1, HOXA11, HOXA7, HOXD1, IGSF4, ISY
  • the detection of epigenetic modification comprises detection of methylation of a CpG dinucleotide motif in the gene and/or promoter region of the gene; and/or detection of expression of mRNA of the gene.
  • the invention also relates to a kit for assessing cervical cancer or its precursor, or predisposition to cervical cancer in a test sample containing cervical cells or nucleic acids from cervical cells.
  • the kit comprises in a package: a reagent that (a) modifies methylated cytosine residues but not non-methylated cytosine residues, or that (b) modifies non-methylated cytosine residues but not methylated cytosine residues; and at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers that specifically hybridizes under amplification conditions to a region of a gene selected from the group consisting of genes according to Table 1 and/or the aforementioned group of genes.
  • the region is preferably within about 10 kbp of said gene's transcription start site.
  • the invention provides for oligonucleotide primers and/or probes and their sequences for use in the methods and assays of the invention.
  • the invention also relates to screening protocols for the screening of woman for cervical cancer and the precursors thereof.
  • Such method for cervical cancer screening combines hr-HPV testing and methylation testing, or combines PAP tests with methylation testing.
  • Methylation testing in such screening method preferably detects the epigenetic modification of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, ALX3, ALX4, AR, ARID4A, ATM, AURKA, B4GALT1, BMP2, BMP6, BNIP3, C13orf18, C16orf48, C9orf19, CALCA, CAMK4, CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDH4, CDK6, CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CLSTN2, CLU, COL1A1, CPT1C, CTDSPL, CYCLIND2, DAPK1, DBC1, DDX19B, DKK2, EGFR, EGR4, EPB41L3, FOS, FOXE1,
  • the invention also provides for a method for predicting the likelihood of successful treatment or resistance to treatment of cancer with such agent. If the gene is methylated, the likelihood of successful treatment is higher than if the gene is unmethylated, or methylated to a lesser degree. Conversely, if the gene is unmethylated, or methylated to a lesser degree, the likelihood of resistance to treatment is higher than if the gene is methylated.
  • epigenetic loss of gene function(s) can identify the stage of the disease and from that the need of treatment. Accordingly, the invention provides for a method for predicting suitable treatment comprising determining the methylation status of a gene or a combination of genes. If the gene is methylated, the need of cervical resection is identified; if the gene is unmethylated or methylated to a lesser 10 degree, it is decided that there is no need for cervical resection.
  • FIG. 1 The number of probes (w) that is retrieved using parameters x (number of P-calls in primary cancers for probe), y (number of P-calls in untreated cell-lines for probe) and z (number of P-calls in treated cell-lines for probe).
  • FIG. 2 Step-plot to determine optimal number of probes for further analysis. Step-plot of the number of retrieved known markers as a function of the position after relaxation ranking (this is the number of selected probes after ranking). The step plot shows the actual (observed) number of markers. If the markers were randomly distributed, one would expect the profile, marked with ‘expected’ (details in the text). The trend of the observed markers versus the number of selected probes is indicated with dashed lines.
  • FIG. 3 (Hyper) methylation analysis of the promoter region ( ⁇ 430 to ⁇ 5 of TSS) of the CCNA1 gene by COBRA and sequence analysis.
  • A schematic representation of the restriction enzyme sites (B: BstUI and T: TaqI) in the virtual hypermethylated BSP nucleotide sequence after bisulfite treatment. Vertical bars represent CG site, arrow represents TSS (retrieved from Ensembl).
  • B Result of COBRA analysis of the BSP products of 10 tumor samples (T1-T10), in vitro methylated DNA as a positive control (IV) and leukocyte DNA as a negative (unmethylated) control (L).
  • FIG. 4 Representative COBRA on 3 gene promoters (SST, AUTS2 and SYCP3).
  • A schematic representation of the restriction enzyme sites in the virtual hypermethylated BSP nucleotide sequence after bisulfite treatment.
  • B BstUI
  • T TaqI
  • H HinfI
  • Bars represent CG site and arrow is TSS (retrieved from Ensembl).
  • lane B Result of COBRA analysis of BSP products of tumor samples (T1-T10) and 5 normal cervices (N1-N5), in vitro methylated DNA as a positive control (IV) and leukocyte DNA as a negative (unmethylated) control (L); lane B is water blank.
  • FIG. 5
  • FIG. 6 Ranked methylation table from the Lightcycler platform. 27 methylation profiles from cervical cancer samples (left) are compared against 20 normal tissue samples (right). Samples are shown along the X-axis where each vertical column represents the methylation profile of one individual sample across the 63 different assays (Y-axis). Assays demonstrating the best methylation discriminators between the 2 groups are displayed at the top, with discrimination effect decreasing towards the bottom. The black boxes indicate the methylated results; grey boxes indicate the unmethylated results; white boxes indicate invalid results. (NA: not applicable; NT: not tested)
  • FIG. 7 Amplification plot for the standard curve for TAC1 — 56187
  • FIG. 8 Amplification plot for standard curve and samples for TAC1 — 56187
  • FIG. 9 Linear regression of standard curve for TAC1 — 56187
  • FIG. 10 Decision tree for ratio determination
  • FIG. 11 Performance of the individual markers on cervical tissue samples using qMSP.
  • cytosines within CpG dinucleotides of DNA from particular genes isolated from a test sample, which are differentially methylated in human cervical cancer tissue samples and normal cervical tissue control samples.
  • the cancer tissues samples are hypermethylated or hypomethylated with respect to the normal samples (collectively termed epigenetic modification).
  • the differential methylation has been found in genomic DNA of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, ALX3, ALX4, AR, ARID4A, ATM, AURKA, B4GALT1, BMP2, BMP6, BNIP3, C13orf18, C16orf48, C9orf19, CALCA, CAMK4, CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDH4, CDK6, CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CLSTN2, CLU, COL1A1, CPT1C, CTDSPL, CYCLIND2, DAPK1, DBC1, DDX19B, DKK2, EGFR, EGR4, EPB41L3, FOS, FOXE1, GADD45A, GATA4, GDAP1L1, GNB4, GPNMB, GREM1, Gst-Pi, HHIP, HIN1, HOOK2, HOXA1, HOXA11, HOXA7, HOXD1, IG
  • the invention provides a method for identifying cervical cancer or its precursor, or predisposition to cervical cancer.
  • Epigenetic modification of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of genes according to Table 1 is detected in a test sample containing cervical cells or nucleic acids from cervical cells.
  • the test sample is identified as containing cells that are neoplastic, precursor to neoplastic, or predisposed to neoplasia, or as containing nucleic acids from cells that are neoplastic, precursor to neoplastic, or predisposed to neoplasia.
  • the at least one gene is selected from a group of genes consisting of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, ALX3, ALX4, AR, ARID4A, ATM, AURKA, B4GALT1, BMP2, BMP6, BNIP3, C13orf18, C16orf48, C9orf19, CALCA, CAMK4, CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDH4, CDK6, CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CLSTN2, CLU, COL1A1, CPT1C, CTDSPL, CYCLIND2, DAPK1, DBC1, DDX19B, DKK2, EGFR, EGR4, EPB41L3, FOS, FOXE1, GADD45A, GATA4, GDAP1L1, GNB4, GPNMB, GREM1, Gst-Pi, HHIP, HIN1, HOOK2, HOXA1, HOXA11, HOXA7, HOXD1, IGSF4, ISY
  • At least one gene is selected from the group consisting of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, CCNA1, HOXA11, GREM1 and TAC1.
  • epigenetic silencing of a gene combination is detected and preferably selected from the group of gene combinations consisting of:
  • Identifying” a disease or predisposition of disease is defined herein to include detecting by way of routine examination, screening for a disease or pre-stadia of a disease, monitoring staging and the state and/or progression of the disease, checking for recurrence of disease following treatment and monitoring the success of a particular treatment.
  • the identification can also have prognostic value, and the prognostic value of the tests can be used as a marker of potential susceptibility to cancer.
  • Epigenetic modification can be described as a stable alteration in gene expression potential that takes place during development and cell proliferation, mediated by mechanisms other than alterations in the primary nucleotide sequence of a gene. Three related mechanisms that cause alteration in gene expression are recognized: DNA methylation, histone code changes and RNA interference.
  • Epigenetic modification of a gene can be determined by any method known in the art. One method is to determine that a gene which is expressed in normal cells or other control cells is less expressed or not expressed in tumor cells. Diminished gene expression can be assessed in terms of DNA methylation status or in terms of expression levels as determined by their methylation status, generally manifested as hypermethylation. Conversely, a gene can be more highly expressed in tumor cells than in control cells in the case of hypomethylation. This method does not, on its own, however, indicate that the silencing or activation is epigenetic, as the mechanism of the silencing or activation could be genetic, for example, by somatic mutation.
  • One method to determine that silencing is epigenetic is to treat with a reagent, such as DAC (5′-deazacytidine), or with a reagent which changes the histone acetylation status of cellular DNA or any other treatment affecting epigenetic mechanisms present in cells, and observe that the silencing is reversed, i.e., that the expression of the gene is reactivated or restored.
  • a reagent such as DAC (5′-deazacytidine)
  • Another means to determine epigenetic modification is to determine the presence of methylated CpG dinucleotide motifs in the silenced gene or the absence of methylation CpG dinucleotide motifs in the activated gene.
  • epigenetic modification of a CpG dinucleotide motif in the promoter region of the at least one gene selected from a group of genes according to Table 1 is determined.
  • Methylation of a CpG island at a promoter usually prevents expression of the gene.
  • the islands can surround the 5′ region of the coding region of the gene as well as the 3′ region of the coding region. Thus, CpG islands can be found in multiple regions of a nucleic acid sequence.
  • region when used in reference to a gene includes sequences upstream of coding sequences in a regulatory region including a promoter region, in the coding regions (e.g., exons), downstream of coding regions in, for example, enhancer regions, and in introns. All of these regions can be assessed to determine their methylation status. When the CpG distribution in the promoter region is rather scarce, levels of methylation are assessed in the intron and/or exon regions.
  • the region of assessment can be a region that comprises both intron and exon sequences and thus overlaps both regions.
  • TSS transcription start site
  • Expression of a gene can be assessed using any means known in the art. Typically expression is assessed and compared in test samples and control samples which may be normal, non-malignant cells. Either mRNA or protein can be measured. Methods employing hybridization to nucleic acid probes can be employed for measuring specific mRNAs. Such methods include using nucleic acid probe arrays (e.g. microarray technology, in situ hybridization, Northern blots). Messenger RNA can also be assessed using amplification techniques, such as RT-PCR. Sequencing-based methods are an alternative; these methods started with the use of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and now include methods based on short tags, such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS).
  • ESTs expressed sequence tags
  • MPSS massively parallel signature sequencing
  • Differential display techniques provide another means of analyzing gene expression; this family of techniques is based on random amplification of cDNA fragments generated by restriction digestion, and bands that differ between two tissues identify cDNAs of interest. Specific proteins can be assessed using any convenient method including immunoassays and immuno-cytochemistry but are not limited to that. Most such methods will employ antibodies, or engineered equivalents thereof, which are specific for the particular protein or protein fragments.
  • the sequences of the mRNA (cDNA) and proteins of the markers of the present invention are known in the art and publicly available.
  • methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases can be used to detect methylated CpG dinucleotide motifs. Such endonucleases may either preferentially cleave methylated recognition sites relative to non-methylated recognition sites or preferentially cleave non-methylated relative to methylated recognition sites.
  • Non limiting examples of the former are Aat II, Acc III, Ad I, Ad I, Age I, AIu I, Asc I, Ase 1, AsiS I, Ban I, Bbe I, BsaA I, BsaH I, BsiE I, BsiW I, BsrV I, BssK 1, BstB I, BstN I, Bs I, CIa I, Eae I, Eag I, Fau I, Fse I, Hha I, mPl I, HinC II, Hpa 11, Npy99 I, HpyCAIV, Kas I, Mbo I, MIu I, MapA 1 I.
  • Msp I Nae I, Nar I, Not 1, PmI I, Pst I, Pvu I, Rsr II, Sac II, Sap I, Sau3A I, Sfl I, Sfo I, SgrA I, Sma I SnaB I, Tsc I, Xma I, and Zra I.
  • Non limiting examples of the latter are Acc II, Ava I, BssH II, BstU I, Hpa II, Not I, and Mho I.
  • chemical reagents can be used that selectively modify either the methylated or non-methylated form of CpG dinucleotide motifs. Modified products can be detected directly, or after a further reaction which creates products that are easily distinguishable. Means which detect altered size and/or charge can be used to detect modified products, including but not limited to electrophoresis, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Examples of such chemical reagents for selective modification include hydrazine and bisulfite ions. Hydrazine-modified DNA can be treated with piperidine to cleave it. Bisulfite ion-treated DNA can be treated with alkali. Other means for detection that are reliant on specific sequences can be used, including but not limited to hybridization, amplification, sequencing, and ligase chain reaction. Combinations of such techniques can be used as is desired.
  • electrophoresis The principle behind electrophoresis is the separation of nucleic acids via their size and charge. Many assays exist for detecting methylation and most rely on determining the presence or absence of a specific nucleic acid product. Gel electrophoresis is commonly used in a laboratory for this purpose.
  • the principle behind mass spectrometry is the ionizing of nucleic acids and separating them according to their mass to charge ratio. Similar to electrophoresis, one can use mass spectrometry to detect a specific nucleic acid that was created in an experiment to determine methylation (Tost, J. et al. 2003).
  • chromatography high performance liquid chromatography
  • DNA is first treated with sodium bisulfite, which converts an unmethylated cytosine to uracil, while methylated cytosine residues remain unaffected.
  • DHPLC has the resolution capabilities to distinguish between methylated (containing cytosine) and unmethylated (containing uracil) DNA sequences.
  • Deng, D. et al. describes simultaneous detection of CpG methylation and single nucleotide polymorphism by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography.
  • Hybridization is a technique for detecting specific nucleic acid sequences that is based on the annealing of two complementary nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded molecule.
  • One example of the use of hybridization is a microarray assay to determine the methylation status of DNA. After sodium bisulfite treatment of DNA, which converts an unmethylated cytosine to uracil while methylated cytosine residues remain unaffected, oligonucleotides complementary to potential methylation sites can hybridize to the bisulfite-treated DNA.
  • the oligonucleotides are designed to be complimentary to either sequence containing uracil (thymine) or sequence containing cytosine, representing unmethylated and methylated DNA, respectively.
  • Computer-based microarray technology can determine which oligonucleotides hybridize with the DNA sequence and one can deduce the methylation status of the DNA.
  • primers can be designed to be complimentary to either sequence containing uracil (thymine) or sequence containing cytosine.
  • Primers and probes that recognize the converted methylated form of DNA are dubbed methylation-specific primers or probes (MSP).
  • An additional method of determining the results after sodium bisulfite treatment involves sequencing the DNA to directly observe any bisulfite-modifications.
  • Pyrosequencing technology is a method of sequencing-by-synthesis in real time. It is based on an indirect bioluminometric assay of the pyrophosphate (PPi) that is released from each deoxynucleotide (dNTP) upon DNA-chain elongation.
  • PPi pyrophosphate
  • dNTP deoxynucleotide
  • This method presents a DNA template-primer complex with a dNTP in the presence of an exonuclease-deficient Klenow DNA polymerase. The four nucleotides are sequentially added to the reaction mix in a predetermined order. If the nucleotide is complementary to the template base and thus incorporated, PPi is released.
  • the PPi and other reagents are used as a substrate in a luciferase reaction producing visible light that is detected by either a luminometer or a charge-coupled device.
  • the light produced is proportional to the number of nucleotides added to the DNA primer and results in a peak indicating the number and type of nucleotide present in the form of a pyrogram. Pyrosequencing can exploit the sequence differences that arise following sodium bisulfite-conversion of DNA.
  • amplification techniques may be used in a reaction for creating distinguishable products. Some of these techniques employ PCR. Other suitable amplification methods include the ligase chain reaction (LCR) (Barringer et al, 1990), transcription amplification (Kwoh et al. 1989; WO88/10315), selective amplification of target polynucleotide sequences (U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,276), consensus sequence primed polymerase chain reaction (U.S. Pat. No. 4,437,975), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (WO90/06995), nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,409,818; 5,554,517; 6,063,603), microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP), and nick displacement amplification (WO2004/067726).
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • NASBA nucleic acid based sequence amplification
  • MLP microsatel
  • Sequence variation that reflects the methylation status at CpG dinucleotides in the original genomic DNA offers two approaches to PCR primer design.
  • the primers do not themselves cover or hybridize to any potential sites of DNA methylation; sequence variation at sites of differential methylation are located between the two primers.
  • Such primers are used in bisulfite genomic sequencing, COBRA, Ms-SNuPE.
  • the primers are designed to anneal specifically with either the methylated or unmethylated version of the converted sequence.
  • the primer may also contain additional nucleotide residues that do not interfere with hybridization but may be useful for other manipulations.
  • additional nucleotide residues may be sites for restriction endonuclease cleavage, for ligand binding or for factor binding or linkers or repeats.
  • the oligonucleotide primers may or may not be such that they are specific for modified methylated residues.
  • One way to distinguish between modified and unmodified DNA is to hybridize oligonucleotide primers which specifically bind to one form or the other of the DNA. After primer hybridization, an amplification reaction can be performed. The presence of an amplification product indicates that a sample hybridized to the primer. The specificity of the primer indicates whether the DNA had been modified or not, which in turn indicates whether the DNA had been methylated or not. For example, bisulfite ions convert non-methylated cytosine bases to uracil bases. Uracil bases hybridize to adenine bases under hybridization conditions.
  • an oligonucleotide primer which comprises adenine bases in place of guanine bases would hybridize to the bisulfite-modified DNA, whereas an oligonucleotide primer containing the guanine bases would hybridize to the non-converted (initial methylated) cytosine residues in the modified DNA.
  • Amplification using a DNA polymerase and a second primer yield amplification products which can be readily observed. This method is known as MSP (Methylation Specific PCR; U.S. Pat. Nos 5,786,146; 6,017,704; 6,200,756).
  • Primers are designed to anneal specifically with the converted sequence representing either the methylated or the unmethylated version of the DNA.
  • Preferred primers and primer sets for assessing the methylation status of the concerned gene by way of MSP will specifically hybridize to a converted sequence provided in Table 2, or to its complement sequence.
  • Most preferred primers and primer sets are provided in Table 1 and are represented by SEQ ID NO. 1 to 264.
  • Sense primers comprise or consist essentially of SEQ ID NO. 1 to 132
  • antisense primers consist essentially of SEQ ID NO. 133 to 264.
  • the amplification products can be optionally hybridized to specific oligonucleotide probes which may also be specific for certain products. Alternatively, oligonucleotide probes can be used which will hybridize to amplification products from both modified and non-modified DNA.
  • present invention provides for a method for identifying cervical cancer or its precursor, or predisposition to cervical cancer in a test sample containing cervical cells or nucleic acids from cervical cells comprising: contacting a methylated CpG-containing nucleic acid of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of genes according to Table 1 with bisulfite to convert unmethylated cytosine to uracil; detecting the methylated CpGs in the nucleic acid by contacting the converted nucleic acid with oligonucleotide primers whose sequence discriminates between the bisulfite-treated methylated and unmethylated version of the converted nucleic acid; and identifying the test sample as containing cells that are neoplastic, precursor to neoplastic, or predisposed to neoplasia, or as containing nucleic acids from cells that are neoplastic, precursor to neoplastic, or predisposed to neoplasia.
  • Modified and non-modified DNA can be distinguished with use of oligonucleotide probes which may also be specific for certain products. Such probes can be hybridized directly to modified DNA or to amplification products of modified DNA. Probes for assessing the methylation status of the concerned gene will specifically hybridize to the converted sequence but not to the corresponding non converted sequence. Probes are designed to anneal specifically with the converted sequence representing either the methylated or unmethylated version of the DNA. Preferred converted sequences are provided in Table 2. Preferred probes anneal specifically with the converted sequence representing the methylated version of the DNA, or to the complement sequence thereof. Oligonucleotide probes can be labeled using detection systems known in the art.
  • fluorescent moieties include but are not limited to fluorescent moieties, radioisotope labeled moieties, bioluminescent moieties, luminescent moieties, chemiluminescent moieties, enzymes, substrates, receptors, or ligands.
  • methylated CpG dinucleotides utilizes the ability of the MBD domain of the McCP2 protein to selectively bind to methylated DNA sequences (Cross et al, 1994; Shiraishi et al, 1999). Restriction endonuclease digested genomic DNA is loaded onto expressed His-tagged methyl-CpG binding domain that is immobilized to a solid matrix and used for preparative column chromatography to isolate highly methylated DNA sequences. Variants of this method have been described and may be used in present methods of the invention.
  • Real time chemistry allows for the detection of PCR amplification during the early phases of the reactions, and makes quantitation of DNA and RNA easier and more precise.
  • a few variants of real-time PCR are well known. They include Taqman® (Roche Molecular Systems), Molecular Beacons®, Amplifluor® (Chemicon International) and Scorpion® DzyNA®, PlexorTM (Promega) etc.
  • the TaqMan® system and Molecular Beacon® system have separate probes labeled with a fluorophore and a fluorescence quencher.
  • the labeled probe in the form of a hairpin structure is linked to the primer.
  • Quantitation in real time format may be on an absolute basis, or it may be relative to a methylated DNA standard or relative to an unmethylated DNA standard.
  • the absolute copy number of the methylated marker gene can be determined; or the methylation status may be determined by using the ratio between the signal of the marker under investigation and the signal of a reference gene with a known methylation (e.g. ⁇ -actin), or by using the ratio between the methylated marker and the sum of the methylated and the non-methylated marker.
  • Real-Time PCR detects the accumulation of amplicon during the reaction, but alternatively end-point PCR fluorescence detection techniques may be used. Confirming the presence of target DNA at the end point stage may indeed be sufficient and it can use the same approaches as widely used for real time PCR.
  • DNA methylation analysis has been performed successfully with a number of techniques which are also applicable in present methods of the invention. These include the MALDI-TOFF, MassARRAY (Ehrich, M. et al. 2005), MethyLight (Trinh B. et al. 2001), Quantitative Analysis of Methylated Alleles (Zeschnigk M. et al. 2004), Enzymatic Regional Methylation Assay (Galm et al., 2002), HeavyMethyl (Cottrell, S E et al., 2004), QBSUPT, MS-SNuPE (Gonzalgo and Jones, 1997), MethylQuant (Thomassin H. et al. 2004), Quantitative PCR sequencing, and Oligonucleotide-based microarray systems (Gitan R S et al., 2006).
  • the number of genes whose modification is tested and/or detected can vary: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or more genes according to Table 1 can be tested and/or detected. Detection of epigenetic modification of at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or more genes according to Table 1 can be used as an indication of cancer or pre-cancer or risk of developing cancer.
  • the genes are preferably selected from the group of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, CCNA1, HOXA11, GREM1 and TAC1.
  • Preferred gene combinations include
  • accession numbers corresponding to the listed genes can be found at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  • the skilled person would appreciate that functionally relevant variants of each of the gene sequences may also be detected according to the methods of the invention.
  • the methylation status of a number of splice variants may be determined according to the methods of the invention.
  • Variant sequences preferably have at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% nucleotide sequence identity with the nucleotide sequences in the database entries.
  • Computer programs for determining percentage nucleotide sequence identity are available in the art, including the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  • the methods of the invention can be used in order to detect more than one gene of interest in the same reaction.
  • amplification of several nucleic acid targets can be performed in the same reaction mixture. This may be termed “multiplexing”. Multiplexing can also be utilized in the context of detecting both the gene of interest and a reference gene in the same reaction.
  • test sample refers to biological material obtained from a mammalian subject, preferably a human subject, and may be any tissue sample, body fluid, body fluid precipitate, or lavage specimen.
  • Test samples for diagnostic, prognostic, or personalized medicine uses can be obtained from cytological samples, from surgical samples, such as biopsies, cervical conization or hysterectomy, from (formalin fixed) paraffin embedded cervix or other organ tissues, from frozen tumor tissue samples, from fresh tumor tissue samples, from a fresh or frozen body fluid such as blood, serum, lymph, or from cervical scrapings, cervical smears, cervical washings and vaginal excretions.
  • surgical samples such as biopsies, cervical conization or hysterectomy
  • formalin fixed paraffin embedded cervix or other organ tissues from frozen tumor tissue samples, from fresh tumor tissue samples, from a fresh or frozen body fluid such as blood, serum, lymph, or from cervical scrapings, cervical smears, cervical washings and vaginal excretions.
  • a test sample obtainable from such specimens or fluids includes detached tumor cells and/or free nucleic acids that are released from dead or damaged tumor cells.
  • Nucleic acids include RNA, genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, single or double stranded, and protein-associated nucleic acids. Any nucleic acid specimen in purified or non-purified form obtained from such specimen cell can be utilized as the starting nucleic acid or acids.
  • the test samples may contain cancer cells or pre-cancer cells or nucleic acids from them.
  • the test sample contains squamous cell carcinomas cells or nucleic acids from squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinoma cells or nucleic acids of adenocarcinoma cells, adenosquamous carcinoma cells or nucleic acids thereof.
  • Samples may contain mixtures of different types and stages of cervical cancer cells.
  • Present invention also relates to screening protocols for the screening of woman for cervical cancer and the precursors thereof.
  • the Pap Smear has been the primary screening method for the detection of abnormality of the cervix, but its performance is suboptimal.
  • Human Papillomavirus has been associated with the development of cervical cancer. Five high-risk types, 16, 18, 31, 45, and 58, and in particular HPV types 16 and 18 account for approximately 70% of all cervical carcinomas. A small percentage of women showing persistent infection progress from Low-grade to High-grade lesions. The introduction of methylation markers now adds a new dimension to the screening for and treatment of cervical lesions.
  • Method for cervical cancer screening may combine high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) testing and methylation testing; or cytological evaluation and methylation testing; or hr-HPV testing and cytological evaluation and methylation testing.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for cervical cancer detection or screening comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention relates further to a method for cervical cancer detection or screening comprising the steps of:
  • the invention provides for a method for cervical cancer detection or screening comprising the steps of:
  • the invention provides for a method for cervical cancer detection or screening comprising the steps of:
  • test sample is preferably a cervical, cervicovaginal or vaginal sample of a woman.
  • cervical cancer screening refers to organized periodic procedures performed on groups of people for the purpose of detecting cervical cancer.
  • assaying for hr-HPV refers to testing for the presence of hr-HPV.
  • PCR based assays commercially available to measure hr-HPV copy number or viral load in clinical samples.
  • Many testing methods have been used to detect the presence of HPV in cervicovaginal specimens, including viral load quantification, Southern blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ViraPap (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), Hybrid Capture tube testing, Hybrid Capture microtiter plate assays, and CISH.
  • assaying for hr-HPV may be performed with the FDA approved Hybrid Capture II assay (Digene Corp., Silver Spring, Md.) with a probe cocktail for 13 carcinogenic types.
  • HPV types are those strains of HPV more likely to lead to the development of cancer, while “low-risk” viruses rarely develop into cancer.
  • the list of strains considered high risk is being adapted with the time and the increase in epidemiological knowledge.
  • those hr-HPV types comprise, without being limited to, strains 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, and 69.
  • Preferred “high risk” HPV types are HPV16 and HPV18.
  • HPV16 testing refers to testing for the presence of hr-HPV type 16.
  • HPV18 testing refers to testing for the presence of hr-HPV type 18.
  • the various methods allowing type-specific HPV testing are well known to the person skilled in the art and are applicable in the methods of present invention. For instance, testing for the presence of hr-HPV-16 may be accomplished by PCR amplification using primers specific for HPV type 16, which are known by the skilled in the art.
  • performing cytological evaluation refers to the cytomorphological assessment of cervical samples, which is usually performed by especially trained medical staff.
  • the various methods allowing cytological testing are well known to the person skilled in the art and are applicable in the methods of present invention.
  • Cytological evaluation may be performed with the known Papanicolaou (PAP) smear test.
  • Alternative means for cytological evaluation include liquid based cytology with for example the ThinPrep technique (Cytyc Corporation, Marlborough, Mass., USA).
  • triaging refers to sorting out or classifying patients in order to establish priority of treatment's necessity, priority of proper place of treatment, or any other priority in terms of patient management.
  • test sample will most of the time be obtained from a subject suspected of being tumorigenic or from a subject undergoing routine examination and not necessarily being suspected of having a disease.
  • sample is obtained from a subject undergoing treatment, or from patients being checked for recurrence of disease.
  • Testing can be performed diagnostically or in conjunction with a therapeutic regimen. Testing can be used to monitor efficacy of a therapeutic regimen, whether a chemotherapeutic agent or a biological agent, such as a polynucleotide. Epigenetic loss of function of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of genes according to Table 1 can be rescued by the use of DNA demethylating agents and/or DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. Testing can also be used to determine what therapeutic or preventive regimen to employ on a patient. Moreover, testing can be used to stratify patients into groups for testing agents and determining their efficacy on various groups of patients.
  • Demethylating agents can be contacted with cells in vitro or in vivo for the purpose of restoring normal gene expression to the cell.
  • Suitable demethylating agents include, but are not limited to 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, 5-aza-cytidine, Zebularine, procaine, and L-ethionine. This reaction may be used for diagnosis, for determining predisposition, and for determining suitable therapeutic regimes. Accordingly, the invention also provides for a method for predicting the likelihood of successful treatment or resistance to treatment of cancer with such agent. If the gene is methylated, the likelihood of successful treatment is higher than if the gene is unmethylated, or methylated to a lesser degree. Conversely, if the gene is unmethylated, or methylated to a lesser degree, the likelihood of resistance to treatment is higher than if the gene is methylated.
  • epigenetic loss of gene function(s) can identify the stage of the disease and from that the need of treatment.
  • the invention provides for a method for predicting suitable treatment comprising determining the methylation status of a gene or a combination of genes. If the gene is methylated, the need of cervical resection is identified; if the gene is unmethylated or methylated to a lesser 10 degree, it is decided that there is no need for cervical resection.
  • CIN early stage
  • carcinoma in situ abnormal tissue is removed by cryosurgery, laser surgery, conization, or simple hysterectomy (removal of the uterus).
  • Invasive cervical cancer is treated with radical hysterectomy (removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, adjacent lymph nodes, and part of the vagina).
  • the methods of the invention may be combined with established methods and/or markers for cervical cancer identification (Malinowski D, 2007), such as morphology-based detection methods, HPV methylation testing (Badal et al. 2004, Kalantari et al. 2004), KRAS and BRAF mutation detection (Kang et al. 2007), chromosomal amplification (Rao et al. 2004), protein expression (Keating et al. 2001) and HPV detection methods (Brink et al.
  • markers for cervical cancer identification such as morphology-based detection methods, HPV methylation testing (Badal et al. 2004, Kalantari et al. 2004), KRAS and BRAF mutation detection (Kang et al. 2007), chromosomal amplification (Rao et al. 2004), protein expression (Keating et al. 2001) and HPV detection methods (Brink et al.
  • HPV detection kits are known in the art and commercially available, for example kits such as Digene® HPV Test (Qiagen), AMPLICOR HPV Test (Roche), HPV High-Risk Molecular Assay (Third Wave Technologies), LINEAR ARRAY HPV Genotyping Test (Roche), INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping (Innogenetics), PapilloCheck (Greiner Bio-One GmbH), PreTect HPV-Proofer (Norchip), NucliSENS EasyQ HPV (BioMérieux), F-HPV TypingTM (molGENTIX, S.L.) may be utilized. Such examples are not meant to be exhaustive, but rather exemplary.
  • Kits according to the present invention are assemblages of reagents for testing methylation. They are typically in a package which contains all elements, optionally including instructions. The package may be divided so that components are not mixed until desired. Components may be in different physical states. For example, some components may be lyophilized and some in aqueous solution. Some may be frozen. Individual components may be separately packaged within the kit.
  • the kit may contain reagents, as described above for differentially modifying methylated and non-methylated cytosine residues.
  • the kit will contain oligonucleotide primers which specifically hybridize to regions within about 10 kbp, within about 5 kbp, within about 3 kbp, within about 1 kbp, within about 750 bp, within about 500 bp, within 200 bp or within 100 bp kb of the transcription start sites of the genes/markers listed in Table 1.
  • the kit will contain both a forward and a reverse primer for a single gene or marker. If there is a sufficient region of complementarity, e.g., 12, 15, 18, or 20 nucleotides, then the primer may also contain additional nucleotide residues that do not interfere with hybridization but may be useful for other manipulations. Exemplary of such other residues may be sites for restriction endonuclease cleavage, for ligand binding or for factor binding or linkers or repeats.
  • the oligonucleotide primers may or may not be such that they are specific for modified methylated residues.
  • the kit may optionally contain oligonucleotide probes.
  • the probes may be specific for sequences containing modified methylated residues or for sequences containing non-methylated residues.
  • the kit may optionally contain reagents for modifying methylated cytosine residues.
  • the kit may also contain components for performing amplification, such as a DNA polymerase and deoxyribonucleotides. Means of detection may also be provided in the kit, including detectable labels on primers or probes.
  • Kits may also contain reagents for detecting gene expression for one of the markers of the present invention. Such reagents may include probes, primers, or antibodies, for example. In the case of enzymes or ligands, substrates or binding partners may be sued to assess the presence of the marker.
  • Kits may contain 1, 2, 3, 4, or more of the primers or primer pairs of the invention. Kits that contain probes may have them as separate molecules or covalently linked to a primer for amplifying the region to which the probes hybridize. Other useful tools for performing the methods of the invention or associated testing, therapy, or calibration may also be included in the kits, including buffers, enzymes, gels, plates, detectable labels, vessels, etc.
  • the invention also employs or relies upon or utilizes oligonucleotide primers and/or probes to determine the methylation status of at least one gene selected from a group of genes consisting of JAM3, LMX1A, CDO1, NID2, ALX3, ALX4, AR, ARID4A, ATM, AURKA, B4GALT1, BMP2, BMP6, BNIP3, C13orf18, C16orf48, C9orf19, CALCA, CAMK4, CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDH4, CDK6, CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CLSTN2, CLU, COL1A1, CPT1C, CTDSPL, CYCLIND2, DAPK1, DBC1, DDX19B, DKK2, EGFR, EGR4, EPB41L3, FOS, FOXE1, GADD45A, GATA4, GDAP1L1, GNB4, GPNMB, GREM1, Gst-Pi, HHIP
  • Preferred probes and their sequences bind to at least one of the polynucleotide sequences listed in Table 2, FIG. 5B or to the complement sequence thereof.
  • Preferred primers and probes are selected from the primers and probes comprising or consisting essentially of the nucleotide sequences set forth in Table 1.
  • the invention also provides for an isolated polynucleotide which consists of a nucleotide sequence listed in Table 1, Table 2 and FIG. 5B .
  • tissues from 39 early stage frozen cervical cancer samples were used from a collection of primary tumors surgically removed between 1993 and 2003 (University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands). All cervical cancer patients underwent gynecological examination for staging in accordance with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria (Finan et al., 1996). Tumor samples were collected after surgery and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • the stage of cervical cancer patients included 33 FIGO stage IB (85%) and 6 FIGO stage IIA (15%).
  • the median age of the cervical cancer patients was 46 years (IQ range 35-52 yr.).
  • COBRA and BSP Bosulfite Sequencing PCR
  • 10 of the 39 primary cervical cancers and 5 controls (normal cervix) were used.
  • the age-matched normal cervical controls were women without a history of abnormal PAP smears or any form of cancer and planned to undergo a hysterectomy for benign reasons during the same period. Normal cervices were collected after surgery and histologically confirmed.
  • HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma, HPV18
  • SiHa cervical squamous cell carcinoma, HPV16
  • CSCC-7 non-keratinizing large cell cervical squamous cell carcinoma, HPV16
  • CC-8 cervical adenosquamous carcinoma, HPV45
  • HeLa and SiHa were obtained from the American Tissue Type Collection.
  • CSCC-7 and CC-8 were a kind gift of Prof. G J Fleuren (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands). All cell lines were cultured in DMEM/Ham's F12 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum.
  • DAC 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine
  • TSA nM trichostatin A
  • DNA isolation cells and tissue sections were dissolved in lysis buffer and incubated overnight at 55° C. DNA was extracted using standard salt-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation for high molecular DNA and dissolved in 250 ⁇ l TE-4 buffer (10 mM Tris; 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0)).
  • TE-4 buffer 10 mM Tris; 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0)
  • genomic DNA was amplified in a multiplex PCR containing a control gene primer set resulting in products of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 bp according to the BIOMED-2 protocol (van Dongen et al., 2003).
  • RNA expression for 39 primary cancers and 20 cell line samples was performed using the Affymetrix HGU 133 Plus 2.0 array with 54,675 probes for analysis of over 47,000 human transcripts.
  • the labeling of the RNA, the quality control, the microarray hybridization and scanning were performed by ServiceXS according to Affymetrix standards.
  • For labeling ten microgram of total RNA was amplified by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase.
  • RNA degradation plot Quality of the microarray data was checked using histograms, boxplots and a RNA degradation plot. One cell line sample was omitted because of poor quality. Using BioConductor (Gentleman et al., 2004), present (P), absent (A) or marginal (M) calls were determined with the MASS algorithm. MASS uses a non-parametric statistical test (Wilcoxon signed rank test) that assesses whether significantly more perfect matches show more hybridization signal than their corresponding mismatches to produce the detection call for each probe set (Liu et al., 2002). The relaxation ranking approach only relied on P-calls. Some samples were analyzed in duplicate, and the profile of P-calls is highly similar (93-95% of the probesets have an identical P/M/A call).
  • Probe sets were ranked, not primarily based on the number of P-calls and thus explicitly setting thresholds, but primarily driven by the number of probe sets that would be picked up, based on selection criteria (the number of P-calls in primary cancers, untreated and treated cell lines). The stricter (e.g. P-calls: 0-0-15) these selection criteria, the lower the number of probes that meet with these criteria; while if the conditions become more and more relaxed (higher number of P-calls in primary cancers and untreated cell lines, and lower number of P-calls in treated cell lines), the more probes will comply. In the end, using P-calls: 39-4-0 as criteria, all probe sets were returned. This way, there was no need to define a ‘prior’ threshold for the number of P-calls.
  • BSP products were purified (Qiagen) and subjected to direct sequencing (BaseClear, Leiden, The Netherlands).
  • Leukocyte DNA collected from anonymous healthy volunteers and in vitro CpG methylated DNA with SssI (CpG) methyltransferase (New England Biolabs Inc.) were used as negative and positive control, respectively.
  • the only variable used in the relaxation ranking is the number of probes we would like to retrieve.
  • the number of probes retrieved (w) with parameters x, y and z (the number of P-calls in respectively primary tumor samples, untreated and treated cell lines) follows a complex profile which consists not only of additive elements, but also interactions between the parameters.
  • the number of P-calls in primary cancer samples (x) has the largest influence on w.
  • the sorting methodology has the advantage that no cut-off values have to be chosen for x, y and z, and therefore there is no need to implicitly link a relative weight factor to the parameters.
  • This ‘expected’ curve is not a straight line, but is calculated based on whether a probe could be assigned with a gene symbol and taking probes into account that are associated with a gene that is already associated with an earlier selected probe.
  • the number of observed methylation markers has in general the same slope as expected. However, until about 3000 probes, the slope of the number observed markers versus the number of selected probes (in dashed lines) cannot be explained if the markers would be randomly distributed as its steepness is much higher. When selecting more than 3000 probes, the slope suddenly decreases to a level that is close to random distribution. This enrichment can also statistically be proven. Therefore, we selected the first 3000 probes, referred to as TOP3000, in the ranking for further analysis. In this TOP3000 list, 2135 probes are associated with a gene symbol, of which 1904 are unique.
  • BSP was used to amplify the CpG-islands of these candidate genes using bisulfite-treated DNA and COBRA to determine the methylation status.
  • CCNA1 (at position 49) was included as a positive control for the highest listed, reported cervical cancer specific methylation gene promoter.
  • BSP/COBRA of CCNA1 revealed that 6 of 10 carcinomas are methylated at the restriction enzyme sites (T1, T3, T5, T7, T9 and T10 in FIG. 3 ).
  • Sequence analysis of the BSP-products (on average 7-9 independent clones for each carcinoma) of these 10 carcinomas revealed that in 6 carcinomas the promoter is hypermethylated in good agreement with the COBRA results ( FIG. 3C ).
  • Table 5 Methylation status using COBRA of the 10 highest ranking gene promoters. Gene selected for further validation after applying additional criteria. Included is CCNA1 on position 47 (original position 241) as the highest ranking cervical-cancer-associated hypermethylated gene. Methylation status was determined by BSP/COBRA (see FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 ).
  • Table 5 summarizes the methylation status of the 10 highest ranking genes in 10 cervical cancer and 5 normal cervices using COBRA.
  • One gene (ADARB1 at rank 2) could not be analyzed for methylation as no specific BSP products could be amplified using several combinations of primer pairs.
  • 7 (78%) showed methylation in carcinomas (Table 5).
  • Four genes are hypermethylated in all 9 tested cancers, while for SST (7 of 9 carcinomas), HTRA3 (1 of 9 carcinomas) and NPTX1 (5 of 10 carcinomas) not all tested carcinomas are hypermethylated.
  • FIG. 4 shows representative methylation analysis of 3 genes using COBRA.
  • a cervical-cancer-specific hypermethylated marker is only of relevance for the diagnosis of (pre-) malignant disease in case normal cervical epithelium is not methylated.
  • COBRA analysis of 5 normal cervices for all 9 genes revealed that 4 genes (DAZL, SYCP3, ZFP42 and NNAT) are hypermethylated in all 5 samples (Table 5).
  • 3 genes SST, HTRA3 and NPTX1 did not show DNA methylation in any of the normal cervices of 5 independent individuals.
  • the “Database of Transcription Start Sites” (DBTSS) (Suzuki et al., 2004) mapped each transcript sequence on the human draft genome sequence to identify its transcriptional start site, providing more detailed information on distribution patterns of transcriptional start sites and adjacent regulatory regions.
  • the promoters of the above identified TOP3000 genes were separately mapped on the genome-wide alignment of all promoter associated CpG islands. All the promoter sequences were subsequently aligned by clustalW algorithm (Li 2003; Thompson et al., 1994). Treeillustrator (Trooskens et al., 2005) was used to visualize the large guide tree in addition to indicating the location of the known markers.
  • a final gene selection was made based on the ranking, the opportunity to design primers, genes to be known as tumor suppressor genes and expert knowledge on their function, history and mutation status in other cancer types. Also known genes from literature and previous research were included for confirmation.
  • Base5 methylation profiling platform A final selection of markers resulting from the above set out approaches, were tested on tissue using the Base5 methylation profiling platform (Straub et al. 2007). Differential methylation of the particular genes was assessed using Base5 methylation profiling platform as follows: DNA was extracted from cervical samples, bisulfite converted, and selected regions of the particular genes were amplified using primers whose sequence represented converted or non-converted DNA sequences. Amplification was monitored in real-time set up using SYBRgreen.
  • a total of 201 frozen tissue samples (87 cervical cancer samples, the majority derived from squamous cell carcinomas; and 114 normal tissues) were collected by UMC Groningen. If the tissue contained more than 20% stromal cells, the samples were macro-dissected to enrich for tumor cells.
  • Methylation specific PCR (MSP) primers were designed for each of the genes assessed for (hyper)methylation.
  • An example on primer design spanning a large region of the promoter is provided in FIGS. 5A and 5B for ALX4.
  • beta-actin assay was applied on 8 sub-arrays of 2 OpenArrayTM plates by BioTrove Inc.
  • the beta-actin assay was applied on each sub-array as an internal control. Quality control was performed using an in vitro methylated DNA sample and a negative control sample. The selectivity and the reproducibility were checked. After DNA conversion and purification, beta-actin copy number was determined by qMSP. The equivalent of 1500 beta-actin copies per sample was applied per sub-array of an OpenArrayTM plate on a real-time qPCR system (BioTrove Inc.) using the DNA double strand-specific dye SYBRgreen for signal detection.
  • the cycling conditions were: 90° C.-10 seconds, (43° C. 18 seconds, 49° C. 60 seconds, 77° C. 22 seconds, 72° C. 70 seconds, 95° C. 28 seconds) for 40 cycles, 70° C. for 200 seconds, 45° C. for 5 seconds.
  • a melting curve was generated in a temperature range between 45° C. and 94° C.
  • the set of candidate boundaries consists of all values in between 2 measurements, plus infinity (the equivalent of no boundary).
  • the set of candidate models for “methylated” then consists of all combinations of candidate Tm lower bound and a banCt upperbound.
  • TP+FP cancers outside boundaries
  • TN normals outside boundaries
  • a binomial test was applied to find out how unusual it is to have at least TP successes in (TP+FP) trials where the probability of success is (TP+FN). The lower this probability value is the better. Then quality control data were taken into account to determine the most robust boundaries.
  • a high throughput, real-time methylation specific detection platform was applied on two groups of samples isolated from cervical cancer tissue and from corresponding normal cervical tissue. In this study it was shown that a number of genes are differentially methylated in cervical cancer. We identified 112 different assays for detecting 96 different genes being differentially methylated in human cervical cancer tissue and normal cervical tissue control samples.
  • the genes identified are ALX3, ALX4, AR, ARID4A, ATM, AURKA, B4GALT1, BMP2, BMP6, BNIP3, C13orf18, C16orf48, C9orf19, CALCA, CAMK4, CCNA1, CCND2, CDH1, CDH4, CDK6, CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CLSTN2, CLU, COL1A1, CPT1C, CTDSPL, CYCLIND2, DAPK1, DBC1, DDX19B, DKK2, EGFR, EGR4, EPB41L3, FOS, FOXE1, GADD45A, GATA4, GDAP1L1, GNB4, Gst-Pi, HHIP, HOOK2, HOXA1, HOXA11, HOXA7, IGSF4, ISYNA1, JAM3, JPH3, KNDC1, KRAS, LMX1A, LOC285016, LOX, MTAP, MYO18B, NOL4,
  • the resulting assays have the assay details provided in Table 1, Table 2, and FIG. 5B .
  • the top 63 ranked assays plus ⁇ -actin (ACTB) were transferred to the Lightcycler platform in order to further fine-tune the selection of the best cervical cancer methylation markers.
  • This platform allows the assessment of markers in a system which is closer to, and provides information valuable for the subsequent development of, a final, scaled up MSP assay.
  • the 64 assays (Table 6) were applied on a 384 well plate by Sigma. Six repeats of the assay set fitted on a 384 well plate. The samples were randomized per plate.
  • the sample set selected for the Lightcycler analysis was also previously used in the Base 5 analysis in order to make a compared analysis: a total of 27 cervical tumor samples and 20 controls (frozen tissue) were collected by UMC Groningen.
  • Tissue slides were deparaffinized using 100% xylene followed by 100% ethanol.
  • Pellet was resuspended in a buffer containing SDS-proteinase K, and DNA was extracted with phenol-chloroform followed by ethanol precipitation.
  • DNA concentration was measured using NanoDrop Spectrophotometer. From each sample, up to 3 ⁇ g of genomic DNA was converted using a bisulphite based protocol (EZ DNA Methylation KitTM, ZYMO Research). After DNA conversion and purification, equivalent of 20 ng of gDNA was used per reaction. All the samples were tested on Lightcycler using Sybergreen as detector and the amplicon size was determined by capillary electrophoresis.
  • a sample is considered methylated if Ct is under 40 and if Tm and amplicon size are within the boundaries of Tm+/ ⁇ 2 degrees and amplicon size+/ ⁇ 10 bp.
  • the intensity of the band detected by capillary electrophoresis had to be higher than 20.
  • DNA methylation calls were compared between cervical cancer and control patients.
  • An assay ranking with the set of samples was generated and the results are summarized in the methylation table of FIG. 6 .
  • a one-tailed Fisher's exact test was used as a scoring function to rank the candidate markers. The calculation of Fisher's exact test was based on a formula as described by Haseeb Ahmad Khan in “A visual basic software for computing Fisher's exact probability” ( Journal of Statistical Software , vol. 08, issue i21, 2003).
  • DNA was isolated from the cervix tissue samples using a phenol-chloroform procedure, quantified using the picogreen method and 1.5 ⁇ g of DNA was bisulphite treated using the ZYMO kit.
  • qMSPs were carried out in a total volume of 12 ⁇ l in 384 well plates in an ABI PRISM 7900HT instrument (Applied Biosystems).
  • the final reaction mixture consisted of in-house qMSP buffer (including 80.4 nmol of MgCl2), 60 nmol of each dNTP, 0.5 U of Jump Start Taq polymerase (SIGMA), 72 ng of forward primer, 216 ng of reverse primer, 1.92 pmol of Molecular Beacon detection probe, 6.0 pmol of ROX (passive reference dye) and 72 ng of bisulphite converted genomic DNA.
  • Thermal cycling was initiated with an incubation step of 5 minutes at 95° C., followed by 45 cycles (95° C. for 30 seconds, 57° C.
  • Ct values were determined using the SDS software (version 2.2.2.) supplied by Applied Biosystems with automatic baseline settings and threshold. The slopes and R 2 values for the different standard curves were determined after exporting data into MS Excel.
  • FIG. 7 shows the amplification plot obtained for the standard curve for TAC1 — 56187 (960000 copies to 9.6 copies of the gene) and FIG. 8 shows the amplification plot obtained for the standard curve and for all samples for TAC1 — 56187.
  • the Ct values plotted against the Log Copies of TAC1 — 56187 ( FIG. 9 ) give a R 2 of 0.9995 and the efficiency of the reaction is 99.35%.
  • the independent reference gene ⁇ -actin (ACTB) was also measured.
  • the ratios between the test genes and ACTB were calculated to generate the test result.
  • the samples were classified as methylated, unmethylated, or invalid based on the decision tree shown in FIG. 10 .
  • a provisional cut-off was defined for each gene, chosen based on the greater of either the highest value seen among the controls or a value 3 times the standard deviation of the values from control samples.
  • Table 7 summarizes the results obtained for TAC1 — 56187.
  • Table 8 summarizes the results obtained for all the tested markers on tissue samples. The individual performances of the assays are shown in FIG. 11 and the assays are ranked according their p-value (Fisher's exact test). The best performing markers were further tested on clinical samples (scrapings).
  • Cervical scraping samples were collected under the Cervical Cancer Clinical Collaborative Research Agreement study of ONCO with the Gynecology Department of the UMCG hospital.
  • the scraping samples were taken from patients who were referred to the hospital with an abnormal PAP smear or because they were suspected for cervical carcinoma.
  • Gynecological examination under general anesthesia was performed in all cervical cancer patients for staging in accordance with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria.
  • Control scraping samples were taken from women who visited the hospital for a non-malignant condition, e.g. fibroids, prolaps uteri or hypermenorrhea, and who were scheduled to undergo a hysterectomy.
  • the remaining 4-ml of the scraped cells was centrifuged, washed, aliquoted, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ⁇ 80° C. DNA was extracted using standard salt-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. DNA of the pellet was used for qMSP of a panel of good performing markers for cervical cancer and also for HPV typing.
  • DNA was extracted from the scraped cells using standard salt-chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation for high molecular DNA, dissolved in 250 ⁇ L TE-4 buffer (10 mM Tris; 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) and kept at ⁇ 20° C. until tested.
  • HPV16 and HPV18 specific primers on DNA of the scraping samples.
  • general primer-mediated PCR was performed using two HPV consensus primer sets, CPI/CPIIG and GP5+/6+, with subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis, as described previously [by Wisman et al Int j cancer 2006].
  • qMSP was performed after bisulphite treatment on denatured genomic DNA.
  • the assays were carried out as described above.
  • the samples were classified as methylated, unmethylated, or invalid as described above.
  • the results obtained for all the tested markers on scraping samples from cervical cancer patients and from control patients were ranked according their p-value (Fisher's exact test) (Table 9).
  • Some markers have a higher sensitivity for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma (NID2, JPH3, CCNA1) and some markers have a higher sensitivity for adenocarcinoma than for squamous cell carcinoma (JAMS, CDO1, HOXA11).
  • HPV testing will certainly continue to occupy a significant position in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
  • the best performing methylation markers were tested on scraping samples from patients who were referred to the hospital with an abnormal Pap smear and these samples were also tested for hr HPV and HPV16.
  • the provisional cut off as defined above was reduced in order to obtain the highest possible sensitivity and specificity compared to the performance of hrHPV.
  • the results of these tests are shown in Table 11.
  • the classification of pre-cancerous (CIN) conditions were used. Sensitivity was calculated for samples indicating cancer, CIN 2 and CIN 3, while specificity was calculated for those samples from controls, and those indicating CIN 1 or CIN 0 after cytological examination.

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