US1057068A - Eyeleting-machine. - Google Patents

Eyeleting-machine. Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US1057068A
US1057068A US50471509A US1909504715A US1057068A US 1057068 A US1057068 A US 1057068A US 50471509 A US50471509 A US 50471509A US 1909504715 A US1909504715 A US 1909504715A US 1057068 A US1057068 A US 1057068A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
machine
raceway
eyelets
spacing
treadle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US50471509A
Inventor
Clark C Like
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
USM Ltd
United Shoe Machinery Co AB
Original Assignee
United Shoe Machinery Co AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by United Shoe Machinery Co AB filed Critical United Shoe Machinery Co AB
Priority to US50471509A priority Critical patent/US1057068A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US1057068A publication Critical patent/US1057068A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27FDOVETAILED WORK; TENONS; SLOTTING MACHINES FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES
    • B27F7/00Nailing or stapling; Nailed or stapled work
    • B27F7/02Nailing machines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to machines for setting eyelets, hooks, or the like, and pertains more particul'arly'to that type ofmachines which has ⁇ a movable raceway.
  • an important feature of the present invention consists in the'provision of an automatic throw-out preventer' which is-operated by the i'nachine in a timed relation to: .its operations, to'1 prevent the throwing out of the raceway. g;at-any other, than a Cplredetermined point in the cycle of the ma inc:
  • Another object of theiinventi'on isI-to ro structed and arranged 'to beoperatedfrom a commonhctuating:ineans withthe' racealtering the spacing of't'he machine andeut PatentediMar. 25, 1913.;
  • a further feature of the present invention consists in providing an adjustable .need not be cut off and to meet these con connection between the' common, actuating means and the spacing mechanism of" the machineqwherebyi at one time the spacing may be varied and thesupply of eyelets cut off and at another time the spacing may be varied and the supply of eyelets remain unaffected.
  • a preferred embodiment of the'i-nventi'on comprises cooperating cam members, the relative movement'of which causes a bod-.-.-;.
  • a ratchet for preventing the relative movement of said members except 'at a proper point in the cycle of the machine, "and a treadle rod whereby the cam members-may be shifted when the ratchet is unlocked.
  • suitable levers and links are inway throwing out mechanisrng whereby, in the case of .mens workthe ⁇ operations of ment thereof selected for tration together with the accompanying a drawings in which i terposed between the spacing" lever of the machine and said treadlev rod and an adjustable pin and slot connection. between a bell crank lever and the treadle rod constitutes means whereby the depression of the treadle rod may effect either the spacing alone or the spacing and the eyelet supply.
  • a device of the character described is par ticularly advantageous since, after having been once adjusted to the type of Work in hand, the operator may actuate it from a treadle usipg both hands for the manipulation of the work alone.
  • 'Fig. 2 is a view in perspective ofmechanism embodying the present invention.
  • F ig. 3 is a detail.
  • the present machine is organized topunch two holes in the opposite sides of-the upper of a shoe and then set two eyelets in those holes and feed thewvorligg A s-shown in Fig.1 a punch P. and' set? SITomprising the upper punchand setof oppositely disposed pairs, are arranged in hearings in a support or feed setting devices is pivote frame F with the anvil or die plate A, also supported by said support or feed frame, arranged between the o positely disposed punches and sets.
  • a guid separate the two quar ters'fofa shoe and. guide them to the setting. devices.
  • the frame F carryin' the punches and at 2 and actuated for feeding the work through. the links! and '6 by acam lever 8 from a cam (not shown) on the main shaft 9 of the machine.
  • the links 4 and 6 is secured the link 10 which is pivoted at 12 upon the spacing arm 14 which moves over the face'of theuadrantkpl'ate 15, stop pins provi ed to limit its movement.
  • the spring 11 tends normally to maintaip the spacing arm 14 in the position for Inimmum spacing.
  • Thearm is mounted upon a shaft 17 (see Fig.
  • the means'for delivering eyelets t0 the setting devices comprise the raoeways 28,
  • the 'raceways are mounted, means of a clamp 30, upon a raceway bracket 31 pivoted at 32, and are oscillated to and from the setting devices by the 'cam 33 acting through the arm 34, the'sleeve 35, the 'arm 36 and link 37 which is pivoted to'the raceway bracket 31.
  • the sleeve 35 is mountedupon a spindle 40 having eccentric.journalswhereby it is movably mounted in the frame of .tl'ie ,machine, the spindle being yieldingly held in the arm 38 a bodily displacement ofthe sleeve 35 and a consequent movement of the raceways away from the setting deyices.
  • This movement of the raceways independent of. the regular oscillation thereof for which is the resultof oscillatory'movement delivering eyelets,
  • a cam arm 42 Upon the lower end of the spindle is provided an arm/11 having a cam surface 1 upon a wedge shaped end and mounted for cooperation with said cam surface is a cam arm 42, a'lso'vvedge shaped. "The cam arm 42 is fast upon a short shaft'or'stud 43 journaled in the frame of the'machine and ro-- tat-ably connected with thef'treadle rod-21 by the arm It will "beapparent from inspection of-Fig.
  • ratchet mechanism is providedcomprising pawlwhich engages and looks a notched collar position against a. stop screw byand spring 39. .It will beseen that a rotation of the spindle 40 will cause- .l n order to effect the bodily displacement.
  • llavilrl (lescribcd my invention ⁇ vhat l claim as new and desire o secure by lit-t ttrs Patent of the l mited States is--- l. machine of the class descrilwd lniv- 1 ing, in combination, a, normally stationary an oscillatory ra eway bracket bination,eyelet setting devices. a racewav for 3 d liver ng eyelets to the setting devices, a
  • raceway bracket upon which said raceway is mounted, mechanism for oscillating the raceway bracket to present the raceway to the setting devices, an eccentric pivot connected with said bracket independently of the bracket oscillating mechanism, and a treadle actuated cam for turning said pivot to move the raceway so as to prevent it from delivering eyelets to the setting devices substantially described.
  • An eyeleting machine having, in combination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway for delivering eyelets to the setting devices, a rotatable member with which said raccway iconnected. treadlc actuated means for moving said rotatable member for prevent ing the delivery of e (nets to the setting devices, a pawl for preventing the. operation of said treadle actuated means, and means for tripping said pawl to allow the operation of said treadle actuated means at the proper point in the cycle of the machine.
  • An eyeleting machine having, in com bination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway for delivering eyelets to the settin devices, a raceway bracket upon which sail raceway is mounted, an eccentric pivot connected with said bracket, treadle actuated means for turning said pivot to move the raceway so as o prevent it from delivering eyelets to the setting devices, and means for preventing the operation of said treadle actuated means except at one point in the cycle of the machine, substantially as described.
  • An eyeleting machine having, in combination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway t'or dcliverin cvclets to the settin devices a movable mounting for said raceway, a lever for moving 'said mounting to throw out, the race 'a a throw-out preventer, means for transmitting to said lever an impulse tending to throw out the raceway, and means for releasing the throw-out preventer at a predetermined point in the. cycle of the machine.
  • An eycleting machine having, in combination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway for delivering eyelets to the setting devices, a movable mounting for said raceway, a lever for moving said mounting to throw out the raceway.
  • a thrmwout preventer a treatdle rod having a yielding connection with said lever whereby an impulse tending to throw out the raceway may be transmitted to said lever, and means for releasing the throw -out point prevcnter at a predetermined in the cycle til the machine.
  • n s'taiioxmry axis axzwnniv with IL'flflwft (H its own nxiy an oscillatory IHUENHY bracket mounted upon the wini'llm a "Hwy CM- ied by the bracket an arm svuu'm? 1- u flu: spindle n'ml having an oblique mm m' m its; outer cm are!

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Sewing Machines And Sewing (AREA)

Description

C. U. LIKE.
EYELETING MACHINE.
APPLIOATIDN rum JUNE 21%. 1909.
1 ,O57,068. Patent-ed Mar 25, 1913.
2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.
WWWSSSZTS wwzzzzig g To all whom it may concern: t p Beit known that I, CLARK C. LIKE, a cit1-- UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
' CLARK c. LIKE, or PORTSMOUTH, OHIO, AssiGNoB, T UNITED SHOE {MACHINERY COMPANY, OF PATERSON, NEW JERSEY, A COREORATION'OF NEW JERSEY.
, EYELETING-MACHiNE.
Specification of Letters Patent.
Appiication flle'd mile 26, 1909. Serial No. 504,715;
zen of the United States, residing at Portsmouth, in the county of Scioto and State of Ohio, have invented certain Improvements in Eyelet-ing-Machines, of which the following description, in connection with the accompanying drawings, is a specification,
. like reference characters on the drawings indicating like parts in the several'figures. I
This invention relates to machines for setting eyelets, hooks, or the like, and pertains more particul'arly'to that type ofmachines which has {a movable raceway. for
supplying eyelets. to setting devices, which raceway can be moved to or held-in an in-' operative position. when it'is desired to op-.
crate the machine without inserting eyelets, for example, to punch holes for lacing hooks above the eyeletsin a shoe upper.- 1
"The invention is herein disclosed as embodied in a duplex eyeleting machine but its application is notlimited to this or any par ticular machine. I v
In operating upon a shoe upper it is usually'the practice to set the lower eyelets in each side of the lacing-slit somewhat closer together than the succeeding'ones, 'or' in the case of mens work to set the eyelets'closer together than the lacing hooks. s-In themachinc disclosed. in Letters Patent of the -United States, No. 934,066, granted September 14, 1909, means are provided whereby the operator may increase the distance between successive eyelets by swinging the spacing lever through the medium of a treadle and suitable connections. In the same machine means are also" provided for throwing the eyelet raceway out-,of operation so as to prevent the settin of eyeletsin the sides of the upper part or e lacing slit, the machine continuing, however, topunch holes in this part of the upper to receive lacing hooks.
It is an object of the present invention to provide, for a machine of the type referred to, a simple and direct acting mechanism for moving the eyelet raceway into an inoperati've position when it is desired to operate the machine without setting eyelets.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a mechanism for this purpose which may be directly operated by a treadle, whereby the operator, if sufficiently skilled,
neednot stop the machine to throw in or out the raceway, but, by actuating a treadle at the proper time, may efi'e'ct such result 'WlthOlll; interrupting the operation of. the
machine. In running a high speed eyeleting machine the operator finds it difiicult to actuate the mechanism for throwing the eye- -let raceway' out of operation at exactly the proper point in the-cycle of the machine,
with the result that more or lessthan the dc sited number of eyelets are setgin, the work.
With this in view an important feature of the present invention consists in the'provision of an automatic throw-out preventer' which is-operated by the i'nachine in a timed relation to: .its operations, to'1 prevent the throwing out of the raceway. g;at-any other, than a Cplredetermined point in the cycle of the ma inc:
Another object of theiinventi'on isI-to ro structed and arranged 'to beoperatedfrom a commonhctuating:ineans withthe' racealtering the spacing of't'he machine andeut PatentediMar. 25, 1913.;
ting ofi'the "supply of-eyelets maybe'performed by a single motion of the operator.
In the case of womens work, where no hooks are to be's'et' but'mer'ely the spacing oft-he eyelets varied-,the supply of eyelets ditions, a further feature of the present invention consists in providing an adjustable .need not be cut off and to meet these con connection between the' common, actuating means and the spacing mechanism of" the machineqwherebyi at one time the spacing may be varied and thesupply of eyelets cut off and at another time the spacing may be varied and the supply of eyelets remain unaffected. 7
A preferred embodiment of the'i-nventi'on comprises cooperating cam members, the relative movement'of which causes a bod-.-.-;.
displacement of the raceway, a ratchet for preventing the relative movement of said members except 'at a proper point in the cycle of the machine, "and a treadle rod whereby the cam members-may be shifted when the ratchet is unlocked. For varying the spacing, suitable levers and links are inway throwing out mechanisrng whereby, in the case of .mens workthe {operations of ment thereof selected for tration together with the accompanying a drawings in which i terposed between the spacing" lever of the machine and said treadlev rod and an adjustable pin and slot connection. between a bell crank lever and the treadle rod constitutes means whereby the depression of the treadle rod may effect either the spacing alone or the spacing and the eyelet supply.
A device of the character described is par ticularly advantageous since, after having been once adjusted to the type of Work in hand, the operator may actuate it from a treadle usipg both hands for the manipulation of the work alone. This advantage and others incident to the invention will be better understood and appreciated from the following description of a preferred embodi purposes-.016 illus- Figurel is a plan view of sol: utth of the machine disclosed in the patch above referred to as is necessary. for the understanding of the present invention.. 'Fig. 2 is a view in perspective ofmechanism embodying the present invention. F ig. 3 is a detail. The present machine, as fully disclosed in said patent, is organized topunch two holes in the opposite sides of-the upper of a shoe and then set two eyelets in those holes and feed thewvorligg A s-shown in Fig.1 a punch P. and' set? SITomprising the upper punchand setof oppositely disposed pairs, are arranged in hearings in a support or feed setting devices is pivote frame F with the anvil or die plate A, also supported by said support or feed frame, arranged between the o positely disposed punches and sets. A guid separate the two quar ters'fofa shoe and. guide them to the setting. devices.
The frame F carryin' the punches and at 2 and actuated for feeding the work through. the links! and '6 by acam lever 8 from a cam (not shown) on the main shaft 9 of the machine. At thepivotal point the links 4 and 6 is secured the link 10 which is pivoted at 12 upon the spacing arm 14 which moves over the face'of theuadrantkpl'ate 15, stop pins provi ed to limit its movement. The spring 11 tends normally to maintaip the spacing arm 14 in the position for Inimmum spacing. Thearm is mounted upon a shaft 17 (see Fig. 2) which is supported in hearings in the frame of the machine and "arries upon its lower end an arm 18 which is connected by'means o a-link lS) and bell crank lever 20 with th tr dl'e'rod 21. By depressing the treadl over the surface of-th .crease, .the di. V
its normal e' plate G serves to As shown in Fig. 3, the bifurcated the position shown in Fig. 3 will transmit to i said lever the movement of thetreadle rod 21 without lost motion. The pin 23 may be removed from the path of the lever 20-h being retracted and turned, in which position the-stop pin 24 preventsit from entering the bifurcation. Under these conditions 22 is rigidly attached to the treadle the treadle rodv 21 maybedepres'sed untilthe member 22 has been moved to the end of 'the bifurcation before motion is transmitted to the lever 20.
The means'for delivering eyelets t0 the setting devices comprise the raoeways 28,
carrying any suitable eyelet hopper (not shown). The 'raceways are mounted, means of a clamp 30, upon a raceway bracket 31 pivoted at 32, and are oscillated to and from the setting devices by the 'cam 33 acting through the arm 34, the'sleeve 35, the 'arm 36 and link 37 which is pivoted to'the raceway bracket 31. I i
The sleeve 35 is mountedupon a spindle 40 having eccentric.journalswhereby it is movably mounted in the frame of .tl'ie ,machine, the spindle being yieldingly held in the arm 38 a bodily displacement ofthe sleeve 35 and a consequent movement of the raceways away from the setting deyices. This movement of the raceways independent of. the regular oscillation thereof for which is the resultof oscillatory'movement delivering eyelets,
of the sleeve aboutthe spindle.
of thesleeve 35 for throwing out the race way the-followingmechanism has been devised. Upon the lower end of the spindle is provided an arm/11 havinga cam surface 1 upon a wedge shaped end and mounted for cooperation with said cam surface is a cam arm 42, a'lso'vvedge shaped. "The cam arm 42 is fast upon a short shaft'or'stud 43 journaled in the frame of the'machine and ro-- tat-ably connected with thef'treadle rod-21 by the arm It will "beapparent from inspection of-Fig. 2 that by depressing the trcadle rod theshaft iiijand' cam 42 are retated and through the cam'a'rm-el the spindle 4Qwili=be turned upon its eccentric journals, carrying the sleeve bodily toward the left and so throwing the raceways out of opcration.- i
In ordcrto' prevent the throwing out of the raceways exceptat a predetermined point in the cycle of the machine, ratchet mechanism is providedcomprising pawlwhich engages and looks a notched collar position against a. stop screw byand spring 39. .It will beseen that a rotation of the spindle 40 will cause- .l n order to effect the bodily displacement.
-. apindlc.
r-ionnted thereon, automatic mechanism l'or at on the shaft to and prevents rotation of the said shaft under thcactuation ot the trcadle rod 21 except when the parts are in the same relative position which they occupy initially. For tripping the pawl 50 to re lease the cam shaft. 43, there. is provided a projection 52 upon the cam 33 which engages the tail of the pawl at the. proper time and allows the operation (H throwing out the raceway to take place. Pressure is transmitted from the trcadle rod 2i to the lever arm 44 through the spring at whereby the lever 44 is subjected to an actuating pressure when the treadle rod is depreesed although it is not permitted to move until the pawl is tripped in the manner just del is the pawl 50 is held in HS til. I
scri bed. engaged position when the machine is at rest it is possible to throw out the raceways before starting the machine, if desired, holding the raceways in inoperative position while the first eyelet: holes are punched.
in operation. when it. is desired to increase the spacing without throwing the raccways out of operation, the pin 23 is allowed to project across the bifurcated member 22 above the horizontal arm of the bell crank lever .30. Under these conditit'ins depressing the trcadle rod 521 immediately operates to move the spacing ever l t to the left and increase the spacing of the eyelets. The spring at also placed under compression out as the movement of the treadle rod 21 is limited by the movement. of the bell crank lever 20, the slight, compression transmitted to the spring M is not enough to overcome the tension of spring 39 which tend to keep the-spindle 4-0 from moving.
\Yhen it is desired to increase the spacing and at the same time throw the racewirvs out of operation, the pin '23 is retracted and a greater movement of the treadle rod 21 is thus permitted before the bell crank lever in is encountered. The lever arm 'l-l is thereby placed under an actuating pressure sulticient to overcome the tension of the spring ill) and when the throw-out preventer release: the cam the raceway is moved to an inoperative position.
llavilrl (lescribcd my invention \vhat l claim as new and desire o secure by lit-t ttrs Patent of the l mited States is--- l. machine of the class descrilwd lniv- 1 ing, in combination, a, normally stationary an oscillatory ra eway bracket bination,eyelet setting devices. a racewav for 3 d liver ng eyelets to the setting devices, a
raceway bracket upon which said raceway is mounted, mechanism for oscillating the raceway bracket to present the raceway to the setting devices, an eccentric pivot connected with said bracket independently of the bracket oscillating mechanism, and a treadle actuated cam for turning said pivot to move the raceway so as to prevent it from delivering eyelets to the setting devices substantially described.
3. An eyeleting machine, having, in combination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway for delivering eyelets to the setting devices, a rotatable member with which said raccway iconnected. treadlc actuated means for moving said rotatable member for prevent ing the delivery of e (nets to the setting devices, a pawl for preventing the. operation of said treadle actuated means, and means for tripping said pawl to allow the operation of said treadle actuated means at the proper point in the cycle of the machine.
4. An eyeleting machine, having, in com bination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway for delivering eyelets to the settin devices, a raceway bracket upon which sail raceway is mounted, an eccentric pivot connected with said bracket, treadle actuated means for turning said pivot to move the raceway so as o prevent it from delivering eyelets to the setting devices, and means for preventing the operation of said treadle actuated means except at one point in the cycle of the machine, substantially as described.
5. An eyeleting machine, having, in combination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway t'or dcliverin cvclets to the settin devices a movable mounting for said raceway, a lever for moving 'said mounting to throw out, the race 'a a throw-out preventer, means for transmitting to said lever an impulse tending to throw out the raceway, and means for releasing the throw-out preventer at a predetermined point in the. cycle of the machine.
0. An eycleting machine, having, in combination, eyelet setting devices, a raceway for delivering eyelets to the setting devices, a movable mounting for said raceway, a lever for moving said mounting to throw out the raceway. a thrmwout preventer, a treatdle rod having a yielding connection with said lever whereby an impulse tending to throw out the raceway may be transmitted to said lever, and means for releasing the throw -out point prevcnter at a predetermined in the cycle til the machine.
7. .\n cyeleting machine. having, in combinati n, eyelet setting devices, a raceway, means for moving said raceway to deliver eyelets to the setting devices, means for moving said raceway into an inoperative pesition tor cutting otl the supply 0t" eyell-ts. and means tor Feeding the work, together with means, operated from the above 6. in eyeleting machine, having, in sum-- it in spmdle journaled in the fun'no f0 iurn :abmzt. I
n s'taiioxmry axis axzwnniv with IL'flflwft (H its own nxiy an oscillatory IHUENHY bracket mounted upon the wini'llm a "Hwy CM- ied by the bracket an arm svuu'm? 1- u flu: spindle n'ml having an oblique mm m' m its; outer cm are! :1 mzmuuily wrmmflm; nwmbm' nun-able inward and Hum fin: spiiv (Yin and having mJkymming' uhihguo (was snzfm-v zli'ffilflj'fil 'z in :10! u mn 13w 2m: mm? i. turn Hm vpindle m1! 0f 1 initial gmdzinn and in ban?! the egrindir :st rest until 1 by the H. A 1m": lug in wmh \x-Jy, a z'mrmm fur we: 551mm; 5 1n the hvuing mvizw, a apiiuiie for miai Hammer, :1 rovk shaft; (mu-num sub-AmrliaHy :1 right :mg'iv-ra ilwrct and umnvc wan-goes my; in crumbh'mtion, sfittmg (h z. Wm. H mumielu Dimming t 1;.
1M wmlming; in bnmyout the and zzuruima u' uhan inn-mm: E X. J 1 w 1
US50471509A 1909-06-28 1909-06-28 Eyeleting-machine. Expired - Lifetime US1057068A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US50471509A US1057068A (en) 1909-06-28 1909-06-28 Eyeleting-machine.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US50471509A US1057068A (en) 1909-06-28 1909-06-28 Eyeleting-machine.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US1057068A true US1057068A (en) 1913-03-25

Family

ID=3125321

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US50471509A Expired - Lifetime US1057068A (en) 1909-06-28 1909-06-28 Eyeleting-machine.

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US1057068A (en)

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US1057068A (en) Eyeleting-machine.
US3012261A (en) Tape applying machine
US1388862A (en) Fastener-setting machine
US427340A (en) meerigk
US701081A (en) Spool-machine.
US1017602A (en) Eyeleting-machine.
US1415924A (en) Machine for inserting fasteners
US332334A (en) emebson
US1049463A (en) Machine for setting fasteners.
US1023300A (en) Work-support.
US1627666A (en) Nail-making machine
US1740412A (en) Folding machine
US478779A (en) And daniel m
US687015A (en) Eyeleting-machine.
US1253121A (en) Machine for setting blind eyelets.
US1028238A (en) Tacking mechanism.
US587598A (en) Cutting-off mechanism
US1053641A (en) Heel-breasting machine.
US1209381A (en) Starting and stopping mechanism for presses.
US480735A (en) muller
US1074832A (en) Mechanical movement.
US773970A (en) Printing-machine.
US884051A (en) Clutch mechanism for lacing-hook-setting machines.
US1196486A (en) Welt-beating machine.
US429754A (en) chadwick