US20100038816A1 - Method of making solid dispersions of highly crystalline therapeutic compounds - Google Patents

Method of making solid dispersions of highly crystalline therapeutic compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100038816A1
US20100038816A1 US12/376,692 US37669207A US2010038816A1 US 20100038816 A1 US20100038816 A1 US 20100038816A1 US 37669207 A US37669207 A US 37669207A US 2010038816 A1 US2010038816 A1 US 2010038816A1
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Prior art keywords
mixture
poloxamer
therapeutic compound
extrudate
solubilizing agent
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Abandoned
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US12/376,692
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English (en)
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Indrajit Ghogh
Jennifer Snyder
Wei-Quin Tong
Sudha Vippagunta
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Novartis AG
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Novartis AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1641—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of converting the physical state of a poorly water soluble therapeutic compound, for example, in order to manufacture a solid dispersion. Specifically, the inventive method facilitates the change of a poorly soluble therapeutic compound from a highly crystalline state into an amorphous state.
  • melt extrusion which uses a twin screw extruder to combine a therapeutic compound with an inert carrier to form a solid dispersion.
  • the twin screw extruder is heated to facilitate mixing of the therapeutic compound with the carrier.
  • heating a melt extruder to a temperature above the melting point of a therapeutic compound may not be suitable since that temperature could exceed the melting point of the carrier, thus causing the carrier to decompose. Additionally, some therapeutic compounds may decompose when melted.
  • melt extrusion to convert the physical state of a therapeutic compound from being highly crystalline to amorphous that is particularly appropriate for therapeutic compounds that have either a high melting point and/or an attribute of decomposing near or at its melting point.
  • This invention addresses such a need by utilizing a melt extrusion process that incorporates a solubilizing agent.
  • This solubilizing agent allows the processing temperature for a therapeutic compound to be lowered in order to preserve the integrity of the therapeutic compound while allowing for the physical state of the therapeutic compound to change from crystalline to amorphous.
  • having such a process expands the formulation possibilities, as carriers or polymers that would normally decompose at high temperatures may be subsequently used providing greater flexibility for the pharmaceutical formulator.
  • Featured in the present invention is a method for making a solid dispersion which is particularly usefully for high melting point (i.e., greater than or equal to 200° C.) therapeutic compounds and/or therapeutic compounds that are thermally labile.
  • the process comprises the steps of combining such a therapeutic compound with a carrier and a solubilizing agent to form a mixture; subsequently processing the mixture in an extruder with heat, and extruding the mixture to form an extrudate.
  • the solubilizing agent facilitates the conversion of the physical state of the therapeutic compound from being crystalline to amorphous, at a reduced processing temperature. This conversion to an amorphous state allows for the formation of a solid dispersion that comprises the formerly crystalline therapeutic compound.
  • the process uses a poloxamer, especially poloxamer 188 as the solubilizing agent.
  • the melt extruder is heated from a temperature of 50° C. to 175° C. or more particularly, 150° C. to 170° C.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a chart showing two powder x-ray diffraction patterns of a physical mixture of the exemplary constituents in Table 2 as compared to a solid dispersion of the same constituents;
  • FIG. 2 depicts a chart showing the respective powder x-ray diffraction patterns for the individual constituents in Table 2 and the physical mixture thereof.
  • the present invention relates to a melt extrusion process of making a solid dispersion of a high melting point, crystalline and/or thermally labile poorly soluble therapeutic compound in an inert carrier with a solubilizing agent by using a melt extruder, for example a twin screw extruder.
  • a melt extruder for example a twin screw extruder.
  • solubilizing agents are block copolymers, for example, non-ionic synthetic block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, i.e., poloxamer.
  • solubilizing agents may also include other surfactants in addition to the aforementioned class of block copolymers.
  • composition means a mixture containing a therapeutic compound to be administered to a mammal, e.g., a human, in order to prevent, treat or control a particular disease or condition affecting the mammal.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those compounds, materials, compositions and/or dosage forms, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of mammals, especially humans, without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response and other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • therapeutic compound means any compound, substance, drug, medicament, or active ingredient having a therapeutic or pharmacological effect, and which is suitable for administration to a mammal, e.g., a human, in a composition that is particularly suitable for oral administration.
  • the term “poorly soluble” refers to slightly soluble or very slightly soluble as defined by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, e.g., from about 100 to 10,000 parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
  • crystalline or “crystalline form” means having a physical state that is a regular three-dimensional array of atoms, ions, molecules or molecular assemblies. Crystalline forms have lattice arrays of building blocks called asymmetric units that are arranged according to well-defined symmetries into unit cells that are repeated in three-dimensions. In contrast, the term “amorphous” or “amorphous form” refers to an unorganized (no orderly) structure.
  • the physical state of a therapeutic compound may be determined by exemplary techniques such as x-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy and/or differential scanning calorimetry.
  • thermally labile therapeutic compound refers to a therapeutic compound which undergoes spontaneous degradation or decomposition when the therapeutic compound is heated at, above or near its melting point.
  • high melting point refers to a melting point or the lowest point in a melting range that is greater than or equal to 200° C.
  • therapeutic classes of therapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, antacids, anti-inflammatory substances, coronary dilators, cerebral dilators, peripheral vasodilators, anti-infectives, psychotropics, antimanics, stimulants, antihistamines, anti-cancer therapeutic compounds, laxatives, decongestants, vitamins, gastrointestinal sedatives, antidiarrheal preparations, anti-anginal therapeutic compounds, vasodilators, antiarrythmics, anti-hypertensive therapeutic compounds, vasoconstrictors and migraine treatments, anticoagulants and antithrombotic therapeutic compounds, analgesics, anti-pyretics, hypnotics, sedatives, anti-emetics, anti-nauseants, anti-convulsants, neuromuscular therapeutic compounds, hyper- and hypoglycemic agents, thyroid and anti-thyroid preparations, diuretics, anti-spasmodics, uterine relaxants, mineral and nutritional additives, anti-o
  • the therapeutic compound(s) is (are) present in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention in a therapeutically effective amount or concentration.
  • a therapeutically effective amount or concentration is known to one of ordinary skill in the art as the amount or concentration varies with the therapeutic compound being used and the indication which is being addressed.
  • the therapeutic compound may be present in an amount by weight of about 0.05% to about 99% weight of pharmaceutical composition.
  • the therapeutic compound may be present in an amount by weight of about 10% to about 95% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • carrier refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable matrix suitable for forming a solid or molecular dispersion of the therapeutic compound.
  • Particularly useful as carriers are polymers or mixtures of polymers. Types of polymers include, but are not limited to, water-soluble, water-swellable, water insoluble polymers and combinations of the foregoing.
  • polymers examples include, but are not limited to:
  • N-vinyl lactams e.g., homopolymers and copolymers of N-vinyl lactams, e.g., homopolymers and copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone), copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate;
  • N-vinyl pyrrolidone e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate
  • cellulose esters and cellulose ethers e.g., methylcellulose and ethylcellulose
  • hydroxyalkylcelluloses e.g., hydroxypropylcellulose
  • hydroxyalkylalkylcelluloses e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
  • cellulose phthalates e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate and hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose phthalate
  • cellulose succinates e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose succinate or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
  • high molecular polyalkylene oxides such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide and copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide;
  • polyacrylates and polymethacrylates e.g., methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate copolymers, butyl methacrylate/2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymers, poly(hydroxyalkyl acrylates), poly(hydroxyalkyl methacrylates));
  • vinyl acetate polymers such as copolymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate;
  • oligo- and polysaccharides such as carrageenans, galactomannans and xanthan gum, or mixtures of one or more thereof.
  • Particular useful carriers are those with low glass transition temperatures (i.e., T g ).
  • Examples of carriers with low glass transition temperatures include but are not limited to PVP K30, PVP K17, and PVP/VA.
  • the carrier may contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, for example plasticizers.
  • plasticizer refers to a material that may be incorporated into the pharmaceutical composition in order to decrease the glass transition temperature and the melt viscosity of a polymer by increasing the free volume between polymer chains.
  • Plasticizers include, but are not limited to, water; citrate esters (e.g., triethylcitrate, triacetin); low molecular weight poly(alkylene oxides) (e.g., poly(ethylene glycols), poly(propylene glycols), poly(ethylene/propylene glycols)); glycerol, pentaerythritol, glycerol monoacetate, diacetate or triacetate; propylene glycol; sodium diethyl sulfosuccinate; and the therapeutic compound itself.
  • citrate esters e.g., triethylcitrate, triacetin
  • low molecular weight poly(alkylene oxides) e.g., poly(ethylene glycols), poly(propylene glycols),
  • the plasticizer can be present in concentration from about 0% to 15%, e.g., 0.5% to 5% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • plasticizers can also be found in The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives , Ash et al., Gower Publishing (2000).
  • solubilizer refers to a material able to solubilize or partially solubilize the therapeutic compound and/or polymer. Particularly useful as solubilizers are surfactants.
  • surfactant as used herein may include non-ionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and the like, and suitable combinations of two or more thereof.
  • a poloxamer refers to at least one polymer having the formula: HO(C 2 H 4 )) a (C 3 H 6 O) b (C 2 H 4 O) a H in which “a” and “b” denote the number of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene units, respectively. Examples of poloxamers are shown in the following Table 1 with their respective “a” and “b” values for inserting into the aforementioned formula:
  • poloxamer 188 which is commercially available as PLURONIC F68 from BASF (Mt. Olive, N.J.).
  • melt granulating refers to an exemplary process to form a molecular dispersion of the once highly crystalline and/or thermally labile therapeutic compound. The processing is accomplished by the use of an extruder.
  • an extruder in general, includes a rotating screw(s) within a stationary barrel with an optional die located at one end of the barrel. Along the entire length of the screw, distributive mixing of the materials (e.g., the therapeutic compound, release retardant, and any other needed excipients) is provided by the rotation of the screw(s) within the barrel.
  • the extruder can be divided into three sections: a feeding section; a heating section and a metering section.
  • the raw materials are fed into the extruder, e.g. from a hopper.
  • the raw materials can be directly added to the hopper without the need of a solvent.
  • the heating section the raw materials are heated to a particular temperature necessary for processing.
  • the processing temperature does not exceed the degradation temperature of the materials.
  • poloxamer 188 has a degradation temperature of 175° C.
  • the processing temperature can range from about 50° C. to about 175° C., e.g., 150° C. to about 170° C.
  • After the heating section is a metering section in which the mixed materials are optionally extruded through a die into a particular shape.
  • Types of extruders particularly useful in the present invention are single- and twin-screw extruders. Such equipment and techniques used to make pharmaceutical composition by extrusion have been established and are well-known in the prior art. See, e.g., Jorg Schunbach, Melt extrusion: from process to drug delivery technology, 54 E UR . J.
  • the manufacturing of the solid dispersions of the present invention begins with the compounding of the therapeutic compound along with the solubilizer, optional plasticizer, and the carrier using melt extrusion to form an extrudate.
  • the solubilizer e.g., may be present in an amount from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the composition of the extrudate, e.g., from about 10% to about 35%, e.g., from about 25% to about 30%.
  • the therapeutic compound may be present in an amount from about 0.01% to about 50% by weight of the composition of the extrudate, e.g., from about 5% to about 40%, e.g., from about 10% to about 20%.
  • the heating and mixing of the therapeutic compound and the carrier to form extrudate is accomplished by the use of an extruder.
  • the carrier e.g., can be present in an amount from about 1% to about 99% by weight of the composition.
  • the melt extrusion process of the present invention does not require a granulation fluid, for example, water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or acetone during the granulation process.
  • the extrudate is, for example, subsequently milled into granules which form the internal phase of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • suitable particle sizes include those of less than equal to 1,000 ⁇ m, 750 ⁇ m, 500 ⁇ m or 250 ⁇ m.
  • the extrudate can be directly molded into tablets, cut into multiparticles or processed into any other forms as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the resulting granules are, for example, particles of the therapeutic compound embedded, substantially embedded in, coated, continuously or discontinuously, by the release retardant.
  • the resulting granules are, for example, particles of the therapeutic compound coated or substantially coated by the granulation excipient, or alternatively, particles of the therapeutic compound embedded or substantially embedded with or within the granulation excipient.
  • the granules may be formulated into oral forms, e.g., solid oral dosage forms, such as tablets, pills, lozenges, caplets, capsules or sachets, by adding additional conventional excipients which comprise an external phase of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the external phase of the pharmaceutical composition can also comprise an additional therapeutic compound.
  • Such solid oral dosage forms e.g., are unit oral dosage forms. Examples of such excipients include, but are not limited to, release retardants, plasticizers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, glidants, stabilizers, fillers and diluents.
  • disintegrants examples include, but are not limited to, starches; clays; celluloses; alginates; gums; cross-linked polymers, e.g., cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone or crospovidone, e.g., POLYPLASDONE XL from International Specialty Products (Wayne, N.J.); cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose or croscarmellose sodium, e.g., AC-DI-SOL from FMC; and cross-linked calcium carboxymethylcellulose; soy polysaccharides; and guar gum.
  • the disintegrant may be present in an amount from about 0% to about 10% by weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the disintegrant is present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of composition.
  • binders examples include, but are not limited to, starches; celluloses and derivatives thereof, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, e.g., AVICEL PH from FMC (Philadelphia, Pa.), hydroxypropyl cellulose hydroxylethyl cellulose and hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose METHOCEL from Dow Chemical Corp. (Midland, Mich.); sucrose; dextrose; corn syrup; polysaccharides; and gelatin.
  • the binder may be present in an amount from about 0% to about 50%, e.g., 10-40% by weight of the composition.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable lubricants and pharmaceutically acceptable glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, starches, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, aluminum stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, polyethylene glycol, powdered cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the lubricant may be present in an amount from about 0% to about 10% by weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the lubricant may be present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of composition.
  • the glidant may be present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable fillers and pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include, but are not limited to, confectioner's sugar, compressible sugar, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, sorbitol, sucrose and talc.
  • the filler and/or diluent e.g., may be present in an amount from about 15% to about 40% by weight of the composition.
  • the mixture is heated to a temperature(s) less than the melting temperature of the therapeutic compound, and that of the solubilizer. As the mixture is being heated, it is also being kneaded by the screw(s) of the extruder. The mixture is maintained at the elevated temperature and blended for a time sufficient to form a granulated product. After the mixture is conveyed down the entire length of the barrel, a granulated product (being the extrudate) is obtained, and the granulated mixture is cooled.
  • the extrudate can be milled and subsequently screened through a sieve.
  • the granules (which constitute the internal phase of the pharmaceutical composition) are then combined with solid oral dosage form excipients (the external phase of the pharmaceutical composition), i.e., fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and etc.
  • the combined mixture may be further blended, e.g., through a V-blender, and subsequently compressed or molded into a tablet, for example a monolithic tablet, or encapsulated by a capsule.
  • the tablets can be optionally coated with a functional or non-functional coating as known in the art.
  • coating techniques include, but are not limited to, sugar coating, film coating, microencapsulation and compression coating.
  • Types of coatings include, but are not limited to, enteric coatings, sustained release coatings, controlled-release coatings.
  • compositions of the present invention may be observed in standard clinical tests in, for example, known indications of drug dosages giving therapeutically effective blood levels of the therapeutic compound; for example using dosages in the range of 2.5-250 mg of therapeutic compound per day for a 75 kg mammal, e.g., adult and in standard animal models.
  • the present invention provides a method of treatment of a subject suffering from a disease, condition or disorder treatable with a therapeutic compound comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a subject in need of such treatment.
  • An example of a poorly water soluble therapeutic compound appropriate for the present invention is midostaurin which is a protein Kinase C inhibitor.
  • This crystalline compound has a high melting point of about 260° C., and the compound decomposes upon melting. Furthermore, the compound is light-sensitive and oxidizes.
  • the ingredients of Table 2 are weighed and placed into a mortar and pestle in which they are gently mixed for one minute forming a mixture. Subsequently the mixture is transferred to the feed section, or hopper, of a twin screw extruder.
  • a suitable twin screw extruder is the Haake MiniLab Micro Compounds Product #557-2200 available from Thermo Electron Corp. (Waltham, Mass.). This extruder has a single zone has for mixing. The extruder is heated to a temperature of 150° C. The material travels in the extruder with a residence time of about two minutes.
  • the resulting extrudate is semisolid with an approximate temperature of 100°. To quickly solidify the extrudate, it is placed in a freezer. However, air-cooling can also be used to solidify the extrudate. Subsequently, the extrudate is milled and suitable for analytical testing.
  • FIG. 1 shows two powder x-ray diffraction patterns of a physical mixture of the ingredients of Table 2 as compared to a solid dispersion produced by the inventive process of the present invention using the same ingredients.
  • FIG. 2 provides a comparison in that the PXRD patterns of the individual ingredients are shown.
  • FIG. 2 shows the physical mixture, midostaurin, plasticizer (i.e., sorbitol), solubilizer (i.e., poloxamer 188), and carrier (i.e., polyvinyl pyrrolidone).
  • plasticizer i.e., sorbitol
  • solubilizer i.e., poloxamer 188
  • carrier i.e., polyvinyl pyrrolidone

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US20110037185A1 (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-02-17 James Kowalski Continuous process for making pharmaceutical compositions
US20180015040A1 (en) * 2015-02-09 2018-01-18 Cubic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Method of producing a granulated composition
CN114796149A (zh) * 2022-04-27 2022-07-29 苏州中化药品工业有限公司 一种高生物利用度的双醋瑞因胶囊剂及其制备方法

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EP2327706A1 (fr) * 2009-11-30 2011-06-01 Novartis AG Formes polymorphiques III et IV de la N-benzoyl-staurosporine
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CN102525879B (zh) * 2010-12-31 2015-01-21 正大天晴药业集团股份有限公司 制备阿瑞匹坦固体分散组合物的方法
MX2016012288A (es) 2014-03-25 2017-01-23 Genentech Inc Metodos para preparar un poloxamero para usar en medio de cultivo celular.
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