TWI484050B - 冷軋鋼板、及其製造方法、以及熱壓印成形體 - Google Patents

冷軋鋼板、及其製造方法、以及熱壓印成形體 Download PDF

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TWI484050B
TWI484050B TW102127937A TW102127937A TWI484050B TW I484050 B TWI484050 B TW I484050B TW 102127937 A TW102127937 A TW 102127937A TW 102127937 A TW102127937 A TW 102127937A TW I484050 B TWI484050 B TW I484050B
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cold
steel sheet
rolled steel
rolling
hot
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TW102127937A
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TW201410883A (zh
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Toshiki Nonaka
Satoshi Kato
Kaoru Kawasaki
Toshimasa Tomokiyo
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Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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    • C22C38/06Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/012Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of aluminium or an aluminium alloy
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
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Description

冷軋鋼板、及其製造方法、以及熱壓印成形體 發明領域
本發明係有關於一種冷軋鋼板、熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、合金化熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、電鍍鋅冷軋鋼板或鍍鋁冷軋鋼板、及使用其等之熱壓印成形體、以及其等之製造方法。
本申請係依據已於2012年8月6日向日本提出申請之特願2012-174215號以及已於2012年8月6日向日本提出申請之特願2012-174216號,主張優先權並於此引用其內容。
發明背景
現今,針對汽車用鋼板係要求衝撞安全性之提升及輕量化。為了達成該等同時成立,已逐漸開發藉由拉伸強度等表示之強度相當高的高強度鋼板。但,鋼板之高強度化的要求愈趨進展。
在上述狀況下,作為獲取更高強度而在最近備受注目的手法係熱壓印(亦稱為熱壓製、熱壓印、模具淬火、壓製淬火等)。熱壓印係將鋼板在高溫例如700℃以上之溫度下加熱後以熱成形,藉此使鋼板之成形性提升,並藉由成形 後之冷卻進行淬火而獲取期望之材質的成形方法。就兼具壓製加工性及高強度的鋼板而言,周知有由麻田散鐵單相組織、以及肥粒鐵.麻田散鐵組織、及肥粒鐵.變韌鐵組織等之複相組織所構成者等。其中,以使麻田散鐵分散於肥粒鐵基的複合組織鋼板具有低降伏比且延性佳。
但,現在的汽車鋼板高強度化愈發進展,並開始進行複雜的成形。因此,以現在的複合組織鋼板而言,在高強度的情況下,其延性不夠充分。再加上,時而會在熱壓印後的成形體附加追加加工且有時還期待衝撃吸收能力,因此近年衍生出必須高度保持熱壓印後之成形體的延性。
作為上述複合組織鋼板,例如有專利文獻1~3中所揭示者。
然而,即便以該等習知技術依舊難以應對今日汽車所要求的更輕量化及零件形狀的複雜化。此外,在習知技術之鋼板難以高度保持熱壓印後的延性。
先前技術文獻 專利文獻
專利文獻1:日本國特開平6-128688號公報
專利文獻2:日本國特開2000-319756號公報
專利文獻3:日本國特開2005-120436號公報
發明概要
本發明目的在於提供一種可在熱壓印前後確保 強度同時可獲得較佳的延性且熱壓印前及後之成形性優異的熱壓印用冷軋鋼板、熱壓印用熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、熱壓印用合金化熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、熱壓印用電鍍鋅冷軋鋼板或熱壓印用鍍鋁冷軋鋼板及其等之製造方法。此外,本發明目的在於提供一種成形性優異的熱壓印成形體。
本發明人等針對可確保熱壓印前(熱壓印步驟中用以進行淬火之加熱前)及熱壓印後(熱壓印步驟之淬火後)的強度同時成形性(延性)優異的冷軋鋼板、熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、合金化熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、電鍍鋅冷軋鋼板或鍍鋁冷軋鋼板進行精闢研討。結果本發明人等發現,藉由在熱壓印前使鋼板的肥粒鐵、變韌鐵、及殘留沃斯田鐵的分率成為預定分率,且使鋼板的板厚表層部及板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵的分率差以及板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵之分布在特定範圍內,可於工業上製造可在熱壓印前後確保成形性在現有程度以上的冷軋鋼板。該冷軋鋼板亦可作為鍍鋅冷軋鋼板或鍍鋁冷軋鋼板使用。此外,本發明人等發現,為了獲得如上述之鋼板,必須調整熱軋延步驟中之粗軋延前後的時間及板厚、以及冷軋延步驟中之軋縮率。在此,確保現有程度以上的成形性表示拉伸強度TS與延性El之積TS×El在20000MPa.%以上。又,本發明人等亦發現,為了控制殘留沃斯田鐵之分率,有效方法係使下述兩時間關係:自鋼板離開加熱爐起至對鋼板開始粗軋延為止之時間,與從對鋼板之粗軋延結束起至對鋼板開始最終軋延為 止之時間,以及粗軋延前後的板厚關係在特定範圍內。此外,了解到藉由熱壓印將上述鋼板成形而製得的成形體其延性佳且可輕易地附加如擠壓加工之追加加工。本發明人等依據其等見解而達至以下顯示之發明的諸態樣。
(1)本發明之一態樣之冷軋鋼板,其化學成分以質量%計含有:C:0.1%~0.3%、Si:0.01%~2.0%、Mn:1.5%~2.5%、P:0.001%~0.06%、S:0.001%~0.01%、N:0.0005%~0.01%、Al:0.01%~0.05%、B:0%~0.002%、Mo:0%~0.5%、Cr:0%~0.5%、V:0%~0.1%、Ti:0%~0.1%、Nb:0%~0.05%、Ni:0%~1.0%、Cu:0%~1.0%、Ca:0%~0.005%、及REM:0%~0.005%;且剩餘部分係由Fe及雜質所構成;於熱壓印前後,其金屬組織如下:肥粒鐵:面積率30%~90%,麻田散鐵:面積率0%以上且低於20%,波來鐵:面積率0%~10%,殘留沃斯田鐵:體積率5%~20%,及剩餘部分組織:變韌鐵;在前述熱壓印前後,以奈米壓痕機所測出之殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度滿足式1及式2,且滿足拉伸強度及延性為TS×El≧20000MPa.%之關係。
H2/H1<1.1…(式1)
σ HM<20…(式2)
「H1」表示前述熱壓印前後位在板厚表層部之前述殘留沃斯田鐵的前述硬度,而該板厚表層部係自前述冷軋鋼板之表面起於板厚方向200μm以內的區域;「H2」表示前述熱壓印之前或後位在板厚中心部之前述殘留沃斯田鐵的 前述硬度,而該板厚中心部係前述冷軋鋼板之自前述板厚方向的中心面起於前述板厚方向±100μm以內的區域;「σ HM」表示前述熱壓印之前或後位在前述板厚中心部之前述殘留沃斯田鐵的前述硬度之分散值;「TS」表示以單位MPa計之前述冷軋鋼板的前述拉伸強度;「El」表示以單位%計之前述冷軋鋼板的前述延性。
(2)如上述(1)記載之冷軋鋼板,其中前述化學成分亦可以質量%計含有選自於由下述所構成群組之一種以上元素:B:0.0005%~0.002%、Mo:0.01%~0.5%、Cr:0.01%~0.5%、V:0.001%~0.1%、Ti:0.001%~0.1%、Nb:0.001%~0.05%、Ni:0.01%~1.0%、Cu:0.01%~1.0%、Ca:0.0005%~0.005%、及REM:0.0005%~0.005%。
(3)如上述(1)或(2)記載之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面亦可業已施行熔融鍍鋅。
(4)如上述(1)或(2)記載之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面亦可業已施行合金化熔融鍍鋅。
(5)如上述(1)或(2)記載之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面亦可業已施行電鍍鋅。
(6)如上述(1)或(2)記載之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面亦可業已施行鍍鋁。
(7)本發明之另一態樣之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如上述(1)或(2)記載之冷軋鋼板之方法;其具有:鑄造步驟,將具有前述化學成分之熔鋼進行鑄造而製成鋼材;熱軋延步驟,在前述鑄造步驟之後以加熱爐對前述鋼 材進行加熱,接著在式3成立之條件下對前述鋼材進行粗軋延及最終軋延;捲取步驟,在前述熱軋延步驟之後對前述鋼材進行捲取;酸洗步驟,在前述捲取步驟之後對前述鋼材進行酸洗;冷軋延步驟,在前述酸洗步驟之後藉由具有複數機座之冷軋延機,在式4成立之條件下對前述鋼材施行冷軋延;退火步驟,在前述冷軋延步驟之後於700℃~850℃下對前述鋼材進行退火,接著進行冷卻;及調質軋延步驟,在前述退火步驟之後對前述鋼材進行調質軋延。
2<(1/5)×(h1/h2)×(1/10)×(t1+t2)0.3 <6…(式3)
1.5×(r1/r)+1.2×(r2/r)+(r3/r)>1…(式4)
「h1」表示以單位mm計之前述粗軋延前之前述鋼材的板厚;「h2」表示以單位mm計之前述粗軋延後之前述鋼材的前述板厚;「t1」表示以單位秒計之前述鋼材自離開前述加熱爐起至對前述鋼材開始前述粗軋延為止之時間;「t2」表示以單位秒計之結束前述粗軋延後至開始前述最終軋延為止之時間;「ri」表示以單位%計之在前述冷軋延步驟中,前述複數機座中自最上游起算第i(i=1、2、3)段之機座單獨的目標冷軋率;「r」表示以單位%計之在前述冷軋延步驟之目標總冷軋率。
(8)如上述(7)記載之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如上述(3)記載之冷軋鋼板之方法;其亦可在前述退火步驟與前述調質軋延步驟之間具有對前述鋼材施行熔融鍍鋅熔融鍍鋅步驟。
(9)如上述(8)記載之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製 造如上述(4)記載之冷軋鋼板之方法;其亦可在前述熔融鍍鋅步驟與前述調質軋延步驟之間具有對前述鋼材施行合金化處理之合金化處理步驟。
(10)如上述(7)記載之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如上述(5)記載之冷軋鋼板之方法;其亦可在前述調質軋延步驟之後具有對前述鋼材施行電鍍鋅電鍍鋅步驟。
(11)如上述(7)記載之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如上述(6)記載之冷軋鋼板之方法;其亦可在前述退火步驟與前述調質軋延步驟之間具有對前述鋼材施行鍍鋁鍍鋁步驟。
(12)本發明之另一態樣之熱壓印成形體,係採用如上述(1)~(6)中任一項記載之冷軋鋼板。
依據本發明,可使以奈米壓痕機所測出之殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度分布(板厚中心部中之硬度分布及板厚表層部與板厚中心部之硬度差)在熱壓印前後皆適當,故而在熱壓印前後可獲得較良好的延性。因此,在藉由熱壓印所製造之成形體亦可獲得良好的延性。
S1‧‧‧鑄造步驟
S2‧‧‧熱軋延步驟
S3‧‧‧捲取步驟
S4‧‧‧酸洗步驟
S5‧‧‧冷軋延步驟
S6‧‧‧退火步驟
S7‧‧‧調質軋延步驟
圖1A係顯示熱壓印前後之H2/H1與σ HM之關係的圖表。
圖1B係顯示熱壓印前後之σ HM與TS×El的關係並顯示式1、2之根據的圖表。
圖2係關於熱軋條件之式3與熱壓印前後之TS×El的關 係並顯示式3之根據的圖表。
圖3係關於冷軋率之式4與熱壓印前後之硬度H2/H1的關係並顯示式4之根據的圖表。
圖4係實施例之熱壓印成形體的立體圖。
圖5係顯示本發明之冷軋鋼板及各種鍍覆冷軋鋼板之製造方法的流程表。
用以實施發明之形態
如前述研究得知,為了提升熱壓印前後的鋼板成形性,使鋼板之預定部位的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度分布(板厚中心部之硬度分布及板厚表層部與板厚中心部之硬度差)適當相當重要。迄今,尚未進行著眼於熱壓印前後的鋼板成形性與殘留沃斯田鐵硬度之關係的研討。
在此,說明本發明一實施形態相關之鋼板及其製造使用之鋼之化學成分的限定理由。以下,各成分含量之單位符號「%」表示「質量%」。
(C:0.1%~0.3%)
C係使沃斯田鐵穩定殘留的重要元素。C含量低於0.1%時,將無法充分使沃斯田鐵殘留。另一方面,C含量超過0.3%時,鋼板之熔接性會降低。因此,C含量之範圍定為0.1%~0.3%。而,在熔接性的要求較高的情況下,C含量宜在0.25%以下。
(Si:0.01%~2.0%)
Si係用以抑制有害碳化物之生成並進一步進行脫氧的 重要元素。但,一旦含有Si超過2.0%,鋼板之延性會降低而進一步使鋼板之化成處理性亦降低。因此,Si含量之上限定為2.0%。又,Si含量低於0.01%時,將無法充分獲得脫氧效果。因此,Si含量之下限定為0.01%。
(Al:0.01%~0.05%)
Al作為脫氧劑為一重要元素。在該目的下將Al含量之下限定為0.01%。另一方面,若過度含有Al,上述效果會達飽和,反而使鋼脆化。因此,Al含量之上限定為0.05%。
(Mn:1.5%~2.5%)
Mn係用以提高淬火性以強化鋼板的重要元素。Mn含量低於1.5%時,將無法充分提高鋼板強度。但,Mn含量一旦超過2.5%,鋼板的淬火性會過度提高而產生不適量的強度上升,藉此使延性降低。因此,Mn含量定為1.5%~2.5%。而,在延性的要求較高的情況下,Mn含量之上限宜在2.0%。
(P:0.001%~0.06%)
P含量多時,P會偏析於粒界,使鋼板的局部延性及熔接性劣化。因此,P含量之上限定為0.06%。另一方面,使P含量不必要地減低會招致精鍊時的成本提高,因此將P含量之下限定為0.001%。
(S:0.001%~0.01%)
S係形成MnS使鋼板的局部延性及熔接性顯著劣化的元素。因此,S含量之上限定為0.01%。又,從精鍊成本之問題看來,宜將S含量之下限定為0.001%。
(N:0.0005%~0.01%)
N係使AlN等氮化物析出並使鋼板之金屬組織的結晶粒微細化的重要元素。但,N含量一旦超過0.01%,固溶氮會殘存而降低鋼板之延性。因此,N含量之上限定為0.01%。又,為了使金屬組織之結晶粒微細化且減低精鍊時的成本,宜將N含量之下限定在0.0005%。
(Nb:0%~0.05%、Ti:0%~0.1%、V:0%~0.1%、Mo:0%~0.5%、Cr:0%~0.5%)
Nb、Ti、V、Mo、及Cr之含有在本實施形態中非必須。因此,該等元素之含量下限為0%。但,Nb、Ti、V可作為微細的碳氮化物析出而強化鋼。又,Mo、Cr可提高鋼板的淬火性而強化鋼。為了獲得該等效果,亦可含有1種或2種以上之Nb:0.001%以上、Ti:0.001%以上、V:0.001%以上、Mo:0.01%以上、Cr:0.01%以上。另一方面,需將Nb含量之上限定為0.05%,Ti含量之上限定為0.1%,V含量之上限定為0.1%,Mo含量之上限定為0.5%,且Cr含量之上限定為0.5%。含有該等元素超過該等上限值時,強度上升的效果會達飽和,進而造成延性之降低。
(Ca:0%~0.005%、REM:0%~0.005%)
Ca及REM(稀土類元素)之含有在本實施形態中非必須。因此,該等元素含量之下限為0%。但,Ca可控制硫化物及氧化物之形狀,使鋼之局部延性及擴孔性提升。為了獲得該效果,可含有0.0005%以上之Ca。但,過度含有Ca會使鋼之加工性劣化。因此,Ca含量之上限定為0.005%。使鋼含有REM可帶來與Ca同樣的效果。由與Ca同樣之理 由,可將REM含量之下限定為0.0005%且必需將上限定為0.005%。
REM係於鑭系元素之15元素加上Y及Sc的17元素之總稱。可使鋼板含有該等元素中之1種或2種以上。而,REM含量表示該等元素之合計含量。
(Cu:0%~1.0%、Ni:0%~1.0%、B:0%~0.002%)
Cu、Ni及B之含有在本實施形態中非必須。因此,該等元素之含量下限為0%。但,該等元素亦可使淬火性提升而提高鋼之強度。因此,為了獲得該效果,可將Cu含量之下限定為0.01%,Ni含量之下限定為0.01%,B含量之下限定為0.0005%。另一方面,必需將Cu含量之上限定為1.0%,Ni含量之上限定為1.0%,B含量之上限定為0.002%。含有該等元素超過該等上限時,鋼之強度上升的效果會達飽和,進而使鋼降低延性。
(剩餘部分:Fe及雜質)
本實施形態之鋼的剩餘部分係由Fe及雜質所構成。在此,雜質係工業製造鋼時如礦石或廢料等之原料或因製造步驟之各種主因而混入的成分,在不對鋼造成不良影響之範圍內許容可含有之成分。就雜質元素而言,如Sn、As等。
(鋼板之板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度分布:在熱壓印前後σ HM<20)
(鋼板之板厚中心部與板厚表層部之間的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度差:H2/H1<1.1)
若使鋼含有殘留沃斯田鐵,鋼之延性會增高。惟,如 欲使殘留沃斯田鐵穩定殘留,C含量必須在最佳範圍。但,實際上製造鋼板時,鋼板中所含的C含量多半在板厚表層部與板厚中心部相異。具體上,在板厚表層部係C含量較少而使殘留沃斯田鐵量不夠充分,在板厚中心部係C含量較多而使殘留沃斯田鐵分解析出雪明碳鐵。因而使鋼板之延性劣化。為了使含有殘留沃斯田鐵而提升鋼板之延性,即必須解決上述問題。
本發明人等著眼於殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度而進行精闢研討的結果發現,如圖1A及圖1B顯示,在熱壓印前後板厚表層部與板厚中心部之間的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度差(硬度比)、及板厚中心部之殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度分布(分散值)若在預定狀態,延性等之成形性即佳。此外亦發現,在熱壓印下的淬火後仍可大致維持鋼中所含的C分布,良好地維持延性等成形性。此認為是因為熱壓印前產生的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度分布在熱壓印後依舊大幅影響,且已濃化在板厚中心部的C即便進行熱壓印依舊保持濃化在中心部的狀態。因此,當熱壓印前之鋼板在板厚表層部及板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度差較大時以及分散值較大時,熱壓印後依舊顯示同樣的傾向。
而且,在本實施形態中,以HYSITRON公司之奈米壓痕機在1000倍倍率下測定殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度時發現,在熱壓印前後下述式1及式2成立時,可獲得成形性優異的鋼板及熱壓印成形體。在此,「H1」表示板厚表層部的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度,而該板厚表層部係自鋼板之最表面 起至板厚方向200μm以內的區域;「H2」表示板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度,而該板厚中心部係自鋼板之板厚方向的中心面起於板厚方向±100μm以內的區域;「σ HM」表示上述板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度分散值。分別計測300點。以奈米壓痕機測出的硬度為無因次數,因此該硬度不計單位。
H2/H1<1.1…(式1)
σ HM<20…(式2)
圖1A係顯示熱壓印前後H2/H1與σ HM之關係的圖表,圖1B係顯示熱壓印前後σ HM與TS×El之關係以及式1、2之根據的圖表。從圖1A可知H2/H1低於1.1之鋼板σ HM低於20。此外,從圖1A亦可知H2/H1及σ HM之值在熱壓印前後無大幅變化。再加上,從圖1B可知σ HM低於20時TS×El會高出本實施形態之目標20000MPa.%。
H2/H1之值在1.1以上表示板厚中心部的殘留沃斯田鐵硬度在板厚表層部的殘留沃斯田鐵硬度之1.1倍以上。熱壓印前後H2/H1在1.1以上時,如從圖1A可知σ HM在熱壓印前後會在20以上。此時,板厚中心部之硬度會變得過高,使TS×El<20000MPa.%,而無法在熱壓印前後獲得充分的成形性。
而,在本發明中,熱壓印前後H2/H1在1.1以上表示熱壓印前H2/H1在1.1以上且熱壓印後H2/H1在1.1以上。並未算出熱壓印前之H1與熱壓印後之H2之比率或熱壓印前之H2與熱壓印後之H1之比率。
分散值σ HM在20以上表示殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度參差大。亦即,分散值σ HM在20以上時,局部上有硬度過高的部分存在於鋼板。此時,TS×El<20000MPa.%,無法在熱壓印前後獲得充分的成形性。
而,在本實施形態係以奈米壓痕機測定在1000倍倍率下測出殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度。以維氏硬度試驗形成的壓痕比殘留沃斯田鐵更大,因此藉由維氏硬度試驗而獲得的硬度(維氏硬度)係表示殘留沃斯田鐵及其周圍組織(肥粒鐵等)的宏觀性硬度。因此,維氏硬度試驗無法獲得殘留沃斯田鐵其本身的硬度。而殘留沃斯田鐵其本身的硬度會大幅影響成形性(延性),因此就用以評估成形性之指標而言,維氏硬度不夠充分。相對於此,利用奈米壓痕機的硬度測定可獲得殘留沃斯田鐵其本身的硬度。因為藉由調節硬度測定時之設定,可使利用奈米壓痕機測定硬度而形成的壓痕尺寸小於殘留沃斯田鐵的尺寸。因此藉由利用奈米壓痕機而獲得的硬度來作為評估指標,可較正確地評估鋼板之成形性。而且,在本實施形態中已使以奈米壓痕機進行測定之熱壓印前後的殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度關係適當,故可獲得極佳的成形性。
(肥粒鐵面積率:在熱壓印前後30%~90%、波來鐵面積率:在熱壓印前後0%~10%、麻田散鐵面積率:在熱壓印前後在0%以上且低於20%、殘留沃斯田鐵體積率:在熱壓印前後5%~20%、剩餘部分組織:在熱壓印前後為變韌鐵)
在本實施形態中將熱壓印前後的金屬組織之肥粒鐵面積率定為30%~90%。肥粒鐵面積率一旦低於30%,即無法獲得充分的延性。另一方面,肥粒鐵面積率一旦超過90%,硬質相即不足而無法獲得充分的強度。因此將肥粒鐵面積率定為30%~90%。
熱壓印前後之金屬組織亦含有殘留沃斯田鐵。在本實施形態中,殘留沃斯田鐵之體積率定為5%~20%。藉由殘留沃斯田鐵於鋼板中存在5%以上可確保延性。雖無規定殘留沃斯田鐵的體積率之上限值的必要,但若考慮到實際的製造設備之能力等,殘留沃斯田鐵的面積率之上限值約20%。
熱壓印前後之金屬組織亦可含有麻田散鐵。此時,麻田散鐵面積率低於20%。因為在使金屬組織中含有體積率5%~20%之殘留沃斯田鐵的製造條件下來製造鋼板時,無法使金屬組織中含有面積率20%以上的麻田散鐵。
如上述,在本實施形態中熱壓印前後的金屬組織之主要部分係被肥粒鐵與殘留沃斯田鐵占據,有時更含有麻田散鐵。誠此,在本實施形態中熱壓印前後之金屬組織宜未含波來鐵。因為波來鐵為硬且脆的組織,所以當金屬組織中含有面積率超過10%之波來鐵時,恐有鋼板之拉伸強度及延性降低之虞。因此將波來鐵之面積率定為0%~10%。
本實施形態中之熱壓印前後的金屬組織之剩餘部分(剩餘部分組織)主要為變韌鐵。
各金屬組織之含量可藉由以下方法計測。肥粒鐵、變 韌鐵、波來鐵的面積率係於軋延方向垂直切斷鋼板,研磨切斷面,接著進行硝太蝕劑蝕刻使切斷面之金屬組織現出,並在1000倍倍率下觀察切斷面之板厚1/4份而獲得。麻田散鐵的面積率係於軋延方向垂直切斷鋼板,研磨切斷面,接著進行勒培拉劑蝕刻使切斷面之金屬組織顯露,並在1000倍倍率下觀察切斷面之板厚1/4份而獲得。殘留沃斯田鐵的體積率係將鋼板自鋼板表面起至板厚1/4份加以研磨後,以X射線繞射裝置進行測定而獲得。而,板厚1/4份表示在鋼板之自鋼板表面起於鋼板厚度方向距離鋼板厚度1/4的部分。
若對上述鋼板進行熱壓印,可在熱壓印後之鋼板實現500~1500MPa的拉伸強度,藉由達成如上記載之條件,即可在尤其具有拉伸強度550MPa至1200MPa程度的鋼板獲得顯著的成形性提升效果。
而,亦可於本實施形態之冷軋鋼板表面施行鍍鋅例如熔融鍍鋅、合金化熔融鍍鋅、電鍍鋅、或鍍鋁,製成熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、合金化熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、電鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、或鍍鋁冷軋鋼板。就防鏽上,施行上述鍍覆可謂相當理想。
以下就本實施形態之鋼板之製造方法進行說明。
(鑄造步驟S1)
在製造本實施形態之鋼板時,以一般條件將從轉化爐熔製出的熔鋼連續鑄造製成鋼胚(鋼材)。連續鑄造時,鑄造速度若過快,Ti等析出物會變得太微細。另一方面,鑄造 速度若過慢,有時生產性會變差進而使前述析出物粗大化且粒子數減少,變得無法控制耐延遲破壞特性等特性。因此,宜將鑄造速度定為1.0m/分~2.5m/分。
(熱軋延步驟S2)
鑄造後之鋼胚可直接以隧道爐等加熱爐加熱,接著供給於熱軋延。或者,當鋼胚被冷卻至低於1100℃時,可以隧道爐等加熱爐將鋼胚再加熱。不論有無對鋼胚進行冷卻,離開加熱爐時的鋼胚溫度宜在1100℃~1300℃。若在低於1100℃之溫度下開始熱軋延,可能會難以確保最終溫度而引起鋼板的延性降低。又,在添加有Ti及/或Nb之鋼板中,加熱時的析出物溶解可能不夠充分而引起鋼板的強度降低。另一方面,加熱溫度超過1300℃時,鏽皮的生成量可能會大增而無法製出鋼板之表面性狀良好者。
接著,在下述式3成立之條件下進行粗軋延及最終軋延。在本實施形態中,包含加熱、粗軋延及最終軋延之步驟稱為熱軋延步驟。如圖2顯示,藉由在式3成立之條件下實施軋延步驟所製造的鋼板在熱壓印前後具有TS×El≧20000MPa.%。在此,「t1」表示以單位秒計之鋼胚離開熱軋延之加熱爐後至對鋼胚開始粗軋延為止所需的時間;「t2」表示以單位秒計之粗軋延結束後至開始最終軋延為止之時間;「h1」表示粗軋延前的鋼胚板厚;「h2」表示粗軋延後的鋼胚板厚。
2<(1/5)×(h1/h2)×(1/10)×(t1+t2)0.3 <6…(式3)
若在式3成立之條件下進行熱軋延步驟,C及Mn 等合金元素之濃淡層狀生成的鋼帶即被分離。結果在退火後之鋼板中即無殘留沃斯田鐵的C濃度傾斜。如上述,眾知殘留沃斯田鐵的C濃度一旦不同有所參差,延性即差。若進行熱軋延步驟使式3成立,即可獲得殘留沃斯田鐵之C濃度一樣且具有良好延性的鋼板。
而,該式3係為了評估軋延前後的板厚及粗軋延至最終軋延為止的時間,與最終軋延時的軋延負荷及該軋延負荷所致之波來鐵分離(細分化)的關係性,以實驗導出。
緊接著粗軋延,理想係使最終溫度為Ar3 ~970℃來進行熱軋延步驟之最終軋延。最終溫度低於Ar3 時,有時會變成(α+γ)2相軋延,產生延性降低。又,最終溫度超過970℃時,有時會沃斯田鐵粒徑變粗大且肥粒鐵分率變小,因此使延性降低。
(捲取步驟S3)
熱軋延步驟之後,理想係在20℃/秒以上的平均冷卻速度下將鋼冷卻,並在預定的捲取溫度CT下進行捲取。平均冷卻速度低於20℃/秒時,成為延性降低之原因的波來鐵可能會過剩生成。
(酸洗步驟S4及冷軋延步驟S5)
捲取步驟之後以酸洗步驟進行酸洗。而且在酸洗步驟之後以冷軋延步驟,藉由具有複數機座的冷軋延機對鋼板施行冷軋延。如圖3顯示,只要在下述式4成立之條件下進行冷軋延,即可獲得前述滿足式1的鋼板。鋼板滿足式1表示理所當然地在熱壓印前發揮作為鋼板的TS×El≧ 20000MPa.%,並關聯到在熱壓印後亦確保TS×El≧20000MPa.%。在此,「ri」係在前述冷軋延步驟中,前述機座中自最上游起算第i(i=1、2、3)段之機座單獨的目標冷軋率(%),「r」係在前述冷軋延步驟之目標總冷軋率(%)。總軋延率係相對於最初的機座入口板厚的累積軋縮量(最初道次前的入口板厚與最終道次後的出口板厚之差)之百分率,亦稱為累積軋縮率。
1.5×(r1/r)+1.2×(r2/r)+(r3/r)>1…(式4)
若在式4成立之條件下進行冷軋延,即便在冷軋延前鋼板有存在巨大的波來鐵,亦可在冷軋延中使波來鐵充分地分離(細分化)。結果可藉由冷軋延後的退火使波來鐵消失或將波來鐵量抑制到最小限度,因而可輕易地獲得滿足式1及式2的組織。另一方面,在式4不成立的情況下,在上游側的機座之冷軋率會不夠充分而殘存巨大的波來鐵,進而無法在後續的退火中生成期望的殘留沃斯田鐵。又,發明人等發現如滿足式4,所獲得的退火後之殘留沃斯田鐵組織的形態即便進行熱壓印仍可維持大致相同的狀態,即便在熱壓印後仍對延性有利。當本實施形態之鋼板以熱壓印加熱至二相時,熱壓印前的殘留沃斯田鐵及硬質相會變成沃斯田鐵組織,而熱壓印前的肥粒鐵相則維持原狀。沃斯田鐵中之C(碳)不會移動至周圍的肥粒鐵相。其後只要進行冷卻,沃斯田鐵相即可成為含有麻田散鐵的硬質相。亦即,只要滿足式4使前述H2/H1在預定範圍,熱壓印後仍可維持原狀,使熱壓印後的成形性良好。
如前述,r、r1、r2、r3為目標冷軋率,通常目標冷軋率與實作冷軋率係控制在大致相同之值來進行冷軋延。使實作冷軋率相對於目標冷軋率大幅偏離,將不利於冷軋延。因此,只要實作冷軋率滿足上述式4,即應視為正實施本發明。而,宜將實作冷軋率定在目標冷軋率之±10%以內。
(退火步驟S6及調質軋延步驟S7)
冷軋延後藉由進行退火,使鋼板生成再結晶。藉由該退火以使生成期望的麻田散鐵。退火溫度宜定在700~850℃之範圍。藉由在該範圍下進行退火,可使肥粒鐵及麻田散鐵成為預定的面積率,有助於TS×El之提升。在其後的調質軋延步驟中依照常法進行調質軋延。
此外為了提升防鏽能,本實施形態之製造方法亦可在退火步驟與調質軋延步驟之間具有熔融鍍鋅步驟,即對冷軋鋼板表面施行熔融鍍鋅。此外,製造方法在熔融鍍鋅後亦可具有合金化處理步驟,即施行合金化處理。施行合金化處理時,亦可使如水蒸氣等使鍍覆表面氧化的物質接觸於合金化熔融鍍鋅表面,進一步施行將鍍覆表面之氧化膜增厚之處理。
本實施形態之製造方法除熔融鍍鋅步驟及合金化熔融鍍鋅步驟以外,例如在調質軋延步驟之後亦可具有電鍍鋅步驟,即對冷軋鋼板表面施行電鍍鋅。又,亦可取代熔融鍍鋅步驟,在退火步驟與調質軋延步驟之間具有鍍鋁步驟,即對冷軋鋼板表面施行鍍鋁。而,就鍍鋁的手段 而言,一般為熔融鍍鋁且為理想。
在上述一連貫的處理後對鋼板進行熱壓印,藉此獲得熱壓印成形體(熱壓印後之鋼板)。熱壓印的步驟例如宜在如以下之條件下進行。首先,在升溫速度5℃/秒以上將鋼板加熱至700℃以上。為了使鋼板的成形性提升,宜使加熱溫度在1000℃以下,且在Ac3 點以下尤佳。加熱結束後,於預定的保持時間後進行熱壓印(熱壓印加工)。而且緊接著在冷卻速度50℃/秒以上將鋼板冷卻至300℃~500℃之範圍。其後使鋼板溫度在300~500℃之範圍內保持100秒以上(熱壓印之淬火)。
熱壓印加工前的加熱溫度低於700℃時,恐有淬火不夠充分而無法確保鋼板強度之虞。另一方面,加熱溫度超過1000℃時,恐有鋼板過度軟化之虞。又,在鋼板表面施有鍍覆尤其是施有鍍鋅時,加熱溫度一旦超過1000℃,鋅即有蒸發.消失之虞,不甚理想。因此,熱壓印的加熱溫度宜在700℃以上且在1000℃以下。為了進一步抑制金屬組織的不良變化,將加熱溫度之上限定為Ac3 點尤佳。而,Ac3 點一般係藉由以下式5算出。
Ac3 =937.2-436.5×[C]+56×[Si]-19.7×[Mn]-16.3×[Cu]-26.6×[Ni]-4.9×[Cr]+38.1×[Mo]+124.8×[V]+136.3×[Ti]-19.1×[Nb]+198.4×[Al]+3315×[B]…(式5)
[C]、[Si]、[Mn]、[Cu]、[Ni]、[Cr]、[Mo]、[V]、[Ti]、[Nb]、[Al]、及[B]分別係以單位質量%表示鋼材之C、Si、Mn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Mo、V、Ti、Nb、Al、及B的含量。
熱壓印加工前的升溫速度低於5℃/秒時,將難以控制升溫速度且生產性會顯著降低,因此宜在5℃/秒以上的升溫速度下進行加熱。冷卻速度低於50℃/秒時,將難以進行冷卻速度的速度控制且生產性亦顯著降低,因此宜在50℃/秒以上的冷卻速度下進行冷卻。升溫速度及冷卻速度的上限並無特別規定。在現在的一般設備能力之範圍內,升溫速度及冷卻速度實際上的上限兩者皆約在500℃/秒,預測將來會開發可在更高速下進行升溫及/或冷卻的設備。屆時,亦可在500℃/秒以上的速度下進行升溫及/或冷卻。
冷卻後使鋼板溫度在300℃~500℃之範圍內保持100秒以上的理由在於變韌鐵變態進展,使C濃縮至未變態的沃斯田鐵中,藉此,即便在其後冷卻至常溫後仍可使沃斯田鐵殘留。
由以上,只要満足前述條件,即可製造在熱壓印前後可維持硬度分布及組織,確保強度,同時可獲得良好的延性之高強度鋼板。
實施例
在鑄造速度1.0m/分~2.5m/分下連續鑄造表1所示之各種成分之鋼並獲得鋼胚後,直接利用常法以加熱爐將該等鋼胚加熱,或將該等鋼胚暫時冷卻後,利用常法以加熱爐將該等鋼胚加熱。表2中記號「-」表示意圖地使該當之鋼中不含該當元素。對該等鋼胚在表3顯示之條件下進行熱軋延並將鋼胚製成熱軋鋼板後進行捲取。其後對熱軋鋼板進行酸洗,除去鋼板表面的鏽皮,並以冷軋延將熱軋 鋼板製成板厚1.2~1.4mm而獲得冷軋鋼板。此外,對該等冷軋鋼板以連續退火爐在表4所示之退火溫度下進行退火。進一步在連續退火爐均熱後的冷卻途中對退火後的冷軋鋼板中之一部分施行熔融鍍鋅。並且,其後對經施行熔融鍍鋅的鋼板中之一部分施行合金化處理,以施行合金化熔融鍍鋅。又,對未施行熔融鍍鋅之退火後的冷軋鋼板中之一部分施行鍍鋁。對以上述方法所獲得之鋼板(有鍍鋼板及未鍍鋼板兩者)進行調質軋延。對已進行調質軋延之未鍍的鋼板中之一部分施行電鍍鋅。
從以上述方法所獲得之各種鋼板採取用以評估材質等所需的樣本,進行材質試驗、殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度測定、及金屬組織含量的測定。藉此求出熱壓印前鋼板的拉伸強度(TS)、延性(El)、各金屬組織之含量、及殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度分布(板厚表層部之平均硬度與板厚中心部之平均硬度之比H2/H1、及板厚中心部的硬度分布σ HM)。其後,為了獲得如圖4所示形態的熱壓印成形體,進行下述熱壓印:即針對各種鋼板,在升溫速度10℃/秒下升溫並在加熱溫度780℃下保持10秒後進行熱壓印加工,接著在冷卻速度100℃/秒下冷卻至300~500℃並保持100秒以上。從以上述方法獲得之成形體由圖4所示之位置切出樣本,並進行材質試驗、殘留沃斯田鐵之硬度測定及金屬組織含量的測定。藉此求出熱壓印後鋼板(熱壓印成形體)的拉伸強度(TS)、延性(El)、各金屬組織之含量、及殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度分布(板厚表層部之平均硬度與板厚中心部之平均硬度之比 H2/H1、及板厚中心部的硬度分布σ HM)。其結果顯示於表5~表8。而,在表5及表6中所示之「鍍覆種類」中,GI表示有施加熔融鍍鋅,GA表示有施加合金熔融鍍鋅,EG表示有施加電鍍,Al表示有施加鍍鋁。CR表示未鍍鋼板即冷軋鋼板。表中,作為數值之判定(合否判定)所標示的「範圍內」及「範圍外」之記載分別表示其數值在本發明所規定之範圍內及範圍外。
由以上實施例可知,只要滿足本發明的主要條 件,即可獲得在熱壓印前後滿足TS×El≧20000MPa.%之優異的高強度冷軋鋼板、高強度熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、高強度合金化熔融鍍鋅冷軋鋼板、電鍍鋅冷軋鋼板或熱壓印用鍍鋁冷軋鋼板。

Claims (12)

  1. 一種冷軋鋼板,其特徵在於其化學成分以質量%計含有:C:0.1%~0.3%、Si:0.01%~2.0%、Mn:1.5%~2.5%、P:0.001%~0.06%、S:0.001%~0.01%、N:0.0005%~0.01%、Al:0.01%~0.05%、B:0%~0.002%、Mo:0%~0.5%、Cr:0%~0.5%、V:0%~0.1%、Ti:0%~0.1%、Nb:0%~0.05%、Ni:0%~1.0%、Cu:0%~1.0%、Ca:0%~0.005%、及REM:0%~0.005%,且剩餘部分係由Fe及雜質所構成;於熱壓印前後,其金屬組織如下:肥粒鐵:面積率30%~90%, 麻田散鐵:面積率0%以上且低於20%,波來鐵:面積率0%~10%,殘留沃斯田鐵:體積率5%~20%,及剩餘部分組織:變韌鐵;在前述熱壓印前後,其以奈米壓痕機所測出之殘留沃斯田鐵的硬度滿足式1及式2,且滿足拉伸強度及延性為TS×El≧20000MPa.%之關係:H2/H1<1.1…(式1)σ HM<20…(式2)「H1」表示前述熱壓印前後位在板厚表層部之前述殘留沃斯田鐵的前述硬度,而該板厚表層部係自前述冷軋鋼板之表面起於板厚方向200μm以內的區域;「H2」表示前述熱壓印之前或後位在板厚中心部之前述殘留沃斯田鐵的前述硬度,而該板厚中心部係前述冷軋鋼板之自前述板厚方向的中心面起於前述板厚方向±100μm以內的區域;「σ HM」表示前述熱壓印之前或後位在前述板厚中心部之前述殘留沃斯田鐵的前述硬度之分散值;「TS」表示以單位MPa計之前述冷軋鋼板的前述拉伸強度;「El」表示以單位%計之前述冷軋鋼板的前述延性。
  2. 如請求項1之冷軋鋼板,其中前述化學成分以質量%計含有選自於由下述所構成群組之一種以上元素:B:0.0005%~0.002%、Mo:0.01%~0.5%、 Cr:0.01%~0.5%、V:0.001%~0.1%、Ti:0.001%~0.1%、Nb:0.001%~0.05%、Ni:0.01%~1.0%、Cu:0.01%~1.0%、Ca:0.0005%~0.005%、及REM:0.0005%~0.005%。
  3. 如請求項1或2之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面業已施行熔融鍍鋅。
  4. 如請求項1或2之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面業已施行合金化熔融鍍鋅。
  5. 如請求項1或2之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面業已施行電鍍鋅。
  6. 如請求項1或2之冷軋鋼板,其中前述冷軋鋼板之前述表面業已施行鍍鋁。
  7. 一種冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如請求項1或2之冷軋鋼板之方法;其特徵在於具有下述步驟:鑄造步驟,將具有前述化學成分之熔鋼進行鑄造而製成鋼材;熱軋延步驟,在前述鑄造步驟之後以加熱爐對前述鋼材進行加熱,接著在式3成立之條件下對前述鋼材進行粗軋延及最終軋延;捲取步驟,在前述熱軋延步驟之後對前述鋼材進行 捲取;酸洗步驟,在前述捲取步驟之後對前述鋼材進行酸洗;冷軋延步驟,在前述酸洗步驟之後藉由具有複數機座之冷軋延機,在式4成立之條件下對前述鋼材施行冷軋延;退火步驟,在前述冷軋延步驟之後於700℃~850℃下對前述鋼材進行退火,接著進行冷卻;及調質軋延步驟,在前述退火步驟之後對前述鋼材進行調質軋延;2<(1/5)×(h1/h2)×(1/10)×(t1+t2)0.3 <6…(式3) 1.5×(r1/r)+1.2×(r2/r)+(r3/r)>1…(式4)「h1」表示以單位mm計之前述粗軋延前之前述鋼材的板厚;「h2」表示以單位mm計之前述粗軋延後之前述鋼材的前述板厚;「t1」表示以單位秒計之前述鋼材自離開前述加熱爐起至對前述鋼材開始前述粗軋延為止之時間;「t2」表示以單位秒計之結束前述粗軋延後至開始前述最終軋延為止之時間;「ri」表示以單位%計之在前述冷軋延步驟中,前述複數機座中自最上游起算第i(i=1、2、3)段之機座單獨的目標冷軋率;「r」表示以單位%計之在前述冷軋延步驟中之目標總冷軋率。
  8. 如請求項7之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如請求項3之冷軋鋼板之方法;其在前述退火步驟與前述調質軋延步驟之間具有對前述鋼材施行熔融鍍鋅之熔融鍍鋅步驟。
  9. 如請求項8之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如請求項4之冷軋鋼板之方法;其在前述熔融鍍鋅步驟與前述調質軋延步驟之間具有對前述鋼材施行合金化處理之合金化處理步驟。
  10. 如請求項7之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如請求項5之冷軋鋼板之方法;其在前述調質軋延步驟之後具有對前述鋼材施行電鍍鋅之電鍍鋅步驟。
  11. 如請求項7之冷軋鋼板之製造方法,係製造如請求項6之冷軋鋼板之方法;其在前述退火步驟與前述調質軋延步驟之間具有對前述鋼材施行鍍鋁之鍍鋁步驟。
  12. 一種熱壓印成形體,係採用如請求項1至6中任一項之冷軋鋼板。
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