US20100272950A1 - Positive and negative poisson ratio material - Google Patents

Positive and negative poisson ratio material Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100272950A1
US20100272950A1 US12/589,460 US58946009A US2010272950A1 US 20100272950 A1 US20100272950 A1 US 20100272950A1 US 58946009 A US58946009 A US 58946009A US 2010272950 A1 US2010272950 A1 US 2010272950A1
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carbon nanotube
carbon nanotubes
poisson
films
carbon
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Lu-Zhuo Chen
Chang-Hong Liu
Jia-Ping Wang
Shou-Shan Fan
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Tsinghua University
Hon Hai Precision Industry Co Ltd
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Tsinghua University
Hon Hai Precision Industry Co Ltd
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Assigned to HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY CO., LTD., TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY reassignment HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHEN, Lu-zhuo, FAN, SHOU-SHAN, LIU, CHANG-HONG, WANG, JIA-PING
Publication of US20100272950A1 publication Critical patent/US20100272950A1/en
Priority to US13/632,412 priority Critical patent/US8545745B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
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    • B29C55/00—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C55/005—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of materials
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C55/02—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets
    • B29C55/04—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets uniaxial, e.g. oblique
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
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    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2202/00—Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes
    • C01B2202/08—Aligned nanotubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2202/00—Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes
    • C01B2202/20—Nanotubes characterized by their properties
    • C01B2202/36—Diameter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S977/742—Carbon nanotubes, CNTs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T428/24058—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including grain, strips, or filamentary elements in respective layers or components in angular relation
    • Y10T428/24124—Fibers

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a carbon nanotube material and, in particular, to a carbon nanotube material having a positive and negative Poisson's ratio.
  • Poisson's ratio ⁇ is a measure of the Poisson effect.
  • ⁇ is the resulting Poisson's ratio
  • ⁇ trans is transverse strain (negative for axial tension, positive for axial compression)
  • ⁇ axial is axial strain (positive for axial tension, negative for axial compression).
  • the Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material cannot be less than ⁇ 1.0 nor greater than 0.5 due to the requirement that the elastic modulus, the shear modulus and bulk modulus have positive values. Most materials have positive Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly incompressible material deformed elastically at small strains would have a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5. Most steels and rigid polymers when used within their design limits (before yield) exhibit values of about 0.3, and increasing to 0.5 for post-yield deformation (which occurs largely at constant volume). Rubber has a Poisson's ratio of nearly 0.5.
  • the Poisson's ratio of cork is close to 0, showing very little lateral expansion when compressed.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic top plan view of one embodiment of a material having a positive and negative Poisson's ratio.
  • FIG. 2 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of a carbon nanotube film of the material in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a carbon nanotube segment in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 4 is an SEM image of a carbon nanotube film structure of the material in FIG. 1 showing the carbon nanotubes in one carbon nanotube film are oriented substantially perpendicular to carbon nanotubes in an adjacent carbon nanotube film.
  • FIG. 5 shows the changes of in-plane Poisson's ratios of the material in FIG. 1 with increasing strain.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic top plan view of another embodiment of a material having a positive and negative Poisson's ratio.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the material in FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 8 shows the changes of in-plane Poisson's ratios of the material in FIG. 6 with increasing strain.
  • a material 10 having a negative and positive Poisson's ratio includes a carbon nanotube film structure 12 .
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes assembled together by Van der Waals attractive forces.
  • the orientation of the carbon nanotubes is biaxial which means the carbon nanotubes can be divided into two parts according to their orientation.
  • a first part of the carbon nanotubes is aligned along a first direction X or namely a first characteristic direction
  • a second part of the carbon nanotubes is aligned along a second direction Y or namely a second characteristic direction.
  • the first direction X can be substantially perpendicular to the second direction Y, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the first part of the carbon nanotubes crosses with the second part of the carbon nanotubes to form a plurality of grids.
  • the above-described carbon nanotubes form at least two stacked carbon nanotube films.
  • the carbon nanotubes in each of the carbon nanotube films are successively oriented and joined end to end by Van der Waals attractive force.
  • the carbon nanotube films of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be sorted into two sorts by the orientation of the carbon nanotubes. In one sort, the orientation of the carbon nanotubes is along the first direction X. In another sort, the orientation of the carbon nanotubes is along the second direction Y.
  • a thickness of each of the carbon nanotube films is in a range from about 0.5 nanometers to about 1 micron.
  • the orientations of the carbon nanotubes in every two adjacent carbon nanotube films are substantially perpendicular to each other.
  • the carbon nanotube films are integrated with each other by Van der Waals attractive force to form the carbon nanotube film structure 12 .
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is a free-standing structure. Free standing means that the carbon nanotubes combine, connect or join with each other by Van der Waals attractive force, to form the carbon nanotube film structure 12 .
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be supported by itself and does not need a substrate for support. It should be noted that the carbon nanotube film structure 12 may be positioned on a substrate in actual application if additional strength for a particular application of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 .
  • the number of the layers of the carbon nanotube films in the material 10 is not limited. In one embodiment, the number of the layers of the carbon nanotube films in the material 10 can be in a range from 10 to 5000.
  • the thickness of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is in a range from about 0.04 micron to about 400
  • the carbon nanotube film includes a plurality of successively oriented carbon nanotube segments 143 joined end-to-end by Van der Waals attractive force therebetween.
  • Each carbon nanotube segment 143 includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes 145 substantially parallel to each other, and combined by Van der Waals attractive force therebetween.
  • the carbon nanotube segments 143 can vary in width, thickness, uniformity, and shape.
  • the carbon nanotubes 145 in the carbon nanotube film are also oriented substantially along a preferred orientation.
  • the carbon nanotube films of the carbon nanotube structure 12 are stacked.
  • the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 are substantially aligned along the first direction X or the second direction Y.
  • the carbon nanotube structure 12 comprises about 100 layers of carbon nanotube films.
  • the carbon nanotube structure 12 comprises a plurality of grids.
  • the material 10 has both negative Poisson's ratio and positive Poisson's ratio as described in the following.
  • the material 10 When the material 10 is stretched in one oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 , i.e. one of the first direction X and the second direction Y, it tends to expand in the other oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 , i.e. the other one of the second direction Y and the first direction X.
  • the direction of expansion is substantially perpendicular to the direction of stretching.
  • the material 10 when the material 10 is compressed in one of the first direction X and the second direction Y, it tends to contract in the other one of the second direction Y and the first direction X.
  • the direction of contraction is substantially perpendicular to the direction of compression.
  • the material 10 has a negative Poisson's ratio when it is stretched or compressed in one of the first direction X and the second direction Y.
  • the Poisson's ratio of the material 10 can be about ⁇ 0.50.
  • the material 10 When the material 10 is stretched in a third direction, or namely a third characteristic direction, which has an angle of about 45 degrees to the first direction X and the second direction Y, it tends to contract in another direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of stretching. Conversely, when the material 10 is compressed in the third direction, it tends to expand in the other direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of compression. Therefore, the material 10 has a positive Poisson's ratio when it is stretched or compressed in the third direction.
  • FIG. 5 it shows the changes of in-plane Poisson's ratios of the material 10 with increasing strain.
  • the strain of the Poisson's ratio in the third direction is 5%
  • the Poisson's ratio is 2.25
  • the strain of the Poisson's ratio in the third direction is 20%
  • the Poisson's ratio is 3.25.
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be manufactured by the following steps:
  • step (a) the super-aligned carbon nanotube array can be formed by:
  • the substrate can be a P-type silicon wafer, an N-type silicon wafer, or a silicon wafer with a film of silicon dioxide thereon.
  • a 4-inch P-type silicon wafer is used as the substrate.
  • the catalyst can be iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or any alloy thereof.
  • the protective gas can be at least one of the following: nitrogen (N 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and a noble gas.
  • the carbon source gas can be a hydrocarbon gas, such as ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), methane (CH 4 ), acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ), or any combination thereof.
  • the super-aligned carbon nanotube array can be about 200 microns to about 400 microns in height, and includes a plurality of substantially parallel carbon nanotubes approximately perpendicular to the substrate.
  • the carbon nanotubes in the super-aligned carbon nanotube array can be single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Diameters of the single-walled carbon nanotubes can be from about 0.5 nanometers to about 10 nanometers, diameters of the double-walled carbon nanotubes can be from about 1 nanometer to about 50 nanometers, and diameters of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be from 1.5 nanometers to 50 nanometers.
  • the super-aligned carbon nanotube array formed under such conditions are essentially free of impurities such as carbonaceous or residual catalyst particles.
  • the carbon nanotubes in the super-aligned array are closely packed together by Van derWaals attractive force.
  • the carbon nanotubes having a predetermined width can be selected by using an adhesive tape as the tool to contact the super-aligned carbon nanotube array.
  • Each carbon nanotube segment includes a plurality of substantially parallel carbon nanotubes.
  • the pulling direction is substantially perpendicular to the growing direction of the super-aligned carbon nanotube array.
  • the carbon nanotube film includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes joined end-to-end.
  • the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube film are all substantially parallel to the pulling/drawing direction, and the carbon nanotube film produced in such manner can be selectively formed to have a predetermined width.
  • the carbon nanotube film formed by the pulling/drawing method has superior uniformity of thickness and conductivity over a typical carbon nanotube film in which the carbon nanotubes are disorganized and not arranged along any particular axis. Furthermore, the pulling/drawing method is simple and quick, thereby making it suitable for industrial applications.
  • the maximum width possible for the carbon nanotube film depends on the size of the carbon nanotube array.
  • the length of the carbon nanotube film can be arbitrarily set as desired. If the substrate is a 4-inch P-type silicon wafer, the width of the carbon nanotube film can be from about 0.01 centimeters to about 10 centimeters, and the thickness of the carbon nanotube film is from about 0.5 nanometers to about 100 microns.
  • step (d) it is noted that because the carbon nanotubes in the super-aligned carbon nanotube array have a high purity and a high specific surface area, the carbon nanotube film is adherent in nature. As a result, at least one carbon nanotube film can be directly adhered to the frame, thus forming one carbon nanotube film structure 12 on the frame, thereby creating one carbon nanotube film structure 12 .
  • two or more such carbon nanotube films can be stacked on each other on the frame to form a carbon nanotube film structure 12 with stacked carbon nanotube films.
  • the angle between the alignment axes of the carbon nanotubes in each two adjacent carbon nanotube films is about 90 degrees.
  • the carbon nanotubes in each two adjacent carbon nanotube films are crossing each other, thereby providing the carbon nanotube film structure 12 with a microporous structure.
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be treated with an organic solvent.
  • each carbon nanotube film or the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can be adhered on the frame and soaked in an organic solvent bath. After being soaked in the organic solvent, the carbon nanotube segments in the nanotube film of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 can, at least partially, shrink and firmly bundle into carbon nanotube bundles.
  • a material 20 includes a carbon nanotube film structure 12 and a polymer matrix 24 which may be made of a flexible polymer material.
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is disposed in the flexible polymer matrix 24 .
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 has a same structure as that of the carbon nanotube film structure 12 in the previous embodiment.
  • the flexible polymer of the polymer matrix can be polydimethylsiloxane, polyurethane, epoxy resin, or polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA).
  • the flexible polymer is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is transparent and flexible and has a very large strain-to-failure (>150%).
  • the Poisson's ratio material 20 has a large strain-to-failure of about 22%.
  • the flexible polymer matrix is a flexible polymer layer with a thickness in a range from about 100 ⁇ m to about 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is locally distributed in the flexible polymer matrix 14 due to its limited thickness (about 40 microns) compared to the thickness of the flexible polymer matrix 24 (about 200 microns), which causes a sandwich layer structure in the composite.
  • the carbon nanotubes are evenly dispersed in the PDMS matrix.
  • the Poisson's ratio material 20 has both negative Poisson's ratio and positive Poisson's ratio.
  • the Poisson's ratio material 20 When the Poisson's ratio material 20 is stretched in one oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction X or the second direction Y), it tends to expand in the other oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the second direction Y or the first direction X).
  • the direction of expansion is substantially perpendicular to the direction of stretching.
  • the Poisson's ratio material 20 when the Poisson's ratio material 20 is compressed in one oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction X or the second direction Y), it tends to contract in the other oriented directions of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the second direction Y or the first direction X). The direction of contraction is substantially perpendicular to the direction of compression. Thus, the Poisson's ratio material 20 has a negative Poisson's ratio.
  • the Poisson's ratio material 20 When the Poisson's ratio material 20 is stretched in a direction having an angle of about 45 degrees relative to the oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction X or the second direction Y), it tends to contract in another direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of stretching. Conversely, when the Poisson's ratio material 20 is compressed in a direction having a angle of about 45 degrees with the oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube structure 12 (the first direction X or the second direction Y), it tends to expand in the other direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of compression.
  • FIG. 8 it shows the changes of in-plane Poisson's ratios of the Poisson's ratio materials 20 with increasing strain.
  • the Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio material 20 is about ⁇ 0.53.
  • the Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio material 20 is about ⁇ 0.30.
  • the Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio material 20 can be a positive value.
  • the Poisson's ratio of the Poisson's ratio material 20 is about +0.07.
  • the Poisson's ratio material 20 has many advantages, including a large strain-to-failure and flexibility. It will be more applicable for practical applications where large strains are needed.
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is directly exposed to an external environment, it is fragile and sticks easily to other things because of the Van der Waals attractive force.
  • the carbon nanotube film structure 12 is embedded in PDMS, it will not be exposed to the external environment directly and the negative Poisson's ratios can be maintained in the material 20 .
  • PDMS provides a protective function here.
US12/589,460 2009-04-27 2009-10-22 Positive and negative poisson ratio material Abandoned US20100272950A1 (en)

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US13/632,412 US8545745B2 (en) 2009-04-27 2012-10-01 Method for using a poisson ratio material

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CN200910106937A CN101870463A (zh) 2009-04-27 2009-04-27 碳纳米管泊松比材料
CN200910106937.6 2009-04-27

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