TWI492824B - 動力旋螺絲器 - Google Patents

動力旋螺絲器 Download PDF

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TWI492824B
TWI492824B TW097114758A TW97114758A TWI492824B TW I492824 B TWI492824 B TW I492824B TW 097114758 A TW097114758 A TW 097114758A TW 97114758 A TW97114758 A TW 97114758A TW I492824 B TWI492824 B TW I492824B
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torque
electric motor
ist
voltage
power screw
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TW200846142A (en
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Marc Gareis
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Loesomat Schraubtechnik Neef Gmbh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B23/00—Details of, or accessories for, spanners, wrenches, screwdrivers
    • B25B23/14—Arrangement of torque limiters or torque indicators in wrenches or screwdrivers
    • B25B23/147—Arrangement of torque limiters or torque indicators in wrenches or screwdrivers specially adapted for electrically operated wrenches or screwdrivers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Spanners, Wrenches, And Screw Drivers And Accessories (AREA)
  • Control Of Electric Motors In General (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)

Description

動力旋螺絲器
本發明關於申請專利範圍第1項的一種施力螺桿(Kraftschraube)。
在德專利DE 2326027 A提到一種網路電壓操作的螺桿，它提供一預設的力矩標稱值。由螺絲施加的力矩間接利用流經馬達的電流檢出。開始時根據電動馬達操作電壓的網路端子。該操作電壓一直相同且恆定，只要力矩的標稱值未達到，則該螺桿以最大可能的轉速操作，此轉速與所要施的力矩標稱值有關。根據該螺桿的轉動部分的質量慣性(例如電馬，特別是聯動裝置者)，在達到該力矩標稱值後，螺絲接合部仍依後運轉(Nachlauf)而定繼續轉動。
在德專利DE 2326027 A1由於在達到力矩標稱值後螺絲繼續轉動造成的問題在德專利DE 10341975 A1提到。其中提到使用一種電子式力矩限制裝置，以限制一根(例如用蓋電池驅動的螺桿中所用的電動馬達之用)。它係從一種電子方式的力矩限制作用著手，其中流經電動馬達的電流被用於當作力矩的量。這種進行方式不準確，例如特別是在高轉速時，在電動馬達關掉後，由於旋轉的質量的動能，還會有一段後運轉，結果使螺絲連接部以比所預設的力矩標稱值更大的力矩將螺絲接合部旋緊。為了避免這種由於聯動器的質量慣性或動力造成之力矩尖峰，故主張將容許之電動馬達電流的最大值依電動馬達的轉速而定作確 定，依一實施例，可確定一力矩標稱值，該值換算成電動馬達電流的一最大值。此電動馬達電流的最大值預設得越大，則電動馬達的最大轉速要越小。
在歐洲專利EP 0187353 A2提到一種螺絲，其電動馬達用交流電壓網路供電。其出發點為一項認知：即，該馬達在負荷下在靜止狀態時提供一最大且一定的力矩，其中該力矩係和可用的電壓有關或對應於各馬達特性線和負載電流有關。
螺合的力矩標稱值在螺小轉速時或甚至在靜止狀態時達到，因此由於後運轉而超過力矩標稱值的情事可避免。
此外還有一種補償電路，它可將供電網路電壓的變動補償，俾將對力矩實際值的影響排除。當供應電壓下降時，在Triac控制手段中的相位切換角度變大，因此在電動馬達的平均電壓較大。
在DE 19626731 A1提到一種用蓋電池驅動的小螺絲，它包含一切換元件，該切換元件藉短路將電動馬達關掉，切換元件藉壓低動作。由於馬達突然剎止，故可防止轉得太多，但在此要考慮一點，電動馬達這種短路只有在所要給的力矩較小時(例如達100Nm)以及在功率弱的電動馬達才有可能，因為即使在弱功率的電動馬達，在以高轉動的電動馬達的場合，須用一相當的短路電流以及有與此相關的電磁干擾的缺點。該短路電流對於一電動馬達(它做成直流電動馬達)的集極(llektor)以及對於所用於將電動馬達短路的切換元件的負載很大。
在DE 10345135 A1提到一種小型用蓄電池操作的旋螺絲器(Schrauber)，它含有一鋰-離子蓄電池。
在DE 2011318 U1以及舉例而言，在DE 19647813 A1中用設計成手工具機形式的電動馬達驅動的螺絲，它有一支持臂，在螺絲接合部旋緊或旋鬆時，提供一反向力矩。
這種旋螺絲器稱為動力旋螺絲器，因為可用的力矩舉例而言可達10000Nm，此力矩不用支臂無法由此力量螺絲機的操作人員施加，在旋合過程，隨著力矩增加，該支臂彈性變形，如此該支臂吸收能量。在旋合過程時，支臂將螺絲夾緊在螺絲連接部上。支臂不但吸收在螺合過程發生的能量，而且也將力量螺絲在斷電後在旋轉的質量中(例如馬達、特別是聯動器中)存在的旋轉能量利用變形而吸收。
在DE 19620782 A1提到一種用螺絲接合的方法，其中力矩的時間性走勢呈梯度方式檢出。第一種及第二種力矩上升不同，其中第一力矩上升係和螺紋切入過程有關，第二種力矩上升係和螺絲接合部旋緊有關。如果第二力矩梯度減少，則將此點視作螺紋變形並將旋螺絲機器關掉。
本發明的目的在提供一種力量螺絲器，特別是用蓄電池驅動的動力旋螺絲器，它可達到作螺絲接合的預定力矩標稱值，而無力矩過大之虞。
這種目的係利用申請專利範圍第1項中所述的特點達成。
本發明的力量旋螺絲器有一電動馬達當作驅動器，一力矩標稱值預設手段、一力矩實際值求出手段、一力矩梯度求出手段及一電動馬達控制手段，該電動馬達控制手段，依該力矩梯度控制該電動馬達。還設有一力矩臨限值確定手段，它提供一力矩臨限值，此力矩臨限值與力矩梯度有關，且係在力矩臨限值以下，如果力矩實際值超過該力矩臨限值，則電動馬達控制手段先將馬達轉速減少或已將馬達完全關掉。
本發明的動力旋螺絲器可使之藉著求出力矩梯度而在「硬」與「軟」的旋合情形之間別作區別。根據所求得的力矩梯度以及所調整的力矩標稱值，該力矩臨限值確定手段可依標的將力矩臨限值確定在力矩標稱值以下，使得在超過力矩臨限值後，藉著將電動馬達的轉速減少或將電動馬達完全關掉避免力矩超過的情事。
本發明的動力旋螺絲器的其他有利的特點與設計見於申請專利範圍附屬項。
一特點為：該電動馬達控制手段在力矩實際值在該力矩臨限值以下時，將預設該電動馬達之最大可能的轉速到該電動馬達，如此電動馬達有最大可能的功率可用，其中在所予的負載條件下，調整最大可能的轉速。利用此措施，可在儘量短的時間造成螺絲接合，而不會有力矩超過之虞。
另一特點為：該力矩臨限值確定手段將力矩標稱值與力矩臨限值之間的差依臨限值梯度而定作確定。利用此措施可將從軟螺合到硬螺合的整個範圍考慮進去。此力矩臨 限值確定手段在較大之力矩梯度時將此差確定到比較小力矩梯度時更大的值，因此在硬螺合及軟螺合的情形都可避免力矩超過。
又一特點在於：該力矩臨限值確定手段包含一個表，表中存有力矩梯度及力矩標稱值以確定力矩臨限值。如不用此方式，也可使該力矩臨限值確定手段利用所求得之力矩梯度、力矩實際值及所調的力矩標稱值用外插法求出力矩臨限值。
再一特點係有一馬達電流檢出手段，它檢出馬達電流當作力矩實際值的量。舉例而言，馬達電流檢出手段可做成低歐姆式的旁路(Shunt)，該旁路比起一電磁式馬達電流檢出手段來可更廉價地製造。
又一特點為一資料載體，其中儲存該螺絲接合的標稱值，且/或該資料載體用於儲存所要作的螺絲接合的檢出之資料。該資料載體至少包含該預設的力矩標稱值。該螺絲接合部的至少該實際達到的力矩實際值被儲存。此外，此資料載體可含有其他標稱值，例如動力旋螺絲機的口徑資料或被設置用以儲存這些標稱值。
此資料載體可和該動力旋螺絲器配合，依另一特點，該動力旋螺絲器具有傳輸手段以將信號傳輸到一個設在該動力旋螺絲器之外的資料載體。
本發明一個進一步的特點為一電壓限制電路，它將在電動馬達上發生的馬達電壓限制到一預設之限制電壓。此限制電壓宜至少確定到馬達的標稱操作電壓，俾使該馬達 藉著電動馬達在發電機方式操作中有助於在旋合過程近終了時將動力旋螺絲機的一支持臂中儲存的能量放出，而不必由馬達施一「對立力矩」。
此電壓限制電路宜含有一雙極「限制二極體」及/或一可變電阻。
本發明的旋螺絲器的另一特點為一以鋰為基礎的蓄電池當作電動馬達的能源，因為其能量密度較高，舉例而言，可使用一種鋰離子蓄電池或者如鋰聚合物蓄電池。
如果該供應電壓由一蓄電池提供，則宜設一蓄電池電壓降補償電路，它將供應電壓降低對於達到所調之力矩標稱值的影響作補償，這種影響特別是在力矩實際值由馬達電流得到時尤易發生。蓄電池電壓降補償電路在供應電流下降時係將所調整的力矩標稱值提高，或將所求得的力矩實際值減少。如此可避免影響到電動馬達的功率部件。
本發明的動力旋螺絲器的其他有利的設計與特點見於以下的說明實際例。本發明的動力旋螺絲器的實施例示於圖式中，且在以下說明中詳述。
圖1顯示一旋螺絲器(10)的一草圖，它包含一電動馬達(12)，該電動馬達經一聯動器(14)驅動一個插接頭(16)(Stecknuß)。動力旋螺絲器(10)包含一支持臂(18)，該支持臂在旋合過程時提供一股對立力矩。在圖示的實施例中，係由一蓄電池操作的動力旋螺絲器(10)開始，動力旋螺絲器(10)利用一開關(24)進入操作狀態。為了控制電動馬達 (12)，設有一控制電路(26)，該控制電路有一個資料載體(28)及一發射/接收裝置(30)和它配合。
在圖示實施例中係由一直流電動馬達(12)著手，它宜用一脈波寬度調變(PWM)的信號控制，該信號將電動馬達(12)的平均操作電壓確定。
圖2中顯示一電動馬達控制手段(40)，它提供一種脈波寬度調變的信號s_PWM，該信號將一切換元件(42)(例如一MOS場效電晶體)完全地開路或完全地閉路。此脈波寬度調變之信號s_PWM的週期期間及/或脈波期間可改變。
該脈波寬度調變的信號s_PWM的鍵入比(Tastverhältnis，英：key-in ratio)(它係啟開期間對週期期間的比例)確定電動馬達(12)的平均操作電壓，由此可影響該馬達(12)之可用的功率或電動馬達(12)的轉速。
在開關(42)閉路後，有一股馬達電流i_Mot流過，該電流與該脈波寬度調變的信號s_PWM的入比有關，和供電電壓u-Batt有關，以及和電動馬達(12)的負載有關。
馬達電流i_Mot被取出，當作由電動馬達(12)所施的力矩的量以及由動力旋螺絲器(10)在插接頭(16)上所提供的力矩的量。在圖示之實施例，馬達電流i_Mot用一旁路(44)檢出該旁路做成低歐姆值電阻器形式，例如0.01歐姆。此電壓降u_Sens〔它在旁路(44)發生，當作馬達電流i_Mot的量〕在一力矩實際值求出手段(46)放大〔此手段舉例而言包含一OpAmp(運算放大器)，配接成差動放大器形式〕且被提供當作力矩實際值md_Ist的量。最好設有一信號整 平裝置(圖示詳示)，它使該力矩實際值md_Ist至少免於高頻干擾信號的干擾。
該力矩實際值md_Ist可供電動馬達控制手段(40)、力矩梯度求出手段(48)、及一力矩臨限值確定手段(50)之用。力矩梯度求出手段(48)藉著永出至少一時間性的微分商數而求出力矩實際值md_Ist的梯度dmd_Ist/dt。
力矩梯度求出手段(48)可提供力矩臨限值確定手段(50)的力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt，該確定手段利力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt。力矩臨限值md_Ist，由力矩標稱值預設手段(52)提供的力矩標稱值Md_Soll，及一力矩起碼值Md_Min確定一個力矩臨限值Md_Lim，它可供電動馬達控制手段(40)使用。
在力矩臨限值確定手段(50)中的力矩臨限值Md_Lim的確定作業係利用圖3中所示的力矩時間走勢詳細說明。圖3顯示一第一螺合情形SF1，它相當於一道硬螺合的情形，其中發生力矩實際值md_Ist的較快的改變。圖3顯示一第二螺合情形SF2，它相當於一道軟螺合的情形，其中力矩實際值md_Ist較慢地改變。
力矩梯度求出手段(48)在螺合過程開始後求出力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt，舉例而言，它可利用至少一差分商(Differenz-Quetient)趨近。在圖3之所示實施例中的起點為：超過該力矩起碼值Md_Min之後，該力矩梯度求出手段(48)根據一時間區間(Zeitintervall)dti求出至少一差分商。此時間區間dti預設成使得在力矩上升係如所期待的儘量 快，以及當力矩標值Md_Soll調成儘量小時，確保該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)可求出及提供一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1，Md_Lim2。
舉例而言，力矩起確值Md_Min確定到一力矩實際值md_Ist，此值略大於螺絲接合的所期待之接縫力矩。利用此措施可確保該螺絲接合作業的實際之力矩梯度dmd_Ist/d求出。
利用所調整的力矩標稱值Md_Soll、較佳之預設的力矩起碼值Md_Min、所求得之力矩實際值md_Ist以及利用該力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt，該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)在第一螺合情形SF1確定第一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1，而在第二螺合情形SF2確定第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2。力矩臨限值Md_Lim1及Md_Lim2各在力矩標稱值Md_Soll以下。第一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1在力矩標稱值Md_Soll以下差了d1，第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2在力矩標稱值Md_Soll以下差了d2。
力矩臨限值確定手段(50)可利用所存的表確定臨限值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim2，依另一實施例，在該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)的上述輸入值之間儲入函數的關聯，因此力矩臨限值Md_Lim1、Md_Lim1可由實際的力矩實際值md_Ist著手用外插法求得，此函數的關聯，在最簡單的情形係基於一種直線方程式，因此所期望的力矩走勢可完全利用該直線的斜率和一個點完全表達，力矩臨限值Md_Lim1，Md_Lim2或用於確認該臨限值Md_Lim1，Md_Lim2所需之函數關聯 宜用實驗求出並存在該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)中。
在第一螺合情形SF1的出發點為：第一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1在一第一時刻ti 1將達到。第一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1或第一差d1配合一種硬螺合情形，該情形利用所求出的力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt檢出。此第一差d1較大。
在第二螺合情形SF2的出發點為：第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2在一第二時刻將達到。第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2或第二差d2配合一種軟螺合情形，該情形利用所求得之力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt檢出。第二差d2較小。
一個包含在電動馬達控制手段(40)的比較器(54)將該力矩臨限值Md_Lim，Md_Lim1，Md_Lim2與力矩實際值md_Ist比較，並依比較結果提供一控制信號s_Mot。此控制信號s_Mot用於使該脈波寬度調變的信號s_PWM用以先前更小的功率控制電動馬達(12)，因此電動馬達(12)轉速減少。如不用此方式，可隨著控制信號s_Mot發生將電動馬達(12)完全關掉。
在達到力矩臨限值Md_Lim，Md_Lim1，Md_Lim2後將轉速減少或將馬達完全關掉主要可防止力矩實際值超過，否則這種力矩實際值超過的情事會使該螺絲接合部用比力矩實際值Md_Soll更大的力矩旋合。
這種力矩超過的情形係在螺合過程近終了時由於電動馬達(12)中特別是聯動器(14)中存在的動能造成。在這方面，特別是硬螺合的情形SF1尤為重要，因為在短時ti內就達到力矩標稱值Md_Soll。在圖3所示的實施例中，要說 明此問題，故由下述情形開始：在超過第一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1後，儘管將轉速減少或將馬達完全關掉，但力矩實際值md_Ist一直增加到第二時刻ti 2為止。而力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt幾乎不滅少。利用控制信號s_Mot造成以及利用該脈波寬度調變的信號s_PWM所預設之轉速減少作用或將電動馬達(12)完全關掉係從第二時刻ti2開始才發揮作用。
力矩標稱值Md_Soll在第三時刻ti3利用一減少的力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt達到。如果在超過第一力矩臨限值Md_Lim1時，電動馬達(12)已完全關掉，則最遲在第三時刻ti 3設一道電動馬達(12)的斷電作用。此斷電作用利用一停止信號s_Stop造成，該信號係由一個設在電動馬達控制手段(40)中的第二比較器(56)依力矩標稱值Md_Soll和力矩實際值md_Ist之間的比較結果而提供。
在作「軟螺合」SF2的情形時，和硬螺合情形SF1不同者，在達到第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2後，仍有較長的時段可用，直到達到力矩標稱值Md_Soll為止。因此第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2距力矩標稱Md_Soll可更接近得多，對應於一較小的差d2。在此情形，在達到第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2後，也將電動馬達(12)的轉速減少或已將電動馬達(12)完全關掉。利用如此所造成之力矩梯度dmd_Ist/dt的減少，在第二力矩臨限值Md_Lim2超過後，即使在軟螺合情形SF2也可防止力矩超過，因此螺合作用可準確地用力矩標稱值Md_Soll旋緊，該值係在第五時刻ti 5達到。
在圖示之實施例由以下所述著手：設有蓄電池(22)供能 量給電動馬達(12)，蓄電池宜做成以鋰為基礎的蓄電池，該蓄電池特點為高能量密度。舉例而言可使用一鋰離子蓄電池或者例如一鋰聚合物蓄電池(22)。此蓄電池提供該「供應電壓」u_Batt。固然一蓄電池(特別是一以鋰為基礎的蓄電池)的放電特性曲線走勢較平坦，但即使是小小的電壓降--如果將馬達電流i-Mot取出當作力矩實際宜md_Ist的量，也能直接對於達到該預設之力矩標稱值Md_Soll有影響，因為當供應電壓u_Batt下降時，調整成較小的馬達電流i_Mot。
因此設有一蓄電池電壓降補償電路(60)，它將供應電壓u_Batt下降對於達到所調整的力矩標稱值Md_Soll的影響作補償。
原則上，供應電壓u_Batt可直接穩定化並保持恆定，然而其中需要功率半導體構件，它們一方面係廉價者，另方面由於所預期的電流大，例如可達100A，故體積太大而不能裝在動力旋螺絲器(10)中。
因此該蓄電池電壓降補償電路(60)宜隨一補償信號s_Batt_Kom嵌入該旋螺絲器斷電手段(52)中，其中當供應電壓u_Batt降低時，該力矩標稱值Md_Soll提高，或力矩實際值md_Ist減少。
舉例而言，蓄電池電壓降補償電路(60)可包含一參考電壓源，該供應電壓u_Batt與該參考電壓比較。在蓄電池(22)的放電過程時，隨著參考電壓與供應電壓u_Batt之間的差變小，該補償信號s_Batt持續升高，其中這種升高相當於 馬達電流i_Mot的虛擬的減少，俾將在供應電壓u_Batt降低時，將實際上較小的馬達電流i_Mot在作信號評估時作補償。
在動力旋螺絲器(10)操作時，支持臂(18)提供所需之對立力矩，和該由插接頭(16)傳到螺合部的力矩對立。該支持臂(18)要固定在一適當支持手段上以準備旋合過程。在旋合過程時，隨著力矩增加，支持臂的變形對應地加大，這種變形使能量儲存，儲存在支持臂(18)中的能量在達到預設之力矩標稱值Md_Soll時在旋螺絲機(10)關掉之後具有最大值。
由於支持臂(18)變形，插接頭(16)以及整個動力旋螺絲器(10)在螺絲接合部繃緊。利用由旋螺絲器斷電手段(40)提供的斷電信號s_Stop將動力旋螺絲機(10)關掉後，儲存在支持臂(18)中的能量發揮作用使該馬達(12)由插接頭(16)開始向後經由聯動器(14)受驅動，其中電動馬達(12)開始沿著和驅動方向相反的方向旋轉。
因此電動馬達在該儲存在支持臂(18)中的能量放出時呈發電機的方式操作。為了使儲存在支持臂(18)中的能量迅速而簡單地放出，電動馬達(12)可空轉而不施一股對立力矩，否則該對立力矩會使釋能過程變得困難及較久。因此，電動馬達在此操作狀態不短路或用低電阻路線跨接，其中在發電機電壓還很低時，已會發生一股大的馬達電流i_Mot，對應於一股大的對立力矩，在此要考慮：在發電機操作方式中，馬達電壓u_Mot由於旋轉方向不同，故極性 反轉，因此馬達電流i_Mot沿相反方向流動(如果有電流路徑存在的話)。
特別是研究顯示：在發電機操作方式中會發生很大的馬達電壓u_Mot，它們遠超過電動馬達(12)的標稱操作電壓u_Mot。當電動馬達(12)的標稱操作電壓例如為28伏特時，則電壓尖峰可到200伏特以上，脈波期間大於100奈秒。這種高能量的過電壓會造成控制電路(26)的元件損壞，特別是造成切換元件(32)損壞。
因此依本發明設有電壓限制電路(40)，它將該馬達〔該馬達在該儲存在支持臂(18)中的能量放出時呈發電機方式操作且逆著驅動方向轉動〕之在電動馬達(12)上發生的馬達電壓u_Mot限制到一預設之限制電壓u_Lim。
此電壓限制電路(70)不能和空間相提並論，空轉只是將電動馬達(12)大致短路。電壓限制電路(46)可使限制電壓u_Lim能標的預設，俾在發電機操作方式時，至少在達到限制電壓u_Lim時，當儲存在支持臂(18)中的能量消散時不會產生對立力矩。在此操作狀態時，只有在發電機操作中馬達電壓u_Mot設法超過限制電壓u_Lim時才會發生和正常操作相反方向的馬達電流。
然而電壓限制電路(70)可擔任空轉的功能，其中在空轉時〔此時馬達電流i_Mot的方向不反轉〕發生限制電壓u_Lim呈馬達電壓u_Mot形式。如有必要可設以圖未詳示之切換的空轉作用，這種空轉作用利用頻波寬度調變的信號s_PWM控制。
此電壓限制電路(70)可用不同方法及方式實施。在圖3a中所示之實施例中，該電壓限制電路(70)有一個雙極的電壓限制二極體(72)，它也稱為TVS(暫時電壓鎮壓器Transient Voltage Suppersessor)。此電壓限制二極體(72)包含二個齊納二極體，整合在單一構中。在圖4b所示之實施例，該電壓限制電路(70)包含一可變電阻(74)(Varistor)。
雖然二極體(72)可對電壓脈波反應很快，但可變電阻(74)至少可在短期吸收及導離較多能量。因此可依需要將二極體(72)及一可變電阻(74)組合。
限制電壓u_Lim至少確定在一值，在此值時，在電動馬達(12)正常操作時，馬達電壓u_Mot的限制不會發生。此限制電壓u_Lim因此在一28伏特的電動馬達(12)的場合確定在至少28伏特的值。由於在電動馬達(12)作發電機操作時，馬達電壓u_Mot反向，故此電壓限制電路(46)須提供限制電壓u_Lim，特別是供馬達電壓u_Mot在相反的極性之用，因為特別是在發電機操作方式有過電壓之虞。在圖2所示實施例，供應電壓u_Batt的極性係如圖2所示，在電動馬達(12)的發電機操作中在切換元件(32)產生正電位之馬達電壓u_Mot而負電位則在蓄電池。
宜設一限制電壓u_Lim，它型少相當於電動馬達(12)的標稱電壓的值。依另一設計，至少該在電動馬達(12)的發電機操作方式中作用的「根制電壓」u_Lim確定到一所謂之「保護小電壓」的值，此值可依法確定，在這方面，一保護小電壓要如下定義：在一電器〔在此情形為一螺絲旋合器(10)〕 中可能接觸到的導電的部分不得超出該保護小電壓。如果情形如此，則要有特別措施作接觸保護。舉例而言，保護小電壓為42伏特。
本發明的動力旋螺絲器(10)另一特點為一資料載體(80)，它將螺合用的資料(例如，至少有力矩標稱值Md_Soll，及/或用於容納資料，例如實際上達成的力矩實際值(md_Ist)作預處理，這些資料至少在螺合過程結束時儲存。此外，資料載體(80)可含有動力旋螺絲器(10)的口徑資料及/或作處理以儲存動力旋螺絲器(10)的標稱值。該資料載體(80)宜做成可動資料載體，例如可廉價構得的RFID。
本發明的動力旋螺絲器(10)另一特點為有一傳輸手段以傳輸資料，例如一發射/接收裝置(82)，它設計成接收及/或發射和螺合及或和動力旋螺絲器(10)的標稱值相關的資料。此發射/接收裝置(82)宜與一資料載體(圖未詳示)配合，例如一可動之資料載體，它可相當於資料/載體(80)，如果此資料載體為上述之FRID，則發射/接收裝置(82)有一高頻發射器及/或高頻接收器，其中該發射/接收頻率調頻到該資料載體的發射/接收頻率。
(10)‧‧‧動力旋螺絲器
(12)‧‧‧電動馬達
(14)‧‧‧聯動器
(16)‧‧‧插接頭
(18)‧‧‧支持臂
(20)(22)‧‧‧蓄電池
(24)‧‧‧開關
(26)‧‧‧控制電路
(28)‧‧‧資料載體
(30)‧‧‧發射/接收裝置
(32)‧‧‧切換元件
(40)‧‧‧電動馬達控制手段
(42)‧‧‧切換元件
(44)‧‧‧旁路
(46)‧‧‧力矩實際值求出手段
(48)‧‧‧力矩梯度求出手段
(50)‧‧‧力矩臨限值求出手段
(52)‧‧‧旋螺絲器斷電手段
(54)‧‧‧比較器
(56)‧‧‧第二比較器
(60)‧‧‧蓄電池電壓降補償電路
(70)‧‧‧電壓限制電路
(72)‧‧‧電壓限制二極體
(74)‧‧‧可變電阻
(80)‧‧‧資料載體
(82)‧‧‧發射/接收裝置
圖1係一本發明的動力旋螺絲器的一草圖，圖2係一本發明的動力旋螺絲器的一控制電路的電路圖，圖3係力矩走勢和時間的關係圖，圖4a與4b係一電壓限制電路之不同設計。
(12)‧‧‧電動馬達
(22)‧‧‧蓄電池
(24)‧‧‧開關
(26)‧‧‧控制電路
(40)‧‧‧電動馬達控制手段
(42)‧‧‧切換元件
(44)‧‧‧旁路
(48)‧‧‧力矩梯度求出手段
(50)‧‧‧力矩臨限值求出手段
(52)‧‧‧旋螺絲器斷電手段
(54)‧‧‧比較器
(56)‧‧‧第二比較器
(60)‧‧‧蓄電池電壓降補償電路
(70)‧‧‧電壓限制電路
(80)‧‧‧資料載體
(82)‧‧‧發射/接收裝置

Claims (16)

  1. 一種動力旋螺絲器，具有一當作驅動器的電動馬達(12)、一支持臂(18)用於在一上螺絲過程提供一反向力矩、一力矩標稱值預設手段(52)、一力矩實際值求出手段(46)、一力矩梯度求出手段(48)及一電動馬達控制手段(40)，該電動馬達控制手段依該力矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)而定控制該電動馬達(12)，以及一力矩臨限值確定手段(50)，該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)的程式設計成提供一力矩臨限值(Md_Lim)(Md_Lim1)(Md_Lim2)，該力矩臨限值與在旋合程序時決定的力矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)有關且在力矩標稱值(Md_Soll)以下，且如果該力矩實際值(md_Ist)超過該力矩臨限值(Md_Lim)(Md_Lim1)(Md_Lim2)時就預設一轉速減少作用給電動馬達(12)或將電動馬達(12)完全斷路。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：當力矩實際值(md_Ist)小於力矩臨限值(Md_Lim)(Md_Lim1)(Md_Lim2)時，則該電動馬達控制手段(40)將電動馬達(12)預設其最大可能的轉速。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)將力矩標稱值(Md_Soll)和力矩臨限值(Md_Lim)(Md_Lim1)(Md_Lim2)之間的差(d1)(d2)依力矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)而定作確定。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第3項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)當一較高之力矩梯度 (dmd_Ist/dt)大於一較小的力矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)時將誤差(d1)(d2)確定。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)包含一表，該表中存有力矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)及力矩標稱值(Md_Soll)以確定該力矩臨限值(Md_Lim)(Md_Lim1)(Md_Lim2)。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該力矩臨限值確定手段(50)利用所求出之力矩梯度(dmd_Ist/dt)、力矩實際值(md_Ist)及力矩標稱值(Md_Soll)用外插法求出力矩臨限值(Md_Lim)(Md_Lim1)(Md_Lim2)。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：設有一馬達電流檢出手段(44)，它將馬電流(i_Mot)檢出，當作力矩實際值(md_Ist)用的量。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：設有一資料載體(80)，其中儲存該螺絲接合部及/或施力螺桿(10)的標稱值，且/或該資料構體被設置以儲存一螺絲接合部之檢出資料或該力量螺絲(10)的標稱值。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第8項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該施力螺桿(10)具有傳輸手段(82)以將信號傳輸到一個設在施力螺絲(10)外的資料載體。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：設有一電壓限制電路(70)，它將在電動馬達(12)上發生的馬達電壓(u_Mot)限制到一預設界限電壓(u_Lim)， 該界限電壓至少確定到電動馬達(12)的標稱操作電壓。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第10項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該電壓限制電路(70)包含一雙極之限制二極體(72)。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第10項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該電壓限制電路(70)包含一可變電阻器(74)。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：設有一蓄電池(22)以提供該供應電壓(u_Batt)。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第13項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：設有一以鋰為基礎的蓄電池(鋰離子蓄電池、鋰聚合物蓄電池)當作蓄電池(20)。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第13項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：設有一蓄電池電壓降的補償電路(60)，該蓄電池電壓降補償電路將降低之操作電壓(u_Batt)對於達到所調整之力矩標稱值(Md_Soll)的影響作補償。
  16. 如申請專利範圍第15項之動力旋螺絲器，其中：該蓄電池電壓降補償電路(60)在供應電壓(u_Batt)降低時將該用於達到所調整的力矩標稱值(Md_Soll)所檢出的力矩實際值(md_Ist)減少。
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CN101765483B (zh) 2013-09-18
US20100116519A1 (en) 2010-05-13
EP2146822A2 (de) 2010-01-27
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