TWI706261B - A method for tracking the global maximum power of solar cells - Google Patents
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Abstract
一種太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其係利用一控制電路實現，該最大功率追蹤方法包括以下步驟：將一太陽能電池系統之一功率-電壓特性曲線在電壓軸上的投影範圍分割成N+1個區段，N為該太陽能電池系統之太陽能電池模組的串接個數；以及依一遮蔭判斷式決定是否有部分遮蔭情況，若否，則執行一第一最大功率追蹤程序，若是，則執行一第二最大功率追蹤程序；其中，該遮蔭判斷式包括：△I 1 大於I C1 且△I 2 小於I C2 ，△I 1 =I x -I 1 ，△I 2 =I N -I x ，x=[N/2]+1，高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數，I 1 、I x 與I N 分別表示以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓所產生的輸出電流值，I c1 為第一預設參數，且I c2 為第二預設參數；該第一最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生三個輸出功率，依所述三個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；該第二最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以各所述區段的中心點做為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生N+1個輸出功率，依所述N+1個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點做為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；以及該擾動觀察法運算包括：
其中，V op (j)為目前操作點的電壓值，V goal 為所述起始操作點的電壓值，V max 為初始最大步階，j為世代數，縮減因子γ為一個小於1的定值，且高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數。 Where V op (j) is the voltage value of the current operating point, V goal is the voltage value of the initial operating point, V max is the initial maximum step, j is the number of generations, and the reduction factor γ is a fixed value less than 1. Value, and the Gaussian symbol [] is the largest integer of the function value in the calculated symbol.
Description
本發明係有關於一種太陽能電池最大功率演算法，特別是一種適用於部分遮蔭和均勻照度之太陽能電池最大功率追蹤演算法。 The invention relates to an algorithm for maximum power of solar cells, in particular to an algorithm for tracking maximum power of solar cells suitable for partial shading and uniform illumination.
因為温室氣體的排放造成地球環境、氣候、和生態的惡化已全面受到世人重視，使得綠色環保與節能減碳等議題真正受到世界各國的重視。能源為國家發展不可或缺的基礎，不論是在農、林、漁、牧、工、商及國防等方面均需利用電能作為生產動力之來源。而電能為人類能否繼續邁向文明的首要議題，由於環保觀念與永續發展已成為全球共識，如何更有效率的使用現有的能源，並積極開發新的替代能源，是目前工程科技界首要之務。所以如何減少用電與提升電能轉換與使用效率，以減少溫室氣體排放，是我們急需解決的問題。 The deterioration of the global environment, climate, and ecology caused by the emission of greenhouse gases has been fully valued by the world, making green environmental protection, energy saving and carbon reduction issues truly valued by countries all over the world. Energy is an indispensable foundation for national development. Whether in agriculture, forestry, fishery, animal husbandry, industry, commerce, and national defense, electricity is needed as a source of production power. Electricity is the primary issue of whether mankind can continue to move towards civilization. As environmental protection concepts and sustainable development have become a global consensus, how to use existing energy more efficiently and actively develop new alternative energy sources is currently the first priority in the engineering and scientific community. Affair. Therefore, how to reduce electricity consumption and improve the efficiency of electricity conversion and use to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is a problem that we urgently need to solve.
全球暖化及溫室效應加劇，使再生能源與電動車輛的開發與應用成為必然趨勢。其中太陽能發電系統(Photovoltaic Generation Systems,PGSs)設置成長率迅速增加，為所有再生能源中發展最為顯著的技術，其具備無燃料成本、低維護需求與對環境影響低等優點。然而，由於太陽能發電系統開發需要龐大的資金，為了降低發電成本與提高能源利用率，必須隨時維持所裝置的太陽能陣列的輸出電能最大化。 Global warming and the increasing greenhouse effect have made the development and application of renewable energy and electric vehicles an inevitable trend. Among them, the growth rate of solar power generation systems (Photovoltaic Generation Systems, PGSs) is increasing rapidly. It is the most significant technology developed among all renewable energy sources. It has the advantages of no fuel cost, low maintenance requirements and low environmental impact. However, because the development of solar power generation systems requires huge capital, in order to reduce power generation costs and improve energy utilization, the output power of the installed solar array must be maximized at all times.
此外，目前商用的太陽能電池之光電轉換效率不高且功率-電壓輸出特性會隨著天氣與環境因素變動，其輸出電壓與電流會跟著日照強度與電池模組表面溫度變化，在固定照度與溫度下，非線性的太陽能電池模組電流-電壓特性曲線與功率-電壓特性曲線存在一個最大功率點(Maximum Power Point,MPP)，因此為提升太陽能陣列利用率和發電效率，須在各種的操作環境條件下，隨時控制太陽能陣列可輸出最大功率的機制，而此控制機制稱為最大功率點追 蹤(Maximum Power Point Tracking,MPPT)技術，因此開發一個適用於太陽能發電系統之最大功率追蹤方法對太陽能發電系統是相當重要的。 In addition, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the current commercial solar cells is not high and the power-voltage output characteristics will vary with weather and environmental factors. The output voltage and current will vary with the intensity of sunlight and the surface temperature of the battery module. Under the current-voltage characteristic curve and power-voltage characteristic curve of a non-linear solar cell module, there is a Maximum Power Point (MPP). Therefore, in order to improve the utilization rate and power generation efficiency of the solar array, various operating environments must be used. Under the conditions, the mechanism that controls the maximum power output of the solar array at any time, and this control mechanism is called the maximum power point tracking Tracking (Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT) technology, so it is very important for solar power systems to develop a maximum power tracking method suitable for solar power systems.
對於大型太陽能發電系統而言，必須將太陽能電池模組串並接以滿足系統電壓與負載需求，由於太陽能發電系統需要裝設於戶外，容易受到周遭環境遮蔭，諸如雲、樹、鄰近的建築物或灰塵覆蓋等影響，降低太陽能電池模組日照量，且遮蔭範圍不見得能遍及所有太陽能電池模組，因此會有部分遮蔭情形(Partial Shading Condition,PSC)發生。 For large-scale solar power generation systems, solar cell modules must be connected in series and parallel to meet the system voltage and load requirements. Because solar power generation systems need to be installed outdoors, they are easily shaded by the surrounding environment, such as clouds, trees, and neighboring buildings. The influence of dust or dust cover will reduce the solar cell module's sunshine, and the shading range may not cover all solar cell modules, so there will be partial shading conditions (PSC).
部分遮蔭情形對太陽能發電系統有很明顯的影響，且會隨著不同的系統架構與遮蔭樣式(Shading Pattern,SP)產生不同的影響，增加功率-電壓特性曲線之複雜度，使其呈現多個峰值的現象，而降低傳統最大功率追蹤的效能。其原因在於習知技術的最大功率追蹤法主要係以爬山法(Hill Climbing,HC)為基礎，根據擾動後功率變化來決定操作點移動的方向，一旦功率-電壓特性曲線峰值多於一個時，習知技術的最大功率追蹤法僅能追蹤到局部最大功率點(Local Maximum Power Point,LMPP)。 Part of the shading situation has a significant impact on the solar power generation system, and will have different effects with different system architectures and shading patterns (Shading Pattern, SP), increasing the complexity of the power-voltage characteristic curve to make it appear The phenomenon of multiple peaks reduces the performance of traditional maximum power tracking. The reason is that the conventional maximum power tracking method is mainly based on the Hill Climbing (HC) method, which determines the direction of movement of the operating point according to the power change after disturbance. Once the peak value of the power-voltage characteristic curve exceeds one, The conventional maximum power tracking method can only track to the local maximum power point (LMPP).
此外，隨著大型太陽能發電系統的規模成長，太陽能電池模組鋪設面積增加，將使得部分遮蔭情形發生的機率提高，因此必須發展能解決在部分遮蔭情況下工作的太陽能電池模組之最大功率追蹤方法。 In addition, as the scale of large-scale solar power generation systems grows, the area of solar cell modules increases, which will increase the probability of partial shading. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the largest solar cell module that can solve the problem of working under partial shading. Power tracking method.
習知技術之最大功率追蹤法，包含開路電壓法(Open Circuit Voltage,OCV)、短路電流法(Short Circuit Current,SCI)、擾動觀察法(Perturb and Observe,P&O)、增量電導法(Incremental Conductance,INC)、模糊控制(Fuzzy Logic Control,FLC)法、類神經網路(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)法及漣波修正控制(Ripple Correlated Control,RCC)法，上述方法在單一均勻照度與溫度下能有效追蹤到最大功率點，且可降低硬體複雜度，改善最大功率追蹤成效。但是當操作環境出現部分遮蔭時，反而會降低用於均勻照度最大功率追蹤法的效能，甚至無法追到最大功率點，但無法解決有部分遮蔭情況下之最大功率追蹤。為了解決部分遮蔭的問題而提出的文獻，主要分為硬體與軟體兩種主要類型： Conventional maximum power tracking methods, including Open Circuit Voltage (OCV), Short Circuit Current (SCI), Perturb and Observe (P&O), and Incremental Conductance ,INC), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) method, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method and Ripple Correlated Control (RCC) method, the above methods work under a single uniform illuminance and temperature It can effectively track the maximum power point, and can reduce hardware complexity and improve the performance of maximum power tracking. However, when the operating environment is partially shaded, it will reduce the performance of the maximum power tracking method for uniform illumination, and even cannot track the maximum power point, but it cannot solve the maximum power tracking under partial shade. In order to solve the problem of partial shading, the documents proposed are mainly divided into two main types: hardware and software:
一、硬體式最大功率點追蹤法： 1. Hardware type maximum power point tracking method:
將集中式的功率電路架構改變成分散型功率電路架構，或透過可重組的電路架構解決部分遮蔭情況的問題。包含：根據部分遮蔭情況立即排列太陽能電池模組矩陣架構型、多層功率轉換器獨立轉換太陽能電池模組電能型、模組整合型、自適型平衡電能型等。由於此法大部分都是分散型架構，每個分散的個體皆可獨立控制，因此能保證追蹤到全域最大功率點，但具有較高的成本與複雜度。 Change the centralized power circuit structure to a distributed power circuit structure, or solve the problem of partial shading through a reconfigurable circuit structure. Including: arranging solar cell modules immediately according to the partial shade situation, matrix structure type, multi-layer power converters to independently convert solar cell module energy type, module integration type, self-adaptive balanced energy type, etc. Since most of this method is a decentralized architecture, each decentralized individual can be independently controlled, so it can ensure that the maximum power point of the whole area can be tracked, but it has a higher cost and complexity.
二、軟體式最大功率點追蹤法： 2. Software type maximum power point tracking method:
一般應用於集中型太陽能發電系統架構，僅需一組功率轉換器，並透過軟體對部分遮蔭情況下的P-V特性曲線多個峰值點進行定位，以進行全域最大功率點追蹤。有文獻採用以數值理論為基礎的搜尋方法，逐漸縮小搜尋範圍找尋全域最大功率點，亦有文獻以費氏搜尋演算法(Fibonacci Search Algorithm,FSA)為基礎來縮小搜尋範圍，又有文獻提出以窗型搜尋演算法(Window Search Algorithm,WSA)為基礎的搜尋方法，其利用開路電壓與短路電流於功率-電壓特性曲線上所構成的三角範圍，並根據操作點所對應到的電流進行操作，藉由逐漸縮小操作範圍以追蹤全域最大功率點，上述方法雖能提高追蹤精確度與命中率，並縮短追蹤時間，但演算法複雜度較高，需要具備強大計算能力的微處理器，因此與舊有的太陽能發電系統韌體整合困難度較高。 Generally used in centralized solar power generation system architecture, only a set of power converters are needed, and multiple peak points of the P-V characteristic curve under partial shading are located through software to track the global maximum power point. Some literature uses search methods based on numerical theory to gradually narrow the search range to find the maximum power point in the entire domain. Some literature uses Fibonacci Search Algorithm (FSA) as the basis to narrow the search range. Window Search Algorithm (WSA)-based search method, which uses the triangular range formed by the open circuit voltage and short circuit current on the power-voltage characteristic curve, and operates according to the current corresponding to the operating point. By gradually narrowing the operating range to track the maximum power point of the entire domain, although the above method can improve the tracking accuracy and hit rate, and shorten the tracking time, the algorithm is more complex and requires a microprocessor with powerful computing capabilities. The firmware integration of the old solar power system is difficult.
一個優良的最大功率追蹤法除了追蹤速度快追蹤損失小外，還必須具備實現成本(軟硬體複雜度)低、系統相容性佳、和容易擴充等特性，其中實現成本低包含演算法簡單可以低成本微控制器來實現，不需額外的感測裝置和電路(如照度計、感溫計、和轉換電路)等。對於商用之太陽能發電系統，基於成本與體積的考量下，太陽能電池的利用率和轉換效率的改善變得極其重要，但太陽能電池的輸出功率會依據當時的日照量與溫度的不同而改變，因此，必須發展一最大功率追蹤法則，能在不同的操作環境條件下仍然可使太陽能陣列保持最大功率輸出，並具有快速且準確的追蹤響應。習知技術在穩定的天氣狀態下能發揮高效能表現，但在部分遮蔭情況下，因為功率-電壓之特性曲線變得更加複雜，其呈現多個峰值的情況而產生多個局部的最大功率點，由於習知技 術的最大功率追蹤法在追尋到峰值時便會停止搜尋，因此其在搜索全域最大功率點時會遭遇困難，這會造成太陽能發電系統的追蹤效率下降。由於部分遮蔭的情形對大型太陽能發電系統而言相當常見，因此本領域亟需一新穎的全域最大功率追蹤演算法。 In addition to fast tracking speed and low tracking loss, an excellent maximum power tracking method must also have the characteristics of low implementation cost (soft and hardware complexity), good system compatibility, and easy expansion. Among them, low implementation cost includes simple algorithm It can be implemented by a low-cost microcontroller, without additional sensing devices and circuits (such as illuminance meters, thermometers, and conversion circuits). For commercial solar power generation systems, based on cost and volume considerations, the utilization and conversion efficiency of solar cells have become extremely important, but the output power of solar cells will vary according to the amount of sunlight and temperature at the time, so , It is necessary to develop a maximum power tracking law, which can still maintain the maximum power output of the solar array under different operating environmental conditions, and has a fast and accurate tracking response. The conventional technology can exert high performance under stable weather conditions, but under partial shade conditions, because the power-voltage characteristic curve becomes more complicated, it exhibits multiple peaks and generates multiple local maximum powers. Point, due to learned skills The maximum power tracking method of the technology will stop searching when the peak is tracked. Therefore, it will encounter difficulties when searching for the maximum power point in the whole area, which will cause the tracking efficiency of the solar power system to decrease. Since partial shading is quite common for large-scale solar power generation systems, a novel global maximum power tracking algorithm is urgently needed in this field.
本案之一目的在於揭露一種太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其藉由第一階段找出全域最大功率點可能出現之區間，並以其中心點作為下一階段的追蹤起始操作點，在第二階段利用本案之擾動觀察法以精確追蹤到全域最大功率點，且達到架構簡單與參數設計容易之目的。 One of the purposes of this case is to disclose a method for tracking the global maximum power of solar cells, which uses the first stage to find the interval where the global maximum power point may appear, and uses its center point as the starting operation point for the next stage of tracking. In the second stage, the disturbance observation method of this case is used to accurately track the maximum power point of the whole area, and achieve the purpose of simple structure and easy parameter design.
本案之另一目的在於揭露一種太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，能以低成本微控制器來實現，不需額外感測裝置及電路，進而能實現軟、硬體之複雜度低、系統相容性佳、和容易擴充等特性。 Another purpose of this case is to disclose a solar cell global maximum power tracking method, which can be implemented with a low-cost microcontroller, without additional sensing devices and circuits, and thus can achieve low software and hardware complexity and system phase Good capacity and easy expansion.
本案之又一目的在於揭露一種太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其平均追蹤精確度可達到99.74%，成功追蹤到全域最大功率點的機率可達到90.5%(10,354/11,440)，且實測結果對於三種典型測試樣本其追蹤精確度皆可大於99.1%。 Another purpose of this case is to expose a global maximum power tracking method for solar cells. Its average tracking accuracy can reach 99.74%, and the probability of successfully tracking the global maximum power point can reach 90.5% (10,354/11,440). The tracking accuracy of the three typical test samples can all be greater than 99.1%.
本案之再一目的在於揭露一種太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其具有架構簡單、高追蹤速度、高追蹤精確度、高全域最大功率點追蹤命中率以及容易與原太陽能發電系統韌體整合等優點。 Another purpose of this case is to disclose a solar cell global maximum power tracking method, which has simple structure, high tracking speed, high tracking accuracy, high global maximum power point tracking hit rate, and easy integration with the original solar power system firmware, etc. advantage.
為達前述目的，一種太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法乃被提出，其係利用一控制電路實現，該最大功率追蹤方法包括以下步驟：將一太陽能電池系統之一功率-電壓特性曲線在電壓軸上的投影範圍分割成N+1個區段，N為該太陽能電池系統之太陽能電池模組的串接個數；以及依一遮蔭判斷式決定是否有部分遮蔭情況，若否，則執行一第一最大功率追蹤程序，若是，則執行一第二最大功率追蹤程序；
其中，該遮蔭判斷式包括：△I 1 大於I C1 且△I 2 小於I C2 ，△I 1 =I x -I 1 ，△I 2 =I N -I x ，x=[N/2]+1，高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數，I 1 、I x 與I N 分別表示以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓所產生的輸出電流值，I c1 為第一預設參數，且I c2 為第二預設參數；該第一最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生三個輸出功率，依所述三個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；該第二最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以各所述區段的中心點做為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生N+1個輸出功率，依所述N+1個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點做為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；以及該擾動觀察法運算包括：
其中，V op (j)為目前操作點的電壓值，V goal 為所述起始操作點的電壓值，V max 為初始最大步階，j為世代數，縮減因子γ為一個小於1的定值，且高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數。 Where V op (j) is the voltage value of the current operating point, V goal is the voltage value of the initial operating point, V max is the initial maximum step, j is the number of generations, and the reduction factor γ is a fixed value less than 1. Value, and the Gaussian symbol [] is the largest integer of the function value in the calculated symbol.
在一實施例中，該第一預設參數I c1 為該太陽能電池系統之短路電流的85~90%，該第二預設參數I c2 為該太陽能電池系統之短路電流的10~15%。 In one embodiment, the first preset parameter I c1 is 85~90% of the short-circuit current of the solar cell system, and the second preset parameter I c2 is 10~15% of the short-circuit current of the solar cell system.
在一實施例中，該初始最大步階V max 為5V。 In one embodiment, the initial maximum step V max is 5V.
在一實施例中，各所述命令電壓的最小值為該太陽能電池系統之開路電壓的0.1倍，最大值為該開路電壓的0.9倍。 In one embodiment, the minimum value of each command voltage is 0.1 times the open circuit voltage of the solar cell system, and the maximum value is 0.9 times the open circuit voltage.
在一實施例中，該縮減因子γ為2/16。 In one embodiment, the reduction factor γ is 2/16.
在一實施例中，進一步具有一環境變動之判斷式，若是，則重新追蹤，若否，則不重新追蹤，該環境變動之判斷式為：
其中，△P為功率變動量，P(k+1)為第(k+1)次疊代之功率值，P(k)為第k次疊代之功率值。 Among them, ΔP is the power variation, P(k+1) is the power value of the (k+1) th iteration, and P(k) is the power value of the kth iteration.
在一實施例中，該控制電路包括：一升壓轉換器，具有一輸入端、一控制端及一輸出端，該輸入端係用以與一太陽能電池系統耦接，該控制端係用以接收一脈衝寬度調變信號，且該輸出端係用以與一負載耦接；以及一微控制器，用以產生該電壓命令及依該電壓命令提供該脈衝寬度調變信號。 In one embodiment, the control circuit includes: a boost converter having an input terminal, a control terminal and an output terminal, the input terminal is used for coupling with a solar cell system, and the control terminal is used for A pulse width modulation signal is received, and the output terminal is used for coupling with a load; and a microcontroller is used for generating the voltage command and providing the pulse width modulation signal according to the voltage command.
在一實施例中，該微控制器具有一數位訊號處理器，用以對該目前電壓及該目前電流分別進行一類比至數位轉換運算及一數位濾波運算，及依該電壓命令執行一比例-積分控制運算及一脈衝寬度調變運算以輸出該脈衝寬度調變信號。 In one embodiment, the microcontroller has a digital signal processor for performing an analog-to-digital conversion operation and a digital filtering operation on the current voltage and the current current respectively, and executes a proportional-integral based on the voltage command Control operation and a pulse width modulation operation to output the pulse width modulation signal.
為使 貴審查委員能進一步瞭解本案之結構、特徵及其目的，茲附以圖式及較佳具體實施例之詳細說明如後。 In order to enable your reviewer to further understand the structure, features and purpose of this case, a detailed description of the preferred specific embodiments is attached as follows.
100‧‧‧太陽能電池系統 100‧‧‧Solar cell system
200‧‧‧升壓式轉換器 200‧‧‧Boost converter
300‧‧‧微控制器 300‧‧‧Microcontroller
400‧‧‧負載 400‧‧‧Load
步驟a‧‧‧將一太陽能電池系統之一功率-電壓特性曲線在電壓軸上的投影範圍分割成N+1個區段，N為該太陽能電池系統之太陽能電池模組的串接個數 Step a‧‧‧The projection range of a power-voltage characteristic curve of a solar cell system on the voltage axis is divided into N+1 sections, where N is the number of solar cell modules connected in series in the solar cell system
步驟b‧‧‧依一遮蔭判斷式決定是否有部分遮蔭情況，若否，則執行一第一最大功率追蹤程序，若是，則執行一第二最大功率追蹤程序；其中，該遮蔭判斷式包括：△I 1 大於I C1 且△I 2 小於I C2 ，△I 1 =I x -I 1 ，△I 2 =I N -I x ，x=[N/2]+1，高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數，I 1 、I x 與I N 分別表示以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓所產生的輸出電流值，I c1 為第一預設參數，且I c2 為第二預設參數；該第一最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生三個輸出功率，依所述三個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點為一起始操作 點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；該第二最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以各所述區段的中心點做為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生N+1個輸出功率，依所述N+1個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點做為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓 Step b‧‧‧Determine whether there is partial shading according to a shading judgment formula, if not, execute a first maximum power tracking procedure, if yes, execute a second maximum power tracking procedure; where the shading judgment The formula includes: △I 1 is greater than I C1 and △I 2 is less than I C2 , △I 1 =I x -I 1 , △I 2 =I N -I x , x=[N/2]+1, Gaussian symbol [ ] Is the largest integer of the function value in the calculation symbol, I 1 , I x and I N respectively represent the output current value generated by taking the center point of the first, xth and Nth section as the command voltage, I c1 is the first preset parameter, and I c2 is the second preset parameter; the first maximum power tracking procedure includes: respectively taking the center points of the first, xth, and Nth sections as commands The voltage causes the solar cell system to generate three output powers, the center point corresponding to the largest of the three output powers is an initial operating point, and a disturbance observation method is performed according to the initial operating point To generate a time-varying command voltage; the second maximum power tracking procedure includes: using the center point of each section as the command voltage to make the solar cell system generate N+1 output powers, according to the N+1 The center point corresponding to the largest of the output power is used as an initial operating point, and a disturbance observation method is performed according to the initial operating point to generate a time-varying command voltage
圖1繪示本案之太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法之一實施例步驟流程圖。 FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of the solar cell global maximum power tracking method in this case.
圖2繪示本案所採之控制系統硬體架構示意圖。 Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the hardware architecture of the control system adopted in this case.
圖3a繪示升壓式轉換器之功率電路圖，圖3b繪示升壓式轉換器於連續導通模式操作下之主要元件波形圖。 Fig. 3a shows a power circuit diagram of the boost converter, and Fig. 3b shows a waveform diagram of main components of the boost converter in continuous conduction mode.
圖4繪示設計規格的功率與電流限制圖。 Figure 4 shows the power and current limit diagram of the design specification.
圖5a繪示7s1p太陽能電池陣列之不同遮蔭樣式之示意圖。 Figure 5a shows a schematic diagram of different shading patterns of the 7s1p solar cell array.
圖5b繪示圖5a之遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖。 Fig. 5b is a graph showing the power-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern of Fig. 5a.
圖5c繪示圖5a之遮蔭樣式之電流-電壓特性曲線示意圖。 Fig. 5c is a schematic diagram showing the current-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern of Fig. 5a.
圖5d繪示可重複照度之遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖。 Figure 5d shows the power-voltage characteristic curve of the shade pattern with repeatable illuminance.
圖5e繪示不可重複照度之遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖。 Figure 5e shows the power-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern with non-repeatable illuminance.
圖6繪示遮蔭樣式之局部最大功率點位置分布圖。 Figure 6 shows the local maximum power point distribution diagram of the shading pattern.
圖7繪示本案之太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法之混合兩階段式之操作機制。 FIG. 7 shows the hybrid two-stage operation mechanism of the global maximum power tracking method of the solar cell in this case.
圖8繪示本案之縮減因子大小對於追蹤到最大功率點所需的擾動步階數之效應示意圖。 FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of the size of the reduction factor in this case on the number of disturbance steps required to track to the maximum power point.
圖9a繪示本案透過MATLAB模擬測試各種不同縮減因子所需之步階數。 Figure 9a shows the number of steps required to test various reduction factors through MATLAB simulation.
圖9b繪示本案透過MATLAB模擬測試各種不同縮減因子所需之平均步階數。 Figure 9b shows the average number of steps required to test various reduction factors through MATLAB simulation in this case.
圖10a繪示本案實測之平台架構圖。 Figure 10a shows a diagram of the platform architecture measured in this case.
圖10b繪示本案實測之太陽能模擬機之人機介面示意圖。 Figure 10b shows a schematic diagram of the human-machine interface of the solar simulator tested in this case.
圖11a繪示本案實測之均勻照度下之特性曲線圖。 Figure 11a shows the characteristic curve diagram of the measured uniform illuminance in this case.
圖11b繪示本案實測之均勻照度下之追蹤波形圖。 Figure 11b shows the tracking waveform under the uniform illumination measured in this case.
圖12a繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第三峰之特性曲線圖。 Fig. 12a shows the characteristic curve of the third peak at the global maximum power point of the partial shielding conditions measured in this case.
圖12b繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第三峰之追蹤波形圖。 Figure 12b shows the trace waveform of the third peak at the global maximum power point of the partial shielding conditions measured in this case.
圖12c繪示圖12b之追蹤過程之第一階段放大波形圖。 Fig. 12c shows an enlarged waveform diagram of the first stage of the tracking process of Fig. 12b.
圖12d繪示圖12b之追蹤過程之第二階段放大波形圖。 Fig. 12d shows an enlarged waveform diagram of the second stage of the tracking process of Fig. 12b.
圖13a繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第六峰之特性曲線圖。 Fig. 13a shows the characteristic curve of the full-area maximum power point at the sixth peak under the partial shielding conditions measured in this case.
圖13b繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第六峰之追蹤波形圖。 Figure 13b shows the trace waveform of the sixth peak of the global maximum power point of the partial shielding conditions measured in this case.
圖14a繪示本案實測之遮蔽樣式變動情形示意圖。 Figure 14a shows a schematic diagram of the change of the shielding pattern measured in this case.
圖14b繪示本案實測之全域最大功率點位置變動之追蹤波形圖。 Fig. 14b shows the tracking waveform of the position change of the global maximum power point measured in this case.
請參照圖1，其繪示本案之太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法之一實施例步驟流程圖。 Please refer to FIG. 1, which shows a flowchart of an embodiment of the solar cell global maximum power tracking method in this case.
如圖所示，本案之具遮蔭情況下之太陽能電池最大功率追蹤方法其係利用一控制電路實現，該最大功率追蹤方法包括以下步驟：將一太陽能電池系統之一功率-電壓特性曲線在電壓軸上的投影範圍分割成N+1個區段，N為該太陽能電池系統之太陽能電池模組的串接個數；(步驟a)；以及依一遮蔭判斷式決定是否有部分遮蔭情況，其中，該遮蔭判斷式包括：△I 1 大於I C1 且△I 2 小於I C2 ，△I 1 =I x -I 1 ，△I 2 =I N -I x ，x=[N/2]+1，高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數，I 1 、I x 與I N 分別表示以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓所產生的輸出電流值，I c1 為第一預設參數，且I c2 為第二預設參數；若否，則執行一第一最大功率追蹤程序，該第一最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生三個輸出功率，依所述三個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；若是，則執行一第二最大功率追蹤程序；該第二最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以各所述區段的中心點做為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生N+1個輸出功率，依所述N+1個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點做為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；以及該擾動觀察法運算包括：
其中，V op (j)為目前操作點的電壓值，V goal 為所述起始操作點的電壓值，V max 為初始最大步階，j為世代數，縮減因子γ為一個小於1的定值，且高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數；(步驟b)。 Where V op (j) is the voltage value of the current operating point, V goal is the voltage value of the initial operating point, V max is the initial maximum step, j is the number of generations, and the reduction factor γ is a fixed value less than 1. Value, and the Gaussian symbol [] is the largest integer of the function value in the calculated symbol; (step b).
該第一預設參數I c1 例如但不限於為該太陽能電池系統之短路電流的85~90%，該第二預設參數I c2 例如但不限於為該太陽能電池系統之短路電流的10~15%，該初始最大步階V max 例如但不限於為5V，各所述命令電壓的最小值例如但不限於為該太陽能電池系統之開路電壓的0.1倍，最大值例如但不限於為該開路電壓的0.9倍，該縮減因子γ例如但不限於為2/16。 The first preset parameter I c1 is, for example, but not limited to, 85~90% of the short-circuit current of the solar cell system, and the second preset parameter I c2 is, for example, but not limited to 10~15 of the short-circuit current of the solar cell system. %, the initial maximum step V max is for example but not limited to 5V, the minimum value of each command voltage is for example but not limited to 0.1 times the open circuit voltage of the solar cell system, and the maximum value is for example but not limited to the open circuit voltage The reduction factor γ is for example but not limited to 2/16.
本案係依該遮蔭判斷式決定是否有部分遮蔭情況，但對於環境變動情形的解決方式為：進一步具有一環境變動之判斷式來決定作為偵測環境變動與否並重新追蹤的依據若是，則重新追蹤，若否，則不重新追蹤，該環境變動之判斷式為：
其中，△P為功率變動量，P(k+1)為第(k+1)次疊代之功率值，P(k)為第k次疊代之功率值。 Among them, ΔP is the power variation, P(k+1) is the power value of the (k+1) th iteration, and P(k) is the power value of the kth iteration.
該控制電路例如但不限於包括：一升壓轉換器，具有一輸入端、一控制端及一輸出端，該輸入端係用以與一太陽能電池系統耦接，該控制端係用以接收一脈衝寬度調變信號，且該輸出端係用以與一負載耦接；以及一微控制器，用以產生該電壓命令及依該電壓命令提供該脈衝寬度調變信號。 The control circuit includes, for example, but not limited to: a boost converter having an input terminal, a control terminal and an output terminal. The input terminal is used to couple with a solar cell system, and the control terminal is used to receive a Pulse width modulation signal, and the output terminal is used for coupling with a load; and a microcontroller used for generating the voltage command and providing the pulse width modulation signal according to the voltage command.
其中，該微控制器具有一數位訊號處理器，用以對該目前電壓及該目前電流分別進行一類比至數位轉換運算及一數位濾波運算，及依該電壓命令執行一比例-積分控制運算及一脈衝寬度調變運算以輸出該脈衝寬度調變信號。 Wherein, the microcontroller has a digital signal processor for performing an analog-to-digital conversion operation and a digital filtering operation on the current voltage and the current current respectively, and executes a proportional-integral control operation and a digital filtering operation according to the voltage command. The pulse width modulation operation is performed to output the pulse width modulation signal.
請參照圖2，其繪示本案所採之控制系統硬體架構示意圖。 Please refer to Figure 2, which shows a schematic diagram of the hardware architecture of the control system adopted in this case.
如圖所示，本案所採之控制系統架構包含太陽能電池系統100、升壓式轉換器200及微控制器300。
As shown in the figure, the control system architecture adopted in this case includes a
該升壓轉換器200具有一輸入端、一控制端及一輸出端，該輸入端係用以與該太陽能電池系統100耦接，該控制端係用以接收一脈衝寬度調變信號，且該輸出端係用以與一負載400耦接。
The
該微控制器300具有一數位訊號處理器用以對太陽能電池系統100輸出之電壓及電流分別進行一取樣、一類比至數位轉換運算及一數位濾波運算，再進行最大功率追蹤法之運算進而產生一電壓命令，該電壓命令經由一比例-積分控制運算及一脈衝寬度調變運算產生一責任週期用以控制該升壓式轉換器200達到最大功率追蹤之目的。
The
其中，由於習知的太陽能電池系統100的輸出電壓普遍過低，該升壓式轉換器200係用以提升該太陽能電池系統100之輸出電壓，該升壓式轉換器200例如但不限為一升壓型直流-直流轉換器；該微控制器300例如但不限為採用一低成本的數位訊號處理器來實現。
Wherein, since the output voltage of the conventional
本案使用dsPIC33FJ16GS502微處理器來實現數位有限脈衝響應濾波器與本案之全域最大功率追蹤方法，以內部之類比數位轉換模組進行取樣，並以脈波寬度調變訊號模組輸出控制命令，整體程式流程大致上可分為初始化設定與中斷副程式兩大部分，而中斷副程式中包括軟啟動機制、有限脈衝響應濾波器副程式與本案之全域最大功率追蹤方法副程式。主程式流程主要動作可分為完成初始化程序與等待中斷發生兩部分，初始化設定所需初始化的模組包括資料記憶體與堆疊指標設定、計數暫存器與全域最大功率追蹤參數初始值設定、內部振盪器模組、輸出/入埠模組、有限脈衝響應濾波器模組、脈波寬度調變訊號模組以及類比數位轉換模組等，初始化程序完成後且中斷發生時，將進入類比數位轉換模組中斷副程式，類比數位轉換模組中斷副程式主要包含有限脈衝響應濾波器副程式與本案之全域最大功率追蹤方法副程式。 This project uses the dsPIC33FJ16GS502 microprocessor to implement the digital finite impulse response filter and the global maximum power tracking method of this project. The internal analog-digital conversion module is used for sampling, and the pulse width modulation signal module is used to output control commands. The overall program The process can be roughly divided into two parts: initialization setting and interrupt subroutine. The interrupt subroutine includes soft start mechanism, finite impulse response filter subroutine and the global maximum power tracking method subroutine of this case. The main actions of the main program flow can be divided into two parts: completing the initialization process and waiting for the interrupt to occur. The modules to be initialized for the initialization setting include data memory and stack index setting, counting register and global maximum power tracking parameter initial value setting, internal Oscillator module, I/O port module, finite impulse response filter module, pulse width modulation signal module and analog-to-digital conversion module, etc. After the initialization process is completed and an interrupt occurs, it will enter analog-to-digital conversion Module interrupt subroutine. The analog-digital conversion module interrupt subroutine mainly includes the finite impulse response filter subroutine and the global maximum power tracking method subroutine of this case.
以下將針對本案的原理進行說明： The following will explain the principles of this case:
太陽能電池之電氣特性：Electrical characteristics of solar cells:
為了實現太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，硬體電路採用升壓式轉換器，並以數位控制的方式實現全域最大功率追蹤，透過電壓與電流檢 測器讀取太陽能電池模組陣列的輸出電壓與電流，在最大功率追蹤控制器中藉由遮蔭偵測來辨別部分遮蔭情況發生與否，根據此檢測結果決定執行最大功率追蹤或全域最大功率追蹤策略，並產生相對應的責任週期訊號以控制升壓式轉換器。 In order to realize the global maximum power tracking method of solar cells, the hardware circuit adopts a boost converter, and realizes the global maximum power tracking by means of digital control, through voltage and current detection. The detector reads the output voltage and current of the solar cell module array, and uses the shading detection in the maximum power tracking controller to discriminate whether partial shading occurs or not. According to the detection result, it is determined to perform the maximum power tracking or the global maximum Power tracking strategy, and generate the corresponding duty cycle signal to control the boost converter.
請一併參照圖3a到3b，其中圖3a其繪示升壓式轉換器之功率電路圖，圖3b其繪示升壓式轉換器於連續導通模式(Continuous Conduction Mode,CCM)操作下之主要元件波形圖。 Please also refer to Figures 3a to 3b, where Figure 3a shows the power circuit diagram of the boost converter, and Figure 3b shows the main components of the boost converter in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) operation Waveform graph.
如圖所示，在穩態操作下，根據電感的伏秒平衡可得輸出電壓V out 與輸入電壓V in 的轉換比如方程式(1)所示。其中，D為責任週期。 As shown in the figure, under steady-state operation, the conversion between the output voltage V out and the input voltage V in can be obtained according to the volt-second balance of the inductance as shown in equation (1). Among them, D is the responsibility cycle.
假設電路上沒有損失，則輸出功率P out 將會等於輸入功率P in ，亦可表示為V out ×I out =V in ×I in 。因此可得到輸出電流I out 與輸入電流I in 的關係如方程式(2)所示。 Assuming that there is no loss in the circuit, the output power P out will be equal to the input power P in , which can also be expressed as V out × I out = V in × I in . Therefore, the relationship between the output current I out and the input current I in can be obtained as shown in equation (2).
由方程式(1)及方程式(2)可知輸入阻抗R in 與輸出阻抗R out 的關係如方程式(3)所示。 From equation (1) and equation (2), the relationship between input impedance R in and output impedance R out is shown in equation (3).
R in =(1-D)2 R out (3) R in =(1- D ) 2 R out (3)
同樣在穩態操作下，根據電容的安秒平衡可得電感平均電流I L 如方程式(4)所示。 Also under steady state operation, the capacitive balance available safety second average inductor current I L as shown in Equation (4).
而電感電流變化量△i L 如方程式(5)所示。 The change in inductor current △i L is shown in equation (5).
由於連續導通模式必須滿足I L >(1/2)△i L ，因此其責任週期D需滿足方程式(6)。 Since the continuous conduction mode must satisfy I L >(1/2) △i L , its duty cycle D needs to satisfy equation (6).
由於愈大的太陽能發電系統愈有可能發生部分遮蔭情況，在測試環境許可的前提下，本案以一個1.2kW的升壓式轉換器來驗證本案所提之太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，設計規格如表1所示。 As the larger the solar power system is more likely to be partially shaded, under the premise of the test environment permits, this case uses a 1.2kW boost converter to verify the global maximum power tracking method of the solar cell proposed in this case. The design specifications are shown in Table 1.
請參照圖4，其繪示設計規格之功率與電流限制圖。 Please refer to Figure 4, which shows the power and current limit diagram of the design specifications.
如圖所示，由於輸入電壓會受到所設定的最大輸入電流與功率限制，因此在輸入電壓75V到150V範圍的功率受到最大電流限制，而在輸入電壓150V到380V範圍的電流受到最大功率限制。 As shown in the figure, since the input voltage is limited by the set maximum input current and power, the power in the input voltage range of 75V to 150V is limited by the maximum current, and the current in the input voltage range of 150V to 380V is limited by the maximum power.
本案所提之全域最大功率追蹤技術：The global maximum power tracking technology proposed in this case:
從文獻探討可知，要追蹤全域最大功率點之前必須先掃描功率-電壓特性曲線並記錄局部最大功率點，接著將這些記錄結果作為全域最大功率追蹤策略的依據。為了兼顧追蹤效能與降低複雜度，本案以混合兩階段式的架構，開發一個適用於太陽能發電系統在部分遮蔭情況下之分段搜尋全域最大功率追蹤演算方法。 It can be known from the literature that before tracking the global maximum power point, it is necessary to scan the power-voltage characteristic curve and record the local maximum power point, and then use these recorded results as the basis for the global maximum power tracking strategy. In order to take into account tracking performance and reduce complexity, this project uses a hybrid two-stage architecture to develop a segmented search global maximum power tracking algorithm for solar power generation systems under partial shade conditions.
第一階段將以定區間分段掃描可操作範圍，找出全域最大功率點可能出現的區間，並將第二階段之起始追蹤命令操作點移至此區域，而分割規則是藉由事先針對近年全球前十大太陽能電池模組廠所生產的292種產品規格進行模擬來決定。為了加速全域最大功率追蹤，第二階段將以新提出的變動步階擾動觀察法進行追蹤。本案所提之全域最大功率追蹤方法具有架構簡單、可 有效提升追蹤速度、提高追蹤精確度、改善追蹤到全域最大功率點的命中率且容易與舊有的太陽能發電系統韌體整合等優點。 In the first stage, the operable range will be scanned in segments to find out the possible interval of the global maximum power point, and the starting tracking command operation point of the second stage will be moved to this area. The segmentation rule is based on the previous The specifications of 292 products produced by the world's top ten solar cell module factories are determined by simulation. In order to accelerate the global maximum power tracking, the second stage will use the newly proposed variable step disturbance observation method for tracking. The global maximum power tracking method proposed in this case has a simple structure and can be Effectively improve tracking speed, improve tracking accuracy, improve the hit rate of tracking to the global maximum power point, and it is easy to integrate with the old solar power system firmware.
部分遮蔭情況對功率-電壓特性曲線的影響：The influence of partial shading on the power-voltage characteristic curve:
影響太陽能發電系統功率-電壓特性曲線的因素很多，包括太陽能電池模組規格、遮蔭樣式(Shading Pattern,SP)與電池模組串並聯架構等，為探討這些因素造成的影響，本案以MATLAB模擬軟體開發出一個模擬平台，透過此平台模擬數個太陽能陣列部分遮蔭樣式並整理各種部分遮蔭情況對特性曲線的影響。本案採用具有旁路二極體之7個太陽能電池模組串聯架構為例，此串聯架構相當於7串1並的架構，以7s1p表示。 There are many factors that affect the power-voltage characteristic curve of a solar power generation system, including solar cell module specifications, shading pattern (SP) and battery module series-parallel architecture, etc. To explore the impact of these factors, this case is simulated by MATLAB The software developed a simulation platform through which to simulate the partial shading patterns of several solar arrays and sort out the influence of various partial shading conditions on the characteristic curve. In this case, a series structure of 7 solar cell modules with bypass diodes is used as an example. This series structure is equivalent to a 7 series and 1 parallel structure, which is represented by 7s1p.
根據近年全球前十大太陽能電池模組廠所生產的太陽能電池模組規格，並搭配不同遮蔭樣式進行測試與研究。本案假設所有太陽能電池模組皆操作於表面溫度25℃，並將標準測試條件(Standard Test Condition,STC)下的陽光照度1000W/m2視為滿照度，為了要能夠同時兼顧資料完整性與記錄資料的容量大小，並提高不同陽光照度的鑑別度，本案選定100W/m2為照度變化的最小步階量，共產生10種可能出現的照度。 According to the solar cell module specifications produced by the world's top ten solar cell module factories in recent years, and with different shading patterns for testing and research. In this case, it is assumed that all solar cell modules are operated at a surface temperature of 25°C, and the sunlight illuminance of 1000W/m 2 under Standard Test Condition (STC) is regarded as full illuminance, in order to be able to take into account both data integrity and recording The capacity of the data is to improve the discrimination of different sunlight illuminances. In this case, 100W/m 2 is selected as the smallest step amount of illuminance change, resulting in 10 possible illuminances.
請一併參照圖5a至5e，其中圖5a其繪示7s1p太陽能電池陣列之不同遮蔭樣式之示意圖，圖5b其繪示圖5a之遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖，圖5c其繪示圖5a之遮蔭樣式之電流-電壓特性曲線示意圖，圖5d其繪示可重複照度之遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖，圖5e其繪示不可重複照度之遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖。 Please also refer to FIGS. 5a to 5e, where FIG. 5a shows a schematic diagram of different shading patterns of the 7s1p solar cell array, FIG. 5b shows the power-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern in FIG. 5a, and FIG. Fig. 5a shows the current-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern, Fig. 5d shows the power-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern with repeatable illuminance, and Fig. 5e shows the power of the shading pattern with non-repeatable illuminance- Voltage characteristic curve graph.
由於7s1p的太陽能發電系統為一串聯架構，相同的照度組合以不同方式排列將有相同的遮蔭效果，因此所測試遮蔭樣式之各種照度僅需考慮組合而非排列，遮蔭樣式數量之計算將以C(n,m)表示，其中n代表所有可能出現的照度總數，m則代表在7s1p之太陽能發電系統所出現的照度總數。若每一個太陽能電池模組照度皆不重複，則對所採用的7s1p架構而言，將有C(10,7)=120種不同的遮蔭樣式，同樣地，若每一個太陽能電池模組照度可重複，將有C(10+7-1,7)=11440種不同的遮蔭樣式。 Since the 7s1p solar power system is a series structure, the same illuminance combination arranged in different ways will have the same shading effect. Therefore, the various illuminances of the tested shading styles only need to consider the combination rather than the arrangement. The calculation of the number of shading styles It will be represented by C(n,m), where n represents the total number of possible illuminances, and m represents the total number of illuminances that appear in the 7s1p solar power system. If the illuminance of each solar cell module is not repeated, for the adopted 7s1p architecture, there will be C(10,7)=120 different shading patterns. Similarly, if the illuminance of each solar cell module is Repeatable, there will be C(10+7-1,7)=11440 different shade patterns.
本案根據7s1p的太陽能電池陣列受到重複照度與不重複照度之遮蔭樣式進行模擬，不同遮蔭樣式之示意圖如圖5a所示。當部分遮蔭情況發生時，如圖5b所示，遮蔭樣式之功率-電壓特性曲線圖存在多個峰值，如圖5c所示，遮蔭樣式之電流-電壓特性曲線則存在多個階層，呈現階梯狀，且各種遮蔭樣式所造成的影響皆不相同。當部分遮蔭情況發生時，全域最大功率點可能出現的電壓操作點範圍為10%至90%的V oc ，其中V oc 表示整個太陽能發電系統的開路電壓。 This case simulates the shading pattern of the 7s1p solar cell array under repeated illuminance and non-repetitive illuminance. The schematic diagrams of different shading patterns are shown in Figure 5a. When partial shading occurs, as shown in Figure 5b, the power-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern has multiple peaks. As shown in Figure 5c, the current-voltage characteristic curve of the shading pattern has multiple levels. It presents a stepped shape, and the effects of various shading patterns are different. When partial shading occurs, the possible voltage operating point of the global maximum power point ranges from 10% to 90% of V oc , where V oc represents the open circuit voltage of the entire solar power system.
假設單一太陽能電池模組開路電壓為V oc,n ，單一太陽能電池模組最大功率點之操作電壓為V mp,n ，V mp,n 會出現在0.8 V oc,n 附近，若系統是由N個太陽能電池模組串接而成，且每個模組皆受到各種不同照度影響，則在功率-電壓特性曲線上各個局部最大功率點操作電壓出現的位置可以近似於n×V mp,n ，其中n=1~N。 Assuming that the open circuit voltage of a single solar cell module is V oc,n and the operating voltage of the maximum power point of a single solar cell module is V mp,n , V mp,n will appear near 0.8 V oc,n . If the system is controlled by N A solar cell module is connected in series, and each module is affected by various different illuminances, the position where the operating voltage of each local maximum power point appears on the power-voltage characteristic curve can be approximated by n × V mp,n , Where n=1~N.
此外，若將太陽能電池模組上的各種照度做高低排序，第n高照度所對應功率-電壓特性曲線上的峰即為由低電壓數來的第n峰，換句話說，最高照度所對應到的峰在功率-電壓特性曲線上為最左邊的峰，而其操作電壓為最小的局部最大功率點操作電壓。 Further, if the illuminance on the various solar cell module do sort level, corresponding to the n-th power of high illuminance - voltage characteristic peaks is the number of the low-voltage n-th peak, in other words, corresponding to the maximum illuminance The peak reached is the leftmost peak on the power-voltage characteristic curve, and its operating voltage is the minimum local maximum power point operating voltage.
如圖5d所示，若該串太陽能電池陣列中，多個太陽能電池模組可處在相同的照度下，使陣列之某照度存在重複情形，亦即有N個太陽能電池模組，卻只有M種不同的照度，其中M小於或等於N，此時功率-電壓特性曲線將有M個峰值，例如7s1p的太陽能發電系統受到五種不同照度組合之遮蔭情形，功率-電壓特性曲線會出現五個不同峰值。 As shown in Figure 5d, if the string of solar cell arrays has multiple solar cell modules under the same illuminance, a certain illuminance of the array can be repeated, that is, there are N solar cell modules but only M For different illuminances, where M is less than or equal to N , the power-voltage characteristic curve will have M peaks. For example, if a 7s1p solar power system is shaded by five different illuminance combinations, the power-voltage characteristic curve will appear five Different peaks.
假設太陽能發電系統是由N個太陽能電池模組串接而成，其中有m個太陽能電池模組受到相同照度y的陽光照射，而其餘電池模組則受到其他不同照度的陽光照射，若照度y是此太陽能發電系統所有照度中之第h高的，則其所對應的操作電壓將接近於(m+h-1)×V mp,n ，其餘局部最大功率點的數量將可以(N-m+1)來表示。例如7s1p的太陽能發電系統有三個太陽能電池模組受到 相同照度，且該照度為太陽能發電系統所有照度之第四高，則其所對應到局部最大功率點的操作電壓將接近於6×V mp,n 。 Suppose solar power generation system is to connect a solar cell module is made of N, where there are m solar cell module exposed to sunlight illuminance y the same, while the remaining battery modules are exposed to sunlight illuminance of other different, if illuminance y this is a solar power generation system with high illuminance of all the h, it corresponds to the operating voltage will be close to (m + h-1) × V mp, n, the number of the remaining local maximum power point will be (N-m +1 ) to indicate. For example, a 7s1p solar power system has three solar cell modules subject to the same illuminance, and the illuminance is the fourth highest of all illuminances of the solar power system, then the operating voltage corresponding to the local maximum power point will be close to 6× V mp, n .
如圖5e所示，假設太陽能發電系統是由N個太陽能電池模組串接而成，各太陽能電池模組分別受到N種不同照度的陽光照射，分別表示為s 1 、s 2 、s 3 、...、s N ，其大小關係為s 1 >s 2 >s 3 >...>s N ，若s 2 逐漸增加且維持介於s 1 與s 3 之間，s 2 之局部最大功率點所對應的操作電壓會隨著s 2 的增加而減小，但s 3 、s 4 、s 5 、...、s N 所對應的操作電壓會隨著s 2 的增加而增加。 As shown in Figure 5e, assuming that the solar power system is composed of N solar cell modules connected in series, each solar cell module is irradiated by sunlight of N different illuminances, respectively denoted as s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , ..., s N , its magnitude relationship is s 1 > s 2 > s 3 >...> s N , if s 2 gradually increases and remains between s 1 and s 3 , the local maximum power of s 2 The operating voltage corresponding to a point will decrease as s 2 increases, but the operating voltage corresponding to s 3 , s 4 , s 5 ,..., s N will increase as s 2 increases.
請參照圖6，其繪示遮蔭樣式之局部最大功率點位置分布圖。 Please refer to FIG. 6, which shows the local maximum power point distribution diagram of the shading pattern.
若在7s1p的太陽能發電系統中所有太陽能電池模組皆受到不同照度之陽光照射，則可產生120種不同的遮蔭樣式且皆有七個局部最大功率點，這些遮蔭樣式之所有局部最大功率點統計記錄結果如圖所示。雖然局部最大功率點所對應到的操作電壓會接近於n×V mp,n ，其中n=1~N，但由圖可知，愈接近開路電壓的局部最大功率點，其實際所對應的操作電壓點與n×V mp,n 之偏離程度愈大，若照度有重複的情形，此偏離現象將更明顯。 If all solar cell modules in the 7s1p solar power system are irradiated by sunlight with different illuminances, 120 different shading patterns can be produced and each has seven local maximum power points. All the local maximum powers of these shading patterns The point statistics record result is shown in the figure. Although the operating voltage corresponding to the local maximum power point will be close to n × V mp,n , where n = 1 ~ N , it can be seen from the figure that the closer to the local maximum power point of the open circuit voltage, the actual corresponding operating voltage The greater the deviation between the point and n × V mp,n , the more obvious the deviation will be if the illuminance is repeated.
請參照圖7，其繪示本案之太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法之混合兩階段式之操作機制。 Please refer to FIG. 7, which illustrates the hybrid two-stage operation mechanism of the global maximum power tracking method of the solar cell in this case.
如圖所示，在第一階段中，根據先前的資料蒐集與模擬分析結果，以固定電壓間距將功率-電壓特性曲線在電壓軸上的投影範圍分割成數個區域，緊接著將操作點移動到每一個區域的中心點，藉由量測各區域中心操作點的電壓值與電流值，經計算可得到功率值，由於擁有愈高功率值的中心取樣點將有愈高的機率可以追蹤到全域最大功率點，因此將以擁有最高功率值之中心取樣點作為下一階段的追蹤起始操作點。 As shown in the figure, in the first stage, according to the previous data collection and simulation analysis results, the projection range of the power-voltage characteristic curve on the voltage axis is divided into several areas with a fixed voltage interval, and then the operating point is moved to The central point of each area, by measuring the voltage value and current value of the central operating point of each area, the power value can be obtained by calculation. Because the central sampling point with higher power value has a higher probability of tracking to the maximum in the whole area Power point, therefore, the center sampling point with the highest power value will be used as the starting operating point of the next stage of tracking.
在第二階段中，利用本案所提之擾動觀察法逐漸逼近全域最大功率點，並於全域最大功率點附近擾動，逐漸縮小擾動量以提高追蹤到全域最大功率點的精確度，降低動態和穩態時之擾動損失。 In the second stage, the perturbation observation method proposed in this case is used to gradually approach the global maximum power point, and perturb around the global maximum power point, gradually reduce the amount of disturbance to improve the accuracy of tracking to the global maximum power point, and reduce dynamics and stability. Disturbance loss in the state.
先前的文獻中所提出的部分遮蔭情況的檢測方法皆有其優缺點，但不完全可以適用於所有部分遮蔭之情況，且檢測方法必須搭配最大功率追蹤 法則來進行，以減少額外操作所造成的損失。本案提出之偵測是否有部分遮蔭情況之方法係依一遮蔭判斷式而定，該遮蔭判斷式已如前所述，於此不再贅述。 The partial shading detection methods proposed in the previous literature have their advantages and disadvantages, but they are not fully applicable to all partial shading situations, and the detection method must be combined with maximum power tracking Laws are used to reduce the losses caused by additional operations. The method of detecting whether there is partial shading proposed in this case is determined by a shading judgment formula, which has been described above, and will not be repeated here.
對於第一階段分割區域搜尋的部分，分割數量的多寡將決定取樣點落在最高功率點的機率，隨著分割數量的增加，會使得整體追蹤速度降低並增加動態追蹤損失，相反地，分割數量減少雖然可增加追蹤速度，但會使追蹤誤差增加、追蹤命中率降低。在大型太陽能發電系統中全域最大功率點會隨機出現在任意的位置，由於在實際測試中無法得知目前的遮蔭樣式，因此很難用數學模型來近似全域最大功率點出現的規則，故本案係透過模擬與分析來決定較佳的分割數量。 For the part of the first-stage segmented area search, the number of segments will determine the probability of the sampling point falling at the highest power point. As the number of segments increases, the overall tracking speed will decrease and the dynamic tracking loss will increase. Conversely, the number of segments Although reducing can increase the tracking speed, it will increase the tracking error and decrease the tracking hit rate. In a large-scale solar power system, the global maximum power point will randomly appear at any position. Since the current shading pattern cannot be known in actual tests, it is difficult to approximate the rule of the global maximum power point with a mathematical model, so this case The optimal number of divisions is determined through simulation and analysis.
如前所述，全域最大功率點所對應到的電壓會出現在開路電壓10%至90%的範圍內，因此將操作電壓的最小值與最大值分別設定為0.1×V oc 與0.9×V oc 。因影響功率-電壓特性曲線的因數有太陽能電池模組規格、遮蔭樣式與電池模組串並聯架構，故由近年之前十大太陽能電池模組製造商所生產的太陽能電池模組中，挑選Hanwha Solar公司所生產的SF160 Mono x-tra系列中之一個太陽能電池模組，其規格如表2所示。 As mentioned above, the voltage corresponding to the global maximum power point will appear in the range of 10% to 90% of the open circuit voltage, so the minimum and maximum operating voltage are set to 0.1× V oc and 0.9× V oc, respectively . Since the factors affecting the power-voltage characteristic curve are solar cell module specifications, shading styles, and battery module series-parallel architecture, Hanwha was selected among the solar cell modules produced by the top ten solar cell module manufacturers in recent years. The specifications of a solar cell module in the SF160 Mono x-tra series produced by Solar are shown in Table 2.
利用此規格之5個至10個太陽能電池模組，僅以串聯方式組成太陽能發電系統，則此串聯架構分別以5s1p至10s1p表示，而測試的分割數量有3個到15個，分別以DIV3至DIV15表示，並針對重複照度與不重複照度之遮蔭樣式進行模擬，以檢視不同串接數量與不同遮蔭情形下，其中，命中率的定義為成功追蹤到全域最大功率點之次數與總測試遮蔭樣式數量的比值，各種分割數之命中率之模擬結果整理如表3.1至表3.2所示，並根據此分析結果選擇較佳的分割數，其中，表中粗體部分表示命中率大於或等於0.9。 Using 5 to 10 solar cell modules of this specification to form a solar power system in series only, the series structure is represented by 5s1p to 10s1p respectively, and the number of divisions tested is 3 to 15, respectively DIV3 to DIV15 means that it simulates the shade pattern of repeated and non-repeated illuminance to view different cascade numbers and different shading situations. Among them, the hit rate is defined as the number of successful tracking to the global maximum power point and the total test The ratio of the number of shading patterns and the simulation results of the hit rate of various divisions are summarized as shown in Table 3.1 to Table 3.2, and the better division number is selected according to the analysis results. The bold part in the table indicates that the hit rate is greater than or Equal to 0.9.
平均追蹤精確度定義為
由上述可知，本案共測試六種不同太陽能電池模組串聯架構(5s1p、6s1p、7s1p、8s1p、9s1p、10s1p)。已知由N個太陽能電池模組串接而成的太陽能發電系統放置於M種任意且不重覆之照度環境下，所有可能的測試遮蔭樣式有C(M,N)種，另一方面，當太陽能電池串列於M種任意且可重覆的照度環境下，所有可能的測試遮蔭樣式有C(M+N-1,N)種。因照度變化步階量為100W/m2，故所有可能的照度強度僅有10種。 It can be seen from the above that a total of six different solar cell module series architectures (5s1p, 6s1p, 7s1p, 8s1p, 9s1p, 10s1p) were tested in this case. It is known that a solar power system composed of N solar cell modules connected in series is placed in M arbitrary and non-repetitive illuminance environments. All possible test shading patterns are C (M, N). On the other hand , When solar cells are serially arranged in M arbitrary and repeatable illuminance environments, all possible test shading patterns are C (M+N-1,N). Because the illuminance change step is 100W/m 2 , there are only 10 possible illuminance intensities.
此外，六種不同太陽能電池串列架構5s1p、6s1p、7s1p、8s1p、9s1p、10s1p在不重覆之照度環境下可分別以C(10,5)、C(10,6)、…、C(10,10)表示測試總數，但C(10,10)=1，因此忽略此情形不予考慮。而在重複照度環境下，六種不同太陽能電池串列架構5s1p、6s1p、7s1p、8s1p、9s1p、10s1p可分別以C(14,5)、C(15,6)、…、C(19,10)表示測試總數。模擬結果顯示高分割數並不一定能確保有高命中率或高追蹤精確度，其原因在於當遮蔭樣式改變時，全域最大功率點與各個局部最大功率點所對應到的操作電壓亦會跟著變動，且隨著分段數愈多，錯誤追蹤的機率也隨之增加。 In addition, the six different solar cell tandem architectures 5s1p, 6s1p, 7s1p, 8s1p, 9s1p, and 10s1p can be respectively C(10,5), C(10,6),...,C( 10,10) represents the total number of tests, but C(10,10)=1, so ignoring this situation will not be considered. In the repeated illumination environment, the six different solar cell tandem architectures 5s1p, 6s1p, 7s1p, 8s1p, 9s1p, 10s1p can be C(14,5), C(15,6),..., C(19,10). ) Represents the total number of tests. The simulation results show that a high number of divisions does not necessarily ensure a high hit rate or high tracking accuracy. The reason is that when the shading pattern changes, the operating voltage corresponding to the global maximum power point and each local maximum power point will also follow. Changes, and as the number of segments increases, the probability of false tracking increases.
由於分割數增加將導致運算處理時間拉長，並會增加第一階段的動態損失，因此由上表之模擬分析結果可知，若所選擇的分割數大於或等於太陽能發電系統之太陽能電池模組串接數，則本案可達到99%以上之追蹤精確度，再加上高分割數有降低追蹤速度與增加動態追蹤損失的問題，因此本案選用與電池模組串接數相等或電池模組串接數加1的分割數，若N表示電池模組串接個數，則所選用的分割數為N或(N+1)。 Since the increase in the number of divisions will lead to longer processing time and increase the dynamic loss of the first stage, the simulation analysis results in the above table show that if the selected number of divisions is greater than or equal to the solar cell module string of the solar power system In this case, the tracking accuracy can reach more than 99%. In addition, the high number of divisions reduces the tracking speed and increases the dynamic tracking loss. Therefore, this case chooses the same number of battery modules in series or battery modules in series The number of divisions plus one. If N represents the number of battery modules connected in series, the selected division number is N or (N+1).
另外，根據上表之模擬方式，但將區域分割數設為N與(N+1)，在可重複照度下兩種分割數模擬所得到的命中率和追蹤精確度之結果整理如表5所示。 In addition, according to the simulation method in the above table, but the area division number is set to N and (N+1), the results of the hit rate and tracking accuracy obtained by the simulation of the two division numbers under the repeatable illumination are summarized in Table 5 Show.
可以得知，看出(N+1)個分割數之整體效能較N個分割數佳，因此本案將選擇(N+1)個分割數。 It can be seen that the overall performance of (N+1) divisions is better than N divisions, so (N+1) divisions will be selected in this case.
為證實本案之全域最大功率追蹤方法亦能適用於其他廠商所生產的太陽能電池模組，因此蒐集2015年全球前十大太陽能電池模組廠所生產的 太陽能電池模組規格，總共蒐集到的資料量有292筆，此模擬測試方式同表3.1至表4.2。此外，由於不重複照度下9s1p與10s1p之測試樣本數相當少，不足以作為觀察的依據，因此對於不重複照度的部分僅選用5串至8串的架構，而重複照度的部分則選用5串至10串的架構，292個電池模組的不同分割數測試之平均命中率如表6.1至表6.2所示。 In order to verify that the global maximum power tracking method in this case can also be applied to solar cell modules produced by other manufacturers, we collected the global top ten solar cell module factories in 2015 For the specifications of solar cell modules, a total of 292 pieces of data have been collected. The simulation test method is the same as Table 3.1 to Table 4.2. In addition, since the number of test samples of 9s1p and 10s1p under non-repetitive illuminance is quite small, it is not enough as a basis for observation, so for the part with non-repetitive illuminance, only the structure of 5 to 8 series is used, and the part with repeated illuminance is selected 5 series With the structure of 10 strings, the average hit rate of 292 battery modules with different splits is shown in Table 6.1 to Table 6.2.
292個電池模組的不同分割數測試之平均追蹤精確度如表7.1至表7.2所示。 The average tracking accuracy of 292 battery modules with different division numbers is shown in Table 7.1 to Table 7.2.
由上表可知，隨著分割數的增加，並不能保證命中率與追蹤精確度皆能跟著提升，且同時可看出分割數N整體效能的確沒有比分割數(N+1)好，故所決定選用的分割數(N+1)是較佳的選擇。 It can be seen from the above table that as the number of divisions increases, it cannot guarantee that both the hit rate and tracking accuracy will be improved. At the same time, it can be seen that the overall performance of the division number N is indeed no better than the division number (N+1), so Deciding the number of divisions (N+1) to choose is a better choice.
習知技術之變動步階擾動觀察法(Variable Step Perturb and Observe,VS-P&O)係根據方程式(7)來決定變動的擾動步階量。 The variable step perturb and observation method (VS-P&O) of the conventional technology determines the variable perturbation step amount according to equation (7).
其中，如何決定最佳縮減因子M V 是影響此方法性能之關鍵，原因在於最佳的M V 與目前的操作點以及太陽能電池模組參數有關，對於太陽能發電系統的韌體工程師而言較難進行最佳化設計。 Wherein, how to determine the optimal reduction factor M V is the key to this method of performance impact, because the best M V and the current operating point parameters relating to solar cell module, the firmware for the solar power generation system is more difficult to engineer Optimize the design.
而本案提出之變動步階擾動觀察法，初始變動步階大小將設定為所期望之最大變動步階量，但在擾動過程中，若操作點有通過最大功率點，則將追蹤方向改變成與原追蹤方向相反的方向，並將擾動步階量與一縮減因子γ相乘，由於γ值為一個小於1的定值，因此可有效減小步階量大小，其擾動步階量如方程式(8)所示。 In the variation step disturbance observation method proposed in this case, the initial variation step size will be set to the expected maximum variation step amount, but during the disturbance process, if the operating point passes the maximum power point, the tracking direction is changed to and The original tracking direction is opposite, and the disturbance step quantity is multiplied by a reduction factor γ. Since the γ value is a constant value less than 1, the step quantity can be effectively reduced. The disturbance step quantity is as in the equation ( 8) Shown.
V step,new =γ‧V step,old (8) V step , new = γ ‧ V step , old (8)
該方法之操作方式是以擾動觀察法為基礎，透過持續擾動將操作點移動到最大功率點，但與習知技術之差異在於當操作點通過最大功率點後其擾動步階量大小會根據方程式(8)式縮小，直到步階量縮小到小於最小步階量臨界值V crit 後，則停止步階量大小的變動。 The operation method of this method is based on the disturbance observation method. The operation point is moved to the maximum power point through continuous disturbance, but the difference from the conventional technology is that the disturbance step size will be based on the equation when the operation point passes the maximum power point. Equation (8) is reduced until the step size is reduced to less than the minimum step size critical value V crit , then the step size change is stopped.
請參照圖8，其繪示本案之縮減因子γ值之大小對於追蹤到最大功率點所需的擾動步階數之效應示意圖。 Please refer to FIG. 8, which illustrates the effect of the reduction factor γ value of this case on the number of disturbance steps required to track to the maximum power point.
如圖所示，其中，若縮減因子γ為定值且遠小於1，則當操作點通過最大功率點時，擾動的步階量將快速縮小，然而，當操作點通過最大功率點後與最大功率點的距離較大時，則僅能以小步階反向擾動，將會使得下一次操作點通過最大功率點所需耗費的執行次數大幅增加。相反地，如果γ值接近於1，僅需耗費較少的執行次數即可讓操作點通過最大功率點，但步階每次縮減之幅度將會變小。為取得較佳的γ值，將利用以下方程式(9)至方程式(13)式搭配模擬來決定較佳之γ設定值。 As shown in the figure, if the reduction factor γ is a fixed value and is much smaller than 1, when the operating point passes the maximum power point, the disturbance step will quickly decrease. However, when the operating point passes the maximum power point and the maximum When the distance between the power points is large, the reverse disturbance can only be performed in small steps, which will greatly increase the number of executions required for the next operation point to pass the maximum power point. Conversely, if the γ value is close to 1, it only takes a small number of executions to allow the operating point to pass the maximum power point, but the magnitude of each step reduction will be smaller. In order to obtain a better γ value, the following equations (9) to (13) will be used with simulations to determine a better γ setting value.
R(j)=V goal -V op (j) (10) R ( j ) = V goal - V op ( j ) (10)
dV op (j)=(-1) q-1×γ q-1×V max (11) dV op ( j )=(-1) q -1 × γ q -1 × V max (11)
m rem =V max -(V goal mod V max ) (12) m rem = V max -( V goal mod V max ) (12)
其中，V goal 為追蹤目標，j為世代數，V max為初始最大步階，R為操作點與追蹤目標之間的間距，V op (j)為目前的操作點，dV op (j)為目前的變動步階，N steps 表示完成追蹤所需要的總執行次數，m rem 定義為V max-(V goal mod V max)，即表示先透過V goal 與V max相除得到餘數，再利用V max與餘數相減得到m rem 。 Among them, V goal is the tracking target, j is the number of generations, V max is the initial maximum step, R is the distance between the operating point and the tracking target, V op ( j ) is the current operating point, and dV op ( j ) is The current change step, N steps represents the total number of executions required to complete the tracking, m rem is defined as V max- ( V goal mod V max ), which means that the remainder is obtained by dividing V goal and V max , and then V Subtract max from the remainder to get m rem .
而在方程式(9)式與(13)式分別以高斯符號[ ]取得符號中函數值的最大整數，並分別計算得出V op (j)與N steps 。此外，唯一的控制變數V max代表習知技術傳統擾動觀察法中之擾動量，本案將V max設定為5V並代入方程式(9)至(13)進行計算。 In equations (9) and (13), the largest integer of the function value in the symbol is obtained by Gaussian symbol [], and V op ( j ) and N steps are calculated respectively. In addition, the only control variable V max represents the amount of disturbance in the conventional disturbance observation method in the conventional technology. In this case, V max is set to 5V and substituted into equations (9) to (13) for calculation.
請一併參照圖9a至9b，其中圖9a繪示本案透過MATLAB模擬測試各種不同縮減因子γ值所需之步階數，圖9b繪示本案透過MATLAB模擬測試各種不同縮減因子γ值所需之平均步階數。 Please refer to Figures 9a to 9b. Figure 9a shows the number of steps required to test various reduction factor γ values through MATLAB simulation in this case, and Figure 9b shows the steps required to test various reduction factor γ values through MATLAB simulation in this case The average number of steps.
根據方程式(12)及(13)可得知，對於不同的γ值，其追蹤速度僅與初始最大步階大小以及利用V max所獲得的m rem 有關，而與太陽能電池模組串並聯架構以及電池模組參數無關。假設最大功率點可能出現的機率是均勻分布，即m rem 均勻分布於0至V max之間，本案透過MATLAB模擬測試各種不同縮減因子γ值與m rem 設定值所需步階數，藉以決定較佳的γ值。 According to equations (12) and (13), for different γ values, the tracking speed is only related to the initial maximum step size and m rem obtained by using V max , and is related to the series-parallel structure of solar cell modules and The battery module parameters are irrelevant. Assuming that the probability that the maximum power point may appear is uniformly distributed, that is, m rem is evenly distributed between 0 and V max . In this case, MATLAB is used to simulate and test various reduction factors γ values and the required steps of m rem settings to determine the comparison. Good gamma value.
為了要使用低成本的數位訊號控制器來實現，本案將最小與最大的γ值設定為(1/16)與(15/16)，γ值變化步階量為(1/16)，當γ為此格式時，方程式(8)可簡單以右移與加法運算來完成，可改善運算複雜度。 In order to use a low-cost digital signal controller to achieve this, the minimum and maximum γ values are set to (1/16) and (15/16) in this case, and the step of γ value change is (1/16), when γ For this format, equation (8) can be simply completed by right shift and addition, which can improve the computational complexity.
如圖9a所示，γ值小會加速追蹤速度，較大的m rem 值會增加追蹤時間。基於前述之均勻分布的假設，將所有可能的m rem 之步階數加總進行平均。 如圖9b所示，γ=(2/16)時擁有較佳的追蹤結果，因此選擇γ=(2/16)作為本案之縮減因子設定值。 As shown in Figure 9a, a small value of γ will accelerate the tracking speed, and a larger value of m rem will increase the tracking time. Based on the aforementioned assumption of uniform distribution, all possible m rem steps are summed and averaged. As shown in Figure 9b, γ=(2/16) has better tracking results, so γ=(2/16) is selected as the reduction factor setting value in this case.
本案之全域最大功率追蹤方法之實測結果：The measured results of the global maximum power tracking method in this case:
由於實際環境中所發生之遮蔽樣式相當多種，且太陽能電池模組串聯數愈多愈可能使全域最大功率點不會出現於靠近開路電壓的峰與靠近短路電流的峰，以7s1p太陽能發電系統為例，全域最大功率點不會出現於第1峰與第7峰，為驗證本案在不同遮蔽樣式下皆能正確且快速追蹤到全域最大功率點，選用三種全域最大功率點出現位置差異較大的遮蔽樣式，並均以表2所示之Hanwha Solar SF 160 Mono x-tra太陽能電池模組規格進行測試，但所使用之太陽能模擬機所模擬的遮蔽樣式不完全與本案所開發模擬平台之模擬結果相似。 Since there are many kinds of shading patterns that occur in the actual environment, and the more solar cell modules connected in series, the more likely it is that the global maximum power point will not appear near the peak of the open circuit voltage and the peak of the short circuit current. Take the 7s1p solar power system as For example, the global maximum power point will not appear on the first peak and the seventh peak. To verify that this case can be correctly and quickly tracked to the global maximum power point under different shading patterns, three types of global maximum power points with large differences in positions are selected The shielding patterns were tested in accordance with the Hanwha Solar SF 160 Mono x-tra solar cell module specifications shown in Table 2, but the shielding patterns simulated by the solar simulator used were not completely consistent with the simulation results of the simulation platform developed in this case similar.
在第二峰值點為全域最大功率點的遮蔽樣式中，若利用非表2所示之其他太陽能電池模組規格模擬特性曲線，不論是利用本案所開發的模擬平台或是利用太陽能模擬機所模擬出來的結果，此特性曲線所顯現出來的全域最大功率點出現位置皆位於相同的峰，但以表2所示之太陽能電池模組規格模擬特性曲線卻有不同的結果，在本案所開發的模擬平台中所模擬得到的全域最大功率點的確出現在第二峰值點，但以太陽能模擬機模擬出來的結果卻是在第三峰值點，且在本案所規劃的照度變動幅度下此遮蔽樣式是7s1p太陽能發電系統架構中唯一有全域最大功率點出現於第二峰值點的樣式，因此本案將選用全域最大功率點出現於第三峰值點、第四峰值點與第六峰值點之遮蔽樣式來驗證本案能否辨別並追蹤到全域最大功率點。 In the shielding pattern where the second peak point is the global maximum power point, if you use other solar cell module specifications other than those shown in Table 2 to simulate the characteristic curve, whether it is simulated by the simulation platform developed in this case or simulated by a solar simulator As a result, the maximum power point of the whole region shown by this characteristic curve is located at the same peak, but the simulation characteristic curve of the solar cell module specifications shown in Table 2 has different results. The simulation developed in this case The global maximum power point simulated in the platform does appear at the second peak point, but the result simulated by the solar simulator is at the third peak point, and the shading pattern is 7s1p under the planned illuminance fluctuation range in this case The only pattern in the solar power system architecture where the global maximum power point appears at the second peak point. Therefore, this case will use the masking pattern where the global maximum power point appears at the third, fourth and sixth peak points to verify this case Can identify and track the maximum power point of the whole domain.
另外，考慮真實環境中的照度與遮蔽是動態變動的，因此在一定的時間下以這三種遮蔽樣式之切換來模擬照度與遮蔽動態變動之情形，此變動情形之全域最大功率點將由第六峰值點變動到第四峰值點，之後再由第四峰值點變動到第三峰值點，藉此驗證本案不僅可偵測到照度與遮蔽樣式之變動，還可成功地重新追蹤到變動後全域最大功率點的位置。 In addition, considering that the illuminance and shading in the real environment are dynamically changing, the switching of these three shading styles is used to simulate the dynamic variation of the illuminance and shading at a certain time. The global maximum power point of this variation will change from the sixth peak The point is changed to the fourth peak point, and then from the fourth peak point to the third peak point, to verify that the case can not only detect the change in illuminance and shading pattern, but also successfully re-track to the global maximum power after the change The location of the point.
然而，在實際的環境中，由於不希望太陽能發電系統受到部分遮蔽情形影響，一般會設置在較寬廣無遮蔽物的地方，因此儘管有遮蔽情形發生，如大片雲層造成的遮蔽，使整個太陽能發電系統受到大致相同的遮蔽程度影響，此現象並非部分遮蔽情形，且其特性曲線仍然是均勻照度下產生的，其差別只在於太陽能發電系統輸出功率無法達到額定功率，換句話說，除非發生部分遮蔽情形，否則不希望使用全域最大功率追蹤法進行追蹤，以免在追蹤過程中耗費較多的能量。為證實本案亦可透過偵測來判別出有無部分遮蔽情形，並在確認無部分遮蔽情形下以一般的擾動觀察法追蹤最大功率點，本案選用500W/m2之均勻照度太陽能電池模組特性曲線進行測試。 However, in the actual environment, because the solar power generation system is not expected to be affected by partial shading, it is generally installed in a wider area without shelter. Therefore, despite the occurrence of shading, such as the shading caused by large clouds, the entire solar power generation The system is affected by roughly the same degree of shading. This phenomenon is not a partial shading situation, and its characteristic curve is still produced under uniform illumination. The difference is that the output power of the solar power system cannot reach the rated power, in other words, unless partial shading occurs Otherwise, it is not desirable to use the global maximum power tracking method for tracking, so as not to consume more energy in the tracking process. In order to confirm that this case can also be used to determine whether there is partial occlusion, and to track the maximum power point with the general disturbance observation method after confirming that there is no partial occlusion, the 500W/m 2 uniform illuminance solar cell module characteristic curve is used in this case carry out testing.
請一併參照圖10a至10b，其中圖10a繪示本案實測之平台架構圖，圖10b繪示本案實測之太陽能模擬機之人機介面示意圖。 Please refer to FIGS. 10a to 10b together, in which FIG. 10a shows a diagram of the platform architecture measured in this case, and FIG. 10b shows a schematic diagram of the human-machine interface of the solar simulator measured in this case.
如圖10a所示，實測之平台需使用之設備包括太陽能模擬機、電子負載與示波器。本案使用AMETEK公司所開發的TerraSAS ETS 600X8 D-PVE太陽能模擬機，並使用Chroma 63108A電子負載作為本實驗平台之負載端。由於本案設計之電路額定輸出功率為1.2kW，因此使用兩組相同型號的電子負載進行並聯，為使電子負載得以正常抽載，將此二電子負載分別操作於定電壓模式與定電流模式。所使用之太陽能模擬機可在系統操作時量測電壓與電流值，並經由計算與處理得到功率值與最大功率追蹤精確度。此外，該機亦支援太陽能電池模組串並聯陣列之模擬，因此能模擬部分遮蔽情形之特性曲線，並於操作時輸出相對應的電壓、電流與功率。 As shown in Figure 10a, the equipment required for the measured platform includes a solar simulator, an electronic load and an oscilloscope. In this case, the TerraSAS ETS 600X8 D-PVE solar simulator developed by AMETEK was used, and the Chroma 63108A electronic load was used as the load end of the experimental platform. Since the rated output power of the circuit designed in this case is 1.2kW, two sets of electronic loads of the same model are used in parallel. In order to allow the electronic loads to be pumped normally, the two electronic loads are operated in constant voltage mode and constant current mode. The solar simulator used can measure voltage and current values during system operation, and obtain power values and maximum power tracking accuracy through calculation and processing. In addition, the machine also supports the simulation of the series-parallel array of solar cell modules, so it can simulate the characteristic curve of partial shading, and output the corresponding voltage, current and power during operation.
如圖10b所示，該人機介面提供開路電壓、最大功率點電壓、短路電流、最大功率點電流、填充係數(Fill Factor,FF)與溫度係數等參數設定，即可建立出所需模擬之太陽能電池特性曲線。 As shown in Figure 10b, the man-machine interface provides parameter settings such as open circuit voltage, maximum power point voltage, short circuit current, maximum power point current, fill factor (FF), and temperature coefficient, and the required simulation can be established. Characteristic curve of solar cell.
本案實測所規劃之測試型態，包括一種無部分遮蔽條件下之均勻照度、三種部分遮蔽情形下之不均勻照度以及動態測試，透過所述測試來驗證本案能夠正確辨別部分遮蔽情形發生與否以追蹤最大功率點或全域最大功率點，並可因應環境動態變動以重新追蹤的方式找到新的全域最大功率點，此外， 為了明顯看到本案之二階段，將透過放大的方式呈現其動作，因此將全域最大功率點在第三峰之部分遮蔽情形下測試結果放大，以呈現本案之二階段變動情形。 The test types planned in the actual test of this case include a uniform illuminance under the condition of no partial shading, three kinds of uneven illuminance under partial shading, and dynamic tests. The tests are used to verify that the case can correctly distinguish whether partial shading occurs or not. Track the maximum power point or the global maximum power point, and find a new global maximum power point by re-tracking in response to the dynamic changes of the environment. In addition, In order to clearly see the second stage of this case, the action will be displayed through zooming, so the test result of the global maximum power point in the third peak is partially shielded to show the second stage of the case.
(一)無部分遮蔽條件之均勻照度下測試結果： (1) Test results under uniform illumination without partial shading:
請一併參照圖11a至11b，其中圖11a繪示本案實測之均勻照度下之特性曲線圖，圖11b繪示本案實測之均勻照度下之追蹤波形圖。 Please also refer to Figures 11a to 11b, in which Figure 11a shows the characteristic curve of the measured uniform illuminance in this case, and Figure 11b shows the trace waveform diagram of the measured uniform illuminance in this case.
如圖11a所示，利用太陽能模擬機產生均勻照度無部分遮蔽情形下之太陽能特性曲線圖，其最大功率點在電壓231.56V與電流2.56A的位置，而最大功率點的功率值為593.06W。 As shown in Figure 11a, using a solar simulator to generate a solar characteristic curve with uniform illuminance without partial shade, the maximum power point is at the voltage of 231.56V and the current 2.56A, and the power value of the maximum power point is 593.06W.
圖11b係由示波器記錄完整追蹤過程之電壓、電流與功率變動軌跡，其中上方軌跡記錄的是電壓，中間軌跡記錄的是電流，而下方軌跡記錄的是功率。由圖可知本案會先將操作點移動到如圖7所示之取樣點1、取樣點4與取樣點8之上，經計算判別得知目前環境處於均勻照度下，因此跳過剩下的取樣點直接以這三點中之功率最大點作為起始點，之後以擾動觀察法追蹤最大功率點。從記錄的軌跡可知經三個取樣點操作確實辨別出目前處於均勻照度下，因此檢測部分遮蔽情形之前三個操作點僅花1.5秒即可得知目前的環境狀況，且自追蹤開始至完成收斂總共花費7秒，由圖得知收斂後追蹤精確度為99.61%。
Figure 11b shows the voltage, current and power variation traces of the complete tracking process recorded by the oscilloscope. The upper trace records the voltage, the middle trace records the current, and the lower trace records the power. It can be seen from the figure that the operation point will be moved to
(二)部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第三峰之測試結果： (2) The test result of the full-area maximum power point at the third peak under partial shielding conditions:
請一併參照圖12a至12d，其中圖12a繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第三峰之特性曲線圖，圖12b繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第三峰之追蹤波形圖，圖12c繪示圖12b之追蹤過程之第一階段放大波形圖，圖12d繪示圖12b之追蹤過程之第二階段放大波形圖。 Please also refer to Figures 12a to 12d. Figure 12a shows the characteristic curve of the global maximum power point at the third peak under the partial shielding conditions measured in this case, and Figure 12b shows the global maximum power point at the third peak under the partial shielding conditions measured in this case. The three-peak tracking waveform diagram, FIG. 12c shows the enlarged waveform diagram of the first stage of the tracking process of FIG. 12b, and FIG. 12d shows the enlarged waveform diagram of the second stage of the tracking process of FIG. 12b.
如圖12a所示，利用太陽能模擬機產生部分遮蔽情形下全域最大功率點在第三峰之太陽能特性曲線，其全域最大功率點在電壓103.24V與電流3.226A的位置，而全域最大功率點的功率值為333.07W。 As shown in Figure 12a, using a solar simulator to generate the solar characteristic curve with the global maximum power point at the third peak under partial shade, the global maximum power point is at the voltage 103.24V and current 3.226A, and the power at the global maximum power point The value is 333.07W.
圖12b係由示波器記錄完整追蹤過程的電壓、電流與功率變動軌跡，其中上方軌跡記錄的是電壓，中間軌跡記錄的是電流，而下方軌跡記錄的是功率。由圖可知本案所提方法會先將操作點移動到如圖7所示之取樣點1、取樣點4與取樣點8之上，經計算判別得知目前環境處於部分遮蔽情形之不均勻照度下，因此將持續將操作點移動到剩下的取樣點，一旦分段搜尋完成後，將根據微處理器計算得知全域最大功率點可能出現的區間，並以該區間的取樣點作為第二階段之起始點執行新型變動步階擾動觀察法。從記錄的軌跡可知在追蹤開始4.5秒後即找到全域最大功率點所在的位置，且自追蹤開始至完成收斂總共花費7秒，由圖得知收斂後追蹤精確度為99.12%。
Figure 12b shows the voltage, current, and power variation traces of the complete tracking process recorded by the oscilloscope. The upper trace records the voltage, the middle trace records the current, and the lower trace records the power. It can be seen from the figure that the method proposed in this case will first move the operating point to
將圖12b之追蹤過程放大以觀察本案所提方法之二階段特性，由圖12c可知第一階段確實以分段搜尋法進行搜尋，經搜尋與計算結果可確實在進入第二階段前跳到較大功率的取樣點，而由圖12d可知進入第二階段後，一旦越過全域最大功率點便將步階大小縮小為原來的2/16。 The tracking process in Figure 12b is enlarged to observe the two-stage characteristics of the method proposed in this case. From Figure 12c, it can be seen that the first stage is indeed searched by the segmented search method, and the search and calculation results can indeed jump to the higher stage before entering the second stage. High-power sampling point, and it can be seen from Fig. 12d that after entering the second stage, once the maximum power point of the whole area is crossed, the step size is reduced to 2/16 of the original.
(三)部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第六峰之測試結果： (3) The test result of the full-area maximum power point at the sixth peak under partial shielding conditions:
請一併參照圖13a至13b，其中圖13a繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第六峰之特性曲線圖，圖13b繪示本案實測之部分遮蔽條件之全域最大功率點在第六峰之追蹤波形圖。 Please also refer to Figures 13a to 13b, where Figure 13a shows the characteristic curve of the global maximum power point at the sixth peak of the partial shielding conditions measured in this case, and Figure 13b shows the global maximum power point of the partial shielding conditions measured in this case at the first The trace waveform of the six peaks.
利用太陽能模擬機產生部分遮蔽情形下全域最大功率點在第六峰之太陽能特性曲線，其全域最大功率點在電壓226.98V與電流2.681A的位置，而全域最大功率點的功率值為608.54W。 Using a solar simulator to generate a solar characteristic curve with the global maximum power point at the sixth peak under partial shade, the global maximum power point is at the voltage 226.98V and current 2.681A, and the power value of the global maximum power point is 608.54W.
如圖13a所示，利用太陽能模擬機產生部分遮蔽情形下全域最大功率點在第六峰之太陽能特性曲線，其全域最大功率點在電壓225V與電流2.71A的位置，而全域最大功率點的功率值為609.5W。 As shown in Figure 13a, using a solar simulator to generate the solar characteristic curve with the global maximum power point at the sixth peak under the condition of partial shading, the global maximum power point is at the voltage 225V and current 2.71A, and the power value of the global maximum power point It is 609.5W.
圖13b係由示波器記錄完整追蹤過程的電壓、電流與功率變動軌跡，其中上方軌跡記錄的是電壓，中間軌跡記錄的是電流，而下方軌跡記錄的是功率。由圖13b可知本案所提方法會先將操作點移動到如圖7所示之取樣點1、取樣點4與取樣點8之上，經計算判別得知目前環境處於部分遮蔽情形之不
均勻照度下，因此將持續將操作點移動到剩下的取樣點，一旦分段搜尋完成後，將根據微處理器計算得知全域最大功率點可能出現的區間，並以該區間的取樣點作為第二階段之起始點執行新型變動步階擾動觀察法。從記錄的軌跡可知在追蹤開始4.5秒後即找到全域最大功率點所在的位置，且自追蹤開始至完成收斂總共花費5.5秒，由圖得知收斂後追蹤精確度為99.84%。
Figure 13b is the oscilloscope recording the voltage, current and power variation traces of the complete tracking process. The upper trace records the voltage, the middle trace records the current, and the lower trace records the power. It can be seen from Figure 13b that the method proposed in this case will first move the operating point to
(四)全域最大功率點位置變動之動態測試結果： (4) The dynamic test result of the position change of the maximum power point in the whole region:
請一併參照圖14a至14b，其中圖14a繪示本案實測之遮蔽樣式變動情形示意圖，圖14b繪示本案實測之全域最大功率點位置變動之追蹤波形圖。 Please refer to FIGS. 14a to 14b together, in which FIG. 14a shows a schematic diagram of the change of the shielding pattern measured in this case, and FIG. 14b shows a trace waveform diagram of the position change of the global maximum power point measured in this case.
如圖14a所示，本實驗主要測試全域最大功率點位置由第六峰變動到第四峰再變動到第三峰，以作為環境變換導致遮蔽樣式改變之動態測試。 As shown in Figure 14a, this experiment mainly tested the change of the position of the global maximum power point from the sixth peak to the fourth peak and then to the third peak, as a dynamic test of the change of the shading pattern caused by the environmental change.
圖14b係由示波器記錄完整追蹤過程的電壓、電流與功率變動軌跡，其中上方軌跡記錄的是電壓，中間軌跡記錄的是電流，而下方軌跡記錄的是功率。從記錄的軌跡可知程式可成功辨別環境變動而重新追蹤全域最大功率點，且在各種測試樣本測試下皆可在約7.5秒以內追蹤至全域最大功率點，追到全域最大功率點後功率變化不大，故本案透過此實驗完整驗證演算法與程式實現之正確性。 Figure 14b shows the voltage, current, and power variation traces of the complete tracking process recorded by the oscilloscope. The upper trace records the voltage, the middle trace records the current, and the lower trace records the power. From the recorded trajectory, it can be seen that the program can successfully identify environmental changes and re-track the global maximum power point, and it can track to the global maximum power point in about 7.5 seconds under various test sample tests, and the power does not change after tracking to the global maximum power point. Therefore, this case completely verifies the correctness of the algorithm and program implementation through this experiment.
藉由前述所揭露的設計，本案乃具有以下的優點： With the design disclosed above, this case has the following advantages:
1.本案揭露的太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其藉由第一階段找出全域最大功率點可能出現之區間，並以其中心點作為下一階段的追蹤起始操作點，在第二階段利用本案之擾動觀察法以精確追蹤到全域最大功率點，且達到架構簡單與參數設計容易之目的。 1. The global maximum power tracking method for solar cells disclosed in this case uses the first stage to find the interval where the global maximum power point may appear, and uses its center point as the starting operation point for the next stage of tracking. In the stage, the disturbance observation method of this case is used to accurately track the maximum power point of the whole area, and achieve the purpose of simple structure and easy parameter design.
2.本案揭露的太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，能以低成本微控制器來實現，不需額外感測裝置及電路，進而能實現軟、硬體之複雜度低、系統相容性佳、和容易擴充等特性。 2. The global maximum power tracking method for solar cells disclosed in this case can be implemented with a low-cost microcontroller, without additional sensing devices and circuits, thereby achieving low software and hardware complexity and good system compatibility , And easy to expand and other features.
3.本案揭露的太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其平均追蹤精確度可達到99.74%，成功追蹤到全域最大功率點的機率可達到90.5% (10,354/11,440)，且實測結果對於三種典型測試樣本其追蹤精確度皆可大於99.1%。 3. The global maximum power tracking method for solar cells disclosed in this case has an average tracking accuracy of 99.74%, and the probability of successfully tracking the global maximum power point can reach 90.5% (10,354/11,440), and the tracking accuracy of the measured results for the three typical test samples can be greater than 99.1%.
4.本案揭露的太陽能電池之全域最大功率追蹤方法，其具有架構簡單、高追蹤速度、高追蹤精確度、高全域最大功率點追蹤命中率以及容易與原太陽能發電系統韌體整合等優點。 4. The global maximum power tracking method for solar cells disclosed in this case has the advantages of simple structure, high tracking speed, high tracking accuracy, high global maximum power point tracking hit rate, and easy integration with the original solar power system firmware.
本案所揭示者，乃較佳實施例，舉凡局部之變更或修飾而源於本案之技術思想而為熟習該項技藝之人所易於推知者，俱不脫本案之專利權範疇。 The disclosure in this case is a preferred embodiment, and any partial changes or modifications that are derived from the technical ideas of the case and can be easily inferred by those who are familiar with the art do not deviate from the scope of the patent right of the case.
綜上所陳，本案無論就目的、手段與功效，在在顯示其迥異於習知之技術特徵，且其首先發明合於實用，亦在在符合發明之專利要件，懇請 貴審查委員明察，並祈早日賜予專利，俾嘉惠社會，實感德便。 In summary, regardless of the purpose, means, and effects of this case, it is showing its technical characteristics that are very different from conventional knowledge, and its first invention is suitable for practical use, and it is also in line with the patent requirements of the invention. I urge your examiner to observe and pray. Granting patents as soon as possible will benefit the society and feel the virtues.
步驟a‧‧‧將一太陽能電池系統之一功率-電壓特性曲線在電壓軸上的投影範圍分割成N+1個區段，N為該太陽能電池系統之太陽能電池模組的串接個數 Step a‧‧‧The projection range of a power-voltage characteristic curve of a solar cell system on the voltage axis is divided into N+1 sections, where N is the number of solar cell modules connected in series in the solar cell system
步驟b‧‧‧依一遮蔭判斷式決定是否有部分遮蔭情況，若否，則執行一第一最大功率追蹤程序，若是，則執行一第二最大功率追蹤程序；其中，該遮蔭判斷式包括：△I 1 大於I C1 且△I 2 小於I C2 ，△I 1 =I x -I 1 ，△I 2 =I N -I x ，x=[N/2]+1，高斯符號[]為計算符號中函數值之最大整數，I 1 、I x 與I N 分別表示以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓所產生的輸出電流值，I c1 為第一預設參數，且I c2 為第二預設參數；該第一最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以第1個、第x個與第N個所述區段的中心點為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生三個輸出功率，依所述三個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓；該第二最大功率追蹤程序包括：分別以各所述區段的中心點做為命令電壓使該太陽能電池系統產生N+1個輸出功率，依所述N+1個輸出功率中的最大者所對應的一所述中心點做為一起始操作點，及依該起始操作點進行一擾動觀察法運算以產生一時變命令電壓 Step b‧‧‧Determine whether there is partial shading according to a shading judgment formula, if not, execute a first maximum power tracking procedure, if yes, execute a second maximum power tracking procedure; where the shading judgment The formula includes: △I 1 is greater than I C1 and △I 2 is less than I C2 , △I 1 =I x -I 1 , △I 2 =I N -I x , x=[N/2]+1, Gaussian symbol [ ] Is the largest integer of the function value in the calculation symbol, I 1 , I x and I N respectively represent the output current value generated by taking the center point of the first, xth and Nth section as the command voltage, I c1 is the first preset parameter, and I c2 is the second preset parameter; the first maximum power tracking procedure includes: respectively taking the center points of the first, xth, and Nth sections as commands The voltage causes the solar cell system to generate three output powers, the center point corresponding to the largest of the three output powers is an initial operating point, and a disturbance observation method is performed according to the initial operating point To generate a time-varying command voltage; the second maximum power tracking procedure includes: using the center point of each section as the command voltage to make the solar cell system generate N+1 output powers, according to the N+1 The center point corresponding to the largest of the output power is used as an initial operating point, and a disturbance observation method is performed according to the initial operating point to generate a time-varying command voltage
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