US20020056908A1 - Heatpipesink having integrated heat pipe and heat sink - Google Patents
Heatpipesink having integrated heat pipe and heat sink Download PDFInfo
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- US20020056908A1 US20020056908A1 US09/432,578 US43257899A US2002056908A1 US 20020056908 A1 US20020056908 A1 US 20020056908A1 US 43257899 A US43257899 A US 43257899A US 2002056908 A1 US2002056908 A1 US 2002056908A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- plenum
- cover
- integrated circuit
- inner cavity
- bottom wall
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/04—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure
- F28D15/046—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with tubes having a capillary structure characterised by the material or the construction of the capillary structure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
- F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
- F28D15/0266—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes with separate evaporating and condensing chambers connected by at least one conduit; Loop-type heat pipes; with multiple or common evaporating or condensing chambers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/34—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
- H01L23/42—Fillings or auxiliary members in containers or encapsulations selected or arranged to facilitate heating or cooling
- H01L23/427—Cooling by change of state, e.g. use of heat pipes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/0201—Thermal arrangements, e.g. for cooling, heating or preventing overheating
- H05K1/0203—Cooling of mounted components
- H05K1/0209—External configuration of printed circuit board adapted for heat dissipation, e.g. lay-out of conductors, coatings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2215/00—Fins
- F28F2215/06—Hollow fins; fins with internal circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to an integrated circuit package.
- Known heat sink methods are generally passive. Such passive methods rely on a heat sink to spread and dissipate the heat from an integrated circuit device and air to convect the heat from the heat sink.
- Known heat sinks are typically a cast heat sink and part of a two-piece heat transfer system including a package cover and a heat sink bolted to a cast cooling plate of the package cover. Cast heat sinks and cover plates (e.g., cast from copper, aluminum, etc.) can have high heat spreading resistances.
- a known two-piece system for spreading heat generated by an integrated circuit device includes a heat sink bolted to a package cover including a heat pipe.
- the heat pipe of the cover can provide enhanced heat spreading across the cover as compared to a cover including a cast cover plate.
- Such a bolted, two-piece system includes a thermal interface between the cover and heat sink. That thermal interface can create the largest thermal resistance in the bolted, two-piece system.
- Embodiments of the present invention can include a heatpipesink that dissipates heat and includes a top wall including a plurality of hollow fins, a bottom wall, and a plurality of side walls.
- the top wall including the plurality of hollow fins, the bottom wall, and the plurality of side walls can define an inner cavity.
- the inner cavity may include a plurality of condenser regions, each one of the plurality of condenser regions can be located within one of the plurality of hollow fins.
- the inner cavity also can include an evaporator region adjacent said bottom wall.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an isometric view of the plenum cover and heatpipesink illustrated in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the heatpipesink illustrated in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows spreading and dissipation of heat in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Heatpipesink 100 in one embodiment, includes a top wall 101 attached to first side wall 104 and second side wall 105 .
- Top wall 101 can include a plurality of hollow fins 116 .
- heatpipesink 100 as illustrated in FIG. 1 includes four hollow fins 116
- other embodiments of a heatpipesink include two hollow fins, three hollow fins, or more than four hollow fins, etc.
- each of the plurality of hollow fins 116 is a hollow fin that includes a first vertical fin wall 191 , a fin top wall 192 , and a second vertical fin wall 193 .
- Heatpipesink 100 can include bottom wall 103 attached to first side wall 104 and second side wall 105 .
- First side wall 104 and second side wall 105 can extend from top wall 101 to beyond bottom wall 103 , as is illustrated in FIG. 1.
- first side wall 104 and second side wall 105 extends from top wall 101 to bottom wall 103 .
- first side wall 104 and second side wall 105 are part of a quadrilateral (e.g., rectangular, trapezoidal, etc.) side wall structure attached to top wall 101 and bottom wall 103 to define an inner cavity 107 .
- first side wall 104 and second side wall 105 are part of a rounded (e.g., circular, elliptical) side wall structure attached to top wall 101 and bottom wall 103 to define an inner cavity 107 .
- first side wall 104 and second side wall 105 are part of a polygonal (e.g., triangular, octagonal, etc.) side wall structure attached to top wall 101 and bottom wall 103 to define an inner cavity 107 .
- a two-phase (e.g., vaporizable) fluid may reside within inner cavity 107 .
- Examples of a two-phase fluid that can reside within embodiments of inner cavity 107 include purified water, freon, etc.
- Top wall 101 , first side wall 104 , second side wall 105 , and bottom wall 103 can be composed of aluminum, copper, other thermally conductive materials, etc.
- Inner cavity 107 may include an evaporator region 108 located adjacent bottom wall 103 .
- Inner cavity 107 can include a plurality of condenser regions 106 .
- each one of the plurality of condenser regions 106 is located within one of the plurality of hollow fins 116 .
- Heat transmitted through bottom wall 103 and into inner cavity 107 can evaporate the two-phase fluid in the evaporator region 108 . Vapor can be condensed to liquid in each of the plurality of condenser regions 106 .
- the vapor gives up heat as it condenses in a heat pipe fin, and that heat is transmitted out of the inner cavity 107 through the walls of the plurality of hollow fins 116 , e.g., through first vertical fin wall 191 , fin top wall 192 , and second vertical fin wall 193 .
- Inner cavity 107 may also include a wick 109 .
- Condensed vapor i.e., liquid
- wick 109 includes grooved channels on the interior surface of the walls defining the inner cavity 107 .
- wick 109 includes a wire mesh.
- inner cavity 107 does not include a wick, and each of the plurality of hollow fins acts as a thermosyphon fin.
- a thermosyphon fin can be less expensive to manufacture than a heat pipe fin.
- a thermosyphon fin also can be less efficient than a heat pipe fin in terms of heat transfer and dissipation.
- the condensate i.e., liquid
- the condensate may drip down the sides of the thermosyphon fin instead of being advantageously transported by the capillary action of a wick of a heat pipe fin.
- Heatpipesink 100 can dissipate heat from a material in contact with the bottom wall 103 .
- heatpipesink 100 can comprise a semiconductor package cover.
- First side wall 104 and second side wall 105 may extend beyond bottom wall 103 and can be attached to a substrate 123 to enclose an integrated circuit device 121 within a chamber defined by first side wall 104 , bottom wall 103 , second side wall 105 , and substrate 123 .
- Integrated circuit die 121 can be thermally coupled to bottom wall 103 by thermal interface material 120 .
- a plurality of solder bump joints 122 can mechanically and electrically couple integrated circuit die 121 to substrate 123 .
- integrated circuit device 121 generates heat when it is operated.
- Thermal interface material 120 transmits the heat to bottom wall 103 from integrated circuit device 121 .
- Bottom wall 103 transmits the heat to the two-phase fluid in inner cavity 107 .
- the heat is transmitted out of the two-phase fluid and out of the heatpipesink 100 through the walls of the plurality of hollow fins 116 .
- FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
- Heatpipesink 200 in one embodiment, has a top wall 201 including a plurality of hollow fins 216 .
- Top wall 201 can include a top surface 202 .
- top wall 201 is attached (e.g., welded, bonded, brazed, adhered, etc.) to a plurality of side walls 204 , 205 at joints 210 .
- Top wall 201 , the plurality of side walls 204 , 205 , and a bottom wall 203 can define an inner cavity 207 having an evaporator region 208 located adjacent bottom wall 203 .
- Inner cavity 207 may also include a plurality of condenser regions 206 , each of which is located within one of the plurality of hollow fins 216 .
- inner cavity 207 includes a wire mesh wick 209 and a two-phase fluid (not shown).
- Heatpipesink 200 can comprise a package cover of an integrated circuit package 250 and can be attached to a substrate 223 to enclose an integrated circuit device 221 between the heatpipesink 200 and the substrate 223 .
- the integrated circuit device 221 may be thermally coupled to the bottom wall 203 by thermal interface material 220 (e.g., an elastomer type material, a grease and phase change material, etc.).
- a plurality of solder bump connections 222 can mechanically and electrically couple integrated circuit device 221 to substrate 223 .
- the package 250 can include at least one wiring layer (not shown) to electrically couple integrated circuit device 221 to pins 224 .
- Socket 230 in one embodiment, includes a plurality of pin receptors 231 .
- Package 250 and socket 230 can be mechanically and electrically attached via pins 224 and pin receptors 231 .
- Socket 230 in one embodiment, is mechanically and electrically coupled to circuit board 240 .
- a plenum cover 260 can be attached to the top surface 202 of top wall 201 .
- an o-ring seal is disposed between the attachment points of top surface 202 and plenum cover 260 .
- Plenum cover 260 and top wall 201 can define a plenum chamber through which a plenum working fluid can travel.
- FIG. 3 shows an isometric view of the plenum cover 260 and heatpipesink 200 illustrated in FIG. 2.
- Plenum cover 260 in one embodiment includes a first aperture 262 in a first wall and a second aperture 264 in a second wall of the plenum cover 260 .
- a first collar 263 can be attached to the plenum cover 260 at the first aperture 262
- a second collar 265 can be attached at the second aperture 264 .
- ducting (not shown) is attached to each of first collar 263 and second collar 265 and a plenum working fluid (e.g., a gas, a liquid, etc.) is forced through the plenum cavity and across the plurality of hollow fins 216 of heatpipesink 200 .
- a plenum working fluid e.g., a gas, a liquid, etc.
- plumbing is attached to each of first collar 263 and second collar 265 and a plenum working fluid (e.g., a gas, a fluid, etc.) is forced through the plenum cavity and across the plurality of heat pipe fins of heatpipesink 200 .
- the plenum cover includes a first aperture in a first plenum wall, and a plenum working fluid is injected into and removed from the plenum chamber via the first aperture.
- a first pipe coupled to the first aperture can remove plenum working fluid from the plenum chamber.
- a second pipe coupled to the first aperture and extending into the plenum chamber can inject plenum working fluid into the plenum chamber.
- Embodiments of the present invention can provide the capability for both passive and active cooling of an integrated circuit device.
- An embodiment of the present invention can provide passive cooling by thermally coupling a heatpipesink (e.g. heatpipesink 100 of FIG. 1) to an integrated circuit device in an operational setting (e.g., within a personal computer, workstation, supercomputer, other electronic device, etc.) having an uncontrolled ambient environment.
- Passive cooling systems can rely on (i) a heat sink to spread and dissipate the heat from an integrated circuit device, and (ii) ambient air to convect the heat from the heat sink.
- a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can provide more efficient heat spreading and dissipation than a known cast heat sink.
- the heatpipesink moves heat from the base of the heatpipesink (e.g., a bottom wall 103 ) to the heat pipe fins (e.g., the plurality of hollow fins 116 , each including wick 109 ) more efficiently than a cast heat sink.
- a cast heat sink having a base and a plurality of fins may have a high spreading resistance between the base and the fins (e.g., through a cast material) as compared to the spreading resistance through the inner cavity of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may provide efficient heat transfer between a heat source and the fluid (e.g., ambient air, a plenum working fluid, etc.) surrounding the heatpipesink.
- a heat source e.g., ambient air, a plenum working fluid, etc.
- the fluid e.g., ambient air, a plenum working fluid, etc.
- a thermal interface is created between the cast heat sink and the package cover.
- Elimination of the thermal interface between a package cover (e.g., a package cover including a heat pipe) and a cast heat sink coupled to the package cover is advantageous because thermal interface interactions can create the largest thermal resistance of any two-piece system.
- Construction of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can eliminate the need for expensive thermal interface materials between the pieces of a two-piece system and flatness requirements (e.g., the flatness of the bottom of the heat sink, the flatness of the top of the package cover, [ensuring that the bondline thickness is maintained], etc.) typically present in the construction of a two-piece system.
- An embodiment of the present invention can provide active cooling. Active cooling can result in better cooling of an object producing heat (e.g., an engine, an integrated circuit device, a processor, an amplifier, etc.) than passive cooling due to the use of fluids to aid with heat transfer away from a heat sink. Active cooling may also provide thermal control of an object producing heat.
- a device under test DUT is thermally coupled to a heatpipesink (e.g., heatpipesink 200 illustrated in FIG. 3), and a plenum cover (e.g., plenum cover 260 illustrated in FIG. 3) is attached to the heatpipesink.
- Plumbing can be attached to the plenum cover to circulate a plenum working fluid (e.g., a liquid coolant) through the plenum chamber and around the heat pipe fins.
- a plenum working fluid e.g., a liquid coolant
- the plenum working fluid is a liquid having thermophysical properties that enhance heat transfer (e.g., H 2 O/propendal, fluorinert, ethylene glycol/H 2 O, etc.).
- Heat from the DUT can first be spread and dissipated by the heatpipesink, and the plenum working fluid can aid in convecting the heat away from the heatpipesink.
- the DUT temperature can be controlled advantageously to set temperature points and/or ranges (e.g., a high temperature extreme, a low temperature extreme, etc.).
- the superior thermal control that can be provided by an embodiment of the present invention can provide more precise binning of devices for a device manufacturer. More precise binning can result in greater revenue for the device manufacturer.
- FIG. 7 shows spreading and dissipation of heat in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Plenum cover 350 and heatpipesink 300 are attached to define a plenum chamber 315 .
- Heat 331 can be heat generated by an integrated circuit device (not shown) thermally coupled to bottom wall 303 of heatpipesink 300 .
- Heat 331 can be transmitted across bottom wall 303 into an inner cavity 307 having an evaporator region 308 located adjacent bottom wall 303 . In the evaporator region 308 , heat 331 may vaporize a two-phase fluid (not shown).
- the vapor including heat 332 may be carried by convection currents through the inner cavity 307 into the plurality of condenser regions 306 , each one of which is located within one of the plurality of heat pipe fins 316 .
- heat 333 can be transmitted out of the plurality of heat pipe fins 316 into the plenum chamber 315 where a plenum working fluid (not shown) can further transfer heat out of the plenum chamber 315 .
- Inner cavity 307 can include a wick 310 that aids in moving condensed liquid from the plurality of condenser regions 306 to the evaporator region 300 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Heatpipesink 400 includes a plurality of heat pipe fins 410 and an attachment flange 420 .
- each of the plurality of heat pipe fins 410 can be a rectangular pinfin.
- each of the plurality of heat pipe fins can be a square pinfin.
- the plurality of heat pipe fins can include a plurality of types of heat pipe fins. Examples of other types of pinfins include circular pinfins, polygonal pinfins, oval pinfins, etc.
- a plenum cover (not shown) can be attached to the heatpipesink 400 using the attachment flange 420 .
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the heatpipesink 400 illustrated in FIG. 4.
- Heatpipesink 400 includes a bottom wall 403 and an inner cavity 415 .
- Attachment flange 420 may be a generic attachment flange to allow attachment of the heatpipesink 400 to an automated pick and place fixture (not shown) that can be used to test the performance an integrated circuit device 521 (e.g., stressing the device by changing environmental conditions and/or running electrical patterns through the device, functionally testing to determine the speed of the device and/or how well it performs operations, a system level test, etc.).
- the heatpipesink 400 can be thermally coupled to integrated circuit device 521 via a thermal interface material 520 .
- FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Heatpipesink 600 in one embodiment, includes a top wall 601 attached to side walls 604 , 605 .
- Top wall 601 can include a plurality of heat pipe fins 616 .
- Heatpipesink 600 can include bottom wall 603 attached to side walls 604 , 605 .
- Bottom wall 603 can include a lowered platen 613 .
- Top wall 601 , bottom wall 603 , and side walls 604 , 605 can define an inner cavity 607 .
- a two-phase fluid may reside within inner cavity 107 .
- Inner cavity 607 may include an evaporator region 608 located adjacent lowered platen 613 .
- Inner cavity 607 can include a plurality of condenser regions 606 . Each one of the plurality of condenser regions 106 can be located within one of the plurality of heat pipe fins 616 . Heat transmitted through lowered platen 613 and into inner cavity 607 can evaporate the two-phase fluid in the evaporator region 608 . Vapor can be condensed to liquid in each of the plurality of condenser regions 106 .
- Inner cavity 607 may also include a wick 609 attached to the interior surface of top wall 601 , side walls 604 , 605 , and bottom wall 603 . Condensed vapor (i.e., liquid) can travel along the wick 609 toward the evaporator region 608 .
- a support post 650 can be disposed within inner cavity 607 to structurally reinforce heat pipe fin 616 .
- support post 650 is attached to an interior surface of a fin top wall 692 of heat pipe fin 616 and to an interior surface of lowered platen 613 of bottom wall 603 .
- support post 650 is attached in part to an interior surface of bottom wall 603 .
- a support post wick 659 can be attached to support post 650 .
- Heatpipesink 600 can dissipate heat from a material in contact with the bottom wall 603 .
- heatpipesink 600 can comprise a semiconductor package cover.
- Side walls 604 , 605 may extend beyond bottom wall 603 and can be attached to a substrate 623 to enclose an integrated circuit device 621 within a chamber defined by side walls 604 , 605 , bottom wall 103 , and substrate 623 .
- Integrated circuit die 621 can be thermally coupled to the lowered platen 613 of bottom wall 603 by thermal interface material 620 .
- a plurality of solder bump joints 622 can mechanically and electrically couple integrated circuit die 621 to substrate 623 .
- integrated circuit device 621 generates heat when it is operated.
- Thermal interface material 620 transmits the heat to lowered platen 613 of bottom wall 603 from integrated circuit device 621 .
- Bottom wall 603 transmits the heat to the two-phase fluid in inner cavity 607 .
- the heat is transmitted out of the two-phase fluid and out of the heatpipesink 600 through the walls of the plurality of heat pipe fins 616 .
- the lowered platen 613 of bottom wall 603 provides for an advantageous thermal interface between heatpipesink 600 and integrated circuit device 621 that accommodates tall components 625 (e.g., components that are taller than the total height of an integrate circuit device and a thermal interface material, etc.) disposed within the semiconductor package and electrically coupled to the integrated circuit device 621 .
- tall components 625 e.g., components that are taller than the total height of an integrate circuit device and a thermal interface material, etc.
- components 625 include chip inductors, capacitors, etc.
- heatpipesink 600 can be part of a semiconductor package that is operated in an upside down position.
- heat pipe fins 616 can be pointed down such that liquid present within the inner cavity 607 may pool within the heat pipe fins 616 (e.g., toward the fin top wall 692 ) due to gravitational forces acting upon the liquid.
- the support post wick 659 can improve wicking of the liquid from the heat pipe fins 616 toward the evaporator region 608 when the semiconductor package is operated in an upside down position.
- Embodiments of the present invention advantageously allow heat to be spread and dissipated from an integrated circuit device.
- a heatpipesink can comprise a package cover and include heat pipe fins that lacks the thermal interface typically present between a package cover and a cast heat sink. Such an embodiments can provide a more efficient heat transfer than a package cover/cast heat sink combination.
- the heatpipesink advantageously spreads heat from the base of a heat sink to the fins of the heat sink more efficiently than known cast heat sinks.
Abstract
Description
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to an integrated circuit package.
- Advances in integrated circuit technology have resulted in integrated circuit devices having increased circuit density, increased clocking frequencies, and increased power consumption. As a result, advanced integrated circuit devices such as microprocessors generate substantial amounts of heat. To maintain the performance and prevent degradation of integrated circuit devices that generate a lot of heat, a package housing an integrated circuit typically is coupled to a heat sink to transfer and dissipate heat away from the integrated circuit device.
- Known heat sink methods are generally passive. Such passive methods rely on a heat sink to spread and dissipate the heat from an integrated circuit device and air to convect the heat from the heat sink. Known heat sinks are typically a cast heat sink and part of a two-piece heat transfer system including a package cover and a heat sink bolted to a cast cooling plate of the package cover. Cast heat sinks and cover plates (e.g., cast from copper, aluminum, etc.) can have high heat spreading resistances.
- A known two-piece system for spreading heat generated by an integrated circuit device includes a heat sink bolted to a package cover including a heat pipe. The heat pipe of the cover can provide enhanced heat spreading across the cover as compared to a cover including a cast cover plate. Such a bolted, two-piece system, however, includes a thermal interface between the cover and heat sink. That thermal interface can create the largest thermal resistance in the bolted, two-piece system. In view of the foregoing, it can be appreciated that a substantial need exists for a method and apparatus which can more effectively transfer and dissipate heat from an integrated circuit device.
- Embodiments of the present invention can include a heatpipesink that dissipates heat and includes a top wall including a plurality of hollow fins, a bottom wall, and a plurality of side walls. The top wall including the plurality of hollow fins, the bottom wall, and the plurality of side walls can define an inner cavity. The inner cavity may include a plurality of condenser regions, each one of the plurality of condenser regions can be located within one of the plurality of hollow fins. The inner cavity also can include an evaporator region adjacent said bottom wall.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an isometric view of the plenum cover and heatpipesink illustrated in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the heatpipesink illustrated in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows spreading and dissipation of heat in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Embodiments of apparatus and methods to dissipate heat from an integrated circuit device are described. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be obvious, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form. Furthermore, it is readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific sequences in which steps are presented and performed are illustrative and it is contemplated that the sequences can be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Heatpipesink 100, in one embodiment, includes atop wall 101 attached tofirst side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105.Top wall 101 can include a plurality ofhollow fins 116. Whileheatpipesink 100 as illustrated in FIG. 1 includes fourhollow fins 116, other embodiments of a heatpipesink include two hollow fins, three hollow fins, or more than four hollow fins, etc. In one embodiment, each of the plurality ofhollow fins 116 is a hollow fin that includes a firstvertical fin wall 191, a fintop wall 192, and a secondvertical fin wall 193.Heatpipesink 100 can includebottom wall 103 attached tofirst side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105.First side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105 can extend fromtop wall 101 to beyondbottom wall 103, as is illustrated in FIG. 1. In another embodiment,first side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105 extends fromtop wall 101 tobottom wall 103. - In one embodiment,
first side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105 are part of a quadrilateral (e.g., rectangular, trapezoidal, etc.) side wall structure attached totop wall 101 andbottom wall 103 to define aninner cavity 107. In another embodiment,first side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105 are part of a rounded (e.g., circular, elliptical) side wall structure attached totop wall 101 andbottom wall 103 to define aninner cavity 107. In a further embodiment,first side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105 are part of a polygonal (e.g., triangular, octagonal, etc.) side wall structure attached totop wall 101 andbottom wall 103 to define aninner cavity 107. A two-phase (e.g., vaporizable) fluid may reside withininner cavity 107. Examples of a two-phase fluid that can reside within embodiments ofinner cavity 107 include purified water, freon, etc.Top wall 101,first side wall 104,second side wall 105, andbottom wall 103 can be composed of aluminum, copper, other thermally conductive materials, etc. -
Inner cavity 107 may include anevaporator region 108 locatedadjacent bottom wall 103.Inner cavity 107 can include a plurality ofcondenser regions 106. In one embodiment, each one of the plurality ofcondenser regions 106 is located within one of the plurality ofhollow fins 116. Heat transmitted throughbottom wall 103 and intoinner cavity 107 can evaporate the two-phase fluid in theevaporator region 108. Vapor can be condensed to liquid in each of the plurality ofcondenser regions 106. In one embodiment, the vapor gives up heat as it condenses in a heat pipe fin, and that heat is transmitted out of theinner cavity 107 through the walls of the plurality ofhollow fins 116, e.g., through firstvertical fin wall 191, fintop wall 192, and secondvertical fin wall 193.Inner cavity 107 may also include awick 109. Condensed vapor (i.e., liquid) can travel along thewick 109 toward theevaporator region 108. In one embodiment,wick 109 includes grooved channels on the interior surface of the walls defining theinner cavity 107. In another embodiment,wick 109 includes a wire mesh. - In one embodiment of the present invention,
inner cavity 107 does not include a wick, and each of the plurality of hollow fins acts as a thermosyphon fin. A thermosyphon fin can be less expensive to manufacture than a heat pipe fin. A thermosyphon fin also can be less efficient than a heat pipe fin in terms of heat transfer and dissipation. When a two-phase fluid condenses in a condenser region of a thermosyphon fin, the condensate (i.e., liquid) may drip down the sides of the thermosyphon fin instead of being advantageously transported by the capillary action of a wick of a heat pipe fin. -
Heatpipesink 100 can dissipate heat from a material in contact with thebottom wall 103. In one embodiment,heatpipesink 100 can comprise a semiconductor package cover.First side wall 104 andsecond side wall 105 may extend beyondbottom wall 103 and can be attached to asubstrate 123 to enclose anintegrated circuit device 121 within a chamber defined byfirst side wall 104,bottom wall 103,second side wall 105, andsubstrate 123. Integrated circuit die 121 can be thermally coupled tobottom wall 103 bythermal interface material 120. A plurality of solder bump joints 122 can mechanically and electrically couple integrated circuit die 121 tosubstrate 123. In one embodiment, integratedcircuit device 121 generates heat when it is operated.Thermal interface material 120 transmits the heat tobottom wall 103 fromintegrated circuit device 121.Bottom wall 103 transmits the heat to the two-phase fluid ininner cavity 107. The heat is transmitted out of the two-phase fluid and out of theheatpipesink 100 through the walls of the plurality ofhollow fins 116. - FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
Heatpipesink 200, in one embodiment, has atop wall 201 including a plurality ofhollow fins 216.Top wall 201 can include atop surface 202. In one embodiment,top wall 201 is attached (e.g., welded, bonded, brazed, adhered, etc.) to a plurality ofside walls joints 210.Top wall 201, the plurality ofside walls bottom wall 203 can define aninner cavity 207 having anevaporator region 208 located adjacentbottom wall 203.Inner cavity 207 may also include a plurality ofcondenser regions 206, each of which is located within one of the plurality ofhollow fins 216. In one embodiment,inner cavity 207 includes awire mesh wick 209 and a two-phase fluid (not shown). - Heatpipesink200 can comprise a package cover of an
integrated circuit package 250 and can be attached to asubstrate 223 to enclose anintegrated circuit device 221 between the heatpipesink 200 and thesubstrate 223. Theintegrated circuit device 221 may be thermally coupled to thebottom wall 203 by thermal interface material 220 (e.g., an elastomer type material, a grease and phase change material, etc.). A plurality ofsolder bump connections 222 can mechanically and electrically coupleintegrated circuit device 221 tosubstrate 223. Thepackage 250 can include at least one wiring layer (not shown) to electrically coupleintegrated circuit device 221 topins 224.Socket 230, in one embodiment, includes a plurality ofpin receptors 231.Package 250 andsocket 230 can be mechanically and electrically attached viapins 224 andpin receptors 231.Socket 230, in one embodiment, is mechanically and electrically coupled tocircuit board 240. - A
plenum cover 260 can be attached to thetop surface 202 oftop wall 201. In one embodiment, an o-ring seal is disposed between the attachment points oftop surface 202 andplenum cover 260.Plenum cover 260 andtop wall 201 can define a plenum chamber through which a plenum working fluid can travel. - FIG. 3 shows an isometric view of the
plenum cover 260 andheatpipesink 200 illustrated in FIG. 2.Plenum cover 260 in one embodiment includes afirst aperture 262 in a first wall and asecond aperture 264 in a second wall of theplenum cover 260. Afirst collar 263 can be attached to theplenum cover 260 at thefirst aperture 262, and asecond collar 265 can be attached at thesecond aperture 264. In one embodiment, ducting (not shown) is attached to each offirst collar 263 andsecond collar 265 and a plenum working fluid (e.g., a gas, a liquid, etc.) is forced through the plenum cavity and across the plurality ofhollow fins 216 ofheatpipesink 200. In another embodiment, plumbing (not shown) is attached to each offirst collar 263 andsecond collar 265 and a plenum working fluid (e.g., a gas, a fluid, etc.) is forced through the plenum cavity and across the plurality of heat pipe fins ofheatpipesink 200. - In another embodiment, the plenum cover includes a first aperture in a first plenum wall, and a plenum working fluid is injected into and removed from the plenum chamber via the first aperture. For example, a first pipe coupled to the first aperture can remove plenum working fluid from the plenum chamber. A second pipe coupled to the first aperture and extending into the plenum chamber can inject plenum working fluid into the plenum chamber.
- Embodiments of the present invention can provide the capability for both passive and active cooling of an integrated circuit device. An embodiment of the present invention can provide passive cooling by thermally coupling a heatpipesink (e.g. heatpipesink100 of FIG. 1) to an integrated circuit device in an operational setting (e.g., within a personal computer, workstation, supercomputer, other electronic device, etc.) having an uncontrolled ambient environment. Passive cooling systems can rely on (i) a heat sink to spread and dissipate the heat from an integrated circuit device, and (ii) ambient air to convect the heat from the heat sink. A heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can provide more efficient heat spreading and dissipation than a known cast heat sink. In one embodiment, the heatpipesink moves heat from the base of the heatpipesink (e.g., a bottom wall 103) to the heat pipe fins (e.g., the plurality of
hollow fins 116, each including wick 109) more efficiently than a cast heat sink. A cast heat sink having a base and a plurality of fins may have a high spreading resistance between the base and the fins (e.g., through a cast material) as compared to the spreading resistance through the inner cavity of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. - A heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may provide efficient heat transfer between a heat source and the fluid (e.g., ambient air, a plenum working fluid, etc.) surrounding the heatpipesink. When a cast heat sink is attached to a package cover to create a two-piece cooling system, a thermal interface is created between the cast heat sink and the package cover. In an embodiment of the present invention, there is no such thermal interface between the bottom wall of the package cover (e.g., the
bottom wall 103 of heatpipesink 100) and the heat pipe fins (e.g., the plurality ofhollow fins 116, each including wick 109). Elimination of the thermal interface between a package cover (e.g., a package cover including a heat pipe) and a cast heat sink coupled to the package cover is advantageous because thermal interface interactions can create the largest thermal resistance of any two-piece system. Construction of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention can eliminate the need for expensive thermal interface materials between the pieces of a two-piece system and flatness requirements (e.g., the flatness of the bottom of the heat sink, the flatness of the top of the package cover, [ensuring that the bondline thickness is maintained], etc.) typically present in the construction of a two-piece system. - An embodiment of the present invention can provide active cooling. Active cooling can result in better cooling of an object producing heat (e.g., an engine, an integrated circuit device, a processor, an amplifier, etc.) than passive cooling due to the use of fluids to aid with heat transfer away from a heat sink. Active cooling may also provide thermal control of an object producing heat. In one embodiment, a device under test (DUT) is thermally coupled to a heatpipesink (e.g.,
heatpipesink 200 illustrated in FIG. 3), and a plenum cover (e.g.,plenum cover 260 illustrated in FIG. 3) is attached to the heatpipesink. Plumbing can be attached to the plenum cover to circulate a plenum working fluid (e.g., a liquid coolant) through the plenum chamber and around the heat pipe fins. In one embodiment, the plenum working fluid is a liquid having thermophysical properties that enhance heat transfer (e.g., H2O/propendal, fluorinert, ethylene glycol/H2O, etc.). Heat from the DUT can first be spread and dissipated by the heatpipesink, and the plenum working fluid can aid in convecting the heat away from the heatpipesink. In such an embodiment, the DUT temperature can be controlled advantageously to set temperature points and/or ranges (e.g., a high temperature extreme, a low temperature extreme, etc.). Higher DUT temperatures may lead to performance degradation resulting in down binning of the device (e.g., the DUT may be binned as a 500 megahertz device as opposed to a 600 megahertz device, etc.). The superior thermal control that can be provided by an embodiment of the present invention can provide more precise binning of devices for a device manufacturer. More precise binning can result in greater revenue for the device manufacturer. - FIG. 7 shows spreading and dissipation of heat in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Plenum cover 350 andheatpipesink 300 are attached to define aplenum chamber 315.Heat 331 can be heat generated by an integrated circuit device (not shown) thermally coupled tobottom wall 303 ofheatpipesink 300.Heat 331 can be transmitted acrossbottom wall 303 into aninner cavity 307 having anevaporator region 308 located adjacentbottom wall 303. In theevaporator region 308,heat 331 may vaporize a two-phase fluid (not shown). Thevapor including heat 332 may be carried by convection currents through theinner cavity 307 into the plurality ofcondenser regions 306, each one of which is located within one of the plurality ofheat pipe fins 316. In the plurality ofcondenser regions 306, as the vapor condenses back to a liquid and gives up heat,heat 333 can be transmitted out of the plurality ofheat pipe fins 316 into theplenum chamber 315 where a plenum working fluid (not shown) can further transfer heat out of theplenum chamber 315.Inner cavity 307 can include awick 310 that aids in moving condensed liquid from the plurality ofcondenser regions 306 to theevaporator region 300. - FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a heatpipesink in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Heatpipesink 400 includes a plurality ofheat pipe fins 410 and anattachment flange 420. In one embodiment, and as illustrated in FIG. 4, each of the plurality ofheat pipe fins 410 can be a rectangular pinfin. In another embodiment, each of the plurality of heat pipe fins can be a square pinfin. In a further embodiment, the plurality of heat pipe fins can include a plurality of types of heat pipe fins. Examples of other types of pinfins include circular pinfins, polygonal pinfins, oval pinfins, etc. A plenum cover (not shown) can be attached to theheatpipesink 400 using theattachment flange 420. - FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the
heatpipesink 400 illustrated in FIG. 4.Heatpipesink 400 includes abottom wall 403 and aninner cavity 415.Attachment flange 420 may be a generic attachment flange to allow attachment of theheatpipesink 400 to an automated pick and place fixture (not shown) that can be used to test the performance an integrated circuit device 521 (e.g., stressing the device by changing environmental conditions and/or running electrical patterns through the device, functionally testing to determine the speed of the device and/or how well it performs operations, a system level test, etc.). In such an embodiment, theheatpipesink 400 can be thermally coupled tointegrated circuit device 521 via athermal interface material 520. - FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of an apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
Heatpipesink 600, in one embodiment, includes atop wall 601 attached toside walls Top wall 601 can include a plurality ofheat pipe fins 616.Heatpipesink 600 can includebottom wall 603 attached toside walls Bottom wall 603 can include a loweredplaten 613.Top wall 601,bottom wall 603, andside walls inner cavity 607. A two-phase fluid may reside withininner cavity 107. -
Inner cavity 607 may include anevaporator region 608 located adjacent loweredplaten 613.Inner cavity 607 can include a plurality ofcondenser regions 606. Each one of the plurality ofcondenser regions 106 can be located within one of the plurality ofheat pipe fins 616. Heat transmitted through loweredplaten 613 and intoinner cavity 607 can evaporate the two-phase fluid in theevaporator region 608. Vapor can be condensed to liquid in each of the plurality ofcondenser regions 106.Inner cavity 607 may also include awick 609 attached to the interior surface oftop wall 601,side walls bottom wall 603. Condensed vapor (i.e., liquid) can travel along thewick 609 toward theevaporator region 608. - A
support post 650 can be disposed withininner cavity 607 to structurally reinforceheat pipe fin 616. In one embodiment,support post 650 is attached to an interior surface of a fintop wall 692 ofheat pipe fin 616 and to an interior surface of loweredplaten 613 ofbottom wall 603. In another embodiment,support post 650 is attached in part to an interior surface ofbottom wall 603. Asupport post wick 659 can be attached to supportpost 650. - Heatpipesink600 can dissipate heat from a material in contact with the
bottom wall 603. In one embodiment,heatpipesink 600 can comprise a semiconductor package cover.Side walls bottom wall 603 and can be attached to asubstrate 623 to enclose anintegrated circuit device 621 within a chamber defined byside walls bottom wall 103, andsubstrate 623. Integrated circuit die 621 can be thermally coupled to the loweredplaten 613 ofbottom wall 603 bythermal interface material 620. A plurality of solder bump joints 622 can mechanically and electrically couple integrated circuit die 621 tosubstrate 623. In one embodiment, integratedcircuit device 621 generates heat when it is operated.Thermal interface material 620 transmits the heat to loweredplaten 613 ofbottom wall 603 fromintegrated circuit device 621.Bottom wall 603 transmits the heat to the two-phase fluid ininner cavity 607. The heat is transmitted out of the two-phase fluid and out of theheatpipesink 600 through the walls of the plurality ofheat pipe fins 616. - In one embodiment, the lowered
platen 613 ofbottom wall 603 provides for an advantageous thermal interface betweenheatpipesink 600 andintegrated circuit device 621 that accommodates tall components 625 (e.g., components that are taller than the total height of an integrate circuit device and a thermal interface material, etc.) disposed within the semiconductor package and electrically coupled to theintegrated circuit device 621. Examples ofcomponents 625 include chip inductors, capacitors, etc. - As illustrated in FIG. 6,
heatpipesink 600 can be part of a semiconductor package that is operated in an upside down position. In one such embodiment,heat pipe fins 616 can be pointed down such that liquid present within theinner cavity 607 may pool within the heat pipe fins 616 (e.g., toward the fin top wall 692) due to gravitational forces acting upon the liquid. Thesupport post wick 659 can improve wicking of the liquid from theheat pipe fins 616 toward theevaporator region 608 when the semiconductor package is operated in an upside down position. - Embodiments of the present invention advantageously allow heat to be spread and dissipated from an integrated circuit device. In one embodiment, a heatpipesink can comprise a package cover and include heat pipe fins that lacks the thermal interface typically present between a package cover and a cast heat sink. Such an embodiments can provide a more efficient heat transfer than a package cover/cast heat sink combination. In another embodiment, the heatpipesink advantageously spreads heat from the base of a heat sink to the fins of the heat sink more efficiently than known cast heat sinks.
- In the foregoing detailed description, apparatus and methods in accordance with embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments. Accordingly, the present specification and figures are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
Claims (20)
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US09/432,578 US6410982B1 (en) | 1999-11-12 | 1999-11-12 | Heatpipesink having integrated heat pipe and heat sink |
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US09/432,578 US6410982B1 (en) | 1999-11-12 | 1999-11-12 | Heatpipesink having integrated heat pipe and heat sink |
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US20020056908A1 true US20020056908A1 (en) | 2002-05-16 |
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