TW202248134A - Method of making a mercury based compound, mercury based compound, methods of using the mercury based compound and uses of the mercury based compound - Google Patents
Method of making a mercury based compound, mercury based compound, methods of using the mercury based compound and uses of the mercury based compound Download PDFInfo
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本發明係關一種製造汞系化合物之方法、汞系化合物、使用該汞系化合物之方法及該汞系化合物之用途。 The present invention relates to a method for producing mercury-based compounds, a mercury-based compound, a method for using the mercury-based compound and uses of the mercury-based compound.
核遷變是一種化學元素或同位素變成另一者之轉化。在這方面，應注意每一同位素係以在其原子中(即，在該原子核中)之質子及中子之數目定義。在核遷變過程期間此數目改變，在該原子中之質子數及/或中子數改變。可使用核反應(其中外部粒子與原子核反應)或藉由放射衰變(其中不需要外部粒子)任一者達成典型之遷變。 Nuclear transition is the transformation of one chemical element or isotope into another. In this regard, it should be noted that each isotope is defined by the number of protons and neutrons in its atom (ie, in the nucleus). This number changes during the nuclear transition process, the number of protons and/or neutrons in the atom changes. Typical transitions can be achieved either using nuclear reactions (where an external particle reacts with the nucleus) or by radioactive decay (where no external particle is required).
在於例如核能電廠中製造能量後，包含Pu及各種其它放射性同位素之廢燃料棒必須儲存極長時間，使得該高放射性同位素以使得該廢燃料棒可被再次處理之方式藉由放射衰變而充份地衰變。 After energy is produced in, for example, a nuclear power plant, spent fuel rods containing Pu and various other radioisotopes must be stored for an extremely long period of time so that the highly radioactive isotopes are sufficiently destroyed by radioactive decay in such a way that the spent fuel rods can be processed again. Decay.
為減少廢燃料棒之儲存時間，已試圖使用遷變程序將該長壽命放射性同位素轉化成較短壽命之同位素。然而，此等程序之產量極低及使用目前已知程序之成本極高且目前非經濟可行的。 To reduce the storage time of spent fuel rods, attempts have been made to convert the long-lived radioactive isotopes into shorter-lived isotopes using migration procedures. However, the throughput of these procedures is extremely low and the cost of using currently known procedures is extremely high and not currently economically feasible.
基於此原因，本發明之目標為提供一種方法，其以經濟可行之方式將廢燃料棒之儲存時間減少至其等不必儲存達數百年之程度。 For this reason, the object of the present invention is to provide a method which reduces the storage time of spent fuel rods in an economically feasible manner to the extent that they do not have to be stored for hundreds of years.
經由使用本文所述之汞系化合物滿足此目標。該汞系化合物係根據包含以下步驟之方法製造： This goal is met through the use of the mercury-based compounds described herein. The mercury compound is manufactured according to a method comprising the following steps:
- 在容器中提供純礦酸(諸如王水)或礦酸(諸如王水)之溶液； - Provide pure mineral acid (such as aqua regia) or a solution of mineral acid (such as aqua regia) in a container;
- 將液態汞添加至該容器； - adding liquid mercury to the container;
- 將該汞與該礦酸反應以形成混合物；及 - reacting the mercury with the mineral acid to form a mixture; and
- 將該混合物乾燥以形成呈粉末形式之汞系化合物。 - drying the mixture to form the mercury compound in powder form.
在這方面，例如將該汞溶解在礦酸(如：王水)中及在該礦酸中使Hg反應之反應時間係在數秒至數小時之範圍中。其主要取決於所用之礦酸及其反應性為何。所用之礦酸愈具反應性，則分解礦酸(如：王水)中之汞的週期愈短。 In this regard, for example, the reaction time for dissolving the mercury in a mineral acid such as aqua regia and reacting the Hg in the mineral acid ranges from a few seconds to several hours. It mainly depends on the mineral acid used and its reactivity. The more reactive the mineral acid used, the shorter the cycle for decomposing mercury in the mineral acid (eg aqua regia).
在這方面，應注意將該汞與該礦酸反應之步驟幾乎立即發生且汞與礦酸之反應混合物係如漿料。 In this regard, it should be noted that the step of reacting the mercury with the mineral acid occurs almost immediately and the reaction mixture of mercury and mineral acid is like a slurry.
應進一步注意將該汞與該礦酸反應以形成混合物之步驟意指該汞與該礦酸彼此接觸以形成該混合 物。 It should be further noted that the step of reacting the mercury with the mineral acid to form a mixture means that the mercury and the mineral acid contact each other to form the mixture things.
應進一步注意在此方法中使用天然發生之Hg且因此包括任何其同位素(只要其等係存在的)。 It should be further noted that naturally occurring Hg is used in this method and therefore any isotope thereof is included (as long as its isotope exists).
藉由使用此方法，可在室溫及環境壓力下獲得呈粉末形式之汞系化合物。汞通常以液態存在。礦酸(諸如王水)之使用因此可使汞以粉末形式存在，其可賦予該汞系化合物各種進一步之用途。較佳地，所得汞系化合物包含呈粉末形式之硫酸亞汞(Hg2O4S1)及甘汞(Cl2Hg2)，更特定而言包含以下元素H、C、O、N、S、Cl、Nb、Ta、Zr、Ru及Ni中之至少一些元素之汞系化合物，即有機金屬化合物。 By using this method, mercury compounds can be obtained in powder form at room temperature and ambient pressure. Mercury usually exists in a liquid state. The use of mineral acid, such as aqua regia, thus enables the mercury to be present in powder form, which can give various further uses to this mercury compound. Preferably, the resulting mercury-based compound comprises mercurous sulfate (Hg 2 O 4 S 1 ) and calomel (Cl 2 Hg 2 ) in powder form, more specifically the following elements H, C, O, N, S , Cl, Nb, Ta, Zr, Ru and Ni of at least some elements of mercury compounds, that is, organometallic compounds.
若礦酸在添加該汞之步驟之前、之後或期間不僅提供在該容器中，其亦在該容器中形成以形成純礦酸係較佳的。以此方式，可針對該汞系化合物之特定用途修改該汞系化合物之製造。此外，礦酸(諸如王水)係具相當反應性之物質，其反應相當快，其不僅使汞在礦酸中分解，亦使該礦酸本身分解，使得該礦酸快速地失去其效用(仍維持一強酸)。因此，藉由在現場形成該礦酸，在汞系化合物之製造期間可獲得高效酸以分解該液態汞。 It is preferred if mineral acid is not only provided in the container before, after or during the mercury addition step, it is also formed in the container to form pure mineral acid. In this way, the manufacture of the amalgamous compound can be tailored for the particular use of the amalgamous compound. Furthermore, mineral acids (such as aqua regia) are quite reactive substances, which react very quickly, which not only decomposes mercury in the mineral acid, but also decomposes the mineral acid itself, so that the mineral acid quickly loses its effectiveness ( remains a strong acid). Thus, by forming the mineral acid in situ, a highly efficient acid is available to decompose the liquid mercury during the manufacture of mercury compounds.
有利地，該礦酸包含至少一種選自由王水、HNO3、HCl、及H2SO組成之酸之群組之酸。該等酸可有利地用於形成礦酸之高反應性形式。在此方面，應注意王水係由3份濃HCl及1份濃HNO3形成。 Advantageously, the mineral acid comprises at least one acid selected from the group of acids consisting of aqua regia, HNO 3 , HCl, and H 2 SO. These acids can advantageously be used to form highly reactive forms of mineral acids. In this regard, it should be noted that the aqua regia system is formed from 3 parts concentrated HCl and 1 part concentrated HNO3 .
較佳地，礦酸與汞之比係選自礦酸與汞之 至少實質上0.1至1及10：1之間之範圍，且較佳地在至少實質上1：1至2：1之範圍中。 Preferably, the ratio of mineral acid to mercury is selected from the ratio of mineral acid to mercury At least substantially in the range between 0.1 and 1 and 10:1, and preferably in the range of at least substantially 1:1 to 2:1.
在此方式中，獲得汞系化合物之理想產量。在此方式中，應注意例如約50ml之王水可與50g之汞化合以形成在40g與70g之間之汞系化合物。在不同實例中，將2ml之礦酸添加至20g之液態汞且產生呈粉末形式之6.5g之汞系化合物。 In this way, a desired yield of mercury compounds is obtained. In this way, it should be noted that for example about 50 ml of aqua regia may combine with 50 g of mercury to form between 40 and 70 g of mercury compounds. In a different example, 2 ml of mineral acid was added to 20 g of liquid mercury and resulted in 6.5 g of mercury compounds in powder form.
有利地，乾燥之步驟係在選自80°至150℃，較佳地90°至140℃之範圍中之溫度，在選自30分鐘至10小時之範圍中之時間內進行。此確保在製造程序結束時之乾燥汞系化合物之理想產量。 Advantageously, the step of drying is carried out at a temperature selected in the range of 80° to 150° C., preferably 90° to 140° C., for a time selected in the range of 30 minutes to 10 hours. This ensures a desired yield of dry mercury compounds at the end of the manufacturing process.
此外，若該方法進一步包含添加溶劑之步驟，則是較佳的，其中該溶劑係選自由極性質子性溶劑(例如：甲酸、乙醇、乙酸、水)、極性非質子性溶劑(例如：丙酮、氨、乙酸乙酯)、及非極性溶劑(例如：甲苯、苯、氯仿)及其組合組成之溶劑之群組。 In addition, if the method further comprises the step of adding a solvent, it is preferred, wherein the solvent is selected from polar protic solvents (for example: formic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, water), polar aprotic solvents (for example: acetone , ammonia, ethyl acetate), and non-polar solvents (such as: toluene, benzene, chloroform) and a group of solvents composed of combinations thereof.
一旦將礦酸添加至該液態汞，不僅形成含有礦酸及汞系化合物之漿料，亦可存在包括含有該礦酸、液態汞及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之殘留液體。目前為促進該汞系化合物之乾燥且因此縮短乾燥由餘留礦酸及汞系化合物構成之該漿料之週期，該殘留液體可藉由自該容器移除該殘留液體而分離以獲得包括該汞系化合物之漿料。 Once the mineral acid is added to the liquid mercury, not only is a slurry containing the mineral acid and mercury compounds formed, there may also be residual liquid comprising a mixture containing the mineral acid, liquid mercury and residues of reaction products. Presently in order to facilitate the drying of the mercury-based compound and thus shorten the period of drying the slurry consisting of residual mineral acid and mercury-based compound, the residual liquid can be separated by removing the residual liquid from the container to obtain the Slurry of mercury compounds.
在某些類型之礦酸的使用上，該汞在該溶 液中完全地反應。相對於此，其它形式之礦酸已具有以呈漿料形式存在之汞系化合物，且接著該殘留液體可簡單地在例如加熱板上乾燥該汞系化合物之前倒出。 On the use of certain types of mineral acids, the mercury in the solution fully reacted in the solution. In contrast, other forms of mineral acid already have the amalgam in the form of a slurry, and the residual liquid can then simply be poured off before drying the amalgam, for example on a hot plate.
較佳地，該方法可進一步包含以下步驟中之至少一者： Preferably, the method may further comprise at least one of the following steps:
- 在室溫下維持該混合物之初始溫度； - maintaining the initial temperature of the mixture at room temperature;
- 加熱該混合物至例如使礦酸蒸發以乾燥該汞系化合物之溫度； - heating the mixture to a temperature at which, for example, the mineral acid is evaporated to dry the mercury compounds;
- 將不含汞之化合物自該混合物單離。 - Isolation of mercury-free compounds from the mixture.
在此方面，應注意可結合該等前述步驟或獨立地執行。 In this regard, it should be noted that the aforementioned steps may be combined or performed independently.
在此方面，亦應注意將該汞添加至該容器之步驟在將該礦酸添加至該容器之前發生。較佳地，相對緩慢地將該礦酸添加至該汞以使該礦酸與該液態汞接觸以形成該混合物且之後形成呈漿料形式之汞系化合物。 In this regard, it should also be noted that the step of adding the mercury to the container occurs before adding the mineral acid to the container. Preferably, the mineral acid is added to the mercury relatively slowly so that the mineral acid contacts the liquid mercury to form the mixture and then form the mercury compound in the form of a slurry.
應進一步注意單離不含汞之化合物之步驟可包括一加熱步驟、一分離步驟等等。 It should be further noted that the step of isolating the mercury-free compound may include a heating step, a separation step, and the like.
此等步驟可有利地用來促進汞系化合物之製造。 These steps can advantageously be used to facilitate the manufacture of mercury-based compounds.
在進一步態樣中，本發明係關於呈粉末形式之汞系化合物，其具有以下化學通式： In a further aspect, the present invention relates to mercury-based compounds in powder form having the following general chemical formula:
M1 aXb M 1 a X b
其中M1係選自由Hg、Mx cMy d及其組合組成之化合物之群組，其中Mx為Hg且My係任意元素；其中X係鹵化 物、硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽及其組合中之一者；及其中a、b、c及d係選自0.1與10之間之數。 wherein M is selected from the group of compounds consisting of Hg, M x c My d and combinations thereof, wherein M x is Hg and M y is any element; wherein X is a halide, sulfate, nitrate and combinations thereof one of them; and wherein a, b, c and d are numbers selected from between 0.1 and 10.
此汞系化合物可有利地藉由使用本文所述之方法獲得。 Such mercury compounds can advantageously be obtained by using the methods described herein.
有利地，該鹵化物係選自由氯化物、溴化物、氟化物、碘化物及其組合組成之成員之群組。 Advantageously, the halide is selected from the group of members consisting of chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide and combinations thereof.
有利地，該汞系化合物係在室溫呈粉末形式存在。此使得該汞系化合物更多元地應用在某些應用中。 Advantageously, the mercury compound is present in powder form at room temperature. This makes the mercury compound more versatile in certain applications.
較佳地，呈粉末形式之該汞系化合物之粒子具有至少50nm之寬度之最小平均尺寸及至多20μm之寬度之最大平均尺寸，特定而言該粉末之粒子具有在100nm至10μm範圍內之寬度之平均尺寸。 Preferably, the particles of the mercury compound in powder form have a smallest average dimension with a width of at least 50 nm and a largest average dimension with a width of at most 20 μm, in particular the particles of the powder have a width in the range from 100 nm to 10 μm. average size.
有利地，汞系化合物之XRD光譜包括對應於硫酸亞汞(Hg2O4S1)及甘汞(Cl2Hg2)之峰值，更特定而言存在於該XRD光譜之該等峰值顯示包括C、N、O、Cl、S之汞系化合物，但不限於該等化合物。 Advantageously, the XRD spectrum of the mercury compound comprises peaks corresponding to mercurous sulfate (Hg 2 O 4 S 1 ) and calomel (Cl 2 Hg 2 ), more particularly the presence of such peaks in the XRD spectrum shows the presence of Mercury compounds of C, N, O, Cl, S, but not limited to these compounds.
在有利之實施例中，該汞系化合物係順磁性的。 In an advantageous embodiment, the mercury compound is paramagnetic.
一般而言，先前技術中之汞系化合物係反磁性的。此係由於汞經考量係雙原子金屬陽離子，其由彼此鍵結之兩個汞離子構成。相對於此，本文所述之汞系化合物係順磁性的，且因此具有不成對之電子。 Generally speaking, mercury-based compounds in the prior art are diamagnetic. This is because mercury is considered a diatomic metal cation, which consists of two mercury ions bonded to each other. In contrast, the mercury-based compounds described herein are paramagnetic and thus have unpaired electrons.
該礦酸與該液態汞反應以形成該汞系化合物。在該汞系化合物之製造期間且因此在該液態汞與該礦 酸反應期間，該汞金屬離子之核子中之一些與該汞金屬離子之一些其它核子在室溫下結合。以此方式，不僅汞系化合物，包括H、C、N、O、S、Cl、Nb、Ta、Zr、Ru及Ni之新元素亦經形成為一融合產物。 The mineral acid reacts with the liquid mercury to form the mercury compound. During the manufacture of the mercury-based compound and therefore between the liquid mercury and the ore During the acid reaction, some of the nuclei of the mercury metal ion combine with some other nuclei of the mercury metal ion at room temperature. In this way, not only mercury-based compounds, but also new elements including H, C, N, O, S, Cl, Nb, Ta, Zr, Ru, and Ni are formed as a fusion product.
使用FTIR、SEM EDS、XRD及TEM技術之汞系化合物之偵測分析結果顯示各種新元素之存在及顯示已發生融合反應。 The detection and analysis results of mercury compounds using FTIR, SEM EDS, XRD and TEM techniques showed the existence of various new elements and indicated that fusion reactions had occurred.
在一進一步態樣中，本發明係關於一種在吸熱反應中製造金屬化合物及金屬元素之方法，該方法包含以下步驟： In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing metal compounds and metal elements in an endothermic reaction, the method comprising the steps of:
- 提供一種金屬靶材料，較佳地為坩鍋中之熔融金屬靶材料，其中該金屬靶材料具有大於或等於26之質子數， - providing a metal target material, preferably a molten metal target material in a crucible, wherein the metal target material has a proton number greater than or equal to 26,
- 將本文所述之汞系化合物及/或由使用本文所述之方法獲得之汞系化合物添加至該金屬靶材料；及 - adding to the metal target material the mercury-based compounds described herein and/or obtained using the methods described herein; and
- 其中該汞系化合物與該金屬靶材料反應以遷變元素而產生低質量元素(諸如烴)及較重之元素。 - wherein the mercury compound reacts with the metal target material to migrate elements to produce low mass elements such as hydrocarbons and heavier elements.
在此方面，應注意術語「低質量元素」係指較靶材料輕之元素，且可包括H、C、N、O、S等。 In this regard, it should be noted that the term "low mass elements" refers to elements that are lighter than the target material, and may include H, C, N, O, S, and the like.
在此方面，較重元素指較該金屬靶材料之元素重之元素。 In this regard, heavier elements refer to elements that are heavier than the elements of the metal target material.
以此方式，本文所述之汞系化合物可用作能源，以製造例如稀土元素且甚至可製造例如超重元素。並且，核廢料可經處理以引起餘留在廢燃料棒中之該放射性長壽命同位素之明顯更有效之遷變以形成短壽命同位素 及穩定之同位素。此可解決與核廢料之長期儲存相關之問題且可例如用來減少仍存在於車諾比及福島中之輻射量，即解決與有害材料相關之問題以及環境問題。 In this way, the mercury-based compounds described herein can be used as energy sources to produce, for example, rare earth elements and even, for example, superheavy elements. Also, nuclear waste can be processed to cause a significantly more efficient transition of the radioactive long-lived isotope remaining in the spent fuel rods to form the short-lived isotope and stable isotopes. This can solve problems related to long-term storage of nuclear waste and can be used, for example, to reduce the amount of radiation still present in Chernobyl and Fukushima, ie solve problems related to hazardous materials as well as environmental concerns.
存在於汞系化合物之能量因此用於與該靶元素之核子反應，該靶元素包含自鐵至鉛/鉍之範圍之材料並轉化某百分比之該等靶元素成許多其它元素及其同位素，包括低質量元素、高質量元素、金、銀及鉑族金屬之有機金屬化合物、烴及高密度元素、稀土元素、重元素並產生融合能。據信此係由於該等元素之遷變之入與出分量之間之結合能(即融合反應)在該汞系化合物及該靶材料之間發生。 The energy present in mercury compounds is thus used to react with the nuclei of the target elements comprising materials ranging from iron to lead/bismuth and convert a certain percentage of these target elements into many other elements and their isotopes, including Low-quality elements, high-quality elements, organometallic compounds of gold, silver and platinum group metals, hydrocarbons and high-density elements, rare earth elements, heavy elements and generate fusion energy. It is believed that this occurs between the mercury compound and the target material due to the binding energy between the in and out components of the transitions of the elements (ie fusion reaction).
對於較鐵重之元素(具26個質子之核)，該融合程序未釋放能量且已知為吸熱反應，其中該汞系化合物能量之能量與鐵及較重元素之靶元素/化合物/合金核反應。 For elements heavier than iron (with a nucleus of 26 protons), the fusion procedure releases no energy and is known to be an endothermic reaction in which the energy of the mercury compound energy reacts with the target element/compound/alloy nucleus of iron and heavier elements .
本文所述之汞系化合物具有較用於形成該汞系化合物之各別組分(例如：汞及礦酸)多之能量。此意指在汞系化合物之形成上，與汞之常態相較，汞係以經激發之狀態存在。此能量之過量據信係為何該金屬靶材料之元素之遷變可發生之原因。 The mercury compounds described herein have more energy than the individual components used to form the mercury compounds (eg, mercury and mineral acid). This means that in the formation of mercury compounds, mercury exists in an excited state compared to the normal state of mercury. This excess of energy is believed to be the reason why transitions of elements of the metal target material can occur.
當該汞系化合物以激發態存在時，其亦應在該汞系化合物可衰減成該汞之常態之前，相當快速地經使用以獲得用於遷變之最大可能產量，即在該汞系化合物已衰減成常態之前將其添加至呈激發態之該金屬靶材料 中。然而，該汞系化合物仍可在例如一年之儲存時間後使用以產生類似於本文所述者之結果，儘管以較低之產量。 When the mercury compound exists in an excited state, it should also be used fairly quickly to obtain the maximum possible yield for transition, before the mercury compound can decay to the mercury's normal state, i.e., before the mercury compound can decay to the mercury's normal state. It is added to the metal target material in an excited state before it has decayed to the normal state middle. However, the mercury compound can still be used after a storage period of eg one year to produce results similar to those described herein, albeit in lower yields.
在此方面，應注意儘管以下程序係吸熱反應，同時發生之一些該等反應可為放熱反應。通常較鐵(其與鎳具有每核子最大之結合能)低之兩種質量之融合通常釋放能量，而較鐵重之核之融合通常吸收能量。 In this regard, it should be noted that while the following procedures are endothermic, some of these reactions occurring concurrently may be exothermic. Fusion of two masses generally lower than iron (which has the largest binding energy per nucleus with nickel) usually releases energy, while fusion of heavier nuclei usually absorbs energy.
有利地，使用該汞系化合物作為用於元素之遷變之能源，以製造包括稀土元素及較重元素之許多新元素。 Advantageously, the mercury-based compounds are used as energy sources for the transmutation of elements to produce many new elements including rare earth elements and heavier elements.
此外，長壽命之放射性元素轉化成短壽命且穩定之元素。當處理已用在核反應器且包括長壽命放射性同位素之寬光譜之廢燃料棒時，此係尤其有利的。 In addition, long-lived radioactive elements are converted into short-lived and stable elements. This is especially advantageous when dealing with spent fuel rods that have been used in nuclear reactors and include broad spectra of long-lived radioisotopes.
有利地，熔融金屬靶材料浴包括介於10公克(g)與1000000公斤(Kg)之間且較佳地介於30公克(g)與100噸之間之金屬靶材料。在此方式中，小量與大量之材料皆可使用汞系化合物處理。在此方面，應注意對所用之金屬靶材料之量不存在真實限制。所用之材料量通常取決於該可用坩鍋之尺寸。因此，若可得所需尺寸之坩鍋，則可使用該量之靶材料。然而，使用較多金屬，該汞系化合物之比應相同以在反應期間獲得相同效能。 Advantageously, the bath of molten metal target material comprises between 10 grams (g) and 1000000 kilograms (Kg) and preferably between 30 grams (g) and 100 tons of metal target material. In this way, both small and large quantities of material can be treated with mercury-based compounds. In this regard, it should be noted that there is no real limit to the amount of metal target material used. The amount of material used generally depends on the size of the available crucible. Therefore, if a crucible of the desired size is available, that amount of target material can be used. However, with more metals, the ratio of the mercury compounds should be the same to obtain the same performance during the reaction.
較佳地，將在1mg至100kg之間及最佳地在150mg與10kg之間之範圍之汞系化合物添加至該浴中。在此方式中，小量與大量之材料皆可使用汞系化合物處理以形成具較高質子及/或中子數之新元素。 Preferably, the mercury compound is added to the bath in a range between 1 mg and 100 kg and optimally between 150 mg and 10 kg. In this way, both small and large quantities of material can be treated with mercury compounds to form new elements with higher proton and/or neutron numbers.
有利地，在該汞系化合物及該熔融金屬之間之質量比係選自1：100000至1：100，較佳地係1：10000之範圍。以此方式，可獲得該遷變之理想產量。 Advantageously, the mass ratio between the mercury-based compound and the molten metal is selected from the range of 1:100000 to 1:100, preferably 1:10000. In this way, the desired yield of the transition can be obtained.
較佳地，該汞系化合物包含能量且用作能量來源，其中能量與該靶材料之核反應以製造具較高質子數及/或較高中子數之元素。 Preferably, the mercury-based compound contains energy and is used as an energy source, wherein the energy reacts with the nuclei of the target material to produce elements with higher proton numbers and/or higher neutron numbers.
在進一步態樣中，本發明係關於一種在容器中(諸如坩鍋)在放熱反應中製造金屬化合物及金屬元素之方法，該方法包含以下步驟： In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of producing metal compounds and metal elements in an exothermic reaction in a vessel, such as a crucible, the method comprising the steps of:
- 提供一種靶材料，其中該靶材料具有少於或等於28之質子數， - providing a target material, wherein the target material has a proton number less than or equal to 28,
- 將本文所述之汞系化合物及/或由製造本文所述之汞系化合物之方法獲得者添加至該靶材料；及 - adding to the target material the mercury-based compounds described herein and/or obtained by the method of manufacturing the mercury-based compounds described herein; and
其中該靶材料及該汞系化合物反應以釋放能量及遷變該等元素而產生低質量元素(諸如烴)及較重之元素。 Wherein the target material and the mercury compound react to release energy and transition the elements to produce low quality elements such as hydrocarbons and heavier elements.
此程序對於100g之靶材料產生超過1mg之較重元素。在此方式下，此程序係高度有效之遷變程序。此外，在該反應期間釋放之能量可用作用於生產電以及任何與能源相關之應用之能源。 This procedure yields over 1 mg of heavier elements for 100 g of target material. In this way, the procedure is a highly efficient transition procedure. Furthermore, the energy released during this reaction can be used as a source of energy for the production of electricity and any energy-related applications.
在此方面，應注意當選擇例如Al作為該靶材料時，低質量元素係較靶材料輕之元素，諸如H或He。 In this respect, it should be noted that when choosing eg Al as the target material, low mass elements are elements which are lighter than the target material, such as H or He.
此意指經由將該汞系化合物添加至具有少於28之質子數之核中而開始融合程序，其釋放能量(放熱反應)，即以次原子粒子之形式。此能量可用於發電及與能 量相關之許多其它應用。 This means that by adding the mercury compound to a nucleus with a proton number less than 28 the fusion process is initiated, which releases energy (exothermic reaction), ie in the form of subatomic particles. This energy can be used to generate electricity and Quantitatively related to many other applications.
在此方面，應注意儘管以下程序係放熱反應，該反應亦可另外伴隨吸熱反應程序。 In this regard, it should be noted that although the following procedure is an exothermic reaction, the reaction may additionally be accompanied by an endothermic reaction procedure.
該汞系金屬化合物可因此單獨自融合反應用於元素之遷變及能量之製造。該能量/動力製造亦可呈無中子核融合之形式，其製造呈帶電粒子代替中子形式之能量。此意指自無中子核融合之能量可使用直接轉化代替蒸氣循環擷取，蒸氣循環通常用於中子。直接轉化涉及擷取帶電粒子以產生電流。無中子核融合大幅地減少與中子輻射相關之問題，諸如游離損害、中子活化、及對於生物屏蔽、遠距處理、及安全性之需求。 The mercury metal compound can thus be used for the transformation of elements and the production of energy by self-fusion reactions alone. This energy/power production can also be in the form of neutronless fusion, which produces energy in the form of charged particles instead of neutrons. This means that energy from neutronless nuclear fusion can be extracted using direct conversion instead of the steam cycle that is normally used for neutrons. Direct conversion involves the extraction of charged particles to generate an electric current. Neutron-free fusion greatly reduces problems associated with neutron radiation, such as ionizing damage, neutron activation, and the need for biological shielding, teleprocessing, and security.
有利地，該(金屬)靶材料係以物質之氣相、液相或固相之至少一者存在。在此方式下，可使用所有物質之相以製造能量。 Advantageously, the (metallic) target material is present in at least one of the gaseous, liquid or solid phases of matter. In this way, all phases of matter can be used to create energy.
較佳地，在該汞系化合物對該靶材料之間之質量比係選自1：100000至1：100，較佳地係1：10000之範圍。該等比率產生理想之反應結果。 Preferably, the mass ratio between the mercury-based compound and the target material is selected from 1:100000 to 1:100, preferably in the range of 1:10000. These ratios produce desirable response results.
在較佳方法中，該汞系化合物係以呈粉末形式或呈漿料形式添加。在此方面，漿料意指該汞系化合物及與其反應之該礦酸的混合物，即在此應用方面之漿料意指包含該汞系化合物、用於形成該汞系化合物之礦酸及亦可能未與該礦酸反應之某些液態汞之混合物。 In a preferred method, the mercury compound is added in powder form or in slurry form. In this context, a slurry means a mixture of the mercury compound and the mineral acid reacted with it, i.e. a slurry in this application means a mixture comprising the mercury compound, the mineral acid used to form the mercury compound and also A mixture of some liquid mercury that may not have reacted with the mineral acid.
在進一步態樣中，本發明係關於本文所述之汞系化合物及/或可使用本文所述之方法獲得之汞系化 合物之用途，其用於以下中之至少一者，即能量之製造、元素之遷變、用於工業及醫療應用之有機金屬化合物之形成、高密度元素(諸如：Ag、Au及PGM)之製造、稀土元素之製造及重元素之製造。 In a further aspect, the invention relates to the amalgamated compounds described herein and/or the amalgamated compounds obtainable using the methods described herein. Use of compounds for at least one of the following, i.e. production of energy, transformation of elements, formation of organometallic compounds for industrial and medical applications, high density elements such as: Ag, Au and PGM Manufacture of rare earth elements and heavy elements.
以下參照圖式詳細描述本發明，該等圖式顯示本發明之特定實施例之實例。在該等圖示中，其顯示： The invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show examples of specific embodiments of the invention. In these diagrams, it shows:
第1a圖至第1c圖為使用如本文所述之方法製造之各種汞系化合物之XRD光譜。 Figures 1a-1c are XRD spectra of various mercury-based compounds produced using the methods described herein.
第2a圖至第2c圖為使用如本文所述之方法製造之各種汞系化合物之TEM影像。 Figures 2a-2c are TEM images of various mercury compounds produced using the methods described herein.
第3a圖及第3b圖為在以礦酸處理汞以形成汞系化合物(a)之前及(b)之後之Hg之ESR光譜。 Figures 3a and 3b are ESR spectra of Hg before and after treating mercury with mineral acid to form mercury compounds (a) and (b).
第4圖為藉由本文所述之方法製造之汞系化合物8之FTIR光譜。 Figure 4 is the FTIR spectrum of mercury compound 8 produced by the method described herein.
第5a圖至第5d圖為在汞系化合物已與第5a圖至第5c圖之各別靶材料混合後之純鋁靶材料(a)、純鉛靶材料(b)、純銅靶材料(c)及(d)之中子粉末繞射結果。 Figures 5a to 5d show the pure aluminum target material (a), pure lead target material (b), and pure copper target material (c) after the mercury compound has been mixed with the respective target materials in Figure 5a to Figure 5c ) and (d) neutron powder diffraction results.
第6a圖及第6b圖為(a)汞系化合物8及(b)與Fe靶材料混合之汞系化合物8之SEM-EDS影像。 Figures 6a and 6b are SEM-EDS images of (a) mercury-based compound 8 and (b) mercury-based compound 8 mixed with Fe target material.
第7a圖及第7b圖為(a)汞系化合物8及(b)以Ni靶材料混合之該汞系化合物8之SEM-EDS影像。 Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b are SEM-EDS images of (a) mercury-based compound 8 and (b) mercury-based compound 8 mixed with Ni target material.
第8a圖及第8b圖為與Ni靶材料混合之汞系化合物8 之TOF SIMS光譜。 Fig. 8a and Fig. 8b are mercury compound 8 mixed with Ni target material The TOF SIMS spectrum.
第9圖為與銅靶材料混合之汞系化合物8之XRD光譜。 Figure 9 is the XRD spectrum of mercury-based compound 8 mixed with copper target material.
用來形成呈粉末形式之不同汞系化合物之方法步驟將基於以下10個實例討論。為了形成用於與該汞反應之該礦酸(如：王水)，使用以下所列之如下酸及汞(99%，即純汞)： The process steps used to form different mercury-based compounds in powder form will be discussed based on the following 10 examples. To form the mineral acid (e.g. aqua regia) for reaction with the mercury, the following acids and mercury (99%, i.e. pure mercury) as listed below are used:
A)HCl 35% Merck Emplura 1.93401.0512 CH5C650706 UN 1789， A) HCl 35% Merck Emplura 1.93401.0512 CH5C650706 UN 1789,
B)HNO3 69% Merck Emplura 1.93406.0521 CG5C650516 UN 2031， B) HNO3 69% Merck Emplura 1.93406.0521 CG5C650516 UN 2031,
C)H2SO4 98% Merck Emplura 1.93400.0521 CF5C650465 UN 1830， C) H2SO4 98% Merck Emplura 1.93400.0521 CF5C650465 UN 1830,
D)金屬Hg Merck GR Batch No.AF 0A00544 UN 2809/60440302501730。 D) Metal Hg Merck GR Batch No.AF 0A00544 UN 2809/60440302501730.
化合物實施例1-王水H2SO4 Compound Example 1 - Aqua Regia H 2 SO 4
提供具有50ml容量之為硼矽燒杯形式之容器第一燒杯。接著使用吸量管將以下酸提供在第一燒杯中。起初在第一燒杯中提供15ml之HCl，接著將5ml之HNO3添加至該HCl。將該混合物儲存達1小時。其後，將5ml之H2SO4逐漸地混合至第一燒杯中以形成礦酸，接著將其儲存達1 小時。在第二燒杯中(亦為硼矽燒杯)，提供18g之Hg且將該礦酸逐漸地添加至存在該第二燒杯中含有Hg之內容物中。此開始反應。允許該反應發生達24小時。此形成含有該汞系化合物之漿料以及含有該礦酸、液態汞及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物。在24小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該第二燒杯分離。為了自含有以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之漿料分離包含殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達1.5小時。此產生18g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 A container first beaker in the form of a borosilicate beaker with a capacity of 50 ml is provided. The following acids were then provided in the first beaker using a pipette. Initially 15ml of HCl was provided in the first beaker, then 5ml of HNO3 was added to the HCl. The mixture was stored for 1 hour. Thereafter, 5ml of H2SO4 was gradually mixed into the first beaker to form mineral acid, which was then stored for 1 hour. In a second beaker (also a borosilicate beaker), 18 g of Hg were provided and the mineral acid was gradually added to the Hg-containing content present in the second beaker. This starts the reaction. This reaction was allowed to occur for 24 hours. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid, liquid mercury and residues of the reaction products. After 24 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the second beaker. To separate the mixture containing the residue from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, the beaker was simply tipped and the mixture poured out. The remaining slurry was then heated for 1.5 hours using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C. This yielded 18 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例2-反王水H2SO4 Compound Example 2 - trans regia H 2 SO 4
在第一燒杯中放置15ml之HNO3，接著添加5ml之HCl。將該酸溶液儲存1小時，其後將5ml之H2SO4逐漸地添加至該酸溶液中以形成礦酸。接著允許該礦酸靜置1小時。在第二燒杯中提供20g之Hg，且將該礦酸逐漸地添加至存在該第二燒杯中含有Hg之內容物中。此開始一反應。允許該反應發生達24小時。此形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸、液態汞及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在24小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該第二燒杯分離。為了自含有以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之該漿料分離包含殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達1.5小時。此產生20g之呈乾燥粉末形式 之汞系化合物。 15ml of HNO3 was placed in the first beaker, followed by the addition of 5ml of HCl. The acid solution was stored for 1 hour, after which 5 ml of H2SO4 was gradually added to the acid solution to form mineral acid. The mineral acid was then allowed to stand for 1 hour. 20 g of Hg were provided in a second beaker, and the mineral acid was gradually added to the Hg-containing contents present in the second beaker. This starts a reaction. This reaction was allowed to occur for 24 hours. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid, liquid mercury and residues of the reaction products. After 24 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the second beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, the beaker was simply tipped and the mixture poured out. The remaining slurry was then heated for 1.5 hours using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C. This yielded 20 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例3-王水 Compound Example 3-Aqua Regia
在第一燒杯中放置15ml之HCl，接著添加5ml之HNO3以形成一礦酸。將該礦酸儲存達1小時。其後，在第二燒杯中提供16g之Hg，且將該礦酸逐漸地添加至存在該第二燒杯中含有Hg之內容物中。此開始反應。允許該反應發生達24小時。此形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸、液態汞及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在24小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該第二燒杯分離。為了自包含以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之該漿料分離含有殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該第二燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達1.5小時。此產生2.5g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 15ml of HCl was placed in the first beaker, followed by the addition of 5ml of HNO3 to form a mineral acid. The mineral acid was stored for 1 hour. Thereafter, 16 g of Hg was provided in the second beaker, and the mineral acid was gradually added to the Hg-containing content present in the second beaker. This starts the reaction. This reaction was allowed to occur for 24 hours. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid, liquid mercury and residues of the reaction products. After 24 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the second beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, only the second beaker was tilted and the mixture was poured out. The remaining slurry was then heated for 1.5 hours using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C. This yielded 2.5 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例4-反王水 Compound Example 4-Aqua Regia
在第一燒杯中放置15ml之HNO3，接著添加5ml之HCl。將該溶液儲存達1小時。其後，在第二燒杯中提供17g之Hg且將所形成之礦酸逐漸地添加至含有Hg之之第二燒杯中。此開始反應。允許該反應發生達24小時。此形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸、液態汞及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在24小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該第二燒杯分離。為了自包含以該礦酸結合之 顆粒Hg之該漿料分離含有殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達1.5小時。此產生7g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 15ml of HNO3 was placed in the first beaker, followed by the addition of 5ml of HCl. The solution was stored for 1 hour. Thereafter, 17 g of Hg was provided in the second beaker and the formed mineral acid was gradually added to the second beaker containing Hg. This starts the reaction. This reaction was allowed to occur for 24 hours. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid, liquid mercury and residues of the reaction products. After 24 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the second beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, simply tilt the beaker and pour out the mixture. The remaining slurry was then heated for 1.5 hours using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C. This yielded 7 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例5-比例為1：1之HNO3及H2SO4 Compound Example 5 - HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 in a ratio of 1:1
在燒杯中提供17g之Hg，其後逐漸添加17ml之HNO3。此開始反應，其中在10至15分鐘內將Hg完全溶解在HNO3中。其後逐漸添加17ml之H2SO4至含有Hg及HNO3之混合物中。以下反應引起材料沉澱。允許以下反應發生達10小時。此形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在10小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該第二燒杯分離。為了自包含以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之該漿料分離含有殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達6小時。此產生21g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 17g of Hg was provided in the beaker, after which 17ml of HNO3 was gradually added. This starts the reaction where the Hg is completely dissolved in the HNO within 10 to 15 minutes. Thereafter 17ml of H2SO4 was gradually added to the mixture containing Hg and HNO3 . The following reaction caused the material to precipitate. The following reaction was allowed to occur for up to 10 hours. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid and the residue of the reaction product. After 10 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the second beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, simply tilt the beaker and pour out the mixture. The remaining slurry was then heated for 6 hours using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C. This yielded 21 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例6-比例為1：1之HNO3及HCl Compound Example 6 - HNO 3 and HCl in a ratio of 1:1
在燒杯中提供16g之Hg，其後逐漸添加16ml之HNO3。此開始反應，其中在10至15分鐘內將Hg完全溶解在HNO3中。其後逐漸添加16ml之HCl至含有Hg之HNO3溶液。以下反應引起材料沉澱。此形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在 10小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該燒杯分離。為了自包含以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之該漿料分離含有殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達3小時直至獲得乾燥粉末。此產生10g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 16 g of Hg was provided in the beaker, after which 16 ml of HNO 3 was gradually added. This starts the reaction where the Hg is completely dissolved in the HNO within 10 to 15 minutes. Thereafter 16ml of HCl was gradually added to the Hg-containing HNO3 solution. The following reaction caused the material to precipitate. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid and the residue of the reaction product. After 10 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, simply tilt the beaker and pour out the mixture. The remaining slurry was then heated for 3 hours using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C until a dry powder was obtained. This yielded 10 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例7-H2SO4及HNO3 10ml：4ml Compound Example 7-H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 10ml: 4ml
在燒杯中提供10g之Hg，其後逐漸添加10ml之H2SO4。在逐漸添加4ml之HNO3之前，允許該燒杯之內容物靜置15分鐘。此開始反應，其中將Hg完全地與由H2SO4及HNO3形成之礦酸接觸並與其反應。允許該反應發生達10小時。此形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸及更多反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在10小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該燒杯分離。為了自包含以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之該漿料分離含有殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該第一燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著使用加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板加熱剩餘漿料達4小時直至該粉末乾燥。此產生15g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 10 g of Hg was provided in the beaker, after which 10 ml of H2SO4 was gradually added. The contents of the beaker were allowed to stand for 15 minutes before gradually adding 4ml of HNO3 . This starts a reaction in which the Hg is fully contacted and reacted with the mineral acid formed from H2SO4 and HNO3 . The reaction was allowed to occur for 10 hours. This forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid and residues of further reaction products. After 10 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, only the first beaker was tilted and the mixture was poured out. The remaining slurry was then heated using a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C for 4 hours until the powder was dry. This yielded 15 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例8-王水HCl 30ml：HNO3 10ml+H2SO4 Compound Example 8-Aqua Regia HCl 30ml: HNO 3 10ml+H 2 SO 4
在第一燒杯中放置30ml之HCl接著添加10ml之HNO3。允許所得王水儲存達兩小時。其後移除20ml之王水並置於第三燒杯內。其後，將5ml之H2SO4逐漸地混合 至王水中以形成礦酸。允許該礦酸儲存達兩小時。接著自所製備之礦酸取得2ml之溶液並逐漸地添加至含有20g之Hg之第二燒杯內，接著將其攪拌5秒，其後該反應開始。該反應形成含有該汞系化合物以及含有該礦酸、液態汞及反應產物之殘餘物之混合物之漿料。在10小時後，將含有該殘餘物之混合物自該第二燒杯分離。為了自包含以該礦酸結合之顆粒Hg之該漿料分離含有殘餘物之混合物，僅傾斜該第二燒杯並倒出該混合物。接著自該化合金屬移除該金屬並在加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板上加熱達1.5小時直到該溶液變為乾燥。此產生6.5g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 30ml of HCl was placed in the first beaker followed by the addition of 10ml of HNO3 . The resulting aqua regia was allowed to store for up to two hours. Thereafter 20 ml of aqua regia were removed and placed in a third beaker. Thereafter, 5 ml of H 2 SO 4 was gradually mixed into aqua regia to form mineral acid. Allow the mineral acid to store for up to two hours. Then 2 ml of the solution was taken from the prepared mineral acid and gradually added to the second beaker containing 20 g of Hg, which was then stirred for 5 seconds, after which the reaction started. The reaction forms a slurry containing the mercury compound and a mixture containing the mineral acid, liquid mercury and residues of the reaction products. After 10 hours, the mixture containing the residue was separated from the second beaker. To separate the residue-containing mixture from the slurry containing the particulate Hg bound with the mineral acid, only the second beaker was tilted and the mixture was poured out. The metal was then removed from the compound metal and heated on a hot plate heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C for 1.5 hours until the solution became dry. This yielded 6.5 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
化合物實施例9-HNO3 Compound Example 9-HNO 3
在燒杯中放置11.3g之Hg，其後將11ml之HNO3添加至該Hg中。此開始反應，其中在15分鐘內將Hg完全溶解在HNO3中。在範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度之加熱板上加熱該溶液達1小時。一旦開始該加熱，沉澱開始。該加熱步驟蒸發所有的酸並在一小時內製成該乾燥粉末之汞系化合物。此產生15g之呈粉末形式之汞系化合物。 11.3 g of Hg was placed in the beaker, after which 11 ml of HNO 3 was added to the Hg. This initiates a reaction in which Hg is completely dissolved in HNO3 within 15 minutes. The solution was heated on a hot plate at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C for 1 hour. Once this heating was started, precipitation started. This heating step evaporates all the acid and produces the dry powdered mercury compound within one hour. This yielded 15 g of the mercury compound in powder form.
化合物實施例10-王水HCl 15ml：HNO3 5ml Compound Example 10-Aqua Regia HCl 15ml: HNO 3 5ml
在第一燒杯中放置15ml之HCl，接著添加5ml之HNO3以形成礦酸。保存該礦酸2小時。將10.9g之Hg放置在第二燒杯內且逐漸地添加該礦酸以開始該反應。該反應開始 且在該燒杯中持續1小時。在加熱板上儲存該第二燒杯之內容物並加熱至範圍在90℃至135℃之溫度達2.5小時。此產生13.9g之呈乾燥粉末形式之汞系化合物。 15ml of HCl was placed in the first beaker, followed by the addition of 5ml of HNO3 to form mineral acid. Store the mineral acid for 2 hours. 10.9 g of Hg was placed in a second beaker and the mineral acid was gradually added to start the reaction. The reaction started and continued for 1 hour in the beaker. The contents of the second beaker were stored on a hot plate and heated to a temperature ranging from 90°C to 135°C for 2.5 hours. This yielded 13.9 g of the mercury compound in dry powder form.
使用以上方法獲得之汞系化合物係使用XRD、TEM、FTIR及SEM-EDS檢測。 The mercury-based compounds obtained by the above method were detected by XRD, TEM, FTIR and SEM-EDS.
下表1顯示在該汞系化合物1至10之光譜中之每一者觀察到之主要峰值之列表，其製造方法列於上文中。汞系化合物1、2及8之峰值亦可見於第1a圖至第1c圖中。
Table 1 below shows a list of the major peaks observed in the spectra of each of the mercury compounds 1 to 10, the methods of manufacture of which are listed above. The peaks of
表1顯示一些最主要之峰值[於°2θ]，其由
各別化合物1至10之XRD光譜中之繞射圖產生。該等所示6個峰值並非總是最主要之峰值，而是任意地選擇以顯示存在於該繞射圖中之各種峰值。
Table 1 shows some of the most dominant peaks [at °2θ], which are given by
Diffraction patterns in the XRD spectra of the
在第1a至1c圖中各別地顯示之X射線粉末繞射(XRD)光譜係以固定X射線管取得且粉末之各別樣本移動角度θ且偵測器同時移動角度2θ。在第1a圖中顯著之峰值除其它者外可在21.289、28.105、40.414、43.796、46.180及63.008處觀察到。 The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectra shown separately in Figures 1a to 1c were taken with a fixed X-ray tube and the respective samples of powder moved by angle Θ and the detector simultaneously moved by angle 2Θ. Peaks notable in panel 1a were observed at 21.289, 28.105, 40.414, 43.796, 46.180 and 63.008, among others.
第1b圖顯示在22.744、29.467、35.011、55.802及62.893處之顯著峰值。第1c圖顯示在21.344、28.056、35.302、40.782、43.769、63.093及65.893處之顯著峰值。一般而言，在第1a至1c圖中顯示之顯著峰值係指示硫酸(VI)亞汞(I)及甘汞以及含有C、O、Cl、S及Hg之汞化合物。各別化合物之硫酸(VI)亞汞(I)與甘汞之比通常在85：15至95：5之範圍中。特定而言，第1c圖之硫酸(VI)亞汞(I)對甘汞之比大約為9：1。 Figure 1b shows significant peaks at 22.744, 29.467, 35.011, 55.802 and 62.893. Panel 1c shows significant peaks at 21.344, 28.056, 35.302, 40.782, 43.769, 63.093 and 65.893. In general, the prominent peaks shown in Figures 1a to 1c are indicative of sulfate (VI) mercurous (I) and calomel, and mercury compounds containing C, O, Cl, S, and Hg. The ratio of sulfate(VI)mercurous(I) to calomel of the respective compounds is usually in the range of 85:15 to 95:5. Specifically, the ratio of sulfuric acid (VI) to mercury (I) to calomel in Figure 1c is approximately 9:1.
第2a至2c圖顯示使用以上討論之方法製造之相同化合物1、2及8之TEM影像。如所見所得之粉末粒子通常在所示樣本中具有100nm至3μm之寬度之平均尺寸大小。在其它樣本中，平均尺寸大小可如50nm般小及如10μm般大。該等影像顯示使用根據本發明之方法製造汞系化合物產生極細緻之粉末。
Figures 2a to 2c show TEM images of the
下表2顯示使用上述方法製造之汞系化合物1至10以分別形成包含C、O、Cl、N及S之汞系化合
物。
Table 2 below shows mercury-based
表2顯示各別化合物1至10之SEM-EDS測量期間顯示之化合物。
Table 2 shows the compounds revealed during the SEM-EDS measurement of the
此汞系化合物因此具有能量且此汞系化合物之能量係用於該等元素之遷變，即融合產物之產生，其說明原子(諸如：H、C、N、O、Zr、Ru)之存在。 The mercury compound thus has energy and the energy of the mercury compound is used for the transition of these elements, ie the generation of fusion products, which indicate the presence of atoms (such as: H, C, N, O, Zr, Ru) .
第3a圖及第3b圖顯示用來製造該汞系化合物之汞(第3a圖)及汞系化合物(第3b圖)之各別ESR影像。第3a圖顯示天然產生汞之預期光譜。在該汞系化合物之製 造後，發現該汞系化合物係順磁性的，如第3b圖之光譜中之峰值所指示。因此，在該汞系化合物之製造上，將先前之非順磁性化合物轉換成順磁性系化合物。 Figures 3a and 3b show the respective ESR images of the mercury (Figure 3a) and mercury compound (Figure 3b) used to make the amalgam compound. Figure 3a shows the expected spectrum of naturally occurring mercury. In the system of mercury compounds After fabrication, the mercury compound was found to be paramagnetic, as indicated by the peaks in the spectrum of Figure 3b. Therefore, in the production of the mercury-based compound, the conventional non-paramagnetic compound is converted into a paramagnetic compound.
第4圖顯示汞系化合物8之傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜(FTIR)。在該光譜中所見之峰值意指胺、醇、溴烷、氯烷及酯之各別存在。 Figure 4 shows the Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) of mercury compound 8. The peaks seen in this spectrum indicate the respective presence of amines, alcohols, bromoalkanes, chloroalkanes and esters.
類似峰值可在與其餘汞系化合物1至10相關之光譜中觀察到。其等列於以下表3中。第4圖中所示之峰值及表3中所列之峰值指出汞系粉末未由純Hg構成，而是包括不同化合物。所包括之化合物顯示微量之H、C、O及N，且因此係有機金屬化合物。 Similar peaks can be observed in the spectra associated with the remaining mercury compounds 1-10. They are listed in Table 3 below. The peaks shown in Figure 4 and those listed in Table 3 indicate that the mercury-based powders are not composed of pure Hg, but include different compounds. The compounds included exhibit traces of H, C, O and N and are thus organometallic compounds.
表3顯示存在於各別化合物1至10之FITR光譜中之一些最主要峰值(波數cm-1)。該等所示之6個峰值並非總是最主要之峰值，而是任意地選擇以顯示存在於該光譜中之各種峰值。
Table 3 shows some of the most prominent peaks (wavenumber cm −1 ) present in the FITR spectra of the
以下將討論以各種靶材料混合汞系化合物8之結果。 The results of mixing mercury-based compound 8 with various target materials will be discussed below.
在此方面，第5a圖顯示純Al之中子粉末繞射結果，第5b圖顯示純Pb之中子粉末繞射結果，第5c圖顯示純Cu之中子粉末繞射結果，而第5d圖顯示各種靶材料與該汞系化合物8反應之中子粉末繞射結果。在第5a至5c圖中所示之純金屬之光譜顯示通常分別與Al、Pb及Cu關聯之峰值。 In this regard, Figure 5a shows the neutron powder diffraction results for pure Al, Figure 5b shows the neutron powder diffraction results for pure Pb, Figure 5c shows the neutron powder diffraction results for pure Cu, and Figure 5d The neutron powder diffraction results of various target materials reacting with the mercury-based compound 8 are shown. The spectra of the pure metals shown in Figures 5a to 5c show peaks normally associated with Al, Pb and Cu, respectively.
為了引起在例如該Al及汞系化合物8之間之反應，提供Al作為Al箔且將該汞系化合物在容器中與Al接觸。當反應發生時，熱與次原子粒子伴隨許多新元素產生且，先前之晶質Al轉化成非晶質Al。進行在表4及5中之下述反應以產生與Pb及Cu靶材料之反應。 In order to cause a reaction between eg the Al and the mercury compound 8, the Al is provided as an Al foil and the mercury compound is brought into contact with the Al in a container. When the reaction occurs, heat and subatomic particles are generated along with many new elements and the previously crystalline Al is transformed into amorphous Al. The following reactions in Tables 4 and 5 were performed to generate reactions with Pb and Cu target materials.
第5d圖之中子粉末繞射結果顯示4個不同曲線。該等曲線中之一者顯示Al已自Al之基本晶質形式轉化成Al之非晶質形式。其餘三個曲線顯示關於靶元素Pb、Fe及Cu之中子粉末繞射之各別結果。該等元素亦已遷變成許多其它元素並具有結晶缺陷且造成多孔結構，以及顯示通常未與純靶材料關聯之峰值。據信自晶質Al至非晶質Al之變化係由於以下事實：該汞系化合物作用為能 源，其可將該靶材料之結構改變，此亦據信為解釋存在於與Pb、Fe及Cu相關之曲線中之結晶結構中之變化。 The neutron powder diffraction results in Figure 5d show 4 different curves. One of these curves shows that Al has transformed from the basic crystalline form of Al to the amorphous form of Al. The remaining three curves show individual results for neutron powder diffraction of the target elements Pb, Fe and Cu. These elements have also migrated to many other elements and have crystallographic defects and result in porous structures, as well as exhibiting peaks not normally associated with pure target materials. It is believed that the change from crystalline Al to amorphous Al is due to the fact that the mercury compound acts as an energy source, which can alter the structure of the target material, is also believed to account for the variation in crystal structure present in the curves associated with Pb, Fe and Cu.
與該汞系化合物反應之呈箔形式之Al靶材料之輝光放電質譜學(GDMS)資料顯示與該Al合金之許多新元素之存在，諸如：H、C、O、Si、S、Se、Zr、Ba、W、Au、Pt、Ir、Ti。 Glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) data of the Al target material in foil form reacted with the mercury compound showed the presence of many new elements alloyed with the Al such as: H, C, O, Si, S, Se, Zr , Ba, W, Au, Pt, Ir, Ti.
該靶元素之結構之變化以導電性測試確認，該等導電性測試對已用作熔融靶元素且其已與汞系化合物8混合之銅樣本進行。所用之測試設備係Technofour電導計，型號：979(CM 979)。在該等導電性測試中，與該汞系化合物反應之Cu之導電性已發現大約為國際韌銅標準之80%(分別針對所量測之3個樣本之儀器換算值~46.63、46.45、46.69 σ mm2 Siemens)，其表示在此情形下在該銅之電子結構中之變化亦係由將汞系化合物8添加至銅靶材料中引起(參見下表5)。 The change in the structure of the target element was confirmed with conductivity tests carried out on a copper sample that had been used as the molten target element and which had been mixed with the mercury compound 8 . The test equipment used is a Technofour conductivity meter, model: 979 (CM 979). In these conductivity tests, the conductivity of Cu reacted with the mercury compound was found to be about 80% of the international tough copper standard (the instrument conversion values for the three samples measured were ~46.63, 46.45, 46.69 σ mm 2 Siemens), which indicates that in this case the change in the electronic structure of the copper is also caused by the addition of the mercury compound 8 to the copper target material (see Table 5 below).
第6a圖顯示汞系化合物8之SEM-EDS(與能量分散X射線耦合之掃描式電子顯微術)影像(參見表3之其分析結果)。該粉末具有尺寸範圍為1μm至10μm之晶體。該粉末顯現具有一極晶質之形式，如對於純金屬化合物所預期。在類似於相關於以下表4及5之討論的程序中在將該汞系化合物添加至鐵(Fe)之熔融浴中之後，取得所得Fe化合物之SEM影像，所得影像顯示在第6b圖中。所得結構並非如所預期之晶質。而是其顯示為多孔的。因此，經由添加該汞系化合物8引起Fe之電子結構的變化。 此外，分析所得Fe化合物顯示並非僅存在Fe，亦存在與該Fe合金之C、O、Cl、Cu、Ti、Ru、Na、Si、S、Au及Ca。 Fig. 6a shows the SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray) image of mercury compound 8 (see Table 3 for its analysis results). The powder has crystals in the size range of 1 μm to 10 μm. The powder appeared to have an extremely crystalline form, as expected for pure metal compounds. After adding the mercury compound to a molten bath of iron (Fe) in a procedure similar to that discussed in relation to Tables 4 and 5 below, SEM images of the resulting Fe compound were taken and are shown in Figure 6b. The resulting structure was not crystalline as expected. Instead it appears porous. Therefore, the addition of the mercury-based compound 8 causes a change in the electronic structure of Fe. In addition, the analysis of the obtained Fe compound shows that not only Fe exists, but also C, O, Cl, Cu, Ti, Ru, Na, Si, S, Au and Ca alloyed with the Fe exist.
第7a圖及第7b圖顯示類似於第6a圖及第6b圖之SEM-EDS影像。然而以Ni取代該Fe作為靶元素。並且，在此情況下，可不再觀察到該Ni之預期晶質結構，而是Ni之多孔形式亦顯示存在。此外，分析所得之Ni化合物及除了Ni存在外，亦發現存在C、Cl、K、Fe、及O。因此，鎳亦與所產生之許多新元素合金化為融合產物。 Figures 7a and 7b show SEM-EDS images similar to Figures 6a and 6b. However, Ni is substituted for this Fe as the target element. Also, in this case, the expected crystalline structure of Ni can no longer be observed, but a porous form of Ni also appears to be present. In addition, the resulting Ni compound was analyzed and in addition to the presence of Ni, C, Cl, K, Fe, and O were also found to be present. Therefore, nickel is also alloyed with many new elements produced as fusion products.
第8a圖及第8b圖顯示與Ni靶材料反應之汞系化合物8之完整TOF-SIMS光譜。該光譜之各種光譜(第8a圖中之3及第8b圖中之3)顯示每質量之所得Ni化合物之計數次數。在不同光譜中可觀察到各種峰值。
Figures 8a and 8b show the complete TOF-SIMS spectrum of mercury compound 8 reacted with Ni target material. The various spectra of this spectrum (3 in
由於與該汞系化合物化合之該樣本金屬係鎳(較99.0%更佳之純度)，吾人預期在該光譜中觀察到兩個清楚的峰值，即一者為在質量數58附近之鎳，且一者為在質量200附近之汞。檢測該光譜，存在之兩個最明顯之峰值(每質量之計數)係在23及在208附近。
Due to the sample metallic nickel compounded with the mercury compound (better than 99.0% purity), we expected to observe two clear peaks in the spectrum, one for nickel around mass number 58, and one The latter is mercury in the vicinity of
進一步檢測不同之光譜，可觀察到各種其它峰值。令人驚訝地，該等峰值係與先前未預期之元素相關。例如，對於中心在102.91[amu]附近之峰值(第8a圖)顯示Rh及HRu之存在，為如Au、Ag、及PGM(鉑族金屬)之高密度元素之有機金屬化合物。 Upon further examination of the different spectra, various other peaks were observed. Surprisingly, these peaks were associated with previously unanticipated elements. For example, the peak centered around 102.91 [amu] (Fig. 8a) shows the presence of Rh and HRu, which are organometallic compounds of high density elements such as Au, Ag, and PGM (platinum group metals).
對於中心在144.94[amu]附近之峰值(第8a 圖)，吾人觀察到C2H5NRu及C3H6Rh之存在。中心各別地在大約206、207、208及246[amu]之該等峰值(第8a圖)係指CH2Os、C4H10NO2Ru、CH2Ir、C4H10OCs、C3H8N4Ag、C3H10N2O2Ru、H2NOs、C2H8N5Pd、CH8N5ORu、C4H12NO2Rh、CH4Ir、C2H1N4ORh、C7N4Ag、C5H5O5Ru、CH5N2O6Pd、C3H3N3O4Ru、C9H2NOAg及C6H4O4Ag之存在。 For the peak centered around 144.94 [amu] (Fig. 8a), we observed the presence of C2H5NRu and C3H6Rh. The peaks centered at about 206, 207, 208 and 246 [amu] respectively (Fig. 8a) refer to CH 2 Os, C 4 H 10 NO 2 Ru, CH 2 Ir, C 4 H 10 OCs, C 3 H 8 N 4 Ag, C 3 H 10 N 2 O 2 Ru, H 2 NOs, C 2 H 8 N 5 Pd, CH 8 N 5 ORu, C 4 H 12 NO 2 Rh, CH 4 Ir, C 2 H 1 N 4 ORh, C 7 N 4 Ag, C 5 H 5 O 5 Ru, CH 5 N 2 O 6 Pd, C 3 H 3 N 3 O 4 Ru, C 9 H 2 NOAg, and C 6 H 4 O 4 Ag existence.
此稍微令人驚訝，因為該等元素通常未關聯為實質上純Ni之污染物。據信該汞系化合物作用為能量源，其引起反應發生，其中某些元素之遷變發生。 This is somewhat surprising since these elements are generally not associated as contaminants of substantially pure Ni. It is believed that the mercuric compound acts as a source of energy, which causes reactions to occur in which transitions of certain elements occur.
當檢測一旦銅靶材料已與汞系化合物8混合而產生之Cu金屬化合物之TOF-SIMS光譜時，獲得類似之結果。在該等光譜中，可觀察到Cu、Rh、Pd、O、CH2、Ru、C及Ag之存在。 Similar results were obtained when examining the TOF-SIMS spectrum of the Cu metal compound produced once the copper target material had been mixed with the mercury compound 8 . In these spectra, the presence of Cu, Rh, Pd, O, CH2 , Ru, C and Ag can be observed.
將一些先前討論之該汞系化合物之實例分別添加至熔融鉛浴中及熔融銅浴。在下表中討論該等反應。所用鉛金屬係粒狀的且LR級的(SD Fine Chem.Ltd製造，SDFCL 500g包裝-H 123/4521/2302/13 39014 K05)。該鉛之最小檢驗係99.0%且具有Fe 0.01%及Cu 0.01%之雜質之最大限制。 Some of the previously discussed examples of such mercury compounds were added to the molten lead bath and the molten copper bath respectively. These reactions are discussed in the table below. The lead metal used was granular and LR grade (manufactured by SD Fine Chem. Ltd, SDFCL 500g pack - H 123/4521/2302/13 39014 K05). The minimum inspection for lead is 99.0% with a maximum limit of impurities of Fe 0.01% and Cu 0.01%.
一般而言，將該汞系化合物添加至該金屬鉛中，該金屬鉛在於爐(以電、煤、油、天然氣點燃)中加熱之石墨坩鍋中加熱至該熔融狀態(即至700℃，此意指在該靶元素之熔點之上)。一旦將該鉛加熱直到其變紅熱，即以熔融狀態存在，將該化合物添加至該熔融鉛中，且允許在以例如石墨棒攪拌該混合物的同時，發生一定的時間的反應。此後，將該石墨坩鍋自該爐移除並允許其冷卻至室溫以將該鉛固化成金屬錠。 Generally speaking, the mercury-based compound is added to the metallic lead, and the metallic lead is heated to the molten state (i.e. to 700°C, This means above the melting point of the target element). Once the lead is heated until it is red hot, ie in a molten state, the compound is added to the molten lead and a reaction is allowed to take place for a certain period of time while stirring the mixture with eg a graphite rod. Thereafter, the graphite crucible was removed from the furnace and allowed to cool to room temperature to solidify the lead into an ingot.
為以汞系化合物混合銅，進行相同步驟，不同處為將銅加熱至不同的溫度，即至1200℃，此意指在該靶元素之熔點之上，以獲得該熔融狀態。所用銅係銅金屬屑LR級(SD Fine Chem.Ltd.製造，SDFCL 500 gm包裝-
規格L13 A/1513 2211/13-37812 K05)。該銅具有99.5%之最小檢驗，及0.05%不溶於硝酸中之等物質。
For mixing copper with mercury compounds, the same procedure is followed, except that the copper is heated to a different temperature, ie to 1200° C., which means above the melting point of the target element, to obtain the molten state. Copper-based copper scrap LR grade used (manufactured by SD Fine Chem. Ltd., packaged in
第9圖顯示一旦汞系化合物8已添加至熔融銅靶材料時之所得銅化合物之XRD光譜(見表5)。使用與用於測量第1圖所示之光譜相同之光譜儀。可觀察到中心在36.416、43.29、50.416、61.404及74.200附近之各別峰值。在處理該等繞射圖案時，所有該等峰值對應於何種材料並非明顯的。此表示在所得銅化合物中存在不只銅，還有其它材料。對應之SEM-EDS測量提供僅有96.37重量%之銅保留在該樣本中且3.63重量%之碳存在於經偵測所得之銅化合物之一樣本中。在第二樣本中，僅發現71.09重量%之銅且剩餘之銅化合物產生25.11重量%之碳及3.8重 量%之氧。該等結果係極令人驚訝且未預期的。 Figure 9 shows the XRD spectrum of the resulting copper compound once mercury compound 8 has been added to the molten copper target material (see Table 5). Use the same spectrometer as used to measure the spectrum shown in Figure 1. Respective peaks centered around 36.416, 43.29, 50.416, 61.404 and 74.200 can be observed. When dealing with the diffraction patterns, it is not obvious to which material all the peaks correspond. This means that not only copper but also other materials are present in the resulting copper compound. The corresponding SEM-EDS measurement provided that only 96.37% by weight of copper remained in the sample and 3.63% by weight of carbon was present in one of the samples of detected copper compounds. In the second sample, only 71.09 wt% copper was found and the remaining copper compounds produced 25.11 wt% carbon and 3.8 wt% Amount % of oxygen. These results were highly surprising and unexpected.
在此方面，應注意雜質原子或合金原子係藉由因將該汞系化合物添加至靶材料之熔融浴中而引起之核遷變製造，其中該汞系化合物與該靶材料之核子反應。融合產物(諸如：H、C、N、O、S及次原子粒子)係在核遷變期間產生。在先前純銅(其已與該汞系化合物反應)之SEM-EDS測量中之C及O兩者之顯著存在因此可以核遷變反應產物之解釋。 In this regard, it should be noted that impurity atoms or alloy atoms are produced by nuclear transitions caused by the addition of the mercury compound to the molten bath of the target material, wherein the mercury compound reacts with the nuclei of the target material. Fusion products such as H, C, N, O, S and subatomic particles are produced during nuclear transitions. The prominent presence of both C and O in previous SEM-EDS measurements of pure copper which had reacted with the mercury compound could thus be explained by nuclear shift reaction products.
偵測在Ni靶元素與該汞系化合物反應後所得之TOF-SIMS結果(參見第8a圖至第8b圖)亦可基於核遷變解釋。 The TOF-SIMS results (see Figures 8a to 8b) obtained after detecting the reaction of the Ni target element with the mercury compound can also be interpreted based on nuclear transitions.
以下將使用發明者語言描述本發明： The following will describe the invention using the language of the inventors:
本揭露內容係關於一種通式(I)之金屬化合物。 The present disclosure relates to a metal compound of general formula (I).
M1X 式I「M1」係選自包含(但不限於)汞金屬(Hg)、MxMy及其組合之群組；其中Mx係(但不限於)汞金屬(Hg)，且My係除汞金屬(Hg)外之週期表中之一或多個元素：及「X」係選自包含(但不限於)鹵化物、硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽及其組合之群組。 M 1 X Formula I "M 1 " is selected from the group including (but not limited to) mercury metal (Hg), M x My y and combinations thereof; wherein M x is (but not limited to) mercury metal (Hg), And My is one or more elements in the periodic table except mercury metal (Hg): and "X" is selected from the group including, but not limited to, halides, sulfates, nitrates, and combinations thereof.
在上式(I)之具體實施例中，該鹵化物係選自包含氯化物、溴化物、氟化物及碘化物之群組。 In a specific embodiment of formula (I) above, the halide is selected from the group comprising chloride, bromide, fluoride and iodide.
在一具體實施例中，本揭露內容係關於具 有能量之通式(I)之金屬化合物。 In a specific embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a Energetic metal compounds of general formula (I).
在另一具體實施例中，使用通式(I)之金屬化合物作為能源。 In another embodiment, metal compounds of general formula (I) are used as energy sources.
本揭露內容進一步關於一種製備通式(I)之金屬化合物之程序。 The present disclosure further relates to a procedure for the preparation of metal compounds of general formula (I).
M1X 式I「M1」係選自包含(但不限於)汞金屬(Hg)、MxMy及其組合之群組，其中Mx係(但不限於)汞金屬(Hg)，且My係除汞金屬(Hg)外之週期表中之一或多個元素，以及「X」係選自包含(但不限於)鹵化物、硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽及其組合之群組，其中該程序包含將金屬M1與酸反應以獲得式(I)之化合物。 M 1 X Formula I "M 1 " is selected from the group comprising (but not limited to) mercury metal (Hg), M x My y and combinations thereof, wherein M x is (but not limited to) mercury metal (Hg), and M y is one or more elements of the periodic table other than mercury metal (Hg), and "X" is selected from the group including, but not limited to, halides, sulfates, nitrates, and combinations thereof, wherein the procedure comprises reacting metal M1 with an acid to obtain a compound of formula (I).
在一具體實施例中，該金屬「M1」係選自包含(但不限於)汞金屬(Hg)、MxMy及其組合之群組，其中Mx係(但不限於)汞金屬(Hg)，且My係除汞金屬(Hg)外之週期表中之一或多個元素。 In one embodiment, the metal "M 1 " is selected from the group including (but not limited to) mercury metal (Hg), M x My and combinations thereof, wherein M x is (but not limited to) mercury metal (Hg), and My is one or more elements in the periodic table except mercury metal (Hg).
在另一具體實施例中，該酸係選自包含無機酸、有機酸及其組合之群組。 In another embodiment, the acid is selected from the group comprising inorganic acids, organic acids, and combinations thereof.
在再另一具體實施例中，該酸係選自包含(但不限於)HCl、HNO3、H2SO4及其組合之群組。 In yet another embodiment, the acid is selected from the group including, but not limited to, HCl, HNO3 , H2SO4 , and combinations thereof.
在再另一具體實施例中，製備式(I)化合物之程序視需要在溶劑存在下進行。在另一具體實施例中，該溶劑係選自包含極性溶劑、非極性溶劑及其組合之群組。 In yet another embodiment, the procedure for preparing the compound of formula (I) is carried out optionally in the presence of a solvent. In another embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group comprising polar solvents, non-polar solvents and combinations thereof.
在再另一具體實施例中，製備式(I)化合物之程序視需要包含選自包含攪拌、加熱、單離及其組合之群組之步驟。 In yet another embodiment, the procedure for preparing the compound of formula (I) optionally comprises steps selected from the group comprising stirring, heating, isolating and combinations thereof.
在再另一具體實施例中，製備式(I)化合物之程序在由室溫起始之溫度下進行。 In yet another embodiment, the procedure for preparing the compound of formula (I) is carried out at a temperature starting from room temperature.
本揭露內容係關於應用式(I)之化合物以將靶元素轉化為其它元素。本揭露內容亦提供一種藉由使用式(I)之化合物將靶元素轉化為其它元素之方法。 The present disclosure relates to the use of compounds of formula (I) to convert target elements into other elements. The present disclosure also provides a method of converting a target element into another element by using a compound of formula (I).
在一具體實施例中，藉由將式(I)之化合物與靶元素反應以進行該靶元素之轉化。在另一實施例中，式(I)之化合物將該靶元素轉化為其它元素，包括較高密度元素之有機金屬化合物、低質量元素、高質量元素、烴、金、銀、鉑族金屬及稀土元素、或其任何組合。 In one embodiment, the conversion of the target element is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (I) with the target element. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) converts the target element into other elements, including organometallic compounds of higher density elements, low mass elements, high mass elements, hydrocarbons, gold, silver, platinum group metals and rare earth elements, or any combination thereof.
在另一具體實施例中，式(I)之化合物與該靶元素之核子反應，並將該靶元素轉化成其它元素。 In another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) reacts with the nuclei of the target element and converts the target element into other elements.
在另一具體實施例中，前述反應中之一些百分比之靶元素轉化成其它元素。 In another embodiment, some percentage of the target element in the aforementioned reaction is converted to other elements.
在再另一具體實施例中，該靶元素係選自包含鐵至鉍或其任何組合、MAE及其組合之群組，其中「MA」係選自鐵至鉍或任何其組合之任何元素；「E」係選自除鐵至鉍外之週期表中之一或多個元素。 In yet another embodiment, the target element is selected from the group comprising iron to bismuth or any combination thereof, M A E and combinations thereof, wherein " MA " is selected from iron to bismuth or any combination thereof Any element; "E" is one or more elements selected from the periodic table except iron to bismuth.
在再另一具體實施例中，該靶元素係以熔融狀態、氣態、液態或固態、或其任何組合存在。在一較佳具體實施例中，該靶元素係以熔融狀態或液態存在。 In yet another embodiment, the target element exists in molten state, gaseous state, liquid or solid state, or any combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the target element exists in a molten or liquid state.
如本揭露內容所用，術語「元素」包括該週期表之元素及其同位素。 As used in this disclosure, the term "element" includes elements of the periodic table and isotopes thereof.
本揭露內容亦關於應用式(I)之化合物以將靶元素轉化為其它元素並釋出/產生能量。本揭露內容進一步提供一種藉由使用式(I)化合物將靶元素轉化為其它元素並釋出/產生能量之方法。 The present disclosure also relates to the use of compounds of formula (I) to convert target elements into other elements and release/generate energy. The present disclosure further provides a method for converting target elements into other elements and releasing/generating energy by using the compound of formula (I).
在一具體實施例中，藉由將式(I)之化合物與靶元素反應而釋出/產生該能量。在另一實施例中，式(I)之化合物將該靶元素轉化成其它元素並釋出/產生能量。 In one embodiment, the energy is released/generated by reacting a compound of formula (I) with a target element. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) converts the target element into another element and releases/generates energy.
在再另一具體實施例中，式(I)之化合物與該靶元素之核子反應，並將該靶元素轉化成其它元素並釋出/產生能量。 In yet another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) reacts with the nuclei of the target element and converts the target element into other elements and releases/generates energy.
在另一具體實施例中，該靶元素係選自包含氫至錳或其任何組合、MBF及其組合之群組，其中「MB」係任何選自氫至錳或任何其組合之元素；「F」係選自除氫至錳外之週期表中之一或多個元素。 In another embodiment, the target element is selected from the group comprising hydrogen to manganese or any combination thereof, M B F and combinations thereof, wherein " MB " is any selected from hydrogen to manganese or any combination thereof Element; "F" is one or more elements selected from the periodic table except hydrogen to manganese.
在再另一具體實施例中，該靶元素係以氣體形式、固體形式、液體形式或熔融狀態存在。 In yet another embodiment, the target element exists in a gaseous form, a solid form, a liquid form or a molten state.
在另一具體實施例中，所釋出/產生之能量係用於生產電、燃料及其它相關於能量之應用。 In another embodiment, the released/generated energy is used to produce electricity, fuel, and other energy-related applications.
在再另一具體實施例中，式(I)之化合物與選自一或多個該週期表之元素之靶元素反應，並將該靶元素轉化成其它元素並釋出/產生能量。在另一具體實施例中，該所釋出/產生之能量係用於製造電、燃料及其它相關 於能量之應用。在再另一具體實施例中，該靶元素係以固態、氣態、熔融狀態或液態存在。 In yet another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) reacts with a target element selected from one or more elements of the periodic table and converts the target element into another element and releases/generates energy. In another embodiment, the released/generated energy is used to produce electricity, fuel and other related application of energy. In yet another embodiment, the target element exists in a solid, gaseous, molten or liquid state.
據信在反應期間釋出之能量係呈熱及/或次原子粒子之形式，諸如γ-光子、β-電子、p或1H-質子、n-中子、d或2D-氘核、t或3T-氚核、α-或4He-粒子。 The energy released during the reaction is believed to be in the form of heat and/or subatomic particles such as γ -photons, β -electrons, p or 1H-protons, n-neutrons, d or 2D-deuterons, t or 3T-triton, alpha- or 4He-particles.
應進一步注意可將該汞系化合物添加至任何可得之元素，且據信可使用該汞系化合物以與該靶元素/同位素之核子反應，並將靶元素轉化成許多其它元素，諸如用於醫療應用之放射性核、錒系元素、超錒系元素，即所謂超重元素，以及製造所謂之缺少元素(missing element)，如Tc、Pm及At。 It should be further noted that the mercury compound can be added to any available element, and it is believed that the mercury compound can be used to react with the nuclei of the target element/isotope and convert the target element into many other elements, such as for Radionuclides for medical applications, actinides, super-actinides, the so-called superheavy elements, and the manufacture of so-called missing elements, such as Tc, Pm and At.
與能量相關之其它應用係將該汞系化合物用於噴射推進(作為太空飛行之核電池)、人造衛星及遠端區域存取之燃料以及用於製造無中子核融合之帶電粒子。 Other energy-related applications are the use of mercury compounds in jet propulsion (as nuclear batteries for spaceflight), fuel for artificial satellites and remote area access, and for the production of charged particles without neutron fusion.
亦應注意汞系化合物可用於製造高密度元素之有機金屬化合物(與低質量元素，即較輕元素，如H、C、N、O、S等鍵結之Au、Ag、PGM)、高密度元素(Au、Ag、PGM)、奈米粒子及微米大小粒子、低質量元素、高質量元素、及稀土元素。 It should also be noted that mercury-based compounds can be used to manufacture organometallic compounds of high-density elements (Au, Ag, PGM bonded with low-quality elements, that is, lighter elements, such as H, C, N, O, S, etc.), high-density Elements (Au, Ag, PGM), nanoparticles and micron-sized particles, low-mass elements, high-mass elements, and rare earth elements.
無，皆為實驗數據，並非本案的代表圖。 None, all are experimental data, not representative pictures of this case.
故本案無指定代表圖。 Therefore, there is no designated representative figure in this case.
Claims (7)
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| IN2015MU1874 | 2015-05-12 | ||
| IN1874/MUM/2015 | 2015-05-12 | ||
| IN2612MU2015 | 2015-07-09 | ||
| IN2612/MUM/2015 | 2015-07-09 | ||
| PCT/IB2016/000305 WO2016181204A1 (en) | 2015-05-12 | 2016-03-16 | Method of making a mercury based compound, mercury based compound, methods of using the mercury based compound and uses of the mercury based compound |
| WOPCT/IB2016/000305 | 2016-03-16 |
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