US10475577B2 - Dielectric composition, dielectric element, electronic component and multi-layer electronic component - Google Patents
Dielectric composition, dielectric element, electronic component and multi-layer electronic component Download PDFInfo
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- US10475577B2 US10475577B2 US15/745,688 US201615745688A US10475577B2 US 10475577 B2 US10475577 B2 US 10475577B2 US 201615745688 A US201615745688 A US 201615745688A US 10475577 B2 US10475577 B2 US 10475577B2
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910002370 SrTiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003985 ceramic capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-NJFSPNSNSA-N hydroxyformaldehyde Chemical compound O[14CH]=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000018 strontium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 9
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001350 scanning transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- CMGJQFHWVMDJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[La] CMGJQFHWVMDJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010041662 Splinter Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FSAJRXGMUISOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Bi] FSAJRXGMUISOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Gd+3].[Gd+3] CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKHJYUSOUQDYEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium(3+) Chemical compound [Ga+3] CKHJYUSOUQDYEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nd+3].[Nd+3] PLDDOISOJJCEMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009747 press moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sm+3].[Sm+3] FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dielectric composition and a dielectric element comprising the same, and to an electronic component and a laminated electronic component; more specifically, the present invention relates to a dielectric composition, a dielectric element, an electronic component and a laminated electronic component which are used for applications with a relatively high rated voltage.
- a smoothing capacitor or a snubber capacitor such as a motor vehicle DC-DC converter or AC-DC inverter is often used in a location in which a high DC bias of several hundred volts is applied.
- Dielectric elements used in these electronic components therefore must have a high dielectric constant when a high DC bias is applied.
- the dielectric material has low mechanical strength, there is a risk of cracking or splintering etc. during production or during mounting on a substrate, and thus a risk of a product being non-conforming; high mechanical strength is also required at the same time.
- the dielectric material can be made more compact and more lightweight.
- the required mechanical strength is also reduced if the dielectric material is smaller and more lightweight. For example, there is essentially no cracking or splintering even if the dielectric material is dropped during production because it is possible to maintain adequate mechanical strength which is commensurate with the size and weight of the dielectric material.
- the dielectric layers must be sufficiently thick to ensure safety with respect to breakdown.
- the required mechanical strength also increases.
- the dielectric material may crack or splinter if it is dropped during production because it is not possible to ensure adequate mechanical strength which is commensurate with the size and weight of the dielectric material.
- Japanese Patent Application JP 2006-206362 A mentioned below describes a dielectric porcelain having barium titanate as the main component and containing Ca, Sr, Mg, Mn and rare earth elements, and characterized by a core-shell structure in which the Ca concentration is greater at the particle surface than at the centre of the particle, and the Sr, Mg, Mn and rare earth elements are unevenly distributed at the particle surface.
- Japanese Patent Application JP 2005-22891 A mentioned below describes a dielectric porcelain characterized in that it comprises both perovskite barium titanate crystal grains in which part of the B site is substituted with Zr (BTZ-type crystal grains), and perovskite bismuth sodium titanate crystal grains in which part of the A-site is substituted with Sr (BNST-type crystal grains), and also characterized by a core-shell structure in which Mg, Mn and at least one rare earth element are present in the grain boundary phase between the BTZ-type crystal grains and the BNST-type crystal grains, and the mean particle size of both the BTZ-type crystal grains and the BNST-type crystal grains is 0.3-1.0 ⁇ m.
- a dielectric porcelain comprising BaTiO 3 as the main component and having a core-shell structure such as that described in Japanese Patent Application JP 2006-206362 A has a relatively high dielectric constant value of 2500 or greater at 20° C. when a DC bias is not applied
- the rate of change in the dielectric constant or the rate of change in capacitance (DC bias characteristics) when a DC bias of 5 V/ ⁇ m is applied is a value less than ⁇ 70%, so the rate of change is large and the value cannot be considered adequate for a capacitor which is used under a high voltage.
- the mechanical strength there is no mention of the mechanical strength.
- a major feature of a ceramic composition such as that described in Japanese Patent Application JP 2005-22891 A lies in the fact that both BTZ-type crystal grains and BNST-type crystal grains having a core-shell structure are present. Furthermore, the BTZ-type crystal grains and the BNST-type crystal grains are both formed with a core-shell structure in which at least one of Mg, Mn and a rare earth metal is more unevenly distributed at the particle surface than at the centre of the particle, and as a result the dielectric constant at 20° C.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide a dielectric composition which can be used in locations where a high voltage is applied, which has an excellent dielectric constant when a DC bias is applied, excellent DC bias characteristics, and also has excellent mechanical strength. Embodiments of the present invention further provide a dielectric element comprising the dielectric composition, an electronic component and a laminated electronic component.
- Embodiments of the present invention provide a dielectric composition having a perovskite crystal structure containing at least Bi, Na, Sr and Ti, wherein: the dielectric composition comprises at least one selected from among La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Ba, Ca, Mg and Zn; the dielectric composition comprises specific particles having a core-shell structure that has at least one core portion including SrTiO 3 ; and 0.20 ⁇ 0.70, where ⁇ is the ratio of the number of specific particles with respect to the total number of particles contained in the dielectric composition.
- ⁇ can be set to 0.20 ⁇ 0.70, where ⁇ is the ratio of the number of specific particles with respect to the total number of particles contained in the dielectric composition. It is possible to improve the dielectric constant when a DC bias is applied, and also to improve the DC bias characteristics and mechanical strength.
- the content of at the least one selected from among La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Ba, Ca, Mg and Zn is preferably between 0.2 and 14.3 molar parts, taking the Ti content of the dielectric composition as 100 molar parts. This makes it possible to further improve the dielectric constant when a DC bias is applied, and the DC bias characteristics.
- ⁇ can be set to 0.92 ⁇ 3.00, where ⁇ is the molar ratio of Sr with respect to Na in the dielectric composition. This makes it possible to further improve the dielectric constant when a DC bias is applied, the DC bias characteristics and the mechanical strength.
- a dielectric element according to embodiments of the present invention is provided with the abovementioned dielectric composition.
- An electronic component according to embodiments of the present invention is provided with a dielectric layer comprising the abovementioned dielectric composition.
- a laminated electronic component according to embodiments of the present invention has a laminated portion formed by alternately laminating an internal electrode layer and a dielectric layer comprising the abovementioned dielectric composition.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a ceramic capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a view in cross section of a laminated ceramic capacitor according to a different embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of particles in a dielectric composition according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a single-layer ceramic capacitor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a single-layer ceramic capacitor 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a disc-shaped dielectric body 1 and a pair of electrodes 2 , 3 .
- the single-layer ceramic capacitor 100 is obtained by forming the electrodes 2 , 3 on both surfaces of the dielectric body 1 .
- the shapes of the dielectric body 1 and the electrodes 2 , 3 There is no particular limitation as to the dimensions thereof either, and suitable dimensions should be set in accordance with the application.
- the dielectric body 1 comprises a dielectric composition according to this embodiment.
- the material of the electrodes 2 , 3 There is no particular limitation as to the material of the electrodes 2 , 3 .
- Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, Ni or the like may be used, but other metals may also be used.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram of a laminated ceramic capacitor according to a different embodiment of the present invention.
- a laminated ceramic capacitor 200 according to a different embodiment of the present invention comprises a capacitor element main body 5 having a structure in which dielectric layers 7 and internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B are alternately stacked.
- a pair of terminal electrodes 11 A, 11 B which conduct, respectively, with the internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B alternately arranged inside the element main body 5 are formed at both ends of the element main body 5 .
- the shape of the element main body 5 but it is normally a cuboid shape.
- the dimensions thereof and suitable dimensions should be set in accordance with the application.
- the internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B are provided in such a way as to be parallel.
- the internal electrode layers 6 A are formed in such a way that one end thereof is exposed at the end surface of the laminated body 5 where the terminal electrode 11 A is formed.
- the internal electrode layers 6 B are formed in such a way that one end thereof is exposed at the end surface of the laminated body 5 where the terminal electrode 11 B is formed.
- the internal electrode layers 6 A and internal electrode layers 6 B are disposed in such a way that the majority thereof is overlapping in the direction of stacking.
- the material of the internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B there is no particular limitation as to the material of the internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B.
- a metal such as Au, Pt, Ag, Ag—Pd alloy, Cu or Ni etc. may be used, but it is also possible to use other metals.
- the terminal electrodes 11 A, 11 B are provided at the end surfaces of the laminated body 5 in contact with the ends of the internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B which are exposed at said end surfaces. By virtue of this structure, the terminal electrodes 11 A, 11 B are electrically connected to the internal electrode layers 6 A, 6 B, respectively.
- the terminal electrodes 11 A, 11 B may comprise a conductive material having Ag, Au, Cu or the like as the main component thereof.
- the thickness of the terminal electrodes 11 A, 11 B may be set at 10-50 ⁇ m, for example.
- the dielectric layers 7 comprise the dielectric composition according to this embodiment.
- the thickness of each dielectric layer 7 may be freely set and there is no particular limitation.
- the thickness may be set at 1-100 ⁇ m, for example.
- the dielectric composition according to this embodiment has a perovskite crystal structure containing at least Bi, Na, Sr and Ti, and comprises at least one selected from among La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, Ba, Ca, Mg and Zn (also referred to below as an “auxiliary component”).
- the dielectric composition having a perovskite crystal structure is a polycrystalline material comprising, as the main phase, a perovskite compound represented by the general formula ABO 3 , where A includes at least one selected from Bi, Na and Sr, and B includes at least Ti.
- the proportion of Bi, Na, Sr contained in A is preferably a total of at least 80 at. %.
- the proportion of Ti contained in B is preferably at least 80 at. %.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of particles in a dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment.
- the dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment comprises single-phase particles 20 which do not have a core-shell structure, and core-shell particles 30 which have a core-shell structure.
- the mean particle size of the single-phase particles 20 and the core-shell particles 30 is preferably between 0.3 ⁇ m and 3.0 ⁇ m from the point of view of improving the denseness of the sintered compact.
- a grain boundary 10 is present between particles.
- the core-shell particles comprise a shell portion 9 surrounding a core portion 8 , and there are forms of particles in which the core portion 8 is completely contained within the shell portion 9 , and in which part of the core portion 8 is in contact with the grain boundary 10 while another part of the core portion 8 is contained within the shell portion 9 .
- the majority of the core-shell particles 30 in the dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment are specific particles having a core-shell structure that has a core portion including SrTiO 3 .
- the core portion including SrTiO 3 has a SrTiO 3 crystal structure and contains at least 40 at. % of each of Sr atoms and Ti atoms, where the total of the metal atoms contained in the core portion is taken as 100 at. %.
- the size or shape of the core portion including SrTiO 3 there is no particular limitation as to the size or shape of the core portion including SrTiO 3 .
- the diameter of the core portion including SrTiO 3 is preferably no greater than half the mean particle size of the particles contained in the dielectric composition 300 .
- one core portion including SrTiO 3 is normally present within a single particle, but two or more core portions may equally be present.
- the shell portion 9 of the specific particles preferably contains at least Na, Bi and Ti.
- a method for determining whether or not particles contained in the dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment are specific particles, and a method for calculating the ratio ⁇ of the number of specific particles with respect to the total number of particles contained in the dielectric composition 300 will be described below.
- the method for distinguishing whether or not said particles are core-shell particles 30 .
- the method for determining whether or not the core portion 8 of the core-shell particles 30 includes SrTiO 3 it is possible to distinguish whether said particles are single-phase particles 20 or core-shell particles 30 by subjecting a cross section cut on any plane of the dielectric composition 300 to scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and confirming the element distribution.
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscopy
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the size of the observation field is preferably at least 2 m ⁇ at least 2 m, and the magnification of the observation field is preferably between 10 000 times and 100 000 times.
- a plurality of particles which can be confirmed as being completely surrounded by the grain boundary 10 are selected from the observation field, and the number of core-shell particles among these having a core portion including SrTiO 3 (specific particles) is counted. It is possible to calculate the value of a by dividing the number of specific particles by the number of selected particles. It should be noted that at least 20 particles are selected and preferably at least 100 particles are selected. Furthermore, the number of particles selected may be increased by setting a plurality of observation fields.
- the amount of core-shell particles 30 produced may be controlled, as appropriate, by varying the make-up of the dielectric composition and the method for producing same, and also by varying the baking conditions when the dielectric composition is baked. For example, when a starting material powder having a large particle size is used, core-shell particles 30 tend to be readily produced. Furthermore, when the baking temperature is increased, core-shell particles 30 tend to be unlikely to be produced.
- the dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment may equally include particles other than the specific particles and the single-phase particles 20 , i.e., it may include core-shell particles other than the specific particles.
- the ratio of the total number of specific particles and single-phase particles 20 with respect to the total number of particles contained in the dielectric composition 300 according to embodiments of the present invention is preferably 80% or greater.
- the ratio ⁇ of the number of specific particles with respect to the total number of particles contained in the dielectric composition 300 satisfies 0.20 ⁇ 0.70.
- SrTiO 3 is a paraelectric at room temperature.
- a feature of paraelectrics is that they are generally affected by a DC bias.
- the core-shell particles in which the core portion includes SrTiO 3 which is a paraelectric at room temperature are present in a constant proportion, and as a result a reduction in dielectric constant in the core-shell particles when a DC bias is applied is limited and therefore the DC bias characteristics of the dielectric body as a whole are improved.
- SrTiO 3 crystals generally have a feature of high mechanical strength.
- the core-shell particles in which the core portion includes SrTiO 3 crystals having high mechanical strength are present in a constant proportion, and as a result the mechanical strength of the core-shell particles improved and therefore the mechanical strength of the dielectric body as a whole is improved.
- the dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment is preferably such that ⁇ satisfies 0.25 ⁇ 0.66.
- the dielectric composition 300 according to this embodiment is preferably such that 0.92 ⁇ 3.00, where ⁇ is the molar ratio of Sr with respect to Na in the dielectric composition.
- ⁇ is the molar ratio of Sr with respect to Na in the dielectric composition.
- the dielectric constant when a DC bias is applied, DC bias characteristics and mechanical strength are further improved when 0.92 ⁇ 3.00.
- auxiliary component there is no particular limitation as to the content of the auxiliary component, but an auxiliary component must be included. If an auxiliary component is not included, there is deterioration in the DC bias characteristics and/or mechanical strength.
- the content of the auxiliary component is preferably a total of between 0.2 molar parts and 14.3 molar parts when the Ti content of the dielectric composition is taken as 100 molar parts.
- the auxiliary component may be present at any location in the particles and the grain boundary.
- the dielectric composition according to this embodiment has as an excellent dielectric constant when a DC bias is applied, excellent DC bias characteristics and excellent mechanical strength overall.
- the dielectric starting material may also be appropriately selected from various types of compounds which form the abovementioned oxides or composite oxides as a result of baking, e.g., carbonates, oxalates, nitrates, hydroxides and organometallic compounds etc. and these may be mixed for use.
- the following powders may be cited as starting materials: bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), strontium carbonate (SrCO 3 ), barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ), calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH) 3 ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), among others.
- the particle size of the unprocessed starting material powder (referred to below as the “starting material powder”), but a particle size of 0.1 ⁇ m-1.0 ⁇ m is preferred.
- the mean particle size of the starting material may be adjusted by appropriately varying the time for which the starting material is mixed.
- the fineness of the starting material powder is affected by the magnitude of a.
- the abovementioned starting material powders are weighed out in such a way that the dielectric compositions after baking (sintered compacts) satisfy the make-up of the dielectric composition according to this embodiment.
- the weighed starting material powders are then wet-mixed using a ball mill or the like.
- the mixtures obtained by wet mixing are then calcined to produce calcined material.
- the calcining is carried out under normal air.
- the calcining temperature is preferably 700-900° C. and the calcining time is preferably 1-10 hours.
- the resulting calcined material is then wet-ground using a ball mill or the like, after which it is dried to obtain calcined powders.
- a binder is then added to the resulting calcined powder and the material is press-moulded to obtain a moulded article.
- the binder which can be used provided that it is a binder which is conventionally used in this technical field.
- Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or the like may be cited as a specific example of a binder.
- the amount of binder added but an amount of 1-5 wt % is preferably added when the calcined powder is taken as 100 wt %.
- moulding pressure during press-moulding a pressure of the order of 300 MPa is preferred.
- shape of the moulded article A disc-shape is employed in this embodiment, but a square-plate shape or other shape is equally feasible.
- the dielectric body 1 is obtained by baking the resulting moulded article.
- the baking is normally carried out under the air.
- the baking temperature is preferably 950-1400° C. and the baking time is preferably 2-10 hours.
- the electrodes 2 , 3 are then formed on both surfaces of the resulting dielectric body 1 .
- the material of the electrodes and Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, Ni or the like may be used.
- the method for forming the electrodes involves vapour deposition, sputtering, printing, electroless plating or the like, but a method other than these may be used and there is no particular limitation as to the method for forming the electrodes.
- the ceramic capacitor 100 shown in FIG. 1 may be produced by the method described above.
- the laminated ceramic capacitor 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be produced by a conventional method for producing a laminated ceramic capacitor.
- the dielectric composition according to this embodiment has a high dielectric constant when a high DC bias is applied, and also has excellent DC bias characteristics and mechanical strength.
- the dielectric composition can therefore be advantageously used in medium- and high-voltage capacitors with a relatively high rated voltage, for example.
- the dielectric element, electronic component and laminated electronic component according to embodiments of the present invention can be advantageously used in locations where a relatively high rated voltage is applied.
- they may be advantageously used in locations in which a high dielectric constant is required when a high DC bias is applied, that is to say, in locations in which a high voltage is applied such as a snubber capacitor for circuit protection, a smoothing capacitor, a DC-DC converter, or an AC-DC inverter.
- the dielectric composition according to embodiments of the present invention does not contain lead.
- the inventive dielectric composition, dielectric element, electronic component and laminated electronic component are therefore also superior from an environmental point of view.
- the present invention will be described below in further detail with the aid of exemplary embodiments and comparative examples. However, the present invention is not limited by the following exemplary embodiments.
- the DC (direct current) field applied to the dielectric composition, dielectric element, electronic component and laminated electronic component is referred to as a DC bias.
- the rate of change in the capacitance before and after application of the DC bias is referred to as the DC bias characteristics. The smaller the rate of change in the capacitance, the better the DC bias characteristics.
- Starting material powders of the following materials were prepared: bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ), sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), strontium carbonate (SrCO 3 ), barium carbonate (BaCO 3 ), calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH) 3 ), neodymium oxide (Nd 2 O 3 ), samarium oxide (Sm 2 O 3 ), gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3 ) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
- the mean particle size of the starting material powders were appropriately adjusted in the range of 0.1-1.0 ⁇ m and ⁇ in the dielectric composition samples had the values shown in table 1.
- the abovementioned starting material powders were weighed out in such a way that the baked dielectric composition contained Sr, Na, Bi and Ti, the molar ratio ⁇ of Sr with respect to Na had the values shown in table 1, auxiliary components of the type and amounts shown in table 1 were contained therein, and the baked dielectric composition had a perovskite crystal structure.
- the weighed starting material powders were wet-mixed by means of a ball mill to obtain mixtures.
- the resulting mixtures were calcined for 2 hours under the air at 850° C. to obtain calcined material.
- the calcined material was then wet-ground using a ball mill to obtain calcined powders.
- 1 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was then added with respect to 100 wt % of the calcined powders.
- the calcined powders to which PVA had been added were then moulded under a pressure of about 196-490 MPa and square plate-shaped moulded articles having a planar length dimension of around 20 mm, a width of around 20 mm and a thickness of around 1 mm were obtained.
- the square plate-shaped moulded articles were then baked to obtain dielectric composition samples.
- the baking conditions during this baking were as follows: the baking was performed under the air, the baking temperature was appropriately adjusted in the range of 950-1400° C., and the baking time was appropriately adjusted in the range of 2-10 hours, a in the dielectric composition samples had the values shown in table 1, and the relative density of the dielectric composition samples was 95% or greater.
- the density of the dielectric composition samples was measured, it was found that the density of the dielectric composition samples in all of the exemplary embodiments and comparative examples was 95% or greater with respect to the theoretical density. That is to say, the relative density of all the dielectric composition samples was 95% or greater in all of the exemplary embodiments and comparative examples.
- the dielectric composition samples were formed into thin sheets by means of polishing, and lastly observation locations were cut into flakes by means of a gallium ion beam. The observation locations were then observed by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed in the same observation field, and the element distribution was confirmed.
- the size of the observation field in STEM and EDS was 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m and the magnification of the observation field was 40 000 times. Furthermore, a plurality of observation fields was set.
- the dielectric composition samples were machined using a double-sided lapping machine and a dicing saw, and machined samples having a length of 6 mm, a width of 6 mm and a thickness of 0.2 mm were obtained.
- Ag electrodes were vapour-deposited on both surfaces of the resulting machined samples to produce samples for evaluation.
- the dielectric constant ⁇ 1 and the dielectric constant ⁇ 2 were measured for the samples for evaluation.
- the DC bias characteristics were further calculated from ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2.
- the dielectric constant ⁇ 1 (no units) was calculated from the capacitance measured from conditions of room temperature at 25° C., frequency 1 kHz, and input signal level (measurement voltage) 1.0 Vrms using a digital LCR meter (Hewlett-Packard; 4284A).
- the dielectric constant ⁇ 2 (no units) was calculated from the capacitance measured from conditions of room temperature at 25° C., frequency 1 kHz, and input signal level (measurement voltage) 1.0 Vrms, surface area of facing electrodes, and interlayer distance while a DC bias generator (GLASSMAN HIGH VOLTAGE; WX10P90) was connected to a digital LCR meter (Hewlett-Packard; 4284A) and a DC bias of 5 V/ ⁇ m was applied to the samples for evaluation. A value of 1300 or greater for the dielectric constant ⁇ 2 was deemed to be good in the present exemplary embodiments.
- the DC bias characteristics were calculated using the following formula (2) from the dielectric constant ⁇ 1 and the dielectric constant ⁇ 2. In the exemplary embodiments, a DC bias within ⁇ 20% was deemed to be good.
- DC bias characteristics (%) 100 ⁇ ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1)/1 Formula (2)
- the abovementioned dielectric composition samples were processed to a length of 7.2 mm, a width of 2.5 mm and a thickness of 0.32 mm using a double-sided lapping machine and a dicing saw, whereby samples for transverse rupture strength measurement were produced. 20 samples for transverse rupture strength measurement were produced for each exemplary embodiment (comparative example).
- the transverse rupture strength was calculated from the samples for transverse rupture strength measurement.
- the maximum load when the samples for transverse rupture strength measurement were broken by three-point bending by means of machine model 5543 produced by INSTRON with a distance between support points of 5 mm was measured.
- the maximum load was measured 20 times for each exemplary embodiment (comparative example) and the transverse rupture strength was calculated from the measurement results.
- a transverse rupture strength of 180 MPa or greater was deemed to be good in the present exemplary embodiments.
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