TW201727084A - Vacuum retention type multi-stage vacuum generator Characterized in that control piston is displaced by an internal passage in conjunction with vacuum suction force, achieving internal vacuum effect to stop the continuous input gas of a pressure source while maintaining the vacuum maximum degree - Google Patents
Vacuum retention type multi-stage vacuum generator Characterized in that control piston is displaced by an internal passage in conjunction with vacuum suction force, achieving internal vacuum effect to stop the continuous input gas of a pressure source while maintaining the vacuum maximum degree Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本創作係關於一種真空保持型多段式真空發生器，主要係利用真空發生器內部的通道，配合真空吸力讓該控制活塞作動產生位移，使內部達成真空作用後，讓氣壓源氣體得以停止持續輸入，並維持最大之真空度；並於多段式真空發生器應用，能配合增設常開式逆止閥與副通道，藉以簡化整體結構，僅需單一大氣輸入端，就能兼具節省氣壓源能源之目的。 The present invention relates to a vacuum-retaining multi-stage vacuum generator, which mainly utilizes the passage inside the vacuum generator, and cooperates with the vacuum suction to cause the control piston to actuate to generate displacement, so that the internal pressure is reached, and the gas source gas can be stopped and continuously input. And maintain the maximum vacuum; and in the multi-stage vacuum generator application, it can be combined with the addition of the normally open check valve and the auxiliary passage, so as to simplify the overall structure, and only need a single atmospheric input end, it can save the pressure source energy. The purpose.
迄今以來，真空發生器於自動化設備領域中，運用於控管及保持真空吸力的調整，是為空壓系統當中極為重要的零組件之一。 So far, vacuum generators have been used in the field of automation equipment to control and maintain vacuum suction adjustment. It is one of the most important components in air compressor systems.
真空發生器之以往技術，透過壓力輸入端輸入一設定壓力後，配合外部氣體引導進入內部，經內部所設通道直至輸出端排出，藉由過程中產生預設的真空吸力；至此，雖以達到預定之真空吸力的大小，但壓力輸入必須得持續供給才能維持真空吸力，長久使用對於成本以及能量都過於浪費。 The prior art of the vacuum generator, after inputting a set pressure through the pressure input end, is guided into the interior with the external gas, and is discharged through the internal channel to the output end, thereby generating a preset vacuum suction in the process; The size of the vacuum suction is predetermined, but the pressure input must be continuously supplied to maintain the vacuum suction. Long-term use is too wasteful of cost and energy.
若應用於二段式或更多段式設計的真空發生器時，除前述缺點之外，還需於該結構上增加與多段相對應的數量的大氣輸入端，例如：兩段式真空發生器需配置兩個大氣輸入端、三段式則需配置三個大氣輸入 端，以此類推；為了達成預期的真空度，該真空發生器整體結構設計也越趨複雜，更是加重了成本與能源之耗費，且整體需配合相對應的結構才得以運作，對於使用上具有諸多限制。 If applied to a two-stage or more segmented vacuum generator, in addition to the aforementioned drawbacks, it is necessary to add a number of atmospheric input terminals corresponding to the plurality of segments, for example, a two-stage vacuum generator. Two atmospheric inputs and three segments are required to configure three atmospheric inputs. In order to achieve the expected degree of vacuum, the overall structural design of the vacuum generator is also more complicated, which increases the cost and energy consumption, and the overall structure needs to cooperate with the corresponding structure to operate. There are many limitations.
有鑑於此，本創作即在提供一種能於不同真空度需求的真空發生器，藉以簡化內部結構與減少氣體能量於維持真空度的耗損，使其仍可穩定進行使用的真空保持型多段式真空發生器，為其主要目的者。 In view of this, the present invention is to provide a vacuum generator capable of different vacuum requirements, thereby simplifying the internal structure and reducing the gas energy to maintain the vacuum loss, so that the vacuum-holding multi-stage vacuum can be stably used. Generator, for its main purpose.
為達上揭目的，本創作之真空保持型多段式真空發生器能夠利用一體化設計，使其應用範圍得以擴展，而該真空發生器上方設有輸出端，該輸出端內配置有第一排氣管嵌接，且該第一排氣管下方則將噴嘴嵌設其中，並於該第一排氣管側緣設有排氣管入口，而該真空發生器的側緣設有大氣輸入端，並且該大氣輸入端相通於該噴嘴，另有控制活塞配合彈簧頂抵該噴嘴，且該真空發生器於下方設有壓力輸入端，該噴嘴下方設有噴嘴入口能與該壓力輸入端相互配合形成得以直線位移的動作；而該真空發生器內部具有一通道，且該通道相通連於該第一排氣管，能供該大氣輸入端所輸入之氣體與壓力，進入直至由該輸出端排出。 In order to achieve the goal, the vacuum-holding multi-stage vacuum generator of the present invention can be extended by an integrated design, and an output end is arranged above the vacuum generator, and the first row is arranged in the output end. The air pipe is embedded, and the nozzle is embedded therein under the first exhaust pipe, and an exhaust pipe inlet is disposed at a side edge of the first exhaust pipe, and an air input end is provided at a side edge of the vacuum generator And the atmospheric input end communicates with the nozzle, and the control piston cooperates with the spring to abut the nozzle, and the vacuum generator is provided with a pressure input end below, and the nozzle inlet is arranged below the nozzle to cooperate with the pressure input end Forming a linear displacement action; the vacuum generator has a passage inside, and the passage is connected to the first exhaust pipe, and the gas and pressure input to the atmospheric input end can be entered until the output end is discharged .
藉上述結構，能夠透過壓力與氣體輸入，藉以推動該控制活塞作動產生位移，直至完全緊閉該噴嘴入口與該排氣管入口，使該真空發生器內部所產生之真空吸力得以保持最大真空度，達成結構簡化並兼具節省氣壓源能源之目的。 With the above structure, the pressure and the gas input can be used to push the control piston to generate displacement until the nozzle inlet and the exhaust pipe inlet are completely closed, so that the vacuum suction generated inside the vacuum generator can maintain the maximum vacuum degree. , to achieve a simplified structure and the purpose of saving air source energy.
1‧‧‧真空發生器 1‧‧‧vacuum generator
11‧‧‧壓力輸入端 11‧‧‧ Pressure input
111‧‧‧壓力 111‧‧‧ Pressure
12‧‧‧大氣輸入端 12‧‧‧Atmospheric input
121‧‧‧流體 121‧‧‧ Fluid
13‧‧‧控制活塞 13‧‧‧Control piston
14‧‧‧噴嘴 14‧‧‧Nozzles
141‧‧‧噴嘴入口 141‧‧‧nozzle entrance
15‧‧‧第一排氣管 15‧‧‧First exhaust pipe
151‧‧‧排氣管入口 151‧‧‧Exhaust pipe inlet
16‧‧‧彈簧 16‧‧‧ Spring
17‧‧‧通道 17‧‧‧ channel
171‧‧‧副通道 171‧‧‧Subchannel
18‧‧‧輸出端 18‧‧‧ Output
19‧‧‧第二排氣管 19‧‧‧Second exhaust pipe
191‧‧‧常開式逆止閥 191‧‧‧Normally open check valve
V‧‧‧真空吸力 V‧‧‧Vacuum suction
第1圖係本創作之一段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的示意圖。 Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing a state in which a vacuum generator of one stage of the present invention is in a vacuum state.
第2圖係本創作之一段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的局部放大示意圖。 Fig. 2 is a partially enlarged schematic view showing the state in which the vacuum generator of one stage of the present invention is in a vacuum state.
第3圖係本創作之一段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的迴路示意圖。 Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the vacuum generator in one of the stages of the creation of the vacuum generator.
第4圖係本創作之一段式的真空發生器於真空保持狀態的示意圖。 Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing the vacuum generator in one stage of the present invention in a vacuum state.
第5圖係本創作之一段式的真空發生器於真空保持狀態的局部放大示意圖。 Fig. 5 is a partially enlarged schematic view showing the vacuum generator in one stage of the present invention in a vacuum holding state.
第6圖係本創作之一段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的迴路示意圖。 Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the vacuum generator in one of the stages of the present invention.
第7圖係本創作之二段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的示意圖。 Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the vacuum generator of the two-stage vacuum generator of the present invention.
第8圖係本創作之二段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的局部放大示意圖。 Fig. 8 is a partially enlarged schematic view showing the vacuum generator in the second stage of the present invention.
第9圖係本創作之二段式的真空發生器於真空發生狀態的迴路示意圖。 Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the two-stage vacuum generator of the present invention in a vacuum state.
第10圖係本創作之二段式的真空發生器於真空保持狀態的示意圖。 Fig. 10 is a schematic view showing the vacuum generator of the two-stage vacuum generator of the present invention.
第11圖係本創作之二段式的真空發生器於真空保持狀態的局部放大示意圖。 Fig. 11 is a partially enlarged schematic view showing the vacuum generator of the two-stage vacuum generator of the present invention.
第12圖係本創作之二段式的真空發生器於真空保持狀態的迴路示意圖。 Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the two-stage vacuum generator of the present invention in a vacuum holding state.
通常根據本創作，該最佳之可行之實施例，並配合圖式第1~12圖詳細說明後，俾增加對本創作之瞭解； 本創作係一種真空保持型多段式真空發生器，一真空發生器(1)上方設有一輸出端(18)，該輸出端(18)配合一第一排氣管(15)的上方嵌接，而該第一排氣管(15)下方則將一噴嘴(14)嵌設於該第一排氣管(15)之 中，此第一排氣管(15)的側緣處設有一排氣管入口(151)；而真空發生器(1)側緣處亦設有一大氣輸入端(12)，並且與大氣輸入端(12)相通於噴嘴(14)，另有一控制活塞(13)配合一彈簧(16)頂抵該噴嘴(14)，且於該真空發生器(1)的下方，另設有一壓力輸入端(11)，而噴嘴(14)下方則具有一噴嘴入口(141)，並且該噴嘴入口(141)能透過該壓力輸入端(11)與控制活塞(13)作動產生位移動作時，使該噴嘴入口(141)得以構成開閉狀態；一通道(17)設於該真空發生器(1)內部，該通道(17)相通連於該第一排氣管(15)，主要係用以供大氣輸入端(12)所輸入之流體(121)、以及該壓力輸入端(11)所輸入之壓力(111)進入，直至通過輸出端(18)排出；而當壓力(111)經由壓力輸入端(11)輸入後，會推動該控制活塞(13)作動產生位移，直至完全緊閉該噴嘴入口(141)與該排氣管入口(151)，使該真空發生器(1)內部所產生之真空吸力(V)得以保持最大真空度。 Generally, according to the present creation, the best feasible embodiment, together with the detailed description of Figures 1 to 12, adds to the understanding of the creation; The present invention is a vacuum-retaining multi-stage vacuum generator. An output end (18) is disposed above a vacuum generator (1), and the output end (18) is fitted over a first exhaust pipe (15). A nozzle (14) is embedded in the first exhaust pipe (15) under the first exhaust pipe (15). An exhaust pipe inlet (151) is disposed at a side edge of the first exhaust pipe (15); and an atmospheric input terminal (12) is also disposed at a side edge of the vacuum generator (1), and the atmospheric input end (12) communicating with the nozzle (14), another control piston (13) is coupled to the nozzle (14) with a spring (16), and a pressure input end is disposed under the vacuum generator (1) ( 11), and there is a nozzle inlet (141) under the nozzle (14), and the nozzle inlet (141) can be moved through the pressure input end (11) and the control piston (13) to generate a displacement action, the nozzle inlet (141) can be configured to open and close; a channel (17) is disposed inside the vacuum generator (1), and the channel (17) is connected to the first exhaust pipe (15), and is mainly used for the atmospheric input end. (12) The input fluid (121) and the pressure (111) input by the pressure input end (11) enter until it is discharged through the output end (18); and when the pressure (111) passes through the pressure input end (11) After input, the control piston (13) is pushed to generate displacement until the nozzle inlet (141) and the exhaust pipe inlet (151) are completely closed, so that the vacuum generator (1) is internally generated. The vacuum suction (V) is maintained at maximum vacuum.
再請參閱如第1~6圖所示，當壓力(111)經由壓力輸入端(11)輸入後，會從控制活塞(13)的中央通孔流過，順勢進入噴嘴(14)與第一排氣管(15)並產生真空吸力(V)，並且利用設於該真空發生器(1)側緣的大氣輸入端(12)輸入流體(121)，該流體(121)通常為一般空氣，此時的真空吸力(V)<彈簧(16)的彈力，能確保由真空發生器(1)外的流體(121)吸入量為最大，以上為真空發生狀態；然而，當持續進行至需要轉成真空保持狀態時，真空發生器(1)內部的真空吸力(V)>彈簧(16)的彈力，將使控制活塞(13)能受真空吸力(V)吸起，進而關閉噴嘴入口(141)與第一排氣管入口(151)，使大氣輸入端(12) 的流體(121)不會再被吸入，並讓該真空發生器(1)內部會呈真空狀態，藉以關閉由壓力輸入端(11)所輸入的壓力(111)，進而達成節省氣壓源能源之目的，而該真空發生器(1)內部呈最大真空度。 Referring again to Figures 1 to 6, when the pressure (111) is input through the pressure input end (11), it will flow through the central through hole of the control piston (13), and enter the nozzle (14) and the first row. The gas pipe (15) generates a vacuum suction force (V), and the fluid (121) is input through an atmospheric input end (12) provided at a side edge of the vacuum generator (1), and the fluid (121) is generally normal air. The vacuum suction force (V) < the spring force of the spring (16) ensures that the suction amount of the fluid (121) outside the vacuum generator (1) is maximized, and the above is the vacuum generation state; however, when it continues until it needs to be converted into When the vacuum is maintained, the vacuum suction (V) inside the vacuum generator (1) > the spring force of the spring (16) will cause the control piston (13) to be sucked up by the vacuum suction (V), thereby closing the nozzle inlet (141). With the first exhaust pipe inlet (151), the atmospheric input end (12) The fluid (121) is no longer sucked in, and the inside of the vacuum generator (1) is in a vacuum state, thereby closing the pressure (111) input by the pressure input end (11), thereby achieving the saving of the pressure source energy. Purpose, and the inside of the vacuum generator (1) has a maximum degree of vacuum.
再請參閱如第7~12圖所示，為本創作的另一種實施例，主要係為二段式設計的真空發生器(1)，通常習用的多段式設計會依段數需求配合相對應數量的大氣輸入端(12)，但本創作的多段設計卻能透過本身內部結構的設計，而大幅減化結構複雜的問題，以下所提說明僅供理解，並不止受限於二段式的真空發生器(1)使用，亦能應用於更多段式的結構；本創作另一種實施例的真空發生器(1)上方設有輸出端(18)，且於該輸出端(18)內部配合有一第二排氣管(19)的上方相互嵌接，而第二排氣管(19)下方則連結有第一排氣管(15)，該第一排氣管(15)下方將一噴嘴(14)嵌設於該第一排氣管(15)之中，並且於該第一排氣管(15)側緣設有一排氣管入口(151)，而該真空發生器(1)內部的噴嘴(14)之側緣設有一大氣輸入端(12)，另有一控制活塞(13)配合一彈簧(16)頂抵該噴嘴(14)，且於該真空發生器(1)下方設有一壓力輸入端(11)，該噴嘴(14)下方設有一噴嘴入口(141)，且能與該壓力輸入端(11)與控制活塞(13)的相互配合，形成得以產生位移的動作；一通道(17)設於該真空發生器(1)的內部，且該通道(17)相通連於該第一排氣管(15)，能供該大氣輸入端(12)所輸入之流體(121)、以及該壓入輸入端(11)所輸入之壓力(111)，進入直至由該輸出端(18)排出，另有一副通道(171)設於該真空發生器(1)的內部，且該副通道(171)內還設有一常開式逆止閥(191)，該副通道(171)相通連於該第二排氣管(19)，僅供該大氣輸入端(12)所輸入之流體(121)進入，直至由該輸出端(18)排出；當壓力(111)由該壓力輸入 端(11)輸入後，會推動該控制活塞(13)產生位移，直至完全緊閉該噴嘴入口(141)與該排氣管入口(151)，且該常開式逆止閥(191)會受到真空吸力(V)位移而阻斷該第二排氣管(19)，使該真空發生器(1)內部所產生之真空吸力(V)的以保持最大真空度，藉以簡化結構與節省氣壓源能源之目的，且為避免該第二排氣管(19)沒能有效的貢獻吸入量，故而讓該常開式逆止閥(191)係為一種單一式吸入口設計，使其呈常開狀態，讓得第一排氣管(15)的真空度永遠低於該第二排氣管(19)，讓整體結構的所需氣壓流量能維持正常運作之標準值。 Please refer to the other examples of the creation as shown in Figures 7~12. The vacuum generator (1) is a two-stage design. The commonly used multi-segment design will match the number of segments. The number of atmospheric inputs (12), but the multi-segment design of this creation can greatly reduce the complexity of the structure through the design of its internal structure. The following descriptions are for understanding only, not limited to two-stage The vacuum generator (1) can also be applied to more segments of the structure; the vacuum generator (1) of another embodiment of the present invention is provided with an output end (18) above the output end (18). A first exhaust pipe (19) is coupled to the upper side of the second exhaust pipe (19), and a first exhaust pipe (15) is coupled to the lower side of the second exhaust pipe (19). a nozzle (14) is embedded in the first exhaust pipe (15), and an exhaust pipe inlet (151) is disposed at a side edge of the first exhaust pipe (15), and the vacuum generator (1) The inner side of the nozzle (14) is provided with an atmospheric input end (12), and a control piston (13) is coupled to a spring (16) against the nozzle (14), and the vacuum generator ( 1) a pressure input end (11) is arranged below, a nozzle inlet (141) is arranged under the nozzle (14), and can cooperate with the pressure input end (11) and the control piston (13) to form a displacement. a channel (17) is disposed inside the vacuum generator (1), and the channel (17) is connected to the first exhaust pipe (15), and can be input to the atmospheric input terminal (12) The fluid (121) and the pressure (111) input by the press-in input end (11) enter until being discharged from the output end (18), and another sub-channel (171) is disposed in the vacuum generator (1) The inside of the auxiliary passage (171) is further provided with a normally open check valve (191), and the auxiliary passage (171) is connected to the second exhaust pipe (19) for the atmospheric input only ( 12) The input fluid (121) enters until it is discharged by the output end (18); when the pressure (111) is input by the pressure After the end (11) is input, the control piston (13) is pushed to shift until the nozzle inlet (141) and the exhaust pipe inlet (151) are completely closed, and the normally open check valve (191) will The second exhaust pipe (19) is blocked by the vacuum suction (V) displacement, so that the vacuum suction (V) generated inside the vacuum generator (1) maintains the maximum vacuum, thereby simplifying the structure and saving the air pressure. The purpose of the source energy, and in order to prevent the second exhaust pipe (19) from effectively contributing to the suction amount, the normally open check valve (191) is a single suction port design, making it constant In the open state, the vacuum of the first exhaust pipe (15) is always lower than the second exhaust pipe (19), so that the required air pressure of the overall structure can maintain the standard value of normal operation.
然而上述結構中的控制活塞(13)之壓力輸入端(11)面積需大於該噴嘴入口(141)之面積，能減少該控制活塞(13)於位移動作中所需的推力，且該彈簧(16)為可更替設計，能藉此調節該真空發生器(1)內部真空吸力(V)之大小；而該常開式逆止閥(191)與該控制活塞(13)於實際施行時，並不必須要同時關閉，因此該常開式逆止閥(191)需先關閉，使該第二排氣管(19)的流體(121)吸入量得以減少，進一步讓該控制活塞(13)關閉該第一排氣管(15)的吸入量，兩者就不會相互干擾，得以預防關閉不完全的情況發生。 However, the area of the pressure input end (11) of the control piston (13) in the above structure needs to be larger than the area of the nozzle inlet (141), which can reduce the thrust required by the control piston (13) in the displacement action, and the spring ( 16) for the alternative design, thereby adjusting the internal vacuum suction force (V) of the vacuum generator (1); and the normally open check valve (191) and the control piston (13) are actually implemented, It is not necessary to close at the same time, so the normally open check valve (191) needs to be closed first, so that the suction amount of the fluid (121) of the second exhaust pipe (19) is reduced, further allowing the control piston (13) The intake amount of the first exhaust pipe (15) is closed, and the two do not interfere with each other, thereby preventing the occurrence of incomplete closure.
綜上所述，本創作之節能型真空發生器(1)，利用結構內部設置通道(17)及副通道(171)，透過內部可直線位移的控制活塞(13)使其內部能透過彈簧(16)之彈力配合真空吸力(V)，並於多段式設計上，透過常開式逆止閥(191)配合控制外部輸入之流體(121)量，得以簡化其複雜結構，僅需單一大氣輸入端(12)，就能構成內部真空狀態保持或解除，達到節省氣壓源能源的目的。 In summary, the energy-saving vacuum generator (1) of the present invention utilizes a structurally disposed passage (17) and a secondary passage (171) to transmit the internal passage through the spring through a linearly displaceable control piston (13). 16) The elastic force is matched with the vacuum suction (V), and in the multi-stage design, the normally open check valve (191) is combined with the external input fluid (121) to simplify the complex structure, requiring only a single atmospheric input. The end (12) can constitute an internal vacuum state to be maintained or released, thereby achieving the purpose of saving the pressure source energy.
1‧‧‧真空發生器 1‧‧‧vacuum generator
11‧‧‧壓力輸入端 11‧‧‧ Pressure input
111‧‧‧壓力 111‧‧‧ Pressure
12‧‧‧大氣輸入端 12‧‧‧Atmospheric input
121‧‧‧流體 121‧‧‧ Fluid
13‧‧‧控制活塞 13‧‧‧Control piston
14‧‧‧噴嘴 14‧‧‧Nozzles
141‧‧‧噴嘴入口 141‧‧‧nozzle entrance
15‧‧‧第一排氣管 15‧‧‧First exhaust pipe
151‧‧‧排氣管入口 151‧‧‧Exhaust pipe inlet
16‧‧‧彈簧 16‧‧‧ Spring
17‧‧‧通道 17‧‧‧ channel
18‧‧‧輸出端 18‧‧‧ Output
V‧‧‧真空吸力 V‧‧‧Vacuum suction
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW105102216A TW201727084A (en) | 2016-01-25 | 2016-01-25 | Vacuum retention type multi-stage vacuum generator Characterized in that control piston is displaced by an internal passage in conjunction with vacuum suction force, achieving internal vacuum effect to stop the continuous input gas of a pressure source while maintaining the vacuum maximum degree |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW105102216A TW201727084A (en) | 2016-01-25 | 2016-01-25 | Vacuum retention type multi-stage vacuum generator Characterized in that control piston is displaced by an internal passage in conjunction with vacuum suction force, achieving internal vacuum effect to stop the continuous input gas of a pressure source while maintaining the vacuum maximum degree |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| TW201727084A true TW201727084A (en) | 2017-08-01 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW105102216A TW201727084A (en) | 2016-01-25 | 2016-01-25 | Vacuum retention type multi-stage vacuum generator Characterized in that control piston is displaced by an internal passage in conjunction with vacuum suction force, achieving internal vacuum effect to stop the continuous input gas of a pressure source while maintaining the vacuum maximum degree |
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| TW (1) | TW201727084A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11549523B2 (en) | 2021-04-27 | 2023-01-10 | Blacoh Fluid Controls, Inc. | Automatic fluid pump inlet stabilizers and vacuum regulators |
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2016
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11549523B2 (en) | 2021-04-27 | 2023-01-10 | Blacoh Fluid Controls, Inc. | Automatic fluid pump inlet stabilizers and vacuum regulators |
| US11828303B2 (en) | 2021-04-27 | 2023-11-28 | Blacoh Fluid Controls, Inc. | Automatic fluid pump inlet stabilizers and vacuum regulators |
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