SI9012426A - Method and means for forming blocks from concrete mix at a high production rate and with high shape definition, and the product obtained - Google Patents

Abstract

Ta postopek in z njim zvezana naprava za izdelavo blokov (10) iz betonske zmesi z visoko proizvodno storilnostjo in z natančno določeno obliko obsegata forme (3), ki vsebujejo vdrtine (9A, 9B), od katerih vsaka ustreza eni od dveh polovic, na kateri lahko delimo blok (10). Te vdrtine so narejene v dveh zunanjih ploskih površinah, tako da se da iz form sestaviti linijo (13)ali delovni pult, v katerem dve druga z drugo ubirajoči formi (3) določata votlino, ki se jo napolni. Ta linija form tvori zgornjo ploskev (18), ki vsebuje vsipna žrela na katero sipamo betonsko zmes (Z), ko forme polnimo. Polnjenje olajšamo s tresenjem pulta ali linije (13), ko vsipek zgoščamo z običajnimi vibratorji (26), razporejenimi na spodnjih vzdolžnih elementih (1B, 1B’,1B“"), ki nosijo forme. Polnjenje poteka s pomočjo pladnja za sprejem betonske zmesi (Z). Pladenj narejen iz premakljivo razporejenih obodnih sten (19) okoli žrel (21) linije (13) form (3). Stene so postavljene na zgornjo površino (18), ki jo tvorijo medsebojno ubirajoče forme (3) in v kateri se nahajajo vsipna žrela, pri čemer so stene opremljene z gumijastimi mašili (20) za zadrževanje tekoče sestavine betonske zmesi (Z)This process and the device associated with it making blocks (10) of high concrete mix productive productivity and in a well-defined form comprise forms (3) comprising recesses (9A, 9B) from each corresponding to one of the two halves on which we can divide the block (10). These recesses are made in two of the outer planar surfaces so that it can be obtained from the forms assemble a line (13) or worktop in which the two others with the second picking form (3) determine the cavity that fill up. This line of forms forms the upper surface (18) which contains fillers to which the concrete mixture is poured (Z) when the forms are filled. Charging is facilitated by shaking counter or line (13) when compacted with conventional ones vibrators (26) arranged on the lower longitudinal ones elements (1B, 1B ', 1B' ") carrying forms. Filling is done using a concrete mixer tray (Z). The tray is made of displaced circumferentially the walls (19) around the vents (21) of the line (13) of the form (3). The walls are placed on the upper surface (18) they form mutually harvesting forms (3) and in which they are located filler phases, the walls being provided with rubber seals (20) for holding the liquid component concrete mixes (Z)

Description

Postopek in naprava za formanje blokov iz betonske zmesi pri visoki proizvodni hitrosti in z natančno določeno obliko ter dobljeni proizvodMethod and apparatus for forming concrete mix blocks at high production speed and with a precise shape and the resulting product

Predloženi izum se nanaša na postopek in napravo za formanje blokov iz betonske zmesi, zlasti blokov, ki se uporabljajo kot vztrajnostne mase v električnih gospodinjskih strojih.The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for forming blocks of concrete, in particular blocks used as inertia masses in electric household machines.

Ve se, da so dokajšnja trdota, nizka cena, velika specifična teža in dejstvo, da se da zamotano oblikovane predmete zlahka narediti, zaslužni za to, da se cement in aglomerati le-tega čedalje pogosteje uporabljajo za namene, ki niso gradbeniški v splošnem pomenu te besede, začenši z dekorativnim tlakovanjem pa do končnega izgleda stene, pa od kipov do proizvodov za rabo v mehaniki. Kar zadeva slednje, so posebno pomembni tisti, ki imajo vztrajnostno lastnost. S tem v zvezi je očitna potreba po izdelavi zgradb, ki so funkcijske in čvrste hkrati, ob tem ko gre za uporabo minimalne količine dragega gradiva, zvezana s potrebo po obtežbi takih konstrukcij z drugimi, cenenimi gradivi, ki ustvarjajo učinek vztrajnosti. Tipični primeri te vrste so konstrukcije gospodinjskih pralnih strojev in strojev za pomivanje posode. Pri pralnih strojih je za sprejem vrtilnega bobna potrebna kad, ki predstavlja znatno vztrajnostno maso, da je zagotovljena stabilnost zgradbe proti vibracijam, ki jih povzroča vrtenje neuravnotežene mase (mase perila v bobnu, predvsem med centrifugiranjem). Cilj obtežitve stroja za pranje posode je preprečiti, da bi se stroj premikal, ko vrata odpremo ali ko izvlačimo košaro s posodo.It is well known that the sheer hardness, low cost, high specific gravity, and the fact that easily shaped objects can be made worthy of being increasingly used by cement and agglomerates for purposes other than construction in the general sense. these words, from decorative paving to the final appearance of the wall, from statues to products for use in mechanics. With regard to the latter, those with perseverance are particularly important. In this respect, there is an obvious need to construct buildings that are functional and solid at the same time, while using a minimal amount of expensive material, is linked to the need to weigh such structures with other, affordable materials that create the effect of inertia. Typical examples of this type are the construction of household washing machines and dishwashers. In washing machines, a rotating drum is required to receive a rotating drum, which represents a considerable inertia mass, to ensure the stability of the building against vibrations caused by the rotation of the unbalanced mass (mass of the laundry in the drum, especially during spinning). The aim of the weight of the dishwasher is to prevent the machine from moving when the door is opened or when the basket is pulled out.

V teh in drugih primerih uporabe v mehaniki, vsebujočih cement (v splošnem združen z železovimi in baritovimi minerali za povečanje specifične teže), je običajno treba bloke pritrditi z vijaki ali vnaprej predvidenimi zadevnimi elementi, ki zahtevajo dimenzijske odstopke, ki jih je težko spoštovati. To zategadelj, ker običajni postopki izdelave takih blokov privedejo do nepravilnih oblik ne le glede stopnje površinske kakovosti, pač pa tudi glede dimenzij.In these and other applications in cement-containing mechanics (generally combined with ferrous and barite minerals to increase specific gravity), blocks should usually be fixed with screws or pre-designed relevant elements that require difficult dimensional tolerances. This is compounded by the fact that the usual processes of manufacturing such blocks lead to irregular shapes not only in terms of surface quality but also in dimensions.

Eden najobičajnejših postopkov izdelave zadevnih predmetov sestoji iz:One of the most common manufacturing processes for the items in question consists of:

- napolnitve s presežkom osnovne polforme kovinske zgradbe z zrnato ali drobljivo betonsko zmesjo,- filling with excess of the basic semi-shape of a metal structure with a granular or crumbly concrete mixture,

- uporabe strgalnega lista za odstranitev presežne zmesi, segajoče nad zadevne robove, po katerih drsi omenjeni strgalni list,- the use of a scraper to remove excess mixture extending beyond the respective edges along which the said scraper slides,

- stisnjenja betonske zmesi s protiformo,- compression of concrete mixture with antiform,

- podvrženja sistema operaciji kratkega tresenja, da se zmes zgosti,- subjecting the system to a short-shake operation to thicken the mixture,

- odstranitve protiforme, inremoval of the antiform, and

- prenosa oblikovanca na transportni trak, ki se počasi premika skozi tunel za obdelavo s paro za pospešitev strjevanja.- transferring the mold to a conveyor belt that moves slowly through the steam tunnel to accelerate curing.

Rezultat tega običajnega postopka so bloki z zelo grobo površino, kar je posledica uporabe peska in suhosti betonske zmesi, kar oboje je potrebno ne le zaradi tega, da so stroški nizki, ampak tudi zaradi potrebne krhkosti, da je olajšano jemanje obiikovancev iz forme. Ta površinska hrapavost se še poslabša, ker se delci formane zmesi, ki ostanejo, držijo forme, gre pa za delce, ki so se odstranili z oblikovanega bloka.This normal process results in blocks with a very rough surface, which is due to the use of sand and the dryness of the concrete mixture, both of which are necessary not only because of the low cost, but also because of the necessary fragility to facilitate the removal of the mold members. This surface roughness is exacerbated because the particles of the formant mixture that remain remain adhering to the form, but are particles that have been removed from the molded block.

Rezultat tega običajnega postopka so zato bloki brez primemo dokončane površine, posledica česar so zelo široke dimenzijske tolerance, tako da so bloki komajda primerni za združevanje s strojno obdelanimi mehanskimi ali kovinskimi deli, ki so tipično zelo natančno izdelani.As a result of this conventional process, blocks without an unprepared surface result in very wide dimensional tolerances, so that the blocks are hardly suitable for assembly with machined mechanical or metal parts, which are typically very precisely fabricated.

Rezultat omenjenega postopka je običajno zelo majhna proizvodna storilnost, posledica česar so visoki stroški, saj mora vsak posamezni blok v gradbeniškem smislu obdelati delavec, zatem pa še stroj za tresenje forme.The result of this process is usually very low production productivity, which results in high costs, since every single block in the construction sense has to be processed by the worker and then a shaker.

Ta značilnost postopka običajno privede do tega, da je treba skrajšati čas vibracijskega kompaktiranja zmesi v formi, rezultat česar je skromna kakovost betonskega bloka.This feature of the process usually results in the shortening of the time of vibration compacting of the mixture in the form, resulting in a modest quality of the concrete block.

Majhna kakovost blokov, narejenih na ta način, gre tudi na rovaš brade oziroma srha (oblikovanec ima oster rob, ki je nastal med polovicama forme), ki je od oblikovanca do oblikovanca zaradi obrabe forme na stičišču njenih polovic čedalje večji in povzroča težave pri prijemanju, saj lahko pri prekladanju blokov (denimo pri sestavljanju in med popravljanjem tako narejenih gospodinjskih električnih strojev) poškoduje delavčeve roke.The low quality of the blocks made in this way also goes to the beard or burr trowel (the mold has a sharp edge formed between the halves of the mold), which is increasing from the mold to the mold due to the wear of the mold at the junction of its halves and causes difficulty in gripping , as it may damage the hands of the worker when reloading blocks (such as when assembling and repairing household electrical machines made in this way).

En cilj pričujočega izuma je ustvariti postopek in napravo (sredstvo) za formanje blokov iz betonske zmesi, katerih rezultat je proizvodna storilnost, ki je večja od tiste po običajnih postopkih.One object of the present invention is to provide a process and a device (means) for forming blocks of concrete mixture, the result of which is a production capacity greater than that of conventional processes.

Nadaljnji cilj je ustvariti postopek in napravo (sredstvo), ki privedeta do blokov večje dimenzijske natančnosti.A further goal is to create a process and device (means) that result in blocks of higher dimensional accuracy.

Nadaljnji cilj je ustvariti betonske bloke, predvsem za uporabo kot vztrajnostne mase v mehaniki (pralni stroji, stroji za pranje posode itd.), ki so zelo ekonomični.A further objective is to create concrete blocks, especially for use as inertia in mechanics (washing machines, dishwashers, etc.), which are very economical.

Ti in nadaljnji cilji so doseženi, kot bo, če beremo, razvidno iz sledečega podrobnega opisa postopka in naprave (sredstva) za formanje blokov iz betonske zmesi z visoko proizvodno storilnostjo in z v bistvu opredeljeno obliko, ki sta realizirana z več plastičnimi formami, ki vsebujejo vdrtini, od katerih vsaka ustreza eni od dveh polovic, na kateri se da blok deliti, pri čemer sta ti vdrtini razporejeni v obeh zunanjih ploskih licih kalupa, tako da lahko sestavimo linijo form, v kateri dve sosedni formi, ki ubirata druga v drugo, določata votlino, predvideno, da jo napolnimo, pri čemer ta linija določa zgornjo površino, ki vsebuje polnilna žrela in na katero sipamo betonsko zmes, ko kalupe polnimo. To polnjenje podpira tresenje linije form za zgoščanje in tvorbo plasti vsipka, za kar so uporabljeni vibratorji, razporejeni na spodnjih vzdolžnih elementih, razporejenih za podpiranje sklopa form.These and further objectives are achieved, as will be read from the following detailed description of the process and device (means) for forming blocks of concrete with high production capacity and essentially defined form, which are realized with several plastic forms containing recesses, each corresponding to one of the two halves on which the block can be divided, the recesses being arranged in both outer flat faces of the mold, so that a line of forms can be drawn up in which two adjacent shapes are inserted, they define the cavity intended to be filled, this line defining an upper surface containing filler hatches and onto which the concrete mixture is poured as the molds are filled. This filling supports the shaking of the line of the molds for thickening and the formation of the layer of bulk, which uses vibrators arranged on the lower longitudinal elements arranged to support the assembly of molds.

Izum je kot neomejujoč primer predstavljen risarsko na priloženih listih skic, v katerih kaže sl. 1 postajo za izdelavo blokov v narisni projekciji, pri čemer so obodne stene plitve posode za polnjenje predstavljene v prerezu vzdolž osrednje ravnine, sl. 2 dele postaje v prostorski projekciji, sl. 3 kalup v prerezu, pri Čemer vidimo betonski blok med nastajanjem, s tem da sodeluje sosedna polforma, sl. 4 formo, postavljeno na dva vzdolžna elementa, v prostorski predstavitvi, in sl. 5 polnilni lijak, postavljen na eno od form iz linije form, v prostorski projekciji.The invention is illustrated by way of non-limiting example in the accompanying drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a plan view of the block making projection, wherein the circumferential walls of the shallow filling vessel are presented in cross-section along the central plane; FIG. 2 is a view of the station in FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a concrete block during formation with the participation of an adjacent semi-shape; FIG. 4 is a view showing two longitudinal elements in a spatial representation; and FIG. 5 is a filler funnel mounted on one of the form lines in the spatial projection.

Po stanju na skici sl. 1 fiksni okvir 1 obsega noge 1A, s katerimi on stoji na podu 2. Ta fiksni okvir obsega robustne vzdolžne dele IB in stebre IC, IC’.According to the sketch of FIG. 1 fixed frame 1 comprises legs 1A with which it stands on floor 2. This fixed frame comprises robust longitudinal portions IB and columns IC, IC '.

Kar zadeva število vzdolžnih delov, gre prednostno za dva, ki tvorita tračnici IB’, IB (sl. 2), na katerih forme 3 lahko varno stojijo.In terms of the number of longitudinal sections, it is preferable for two to form the rails IB ', IB (Fig. 2), on which the shapes 3 can safely stand.

Vsaka od teh form sestoji iz dveh lupin 3A in 3B (sl. 2, 4), ki ju spajajo vijaki 4, ki po možnosti delujejo preko togostnih trakov 5.Each of these forms consists of two shells 3A and 3B (Figs. 2, 4), which are joined by screws 4, preferably acting through rigid strips 5.

Lupini 3A in 3B sta pri njuni osnovi združeni s pomočjo opornih delov 6A in 6B, ki sta narejena iz jeklenega kotnika, odmerjenega na primerni dolžini. Ta oporna dela obsegata štrlini 6B’ in 6B, katerih namen je prečno držati lupini forme, za dosego česar sta oni vloženi med vzdolžna dela IB’ in IB. Te lupine so zgrajene iz plastike, katere se beton ne prijema, npr. polietilena, polipropilena ali drugih znanih ekvivalentnih gradiv. Seveda so te lupine lahko zgrajene iz plastike, ki ni nujno taka, da se je beton ne prijema, so pa zato prevlečene z materialom, ki ima tako lastnost, denimo s politetrafluoretilenom (PTFE).The shells 3A and 3B are joined at their base by means of support parts 6A and 6B, which are made of a steel angle, measured at a suitable length. These abutments comprise projections 6B 'and 6B which are intended to be transversely held to the shells of the form, thereby being inserted between the longitudinal portions IB' and IB. These shells are made of non-adherent plastic, e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene or other known equivalent materials. Of course, these shells may be constructed of plastics, which are not necessarily such that concrete is not adhered to, but are therefore coated with a material having such a property, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Koristna lastnost teh lupin iz plastike je, da jih lahko izdelamo s tlačnim litjem. To pomeni, da imajo lahko majhno debelino, ki jo je moč kombinirati s togostnimi rebri, in vsebujejo posebno zasnovane dele 8A, 8B, ki omogočajo primerno fiksiranje ali nameščanje mehanskih vložkov 7, ki tudi opravljajo ojačevalno funkcijo. S tako zasnovanimi deli 8A in 8B lupine se da narediti določena območja vložkov 7, ki so dostopna od zunaj bloka, tako da jih lahko z zgradbo povežemo s pomočjo vijakov ali podobnega očitno potem, ko smo blok z njegovimi vložki vzeli iz forme.A useful feature of these plastic shells is that they can be made by injection molding. This means that they may have a small thickness that can be combined with rigid ribs and contain specially designed parts 8A, 8B that allow the mechanical inserts 7 to be properly fixed or mounted, which also perform a reinforcing function. With such parts 8A and 8B of the shell, it is possible to make certain areas of the inserts 7 that are accessible from the outside of the block, so that they can be connected to the building by screws or the like, after the block with its inserts has been taken out of shape.

To se vidi s sl. 3, ki idealno kaže betonski blok v obliki nepravilnega obroča, katerega luknjo oblikujeta dva oblikovana dela 8A in 8B, ki imata drug k drugemu obrnjena ploska konca, pritisnjena k vložku, ki je vložen mednju. Če lupino 3A ločimo od lupine 3B (predstavljeno proti levi), tisti del kovinskega vložka 7, ki sta ga predtem pokrivala oblikovana dela 8A in 8B, sedaj z vidika bloka postane zunanji in je zato dostopen in ga lahko izkoristimo denimo za sprejem vijakov za njegovo pritrditev k zgradbi zadevnega stroja.This can be seen from FIG. 3, which ideally shows an irregular ring shaped concrete block, the hole of which is formed by two molded parts 8A and 8B, which have flat ends facing each other, pressed against the insert which is inserted therein. Separating shell 3A from shell 3B (represented to the left), that part of the metal insert 7 previously covered by molded parts 8A and 8B now becomes external from the block perspective and can therefore be accessed, for example, to receive screws for its attachment to the structure of the machine concerned.

Po opisanem postopku lahko kovinske vložke zelo preprosto nameščamo in/ali jih pridržimo ne le s centriranjem ali montiranjem na običajne nastavke v polformi 3B, ampak tudi z magneti 27, vloženimi v hrbtni del vdrtine za pridržanje železnega vložka pred njegovim dokončnim fiksiranjem s pomočjo sosedne forme 3A.According to the described procedure, metal inserts can be very easily mounted and / or retained not only by centering or mounting on the usual nozzles in Form 3B, but also by magnets 27 inserted into the back of the recess hole for retaining the iron insert before its final fixing by means of an adjacent form 3A.

Lupini 3A in 3B, ki sta spojeni s pomočjo vijakov 4 ali podobnih sredstev, vključno zvare, s tem tvorita formo (sl. 4), ki vsebuje dve polvdrtini 9A in 9B, ki ob ubiranju z nadaljnjo formo določata obliko danega betonskega bloka.The shells 3A and 3B, which are joined by screws 4 or similar means, including welds, thus form (Fig. 4), which contains two half-holes 9A and 9B, which determine the shape of a given concrete block when injected with a further form.

To se vidi s sl. 3, ki kaže formo 3A-3B’ v stiku s polformo 3B za določitev obročastega betonskega bloka 10. Ta forma je narejena iz dveh različnih lupin 3A, 3B’, ki ju spajajo vijaki 4.This can be seen from FIG. 3 showing form 3A-3B 'in contact with semi-form 3B to determine the annular concrete block 10. This form is made of two different shells 3A, 3B' joined by screws 4.

Prednja in zadnja površina forme 3 sta lahko narejeni za ubiranje z zadnjo oziroma prednjo površino drugih form 3 s pomočjo posebnih prilagojevalnih elementov ali s preprostim sodelovanjem nastavkov 11 in lukenj 12.The front and rear surfaces of Form 3 can be made to be engraved with the rear or front surface of other Forms 3 by means of special adjusting elements or by the simple co-operation of attachments 11 and holes 12.

To sodelovanje je ustvarjeno tako, da ne gre le za medsebojno tesnjenje delov kot tako in za preprečevanje nastajanja reber vzdolž njune spojne ravnine, ampak tudi za dosego centriranja ali soosnosti med formama, tako da je oblika, ki jo določata, korektna, razen tega pa gre tudi za povečanje mehanske togosti in s tem za držanje niza poravnanih form v prečni smeri.This cooperation is designed not only to seal the parts as such and to prevent the formation of ribs along their junction plane, but also to achieve centering or alignment between the forms so that the shape they define is correct, except that it is also about increasing the mechanical stiffness and thus holding a series of aligned shapes in the transverse direction.

Kot vidimo s sl. 1, forme 3 ležijo (po možnosti posredno preko njihovih opornih delov 6A in 6B s sl. 4) na vzdolžnih delih IB’ in IB in so premakljive druga vzdolž druge v medsebojni stik za tvorbo zelo dolgega niza form. Ta niz ali linijo 13 form lahko postavimo ob bok drugih vzporednih linij 13 form 3, tako da gre v celoti celo za tisoče form (na skicah je predstavljen samo en niz).As can be seen from FIG. 1, the shapes 3 lie (preferably indirectly through their support parts 6A and 6B in FIG. 4) on the longitudinal portions IB 'and IB and are movable side by side in contact with each other to form a very long set of forms. This set or line of 13 forms can be placed side by side with other parallel lines of 13 form 3, so that there are thousands of forms altogether (only one set is shown in the sketches).

V osnovi ni meja, kar zadeva število form. Toda s praktičnega vidika to število določata potreba po medsebojnem čelnem spajanju raznih vzdolžnih delov IB in drugih vzdolžnih elementov zgradbe 1 in čas, ki je potreben za odstranitev betonskih blokov iz form, kar seveda mora biti združljivo s proizvodnimi potrebami, ki jih določajo druge delovne okoliščine (tako denimo delovne izmene).There are basically no boundaries in terms of number of forms. However, from a practical point of view, this number is determined by the need for the frontal joining of the various longitudinal sections IB and other longitudinal elements of building 1 and the time required to remove the concrete blocks from the molds, which of course must be compatible with the production needs specified by other working circumstances (such as work shifts).

Vsak niz form je posredno preko končne polforme 3 prislonjen k prvemu fiksnemu naslonu 14A.Each set of forms is indirectly supported by the first semi-form 3 against the first fixed abutment 14A.

Na ta način lahko z eno pritisno ploščo 15 stisnemo ves niz 13 za držanje vseh vključenih form v močno tesnem stiku. Pritisno ploščo 15 spočetka primaknemo s pomočjo hidravličnega pritisnega bata 16, nato pa, ko je dosežen potrebni stik med formami 3, med drugi fiksni naslon 14B in pritisno ploščo 15 vložimo razpirne dele 17A, 17B, da ohranimo potrebni stik, ki smo ga predtem vzpostavili s pomočjo hidravličnega bata 16.In this way, the entire row 13 can be compressed with one pressure plate 15 to hold all the forms involved in close contact. The pressure plate 15 is initially moved by means of a hydraulic pressure piston 16, and then, when the necessary contact between the molds 3 has been reached, between the fixed bracket 14B and the pressure plate 15, the expansion members 17A, 17B are retained to maintain the necessary contact previously established. using hydraulic piston 16.

Hidravlični bat 16, ki pritiska na fiksno zgradbo 1 ali je k njej prigrajen - denimo preko drugega fiksnega naslona 14B, zatem lahko odmaknemo. Na sl. 1 je bat predstavljen v stanju, ko je odmaknjen.The hydraulic piston 16, which presses on or is attached to a fixed structure 1, for example via another fixed support 14B, can then be removed. In FIG. 1 the plunger is represented in the state when it is offset.

Pri tej točki proizvodnega cikla na površino 18, ki jo tvorijo zgornje ploskve form 3, položimo pravokoten obodni okvir, ki je na svoji spodnji strani opremljen z gumijastimi mašili 20.At this point in the production cycle, a rectangular circumferential frame is provided on the surface 18 formed by the upper surfaces of the form 3, which is provided with rubber seals 20 on its underside.

Ta obodni okvir tvori ogrado okoli niza lukenj ali rež 21, ki se nahajajo v zgornjih površinah form 3 in sodelujejo s prostorom za blok, ki gaje treba narediti.This circumferential frame forms a fence around a series of holes or slots 21 located in the upper surfaces of the form 3 and cooperating with the block space to be made.

Presek med luknjami in površino 18 je na bloku, ko je ta vzet iz forme, v splošnem ploska površina.The cross-section between the holes and the surface 18 is generally flat on the block when it is taken out of form.

Te luknje v osnovi pravzaprav predstavljajo dolivke v formi, ki pa so tako kratki, da se na oblikovancu odražajo le kot ploska površina. Betonsko zmes Z sipamo v pladenj, ki ga tvorita površina 18 in ograda 19, pri čemer zmes teče preko raznih lukenj 21 v razne votline forme in jih s tem polni. Polnjenje je olajšano s strgalnim delovanjem ob uporabi ročnega ali mehansko gnanih strgalnih listov za premikanje betonske zmesi, tako da v luknje pride betonska zmes, ki leži na preostali zgornji ploski površini form.These holes basically represent moldings in shape, but they are so short that they are only reflected on the mold as a flat surface. The concrete mixture Z is poured into a tray formed by the surface 18 and the enclosure 19, whereby the mixture flows through various holes 21 into various cavities of the form and thereby fills them. Filling is facilitated by scraping action using manual or mechanically driven scraper blades to move the concrete mixture, so that a concrete mixture rests on the remaining upper flat surface of the molds.

Alternativno k temu postopku polnjenja votlin forme, ki je zasnovan na uporabi četverokotnega pladnja, uporabimo lijakasto zasnovan pladenj 22, ki posredno preko mašil 23 leži na več kalupih 3D nad ustjem rež 21A (sl. 5).Alternatively to this process of filling cavities of a mold based on the use of a quadrilateral tray, a funnel-shaped tray 22 is used, which indirectly, through the seals 23, lies on several 3D molds above the mouth of the slots 21A (Fig. 5).

Lijak 22 se lahko drsno premika vzdolž niza form (puščica F), tako da tudi izvaja omenjeno strgalno funkcijo, še zlasti če je opremljen s prečnimi kovinskimi predel7 nimi stenami 24, ki so uporabljene za ojačitev lijaka.The funnel 22 can be slidably moved along a series of shapes (arrow F) so as to perform said scraping function, especially if it is provided with transverse metal partitions 24 used to reinforce the funnel.

Prodiranje betonske zmesi Z v forme je olajšano s tresenjem form, tako da v odvisnosti od konkretno rabljenega ročnega ali samodejnega postopka polnjenja polnilna faza obsega tudi stalno ali prekinjevano tresenje.The penetration of concrete Z into molds is facilitated by shaking of molds, so that depending on the concrete manual or automatic filling process used, the filling phase also includes continuous or intermittent shaking.

Vzdolžno drsno premikanje lijaka 22 v smeri puščic F ima tudi to prednost, da se lijak lahko premika vzdolž niza form vse do popolne porabe betonske zmesi v lijaku.The longitudinal sliding movement of the funnel 22 in the direction of arrows F also has the advantage that the funnel can move along a series of forms until the concrete mixture in the funnel is fully consumed.

Pri proizvodnem postopku te vrste pa je, kar zadeva količino vsipka, težko pripraviti natančno odmerjeno količino betonske zmesi, pa je zato prednostno, da uporabimo forme, katerih število je večje od števila, ko bi jih bilo moč zadovoljivo napolniti, in jih nato polnimo posamič drugo za drugo, dokler je kaj betonske zmesi.However, in a production process of this type, it is difficult to prepare a precisely metered quantity of concrete mixture in terms of the amount of filler, and it is therefore preferable to use forms larger than the number when it would be sufficient to fill them and then fill them individually. one after the other as long as there is some concrete mixture.

Izraz druga za drugo je rabljen z namenom, da se poudari napredovalno polnjenje linije form. Pravzaprav se forme, ne glede na to, ali gre za uporabo četverokotnega pladnja ali za lijak, polnijo hkrati v zelo velikih skupinah, tolikšnih, da celo lahko predstvaljajo domala vso linijo. To je slučaj denimo tedaj, ko uporabimo četverokoten pladenj, v katerem sipana betonaska zmes Z takoj prodre skozi vse reže 21, na katere naleti. Da se izognemo slučaju, da bi forme bile samo delno polnjene, v svetlino ograde 19 vložimo debele prage 25 ekspandiranega polistirena (ali drugega ekvivalentnega gradiva), ki prekrijejo določene reže 21 in delujejo kot zamaški. Če smo forme (tiste proti desni na sl. 2), katerih reže 21 so odprte, napolnili in pri tem ugotovili, da je na voljo več betonske zmesi Z, le-to uporabimo ob zaporednem odkrivanju nadaljnjih rež 21 (v smeri linije sosednih form), s tem da odstranjujemo prage 25B, 25A, ..., ki jih zapirajo. Ko je to delo za nami, običajna sredstva, denimo hidravlična bata 28, ki sodelujeta z vodilnima stebroma 1C, 1C’, in običajna varnostna sredstva za varovanje proti padu, ki so kot primer prikazana na skici, dvignejo ogrado 19. V primeru drsno premakljivega lijaka (sl. 5) omenjeni postopek s pragi ne pride v poštev, saj je enak rezultat dobljen z drsenjem lijaka v smeri F po liniji form, medtem ko je v njem betonska zmes še na voljo. Ko smo forme 3 napolnili - bodisi s tresenjem ali brez njega in s kupčkom nad režami ali brez njega betonsko zmes, ki je v formah, zatem zgostimo. To naredimo s tresenjem linije 13 form, ki traja običajno 3 do 10 min, s tem da gre za tresenje v navpični smeri vzdolžnih elementov IB (IB’, IB), na katerih stoji sklop form. To tresenje ustvarimo z običajnimi vibratorji 26 (sl. 1), ki delujejo po znanih in ta čas rabljenih postopkih nastavljanja amplitude in frekvence glede na potrebne vrednosti pospeševanja. Cilj te vibracijske faze ni le zgostitev, ampak tudi utrditev stanja površine oblikovanca, ki ga pripravljamo. V tej zvezi in pri tem načinu izdelave vztrajnostnih blokov v splošnem uporabljamo betonsko zmes, ki je v bistvu sestavljena iz 40% vode, 16% cementa in ostanka, ki je trdna snov iz delcev določene velikosti, kot so majhni kamni, kakršne najdemo v pesku, železni odrezki ali drugi minerali (barit), ki imajo veliko specifično težo.The term one after another is used to emphasize the progressive filling of the form line. In fact, shapes, whether using a square tray or a funnel, are filled at the same time in very large groups, such that they can even represent almost the entire line. This is the case, for example, when a quadrilateral tray is used in which the poured concrete mix Z penetrates immediately through all the slots 21 which it encounters. In order to avoid that the molds are only partially filled, we insert thick sills 25 of expanded polystyrene (or other equivalent material) into the brightness of the enclosure 19, which cover certain slots 21 and act as stoppers. If the forms (those to the right in Fig. 2), whose slots 21 are open, have been filled and it is found that more concrete mixture Z is available, then this is used in the sequential detection of further slots 21 (in the direction of the line of adjacent forms ) by removing the 25B, 25A, ... thresholds that close them. When this work is behind us, conventional means, such as hydraulic pistons 28, which cooperate with the guide pillars 1C, 1C ', and the conventional fall protection devices shown in the drawing as an example, raise the enclosure 19. the funnel (Fig. 5) is not applicable to the sills procedure, since the same result is obtained by sliding the funnel in the F direction along the form line while the concrete mixture is still available in it. After filling the molds 3 - either with or without shaking and with a pile over the slots or without it, the concrete mixture that is in the molds is then thickened. This is done by shaking line 13 of the form, which usually takes 3 to 10 minutes, by shaking in the vertical direction of the longitudinal elements IB (IB ', IB) on which the form assembly resides. This vibration is created with conventional vibrators 26 (Fig. 1), which operate according to known and used amplitude and frequency tuning procedures at this time with respect to the required acceleration values. The aim of this vibration phase is not only to thicken, but also to consolidate the condition of the surface of the molding being prepared. In this connection, and in this method of making inertia blocks, we generally use a concrete mixture consisting essentially of 40% water, 16% cement and a residue which is a solid of particles of a certain size, such as small stones such as are found in sand , iron chips or other minerals (barite) having a high specific gravity.

Med tresenjem vsake forme 3 delci z večjo maso P (kamni; sl. 3) v stiku z njo terjajo več kinetične energije, posledica česar je umik le-teh od površine forme in s tem potovanje v notranjost. Gradivo z najmanjšimi delci in specifično težo zato ostane pri zunanjosti bloka v stiku s površino forme. V tem konkretnem primeru to gradivo sestoji iz kombinacije vode in cementa, ki tvori t.i. cementno malto. Ko je tresenje pri koncu, tako narejeni betonski blok pustimo, da se strdi. Ko ga vzamemo iz forme, je blok izredno gladek in ima natančno obliko, dodatno pa je še kemično bolj odporen in mehansko trdnejši, kar vse je posledica zunanje ali površinske koncentracije mehkega gradiva (cementa), katerega poroznost je zelo majhna. Da bloke 10 vzamemo iz form, je treba samo razpirne dele 17A, 17B sneti s pripadajočih običajnih držalnih sredstev (vijakov, nastavkov) ali odstraniti pritisno ploščo 15, ki je zvezana z njimi. Na ta način več form 3 aksialno sprostimo drugo od druge in že so pripravljene za ročno jemanje bloka, ki se je oblikoval v njih. To jemanje je neproblematično, ker je površina vdrtin v formah izredno gladka in ker so forme narejene iz plastike, katere se beton ne prijema, razen tega pa olajšano, če uporabljamo običajna sredstva za odlepljanje betona od forme, kot so - kot najbolj ekonomične - nafta in mešanice rastlinskih olj, parafini in voščene snovi, ki jih napršimo na odprto formo, preden vanjo vsujemo betonsko zmes. Ta proizvodni postopek očitno lahko uporablja betonske zmesi, ki jim je na znan način dodano sredstvo, ki beton fluidizira. Primer takega sredstva je proizvod, ki ga na trgu najdem pod oznako FLUIMENT 40.During the shaking of each Form 3, particles with a larger mass P (stones; Fig. 3) in contact with it require more kinetic energy, which results in their withdrawal from the surface of the form and thus a journey inward. The material with the smallest particles and specific gravity therefore remains in contact with the surface of the form at the outside of the block. In this particular case, this material consists of a combination of water and cement, which forms the so-called. cement mortar. When the shaking is complete, allow the concrete block so formed to harden. When taken out of mold, the block is extremely smooth and precise in shape, and is additionally even more chemically resistant and mechanically more solid, all due to the exterior or surface concentration of the soft material (cement), whose porosity is very low. To remove the blocks 10 from the molds, only the expansion pieces 17A, 17B need to be removed from the associated conventional retaining means (screws, attachments) or the pressure plate 15 associated with them removed. In this way, several Forms 3 are axially released from one another and are already ready to be taken manually by the block formed in them. This application is unproblematic because the surface of the recesses in the molds is extremely smooth and because the molds are made of plastics that are not accepted by the concrete, but also facilitated by using conventional means to peel the concrete from molds such as - as the most economical - oil. and mixtures of vegetable oils, paraffins and waxes, which are sprayed onto an open form before being poured into the concrete mixture. This production process can obviously use concrete mixtures, to which a fluidising agent is added in a known manner. An example of such an asset is a product found on the market under the code FLUIMENT 40.

Claims (13)

Patentni zahtevkiPatent claims 1. Postopek, značilen po tem, da obsega:1. A process, characterized in that it comprises: - kombiniranje v delovni pult zaporedja form, katerih vsaj del v njihovih dveh ploskih zunanjih površinah vsebuje vdrtine, ki vsaka ustreza eni od dveh polovic, v kateri se lahko deli betonski blok, katerega izdelava se pripravlja, pri čemer omenjeni delovni pult tvori zgornjo zunanjo površino, v kateri se nahaja ustje vsipnih žrel, kijih tvorijo forme,- combining into a worktop a series of shapes, at least a part of which in their two flat outer surfaces contains holes, each corresponding to one of the two halves, in which a concrete block can be partitioned, the workmanship of which is formed, said worktop forming an upper outer surface , which houses the mouth of the embankments, which form the molds, - vsipanje betonske zmesi v forme, inpouring concrete into molds, and - tresenje delovnega pulta vsaj med vsipavanjem betonske zmesi.- shaking the worktop at least during pouring of the concrete mixture. 2. Postopek po predhodnem zahtevku, značilen po tem, da tresenje form, katerega frekvenca in amplituda sta običajni iz področja predelave betona, traja v splošnem 3 do 10 min, pri čemer tresenje ustvarimo z običajnimi sredstvi (26), delujočimi na vzdolžne elemente (IB, IB’, IB), na katerih stojijo forme.Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the shaking of the forms, the frequency and amplitude of which is common in the concrete processing area, generally takes 3 to 10 minutes, the shaking being generated by conventional means (26) acting on the longitudinal members ( IB, IB ', IB) on which the forms stand. 3. Postopek po predhodnih zahtevkih, značilen po tem, da je vsaka odprta forma (3) sestavljena iz dveh lupin (3A, 3B) iz plastike, s katero se beton ne sprijema, kot je polietilen (PE), politetrafluoretilen (PTFE) ali akrilonitrilbutadienstiren (ABS).Method according to the preceding claims, characterized in that each open form (3) consists of two shells (3A, 3B) made of non-adherent plastic such as polyethylene (PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or acrylonitrile butadiene (ABS). 4. Postopek po predhodnih zahtevkih, značilen po tem, da forme (3) polnimo tako, da na njihovi zgornji površini (18), ki vsebuje vsipne reže (21), oblikujemo pladenj za sprejem betonske zmesi (Z), predvidene za polnjenje form.Method according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the molds (3) are filled by forming a tray for receiving the concrete mixture (Z) intended for filling the molds on their upper surface (18) containing the slots (21). . 5. Naprava za izvedbo postopka, značilna po tem, da obsega:5. A device for carrying out the process, characterized in that it comprises: a) forme, ki imajo v svojih dveh zunanjih ploskih površinah vdrtine, od katerih vsaka ustreza eni od dveh polovic, na kateri se da deliti betonski blok, ki se bo izdeloval, nadalje pa še vsipna žrela, pri čemer imajo omenjene forme vsaj eno nadaljnjo plosko ploskev, ki je pravokotna na ploskve, v katerih so vdrtine, in kjer je ustje vsaj enega vsipnega žrela,a) molds having indentations in their two outer planar surfaces, each corresponding to one of the two halves on which the concrete block to be manufactured can be divided, and the filler phases further, said forms having at least one further a flat surface perpendicular to the surfaces where the recesses are located and where the mouth is of at least one filler mouth, b) sredstva za združitev več omenjenih form, da nastane delovni pult, in sredstva za podpiranje omenjenega delovnega pulta,b) means for combining the aforementioned forms to form a work desk and means for supporting said work desk, c) vibratorje, povezane z omenjenimi podpornimi sredstvi za prenos vibracij na omenjeni delovni pult,c) vibrators associated with said vibration transfer means to said workbench, *)d) sredstva za vsipavanje betonske zmesi, in*) d) fillers for the concrete mixture, and e) sredstva, kijih namestimo na delovni pult, za določitev območja vsipavanja.e) means to be installed on the worktop to determine the area of discharge. 6. Naprava po zahtevku 5, značilna po tem, da so plastične forme opremljene z magnetnimi elementi (27), vloženimi v njihovo hrbtno stran za držanje železnih vložkov (7) v notranjosti betonskega bloka (10).Apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that the plastic forms are provided with magnetic elements (27) inserted into their backside to hold the iron inserts (7) inside the concrete block (10). 7. Naprava po zahtevku 6, značilna po tem, da je sprejemni pladenj za betonsko zmes (Z) narejen iz okvira (19), ki je opremljen s prednostno gumijastimi mašili (20) za zadrževanje tekočega dela betonske zmesi (Z) v njeni notranjosti in ki poteka po obodu okoli vsipnih rež (21).Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the receiving tray for the concrete mixture (Z) is made of a frame (19), which is provided with preferably rubber seals (20) for holding the liquid part of the concrete mixture (Z) inside it and extending around the perimeter around the filling slots (21). 8. Naprava po zahtevku 7, značilna po tem, da dvigljiv obodni okvir (19) lahko dvignemo v navpični smeri in ga s pomočjo običajnih sredstev fiksiramo v dvignjenem položaju.Apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the lifting circumferential frame (19) can be lifted in a vertical direction and fixed by means of conventional means in a raised position. 9. Naprava po predhodnih zahtevkih, značilna po tem, da je sprejemni pladenj za betonsko zmes (Z) zasnovan kot lijak s pravokotnim izpustnim ustjem, katerega svetlina se ujema s širino reže (sl. 5).Apparatus according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the concrete tray (Z) receiving tray is designed as a funnel with a rectangular discharge mouth, the brightness of which corresponds to the width of the gap (Fig. 5). 10. Naprava po predhodnem zahtevku, značilna po tem, da je sprejemni pladenj za betonsko zmes (Z) drsno premakljiv v fluidnotesnem smislu po zgornji površini (18), ki jo tvori linija (13) form (3), za zaporedno polnjenje form, dokler je v njem kaj betonske zmesi.Apparatus according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the receiving tray for the concrete mixture (Z) is slidably movable in fluid-tight sense over the upper surface (18) formed by the line (13) of the form (3) for sequential filling of the forms, as long as there is some concrete mixture in it. 11. Naprava po zahtevku 6, značilna po tem, da sprejemni pladenj dodatno obsega odstranljive prage (25A, 25B) iz polistirena za prekritje in po potrebi odkrivanje rež (21) tistih form (3), ki jih želimo zaščititi pred nevarnostjo, da bi bile samo delno polnjene.Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the receiving tray further comprises removable sills (25A, 25B) of polystyrene for covering and, if necessary, detecting slots (21) of those shapes (3) which we wish to protect against the risk of were only partially filled. 12. Naprava po predhodnih zahtevkih, značilna po tem, da je, kot je v stroki običajno, betonski zmesi dodano sredstvo za fluidiziranje betona.Apparatus according to the preceding claims, characterized in that, as is customary in the art, a concrete fluidizer is added to the concrete mixture. 13. Proizvod ali blok, narejen iz betonske zmesi po postopku izdelave, definiranem v predhodnih zahtevkih.Product or block made from a concrete mixture according to the manufacturing process defined in the preceding claims.