PL2988462T3 - Sposób i aparat do nadawania pola hew-sig w układach komunikacji wlan - Google Patents
Sposób i aparat do nadawania pola hew-sig w układach komunikacji wlanInfo
- Publication number
- PL2988462T3 PL2988462T3 PL14784763T PL14784763T PL2988462T3 PL 2988462 T3 PL2988462 T3 PL 2988462T3 PL 14784763 T PL14784763 T PL 14784763T PL 14784763 T PL14784763 T PL 14784763T PL 2988462 T3 PL2988462 T3 PL 2988462T3
- Authority
- PL
- Poland
- Prior art keywords
- hew
- transmitting
- communications systems
- sig field
- wlan communications
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2602—Signal structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
- H04B7/0452—Multi-user MIMO systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
- H04L1/1896—ARQ related signaling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
- H04L27/2032—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner
- H04L27/2035—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using a single or unspecified number of carriers
- H04L27/2042—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using a single or unspecified number of carriers with more than two phase states
- H04L27/205—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using a single or unspecified number of carriers with more than two phase states in which the data are represented by the change in phase of the carrier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
- H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
- H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
- H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
- H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
- H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0053—Allocation of signaling, i.e. of overhead other than pilot signals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
- H04W84/12—WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
- H04L27/2032—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner
- H04L27/2035—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using a single or unspecified number of carriers
- H04L27/2042—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using a single or unspecified number of carriers with more than two phase states
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2602—Signal structure
- H04L27/2603—Signal structure ensuring backward compatibility with legacy system
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/0091—Signaling for the administration of the divided path
- H04L5/0092—Indication of how the channel is divided
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Radio Transmission System (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201361813644P | 2013-04-19 | 2013-04-19 | |
US201361821732P | 2013-05-10 | 2013-05-10 | |
EP14784763.6A EP2988462B1 (en) | 2013-04-19 | 2014-04-18 | Method and apparatus for transmitting the hew-sig field in wlan communications systems |
PCT/KR2014/003418 WO2014171788A1 (ko) | 2013-04-19 | 2014-04-18 | 시그널 필드를 송신하는 방법 및 장치 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
PL2988462T3 true PL2988462T3 (pl) | 2020-03-31 |
Family
ID=51731636
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PL14784763T PL2988462T3 (pl) | 2013-04-19 | 2014-04-18 | Sposób i aparat do nadawania pola hew-sig w układach komunikacji wlan |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9935802B2 (pl) |
EP (1) | EP2988462B1 (pl) |
JP (1) | JP6180615B2 (pl) |
KR (1) | KR101759011B1 (pl) |
CN (1) | CN105122754B (pl) |
AU (1) | AU2014254581B2 (pl) |
CA (1) | CA2908045C (pl) |
PL (1) | PL2988462T3 (pl) |
RU (1) | RU2622047C2 (pl) |
WO (1) | WO2014171788A1 (pl) |
Families Citing this family (51)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9655002B2 (en) * | 2009-04-13 | 2017-05-16 | Marvell World Trade Ltd. | Physical layer frame format for WLAN |
US8582418B2 (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2013-11-12 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Packet mode auto-detection in multi-mode wireless communication system, signal field transmission for the packet mode auto-detection, and gain control based on the packet mode |
US9780919B2 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2017-10-03 | Quallcomm, Incorporated | High efficiency WLAN preamble structure |
US20150117428A1 (en) * | 2013-10-28 | 2015-04-30 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Multi-mode wireless transmission method and apparatus |
WO2015073437A1 (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2015-05-21 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | System and method for high efficiency wireless local area network communications |
WO2015096121A1 (zh) * | 2013-12-27 | 2015-07-02 | 华为技术有限公司 | 传输信号的方法和装置 |
CN106416165B (zh) | 2014-04-16 | 2019-08-13 | 马维尔国际贸易有限公司 | 用于生成和处理物理层数据单元的方法和用于通信的装置 |
CN110719639B (zh) * | 2014-05-26 | 2023-11-07 | 夏普株式会社 | 无线发送装置、无线接收装置以及通信方法 |
EP3155779B1 (en) | 2014-06-11 | 2019-10-16 | Marvell World Trade Ltd. | Compressed preamble for a wireless communication system |
EP3162015B1 (en) | 2014-06-27 | 2021-08-11 | Techflux Inc. | Method and device for transmitting data unit |
EP3161990A4 (en) | 2014-06-27 | 2018-03-14 | Techflux Ltd. | Bandwidth signaling |
US10356807B2 (en) | 2014-08-22 | 2019-07-16 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Techniques for transmitting and receiving channel occupancy identifiers over an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band |
US10693532B2 (en) * | 2014-09-03 | 2020-06-23 | Newracom, Inc. | Operation method of station in wireless local area network |
US20180278308A1 (en) * | 2014-10-24 | 2018-09-27 | Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. | Wlan designs for supporting an outdoor propagation channel |
US20160119933A1 (en) * | 2014-10-28 | 2016-04-28 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Null data packet frame structure for wireless communication |
US10411931B2 (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2019-09-10 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method for transreceiving PPDU in wireless communication system and device for same |
CN107113267B (zh) * | 2014-10-31 | 2020-06-26 | Lg电子株式会社 | 无线局域网***中的站sta的数据发送方法及站sta |
US9699727B2 (en) | 2014-11-04 | 2017-07-04 | Intel IP Corporation | Method, apparatus, and computer readable medium for signaling high efficiency preambles |
EP3217588B1 (en) | 2014-11-05 | 2020-02-26 | LG Electronics Inc. | Method and device for allocating resource unit on basis of container in wireless lan |
US10165470B2 (en) * | 2014-11-05 | 2018-12-25 | Intel IP Corporation | High-efficiency (HE) station and method for configuring HE packets with long and short preamble formats |
US9756626B2 (en) * | 2014-11-13 | 2017-09-05 | Intel IP Corporation | High-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) station and access point (AP) and method for signaling of channel resource allocations |
US10348460B2 (en) | 2014-11-16 | 2019-07-09 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method for transmitting frame in wireless LAN system |
EP3229434B1 (en) | 2014-12-05 | 2019-09-04 | LG Electronics Inc. | Data transmission method in wireless communication system and device therefor |
WO2016099140A1 (ko) * | 2014-12-16 | 2016-06-23 | 엘지전자(주) | 무선 통신 시스템에서 데이터 전송 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 |
WO2016099139A1 (ko) * | 2014-12-16 | 2016-06-23 | 엘지전자(주) | 무선 통신 시스템에서 데이터 전송 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 |
KR20170107498A (ko) * | 2015-01-22 | 2017-09-25 | 후아웨이 테크놀러지 컴퍼니 리미티드 | 전송 프레임 구조를 지시하기 위한 방법과 장치, 및 시스템 |
US9853845B2 (en) * | 2015-02-03 | 2017-12-26 | Intel IP Corporation | Apparatus, method, and computer readable media for indicating a communication protocol and information in a signal field |
US20160233940A1 (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2016-08-11 | Po-Kai Huang | Wireless device, method, and computer readable media for spatial reuse in a high efficiency wireless local-area network |
SG11201706413UA (en) | 2015-02-13 | 2017-09-28 | Panasonic Ip Man Co Ltd | Wireless communication apparatus and wireless communication method |
CN111970099B (zh) * | 2015-02-17 | 2023-07-25 | 韦勒斯标准与技术协会公司 | 一种站和用于站的无线通信方法 |
US9967877B2 (en) * | 2015-02-17 | 2018-05-08 | Newracom, Inc. | Method and apparatus for frame exchange in a high efficiency wireless LAN |
WO2016140546A1 (ko) | 2015-03-04 | 2016-09-09 | 주식회사 윌러스표준기술연구소 | 다중 사용자 동시 전송을 위한 무선 통신 단말 및 무선 통신 방법 |
US9729284B2 (en) | 2015-03-26 | 2017-08-08 | Intel IP Corporation | High-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) station and access point (AP) and method for resource allocation signaling |
WO2016159476A1 (ko) * | 2015-03-27 | 2016-10-06 | 엘지전자(주) | 무선 통신 시스템의 송수신 장치 및 방법 |
US10582025B2 (en) | 2015-05-05 | 2020-03-03 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Efficient signaling and addressing in wireless local area network systems |
WO2016178534A1 (ko) * | 2015-05-05 | 2016-11-10 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 무선 로컬 영역 네트워크 시스템에서 정보를 시그널링하기 위한 장치 및 방법 |
EP3282660B1 (en) | 2015-05-05 | 2021-02-17 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Transmission method and device for physical layer protocol data unit |
US20160329989A1 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2016-11-10 | Intel IP Corporation | High-efficiency wireless preamble structures with efficient cyclic redundancy check |
WO2016178474A1 (ko) * | 2015-05-06 | 2016-11-10 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 다중 시그널링 필드를 포함하는 무선 프레임 전송 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 |
WO2017099546A2 (ko) * | 2015-12-11 | 2017-06-15 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 무선랜 시스템에서 프레임을 송수신하는 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 |
KR102626348B1 (ko) | 2015-12-24 | 2024-01-19 | 주식회사 윌러스표준기술연구소 | 불연속 채널을 이용한 무선 통신 방법 및 무선 통신 단말 |
US20170230136A1 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2017-08-10 | Shanghai Research Center For Wireless Communications | Method, base station, and terminal for fusing baseband resources between networks of different standards |
SG10201911976XA (en) | 2016-03-11 | 2020-02-27 | Interdigital Patent Holdings Inc | Classification and silencing for uplink multi-user transmissions in wlans |
US11588522B2 (en) * | 2016-04-08 | 2023-02-21 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Techniques for sparse code multiple access (SCMA) codebook design |
CN110710176B (zh) | 2017-06-09 | 2022-12-02 | 马维尔亚洲私人有限公司 | 带有具有压缩ofdm符号的中间码的分组 |
JP6773616B2 (ja) * | 2017-08-21 | 2020-10-21 | 株式会社東芝 | 無線通信装置および無線通信方法 |
EP3685543A1 (en) | 2017-09-22 | 2020-07-29 | NXP USA, Inc. | Determining number of midambles in a packet |
WO2020146787A1 (en) * | 2019-01-10 | 2020-07-16 | Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. | Methods and wtrus of providing range extension for wlan |
WO2020159309A1 (ko) * | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-06 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Harq를 위한 톤 재할당 |
CN112217776B (zh) * | 2019-07-12 | 2023-08-22 | 华为技术有限公司 | 数据发送和接收方法及装置 |
US11621798B2 (en) * | 2021-02-02 | 2023-04-04 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Signaling of preamble puncturing configuration in a non-high throughput RTS/CTS exchange |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101128231B1 (ko) * | 2004-08-19 | 2012-03-26 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 방송 및 멀티캐스트(mbms) 서비스를 위한 단말 분포 제어방법 |
WO2010064766A1 (en) * | 2008-12-01 | 2010-06-10 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method and device for transmission opportunity truncation |
US9655002B2 (en) * | 2009-04-13 | 2017-05-16 | Marvell World Trade Ltd. | Physical layer frame format for WLAN |
KR20110027533A (ko) * | 2009-09-09 | 2011-03-16 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 다중 안테나 시스템에서 제어정보 전송 방법 및 장치 |
US8681757B2 (en) * | 2009-11-09 | 2014-03-25 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method and apparatus for transmitting PLCP frame in wireless local area network system |
KR101298592B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-18 | 2013-08-22 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 무선 통신 시스템에서 신호 검출 장치 및 방법 |
KR101478040B1 (ko) * | 2010-02-23 | 2015-01-06 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 무선 통신 시스템에서 데이터를 송수신하는 방법 및 장치 |
US9025428B2 (en) * | 2010-04-14 | 2015-05-05 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Allocating and receiving tones for a frame |
CN102843755B (zh) * | 2011-06-24 | 2014-12-24 | 华为技术有限公司 | 节省功耗的方法及站点设备 |
WO2013152111A1 (en) | 2012-04-03 | 2013-10-10 | Marvell World Trade Ltd. | Physical layer frame format for wlan |
KR20170001730A (ko) | 2012-04-30 | 2017-01-04 | 인터디지탈 패튼 홀딩스, 인크 | 협력형 직교 블록 기반 자원 할당(cobra) 동작을 지원하는 방법 및 장치 |
-
2014
- 2014-04-18 US US14/778,988 patent/US9935802B2/en active Active
- 2014-04-18 AU AU2014254581A patent/AU2014254581B2/en active Active
- 2014-04-18 CA CA2908045A patent/CA2908045C/en active Active
- 2014-04-18 EP EP14784763.6A patent/EP2988462B1/en active Active
- 2014-04-18 JP JP2016504263A patent/JP6180615B2/ja active Active
- 2014-04-18 CN CN201480022297.XA patent/CN105122754B/zh active Active
- 2014-04-18 WO PCT/KR2014/003418 patent/WO2014171788A1/ko active Application Filing
- 2014-04-18 KR KR1020157025407A patent/KR101759011B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-04-18 RU RU2015149306A patent/RU2622047C2/ru active
- 2014-04-18 PL PL14784763T patent/PL2988462T3/pl unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2014171788A1 (ko) | 2014-10-23 |
EP2988462B1 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
CA2908045C (en) | 2019-04-02 |
CN105122754B (zh) | 2018-10-19 |
AU2014254581A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
US20160050093A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
US9935802B2 (en) | 2018-04-03 |
JP2016519479A (ja) | 2016-06-30 |
CN105122754A (zh) | 2015-12-02 |
JP6180615B2 (ja) | 2017-08-16 |
KR20160009529A (ko) | 2016-01-26 |
CA2908045A1 (en) | 2014-10-23 |
EP2988462A4 (en) | 2017-01-25 |
EP2988462A1 (en) | 2016-02-24 |
AU2014254581B2 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
KR101759011B1 (ko) | 2017-07-17 |
RU2015149306A (ru) | 2017-05-24 |
RU2622047C2 (ru) | 2017-06-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
PL2988462T3 (pl) | Sposób i aparat do nadawania pola hew-sig w układach komunikacji wlan | |
SG11201507164RA (en) | Transmission apparatus, transmission method, reception apparatus and reception method | |
EP3054736A4 (en) | Operation method and apparatus using sectorized transmission opportunity in wireless lan system | |
EP3188429A4 (en) | Method and apparatus for full-duplex communication in wlan system | |
EP2946503A4 (en) | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING INDICATION IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | |
EP2974096A4 (en) | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SECURE COMMUNICATION | |
EP2958392A4 (en) | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SENDING / RECEIVING A FRAME IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS BANDWIDTH IN WLAN SYSTEMS | |
EP3050330A4 (en) | Method and apparatus for transmitting interest indication for group communication in wireless communication system | |
EP2944154A4 (en) | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING INDICATION IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM | |
EP2966911A4 (en) | COMMUNICATION METHOD AND APPARATUS | |
EP3000270A4 (en) | DEVICE AND METHOD IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | |
EP3051425A4 (en) | Method and apparatus for executing application in wireless communication system | |
EP2987357A4 (en) | DEVICE AND METHOD IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | |
GB201306834D0 (en) | Method and system for transmitting credentials | |
EP3068138A4 (en) | TRANSMISSION METHOD, RECEIVING METHOD, TRANSMISSION DEVICE AND RECEPTION DEVICE | |
ZA201508511B (en) | Communication apparatus and communication method | |
EP3041304A4 (en) | Transmission method and apparatus in tdd-fdd combined system | |
HK1203099A1 (en) | Underwater transceiver device, underwater communication system and related communication method | |
EP3083337A4 (en) | Method and apparatus for in-vehicular communications | |
EP2997671A4 (en) | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR COMMUNICATING BETWEEN USER DEVICES IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | |
GB201321260D0 (en) | Communication apparatus and method | |
EP3025537A4 (en) | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AUTHENTICATION IN A WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM | |
ZA201504709B (en) | Apparatus and method for wireless communication system | |
EP2999278A4 (en) | RADIO COMMUNICATION PROCESS, DEVICE AND SYSTEM | |
GB201314812D0 (en) | System, Method and apparatus |