OA20189A - Monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to biotechnology and provides a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20. The invention also relates to DNA encoding said antibody, the corresponding expression vectors and methods of production thereof, as well as methods of treatment using said antibody.

Description

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY THAT SPECIFICALLY BINDS TO CD20

Field of invention

The présent invention relates to the field of biotechnology, in particular to anti-CD20 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, and to use thereof for treatment of diseases associated with B cells. More specifically, the présent invention relates to monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to CD20 (B-lymphocyte antigen CD20). The invention also relates to a nucleic acid encoding said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an expression vector, a method for producing an antibody, and the use of antibody for treatment of diseases or disorders associated with B cells, in particular with B-lymphocyte antigen CD20.

Background of the invention

Lymphocytes are one of many types of white blood cells; they specifically recognize and respond to a foreign antigen. The three main types of lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes (B cells), T-lymphocytes (T-cells) and natural killer (NK) cells. B-lymphocytes are cells responsible for production of antibodies and for humoral immunity. B cells mature within the bone marrow and leave the marrow expressing an antigen-binding antibody on the cell surface. When a previously unexposed B cell first encounters an antigen for which the membrane-bound antibody is spécifie, the cell begins dividing rapidly and its progeny differentiate into memory B cells and effector cells called plasma cells. Memory B cells hâve a longer life span and continue to express membrane-bound antibody with the same specificity as the original parent cell. Plasma cells do not produce a membrane-bound antibody, but instead they produce an antibody in a form that can be secreted. Secreted antibodies are the major effector molécules of humoral immunity.

Antigen CD20 (also called human B-lymphocyte-restricted différentiation antigen, Bp35) is a hydrophobie transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 35 kDa located on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes (Valentine et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264(19), 1989, p.l 1282-11287; and Einfeld et al, EMBO J. 7(3), 1988, p.711-717). Antigen is also expressed on the surface of more than 90% of B cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (HXJI) (Anderson et al, Blood 63(6), 1984, p. 1424-1433), but has not been detected on hematopoietic stem cells, proB cells, normal plasma cells or other normal tissues (Tedder et al, J. Immunol. 135(2), 1985, p. 973-979). CD20 seems to regulate an early step(s) in the activation process for cell cycle initiation and différentiation (Tedder et al., supra) and possibly functions as a calcium ion channel (Tedder et al,. J. Cell. Biochem. 14D, 1990, p. 195).

Given the expression of CD20 in B cell lymphomas, this antigen can be a valuable therapeutic target in the treatment of said lymphomas.

Antibody Rituximab (RITUXAN, MabThera, Acellbia), which is a genetically engineered chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody against human antigen CD20, is indicated for the treatment of patients suffering from relapsed or refractory low-grade or follicular CD20-positive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Rituximab is an antibody called C2B8 in US 5,736,137 and US 5,776,456. The study of in vitro mode of action has shown that Rituximab binds human complément and lyse B-lymphoid cell lines through complément dépendent cytotoxicity (CDC) (Reff et al, Blood 83(2), 1994, p. 435-445). Furthermore, this antibody has significant activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. Preclinical trials in vivo hâve shown that rituximab depletes B cells from the peripheral blood, lymph nodes and bone marrow of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) presumably through complément- and cell-mediated processes (Reff et al, Blood 83(2), 1994, p. 435-445).

Furthermore, later it was found that anti-CD20 antibodies, such as rituximab, were also an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (patents RU2358762, RU2489166 and RU2457860) or Wegener's granulomatosis (patent RU2326127).

A major limitation in the use of murine antibodies in human therapy is the formation of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA) (see, for example, Miller R.A. et al «Monoclonal antibody therapeutic trials in seven patients with T-cell lymphoma», Blood, 62, 1983, p. 988995; and Schroff R.W. et al «Human anti-murine immunoglobulin response in patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapy», Cancer Res., 45, 1985, p. 879-885). Even chimeric molécules, where the variable (V) domains of rodent antibodies are fused to human constant (C) régions, are still capable of eliciting a significant immune response (HACA, human anti-chimeric antibody response) (Neuberger et al, Nature (London), 314, 1985, p. 268-270).

A powerful approach to overcome these limitations in the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies is humanization of the murine antibody or antibody from a non-human species (Jones et al, Nature (London), 321, 1986, p. 522-525; Riechman et al, Nature (London), 332, 1988, p. 323-327).

Thus, it is bénéficiai to produce therapeutic antibodies against CD20 antigen that create minimal or no antigenicity when administered to patients and are primarily intended for use in chronic treatment. The présent invention solves this problem.

The monoclonal antibody BCD-132 selectively and specifîcally binds to CD20 antigen and is an effective inhibitor of CD20 antigen; also, an antibody of the invention has minimal antigenicity when administered to patients.

Brief summary of invention

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifîcally binds to CD20 and comprises:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6;

2) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprise:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;

2) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprise:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6;

2) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 5;

2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;

2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5;

2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 is a fulllength IgG antibody.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is of human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 isotype.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is of human IgGl isotype.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a nucleic acid that encodes the above antibody.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is DNA.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to an expression vector comprising the above nucleic acid.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a method for production of a host cell for production of the above antibody that comprises transformation of a cell with the above vector.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a host cell for production of the above antibody, said host cell comprising the above nucleic acid.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a method for production of the above antibody that comprises culturing of the above host cell in a culture medium under conditions sufficient to produce said antibody, if necessary, followed by isolation and purification of the obtained antibody.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition used for treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20 comprising said antibody or antigenbinding fragment thereof in a therapeutically effective amount in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is intended to be used for treatment of a disease or disorder, where the disease or disorder is selected from:

a) an oncological disease or disorder or

b) an autoimmune disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is intended to be used for treatment of an oncological disease or disorder that is selected from the group comprising: B cell lymphoma or leukemia.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is intended for the treatment of B cell lymphoma selected from: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is intended for the treatment of leukemia selected from: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is intended for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or disorder selected from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANC A vasculitis, rejection of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvEID), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination for prévention or treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20 that comprises said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and at least one therapeutically active compound.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical combination comprises a different therapeutically active antitumour compound selected from a chemotherapeutic agent, antibody or anti-hormonal agent.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a method for inhibition of biological activity of CD20 in a subject in need of such inhibition that comprises administration of an effective amount of said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a method for treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20 that comprises administration to a subject in need of such treatment of said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof or said pharmaceutical composition, in a therapeutically effective amount.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment of a disease or disorder relates to a disease or disorder selected from:

a) an oncological disease or disorder or

b) an autoimmune disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment of a disease or disorder relates to an oncological disease or disorder selected the group comprising: B cell lymphoma or leukemia.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment of a disease or disorder relates to B cell lymphoma selected from: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

In some embodiments, a method for treatment of a disease or disorder relates to leukemia selected from: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

In some embodiments, a method for treatment of a disease or disorder relates to an autoimmune disease or disorder selected from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis, rejection of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to the use of said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof or said pharmaceutical composition for treatment in a subject in need of such treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20.

In some embodiments, said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is used for treatment of a disease or disorder, where the disease or disorder is selected from:

a) an oncological disease or disorder or

b) an autoimmune disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is used for treatment of an oncological disease or disorder that is selected from the group comprising: B cell lymphoma or leukemia.

In some embodiments, said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is used for treatment of B cell lymphoma selected from: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

In some embodiments, said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is used for treatment of leukemia selected from: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

In some embodiments, said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is used for treatment of an autoimmune disease or disorder selected from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis, rejection of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.

Brief description of drawings

Fig. 1. Map of expression vector pEE CK.

Fig. 2. Map of expression vector pEE HC.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of IgGl format.

Fig. 4. Scheme of synthesis of a human naïve combinatorial library.

Fig. 5. Map of phagemid for cloning of Fab phage display libraries.

Fig. 6. Map of expression plasmid pLL for culturing of Fabs.

Fig. 7. Analysis of BCD132L candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 8. Analysis of BCD132L-026 candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 9. Analysis of BCD132L-028 candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 10. Analysis of BCD132L-075 candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 11. Analysis of BCD132L-077 candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 12. Analysis of BCD132L-028 candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig.13. Analysis of BCD132L-077 interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 14. Analysis of BCD132L-077 interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig.15. Analysis of BCD132L-077 interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

(1,2) candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide (3,4) candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide (5,6) candidate-biotinylated CD20 peptide

Fig. 16. Analysis of BCD132L-028 candidate-FcyRIIIa-lSSF interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 17. Analysis of BCD132L-077 (1,2) candidate-FcyRIIIa-lSSF interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 18. Analysis of BCD132L-077 (3,4) candidate-FcyRIIIa-lSSF interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 19. Analysis of BCD132L-077 (5,6) candidate-FcyRIIIa-158F interactions on Forte

Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 20. Analysis of BCD132L-028 candidate-FcyRIIla-158V interactions on Forte Bio

Octet RED 386.

Fig. 21 Analysis of BCD132L-077 (1,2) candidate-FcyRHIa-158V interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 22. Analysis of BCD132L-077 (3,4) candidate-FcyRIIla-158V interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 23 Analysis of BCD132L-077 (5,6) candidate-FcyRIIIa-158V interactions on Forte Bio Octet RED 386.

Fig. 24. Map of expression vector pSX.

Fig. 25. Measurement of spécifie binding of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 to CD20 receptor on WIL2-S cell line using flow cytometry as compared to MabThera.

Fig. 26. Measurement of complément dépendent cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compared to MabThera.

BCD-132-L-028 • MabThera BCD-132-L-028 ▼ BCD-132-L-077.

Fig. 27. Measurement of complément dépendent cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compared to MabThera.

BCD-132-L-077 • MabThera BCD-132-L-028 ▼ BCD-132-L-077.

Fig. 28. Measurement of antibody dépendent cellular cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compared to MabThera. Low affinity CD 16 reporter cell line, target WIL2-S cell line.

BCD-132-L-028 • MabThera BCD-132-L-028 ▼ BCD-132-L-077.

Fig. 29. Measurement of antibody dépendent cellular cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compared to MabThera. Low affinity CD 16 reporter cell line, target WIL2-S cell line.

BCD-132-L-077 • MabThera BCD-132-L-028 ▼ BCD-132-L-077.

Fig. 30. Measurement of antibody dépendent cellular cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compared to MabThera. Low affinity CD 16 reporter cell line, target WIL2-S cell line.

BCD-132-L-028 • MabThera BCD-132-L-028 ▼ BCD-132-L-077.

Fig. 31. Measurement of antibody dépendent cellular cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compared to MabThera. Low affmity CD 16 reporter cell line, target

WIL2-S cell line.

BCD-132-L-077 • MabThera BCD-132-L-028 ▼ BCD-132-L-077.

Fig. 32. Measurement of B cell déplétion by CD19+ induced by antibodies BCD-132-L028 and BCD-132-L-077 as compated to MabThera on whole blood from healthy donors with FF (A) FV (B) and VV (C) allotypes.

Fig. 33. Measurement of antibody dépendent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of BCD-132L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 relative to commercially available antibody Rituximab.

Fig. 34. Inflammatory reaction severity (BCD132-L-077).

Fig. 35. Demyelination severity (BCD132-L-077).

Fig. 36. Smoothed concentration curves for primates' blood sérum under repeated intravenous administration of BCD132-L-077 product at doses of 22.0 mg/kg, 44.0 mg/kg, 88.0 mg/kg.

Description of the invention

Définitions and general methods

Unless defined otherwise, ail technical and scientific terms used herein hâve the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Typically, the classification and methods of cell culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics, analytical chemistry, organic synthesis chemistry, medical and pharmaceutical chemistry, as well as hybridization and chemistry of protein and nucleic acids described herein are well known and widely used by those skilled in the art. Enzyme reactions and purification methods are performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, as is common in the art, or as described herein.

Définitions related to antibody

CD20, or B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 is a protein, co-receptor found on the surface of B-lymphocytes. CD20 is a product of human MS4A1 gene. The exact function of this protein is stiil unknown, it is however contemplated that the protein plays a rôle in the activation and prolifération of B-lymphocytes.

MS4A1 gene is a member of the MS4A (membrane-spanning 4A) gene family that consists of at least 25 other genes. The genes of this family are clustered at human chromosome locus 11 q 12—13. The corresponding proteins are contemplated to hâve similar spatial structure: they hâve a tetraspanning membrane topology with an N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains (JANAS E. ET ALL., Functional rôle of lipid rafts in CD20 activity?, Biochem Soc Symp. 2005;(72):165-75).

Amplification of this gene and/or overexpression of protein thereof hâve been observed in many cancers or autoimmune diseases, including in:

a) oncological diseases or disorders from the group comprising: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

b) autoimmune diseases or disorders from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis, rejection of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.

The term binding molécule includes antibodies and immunoglobulins.

The term antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) as used herein includes whole antibodies and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., antigen-binding portion) or single chains. The terni antibody refers to a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen-binding portion. Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable région (abbreviated referred to herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant région. Known are five types of mammalian Ig heavy chain denoted by Greek letters: α, δ, ε, γ and μ. The type of a heavy chain présent defines the class of an antibody; these chains are found in IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM antibodies, respectively. Distinct heavy chains differ in size and composition; a and γ contain approximately 450 amino acids, while μ and ε hâve approximately 550 amino acids. Each heavy chain has two régions, the constant région and the variable région. The constant région is identical in ail antibodies of the same isotype, but differs in antibodies of different isotypes. Heavy chains γ, a and δ hâve a constant région composed of three constant domains CH1, CH2 and CEI3 (in a line), and a hinge région for added flexibility (Woof J., Burton D., Nat Rev Immunol 4, 2004, cc.89-99); heavy chains μ and ε hâve a constant région composed of four constant domains CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4. In mammals, known are only two types of light chain denoted by lambda (λ) and kappa (k). Each light chain consists of a light chain variable région (abbreviated referred to herein as VL) and light chain constant région. The approximate length of a light chain is 211 to 217 amino acids. Preferably, the light chain is a kappa (k) light chain, and the constant domain CL is preferably C kappa (k).

Antibodies according to the invention can be of any class (e.g., IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, preferably IgG), or subclass (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2, preferably IgGl).

VL and VH régions can be further subdivided into hyper-variability régions called complementarity determining régions (CDRs), interspersed between régions that are more conserved, termed framework régions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDR and four FR, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FRI, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable régions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant régions of the antibodies may médiate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical complément System.

The term antigen-binding portion of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment (or simply antibody portion or antibody fragment), as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen. It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full length antibody Examples of binding fragments which are included within the term antigenbinding portion of an antibody include (i) Fab-fragment monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH 1 domains; (ii) F(ab') 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab-fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge région; (iii) Fd- fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) Fv-fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody; (v) dAb-fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH/VHH domain; and (vi) extracted complementarity determining région (CDR). In addition, two régions ofthe Fv-fragment, VL and VH, are encoded by separate genes, they can be joined using recombinant methods using a synthetic linker that enables them to receive a single protein chain in which the VL and VH région are paired to form monovalent molécules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). It is assumed that such single-stranded molécules are also included within the terni antigen-binding portion of an antibody. These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art, and the fragments are screened in the same manner as are intact antibodies.

Preferably, the CDR of antigen-binding portion or the whole antibody antigen binding portion of the invention is derived from mouse, lama or human donor library or substantially of human origin with certain amino acid residues altered, e.g., substituted with different amino acid residues in order to optimize the properties of the spécifie antibodies, e.g., KD, koff, IC50, EC50, ED50. Preferably the framework régions of antibodies of the invention are of human origin or substantially of human origin (at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% of human origin).

In other embodiments, the antigen binding portion of the invention may be derived from other non-human species including mouse, lama, rabbit, rat or hamster, but not limited to. Alternatively, the antigen-binding région can be derived from the human species.

The term variable domain refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains greatly differ in sequence among antibodies. The V domain médiates antigen binding and détermines specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed across the 110-amino acid span of the variable domains. Instead, the V régions consist of invariant fragments called framework régions (FRs) of 15-30 amino acids separated by shorter régions of extreme variability called hypervariable régions or CDR. The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs, largely adopting a beta-sheet configuration, connected by three hypervariable régions, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The hypervariable régions in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable régions from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies. The constant domains are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

The term hypervariable région as used herein refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen binding. The hypervariable région generally comprises amino acid residues from a complementarity determining région or CDR and/or those residues from a hypervariable loop.

In certain cases, it may also be désirable to alter one or more CDR amino acid residues in order to improve binding affinity to the target epitope. This is known as affinity maturation and may optionally be performed in connection with humanization, for example in situations where humanization of an antibody leads to reduced binding specificity or affinity and it is not possible to sufficiently improve the binding specificity or affinity by back mutations alone. Various affinity maturation methods are known in the art, for example the in vitro scanning saturation mutagenesis method described by Burks et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94:412-417 (1997) and the stepwise in vitro affinity maturation method by Wu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6037 6042 (1998).

Framework régions (FR) are those variable domain residues other than the CDR residues. Each variable domain typically has four FRs identified as FRI, FR2, FR3 and FR4. If the CDRs are defined according to Kabat, the light chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1-23 (LCFR1), 35-49 (LCFR2), 57-88 (LCFR3), and 98-107 (LCFR4) and the heavy chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1-30 (HCFR1), 36-49 (HCFR2), 66-94 (HCFR3), and 103-113 (HCFR4) in the heavy chain. If the CDRs comprise amino acid residues from hypervariable loops, the light chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1-25 (LCFR1), 33-49 (LCFR2), 53-90 (LCFR3), and 97-107 (LCFR4) in the light chain and the heavy chain FR residues are positioned about at residues 1-25 (HCFR1), 33-52 (HCFR2), 5695 (HCFR3), and 102-113 (HCFR4) in the heavy chain residues. In some instances, when the CDR comprises amino acids from both a CDR as defined by Kabat and those of a hypervariable loop, the FR residues will be adjusted accordingly. For example, when CDRH1 includes amino acids H26-H35, the heavy chain FRI residues are at positions 1-25 and the FR2 residues are at positions 36-49.

The fragment crystallizable région (Fc région, Fc) of an immunoglobulin is the tail région of an immunoglobulin molécule that interacts with cell surface Fc-receptor, as well as some proteins of the complément system. This property allows antibodies to activate the immune system. In IgG, IgA and IgD antibody isotypes, the Fc région is composed of two identical protein fragments, respectively, from the second and third constant domains of the two heavy chains; in IgM and IgE isotypes, the Fc région contains three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4) in each polypeptide chain.

An antibody of the présent invention which binds a target antigen refers to an antibody capable of binding the antigen with sufficient affinity such that the antibody can be used as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent targeting a protein or cell expressing said antigen, and slightly cross-reacts with other proteins. According to analytical methods: fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS), radioimmunoassay (RIA) or ELISA, in such embodiments, the degree of antibody binding to a non-target protein is less than 10 % of antibody binding to a spécifie target protein. With regard to the binding of an antibody to a target molécule, the term spécifie binding or specifically binds to or is spécifie for a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide target means binding that is noticeably (measurably) different from a non-specific interaction (for example, in the case of bHl-44 or bH 1-81, a nonspecific interaction is binding to bovine sérum albumin, casein, fêtai bovine sérum or neutravidin).

Spécifie binding can be measured, for example, by determining binding of a molécule compared to binding of a control molécule. For example, spécifie binding can be determined by compétition with a control molécule that is similar to the target, for example, an excess of nonlabeled target. In this case, spécifie binding is indicated if the binding of the labeled target to a probe is competitively inhibited by excess unlabeled target. As used herein, the term spécifie binding or specifically binds to or is spécifie for a particular polypeptide or an epitope on a particular polypeptide target can be described by a molécule having a Kd for the target of at least about 200 nM, or at least about 150 nM, or at least about 100 nM, or at least about 60 nM, or at least about 50 nM, or at least about 40 nM, or at least about 30 nM, or at least about 20 nM, or at least about 10 nM, or at least about 8 nM, or at least about 6 nM, or at least about 4 nM, or at least about 2 nM, or at least about 1 nM, or greater. In one embodiment, the term spécifie binding refers to binding where a molécule binds to a particular polypeptide or epitope on a particular polypeptide without substantially binding to any other polypeptide or polypeptide epitope.

The term Ka as used herein refers to the association (on) rate of a particular antibodyantigen interaction.

The term Kd as used herein refers to the dissociation (off) rate of a particular antibody antigen interaction.

Binding affinity generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a single binding site of a molécule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, binding affinity refers to intrinsic (characteristic, true) binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molécule X for its binding partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (Kd). The preferred Kd value is about 200 nM, 150 nM, 100 nM, 60 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 8 nM, 6 nM, 4 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, or less. Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein. Low-affinity antibodies generally bind an antigen slowly and tend to dissociate readily, whereas high-affinity antibodies generally bind an antigen faster and tend to remain bound longer. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the présent invention.

In one embodiment, Kd or Kd value is measured by using surface plasmon résonance assays using BIAcore™-2000 or BIAcore®-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) at 25°C with immobilized antigen CM5 chips at-10 response units (RU). Briefly, carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIAcore Inc.) are activated with N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to the manufacturées instructions. Antigen is diluted with 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.8, into 5 pg/ml (~0.2 pM) and then injected at a flow rate of 5 pl/minute to achieve approximately 10 response units (RU) of coupled protein. Following the administration of antigen, IM ethanolamine solution is administered to block unreacted groups. For kinetics measurements, two-fold serial dilutions of Fab (e.g., 0.78 nM to 500 nM) are injected in PBS with 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) at 25° C at a flow rate of approximately 25 pl/min. On-rates (kon) and off-rates (koff) are calculated using a simple one-to-one Langmuir binding model (BIAcore Evaluation Software version 3.2) by simultaneous fitting the association and dissociation sensorgram. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is calculated as the ratio koff/kon. See, e.g., Chen, Y., et al., (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 293: 865-881. If the on rate exceeds 10⁶ M^-1 s^-1 by the surface plasmon résonance assay above, then the on-rate can be determined by using a fluorescent quenching technique that measures the increase or decrease in fluorescence émission intensity (excitation=295 nm; emission=340 nm, 16 nm band-pass) at 25°C of a 20 nM anti-antigen antibody solution (Fab form) in PBS, pH 7.2, in the presence of increasing concentrations of antigen as measured in a spectrometer, such as a stop-flow equipped spectrophometer (Aviv Instruments) or a 8000-series SLM-Aminco spectrophotometer (ThermoSpectronic) with a stirred cuvette.

The term koff¹ refers to the off-rate constant of a particular interaction between a binding molécule and antigen. The off rate constant koff can be measured using bio-layer interferometry, for example, using Octet™ system.

On-rate or kon according to the présent invention can be also measured by using the above surface plasmon résonance assays using BIAcore™-2000 or BIAcore®-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) at 25°C with immobilized antigen CM5 chips at -10 relative units (response units, RU). Briefly, carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIAcore Inc.) are activated withN-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to the manufacturées instructions. Antigen is diluted with 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.8, into 5 pg/ml (-0.2 pM) and then injected at a flow rate of μΐ/minute to achieve approximately 10 response units (RU) of coupled protein. Following the administration of antigen, IM ethanolamine solution is administered to block unreacted groups.

Unless specified otherwise, the term biologically active and biological activity and biological characteristics with respect to a polypeptide of the invention means having the ability to bind to a biological molécule.

The term biological molécule refers to a nucleic acid, a protein, a carbohydrate, a lipid, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, a biological molécule exists in nature.

Antibody fragments, such as Fab and F(ab')2 fragments, can be prepared from whole antibodies using conventional techniques, such as papain or pepsin digestion of whole antibodies. Moreover, antibodies, portions thereof and immunoadhesion molécules can be prepared using standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example, as described herein.

The term recombinant antibody is intended to refer to an antibody that is expressed in a cell or cell line comprising nucléotide sequence(s) encoding antibodies, wherein said nucléotide sequence(s) is not naturally associated with the cell.

As used herein, the term variant antibody is intended to refer to an antibody which has an amino acid sequence which differs from the amino acid sequence of a parental antibody thereof by virtue of adding, deleting and/or substituting one or more amino acid residues as compared to the sequence of a parental antibody. In a preferred embodiment, a variant antibody comprises at least one or more (e.g., one to twelve, e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine, ten, eleven or twelve; in some embodiments, a variant antibody comprises from one to about ten) additions, délétions, and/or substitutions of amino acids as compared to a parental antibody. In some embodiments, such additions, délétions and/or substitutions are made in the CDRs of a variant antibody. Identity or homology with respect to the sequence of a variant antibody is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the variant antibody sequence that are identical to the parental antibody residues, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent of sequence identity. A variant antibody retains the ability to bind to the same antigen, and preferably to an epytope, to which the parental antibody binds; and in some embodiments, at least one property or biological activity are superior to those of a parental antibody. For example, a variant antibody may hâve, e.g., a stronger binding affmity, longer half-life, lower IC50, or enhanced ability to inhibit antigen biological activity as compared to a parental antibody. The variant antibody of particular interest herein is one which dispïays at least 2 fold, (preferably at least 5 fold, 10 fold or 20 fold) enhancement in biological activity as compared to a parental antibody.

The term bispecific antibody refers to an antibody having an antigen-binding domain(s) that are capable of spécifie binding to two distinct epitopes on a single biological molécule or capable of spécifie binding to epitopes on two distinct biological molécules. A bispecific antibody is also referred to herein as having dual specificity or as being a dual specificity antibody.

In a broad sense, the term chimeric antibody is intended to refer to an antibody that comprises one or more régions of one antibody, and one or more régions of one or several other antibodies, typically, a partially human and partially non-human antibody, i.e. derived partially from a non-human animal, such as mice, rats, or the like vermin, or the Camelidae such as llama and alpaca. Chimeric antibodies are generally preferred over non-human antibodies in order to reduce the risk of a human anti-antibody immune response, e.g. a human anti-mouse antibody immune response in the case of a murine antibody. An example of a typical chimeric antibody is one in which the variable région sequences are murine sequences, while the constant région sequences are human. In the case of a chimeric antibody, the non-human parts may be subjected to further alteration in order to humanize the antibody.

The term humanization is intended to refer to the fact that when an antibody has a fully or partially non-human origin, for example, a mouse or llama antibody obtained by immunizing mice or lamas, respectively, with an antigen of interest, or is a chimeric antibody based on such an antibody of a mouse or llama, it is possible to substitute certain amino acids, in particular in the framework régions and constant domains of heavy and light chains, in order to avoid or minimize the immune response in humans. Antibodies interact with target antigens predominantly through amino acid residues that are located in the six heavy and light chain CDRs. For this reason, amino acid sequences within CDRs are far more variable between individual antibodies than those outside of CDRs. Because CDR sequences are responsible for most antibody-antigen interactions, it is possible to express recombinant antibodies that mimic the properties of a spécifie naturally occurring antibody, or more generally, of any spécifie antibody with said amino acid sequence, e.g., by constructing expression vectors that express CDR sequences from the spécifie antibody and framework sequences from a different antibody. As a resuit, it is possible to humanize a non-human antibody and, to a large extent, preserve binding specificity and affinity of the initial antibody. Although it is not possible to precisely predict the immunogenicity and thereby the human anti-antibody response of a particular antibody, non-human antibodies are typically more immunogenic than human antibodies. Chimeric antibodies, where the foreign (e.g. vermin or Camelidae) constant régions hâve been substituted with sequences of human origin, hâve shown to be generally less immunogenic than those of fully foreign origin, and the trend in therapeutic antibodies is towards humanized or fully human antibodies. Therefore, chimeric antibodies or other antibodies of non-human origin can be humanized to reduce the risk of a human anti-antibody response.

For chimeric antibodies, humanization typically involves modification of the framework régions of variable région sequences. Amino acid residues that are part of complementarity determining régions (CDRs) will be most often not modified by virtue of humanization, although in some cases it may be désirable in order to modify individual amino acid residues of a CDR, for example, in order to delete a glycosylation site, deamidation site, aspartate isomerization site, or undesired cysteine or méthionine residues. N-linked glycosylation is made by virtue of attaching an oligosaccharide chain to an asparagine residue in a tripeptide sequence Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr, where X can be any amino acid except Pro. Removal of an Nglycosylation site may be achieved by mutating either the Asn or Ser/Thr residue by a different residue, preferably by way of conservative substitution. Deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues can occur depending on such factors as pH and surface exposure. Asparagine residues are especially susceptible to deamidation, primarily when présent in sequence Asn-Gly, and in a lesser degree in other dipeptide sequences such as Asn-Ala. Provided a CDR sequence comprises such a deamidation site, in particular Asn-Gly, it may be désirable to remove this site, typically by virtue of conservative substitution to delete one of the implicated residues.

Numerous methods for humanization of an antibody sequence are known in the art. One commonly used method is CDR grafting. CDR grafting may be based on the CDR définitions by Kabat, althogh the last édition (Magdelaine-Beuzelin et al., Crit Rev.Oncol Hematol. 64:210 225 (2007)) suggests that the IMGT® (the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, www.imgt.org) définition may improve humanization results (see Lefranc et al., Dev. Comp Immunol. 27:55-77 (2003)). In some cases, CDR grafting may reduce the binding specificity and affmity, and thus the biological activity, of a CDR grafted non-human antibody, as compared to a parental antibody from which the CDRs were obtained. Back mutations (which are sometimes referred to as framework région repair may be introduced at selected positions of a CDR grafted antibody, typically in framework régions, in order to restore the binding specificity and affmity of a parental antibody. Identification of positions for possible back mutations can be performed using information available in the literature and in antibody databases. Amino acid residues that are candidates for back mutations are typically those that are located at the surface of an antibody molécule, whereas residues that are buried or that hâve a low degree of surface exposure will not normally be altered. An alternative humanization technique to CDR grafting and back mutation is resurfacing, in which non-surface exposed residues of non-human origin are retained, whereas surface residues are altered to human residues.

Fully human antibodies can be generated using two techniques: using in vitro collected phage libraries or in vivo immunization of humanized animais (mice, rats, etc.).

The Construction of combinatorial phage antibody libraries begins with sélection of a source of gene répertoire, depending on which several antibody library types can be distinguished: naïve, immune and synthetic. Naïve and immune libraries are constructed using naturally reorganized genes, which encode the variable immunoglobulin domains of healthy donors or donors immunized with a certain antigen, respectively. The mRNA from the antibody producing lymphoid cell line is isolated for this purpose. Peripheral blood lymphocytes are mainly used, but splénocytes hâve been used as well [Sheets MD, Amersdorfer P, Finnern R, Sargent P, Lindquist E, Schier R, et al. Efficient construction of a large nonimmune phage antibody library: the production of high-affïnity human single-chain antibodies to protein antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998,95:6157-6162 and de Haard HJ, van Neer N, Reurs A, Hufton SE, Roovers RC, Henderikx P, et al. A large non-immunized human Fab fragment phage library that permits rapid isolation and kinetic analysis of high affinity antibodies. J Biol Chem 1999,274:18218-18230.], tonsillar cells or bone marrow lymphocytes [Vaughan TJ, Williams AJ, Pritchard K, Osbourn JK, Pope AR, Earnshaw JC, et al. Human antibodies with sub-nanomolar affmities isolated from a large non-immunized phage display library. Nat Biotechnol 1996,14:309-314.]. The cDNA is then synthesized on the base of mRNA, and both oligo-dT primers and statistically devised hexanucleotides can be used that yield cDNA copies of ail the possible variants of genes encoding the variable domains of antibodies [Ulitin AB, Kapralova MV, Laman AG, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Bulgakova EB, Fursova KK, et al. The library of human miniantibodies in the phage display format: Designing and testing DAN: Izd-vo Nauka; 2005.].

One or several primers can be simultaneously used to limit the range of amplified genes to one or several variable domain gene families or antibody isotypes, now at cDNA level [Marks JD, Hoogenboom HR, Bonnert TP, McCafferty J, Griffiths AD, Winter G. Bypassing immunization. Human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage. J Mol Biol 1991,222:581-597]. The primers used for amplification of genes encoding immunoglobulins are complementary to their most conservative régions. Their sequences are selected from gene collections that are organized into databases, such as Kabat or V BASE databases. The primer design also provides for internai restriction sites for cloning the PCR-products into the appropriate vectors.

The construction of synthetic libraries is based on replacement of natural CDRs with a set of random sequences. In this case, it is possible to generate a vast variety of antigen-binding sites.

The Phage display is one of the most powerful and widely used in vitro technique for search for antibodies. In 1985, Smith found that foreign DNA sequences could be cloned into filamentous bactériophage Ml3 and that such cloned sequence can be expressed on the surface of phage particles as fusion proteins (Smith GP: Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface. Science 1985,228:1315-1317.). Thus, it is possible to select the fusion proteins of interest based on their ability to bind other proteins. This discovery was combined with PCR amplification methods, which made it possible to clone the cDNA répertoire of immunoglobulin genes to create a variety of phage libraries containing variable domains that can be used to quickly search for target-specific monoclonal antibodies. Phage library répertoire reflects B-cell antibody répertoire of each human or animal whose blood was used to create the library.In 1995, two papers reported the génération of genetically engineered mice that expressed fully human antibody répertoires that could be comparable to those produced by the hybridoma technology (Lonberg N, Taylor LD, Harding FA, Trounstine M, Higgins KM, Schramm SR, Kuo CC, Mashayekh R, Wymore K, McCabe JG et al.: Antigenspecific human antibodies from mice comprising four distinct genetic modifications. Nature 1994, 368:856-859). In these animais, their own endogenous heavy and k light immunoglobulin chain genes were deliberately destroyed, followed by introduction of transgenes, which are the segments of human heavy and k light chain genes.lt turned out that human gene répertoire can be used by the mouse immune system to produce high specificity and high affinity antibodies against a greater variety of antigens. Despite the fact that transgenic mice express B-cell receptors that are essentially hybrids of mouse and human components (human immunoglobulin, mouse Iga, IgP, and other signaling molécules), their B-cells develop and mature normally.

The term monoclonal antibody or mAb refers to an antibody that is synthesized and isolated by a separate clonal population of cells. A clonal population can be a clonal population of immortalized cells. In some embodiments, the immortalized cells in a clonal population are hybrid cells -hybridomas - typically produced by the fusion of individual B lymphocytes from immunized animais with individual cells from a lymphocytic tumour. Hybridomas are a type of constructed cells and do not exist in nature.

Native antibodies are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain is linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond, while the number of disulfide linkages varies among the heavy chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes. Each heavy and light chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (VH) followed by a number of constant domains. Each light chain has a variable domain at one end (VL) and a constant domain at its other end. The constant domain of the light chain is aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain, and the light-chain variable domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain. Particular amino acid residues are believed to form an interface between the light chain and heavy chain variable domains.

The term isolated used to describe various antibodies in this description refers to an antibody which has been identified and separated and/or regenerated from a cell or cell culture, in which the antibody is expressed. Impurities (contaminant components) from its natural environment are materials which would interfère with diagnostic or therapeutic uses of the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutés. In preferred embodiments, an antibody is purified (1) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internai amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator (Edman sequenator), or (2) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing or reducing conditions using Coomassie Brilliant Blue, or preferably silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the polypeptide's natural environment will not be présent. Isolated polypeptide is typically prepared by at least one purification step.

An isolated nucleic acid molécule is one which is identified and separated from at least one nucleic acid molecule-impurity, which the former is bound to in the natural source of antibody nucleic acid. An isolated nucleic acid molécule is different from the form or set in which it is found under natural conditions. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid molécule is different from a nucleic acid molécule that exists in cells under natural conditions. An isolated nucleic acid molécule however includes a nucleic acid molécule located in cells in which the antibody is normally expressed, for example, if the nucleic acid molécule has a chromosomal localization that is different from its localization in cells under natural conditions.

The term epitope as used herein is intended to refer to a portion (déterminant) of an antigen that specifically binds to a binding molécule (for example, an antibody or a related molécule, such as a bispecific binding molécule). Epitope déterminants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molécules such as amino acids or carbohydrates or sugar side chains and tipically comprise spécifie three-dimensional structural characteristics, as well as spécifie charge characteristics. Epitopes can be either linear or conformational. In a linear epitope, ail of the points of interaction between a protein (e.g., an antigen) and an interacting molécule (such as an antibody) occur linearly along the primary amino acid sequence of the protein. In a conformational epitope, the points of interaction occur across amino acid residues on the protein that are separated from one another in the primary amino acid sequence. Once a desired epitope of an antigen is determined, it is possible to generate antibodies to that epitope using techniques well known in the art. In addition, génération and characterization of antibodies or other binding molécules may elucidate information about désirable epitopes. From this information, it is then possible to competitively screen antibodies for binding to the same or identical epitopes, e.g., by conducting compétition studies to fmd binding molécules that compete with one another for binding to the antigen.

The tenn peptide linker as used herein is intended to mean any peptide having the ability to combine domains, with a length which dépends on the domains which it binds to each other, and comprising any amino acid sequence. Preferably, the peptide linker has a length of more than 5 amino acids and consists of any set of amino acids selected from G, A, S, P, E, T, D, K.

The term in vitro refers to a biological entity, a biological process, or a biological reaction outside the body under artificial conditions. For example, a cell grown in vitro is to be understood as a cell grown in an environment outside the body, e.g., in a test tube, a culture vial, or a microtiter plate.

The term IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%), as used herein, refers to concentrations of drug, at which a measurable activity or response, for example, growth/proliferation of cells such as tumor cells, is inhibited by 50%. IC50 value can be calculated using appropriate doseresponse curves, using spécial statistical software for curve fitting.

The term IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration or half-maximal inhibitory concentration) refers to drug concentration and indicates inhibitor volume required to inhibit a biological process by 50%. IC50 value can be calculated using appropriate dose-response curves, using spécial statistical software for curve fitting.

The term GI50 (growth inhibition 50%) refers to concentrations of drug, at which prolifération of cells, such as tumor cells, is inhibited by 50%.

The term ED50 (EC50) (50% effective dose/concentration) refers to concentrations of drug producing 50% biological effect (which may include cytoxicity).

The term antiproliférative activity is intended to refer to stopping or inhibiting growth of cells, such as cancer cells.

The term antibody effector function refers to biological activities attributable to the Fc-region (native Fc-region sequence or Fc-region amino acid variants) of an antibody, which vary with the antibody isotype. Examples of antibody effector functions include: Cl_q binding and complément dépendent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down régulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B-cell receptor, BCR), and B-cell activation.

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or ADCC refers to a cell-mediated response, in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcR) (for example, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis or phagocytosis of the target cell. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express FcyRJII only, whereas monocytes express FcyRI, FcyRII and FcyRIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9: 457-92 (1991). To assess ADCC activity of a molécule of interest, an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activity of the molécule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in an animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. PNAS (USA) 95: 652-656 (1998).

Human effector cells are leukocytes which express one or more FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells express at least FcyRIII and perform ADCC effector function. Examples of human leukocytes which médiate ADCC include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils; with PBMCs and NK cells being preferred. The effector cells may be isolated from a native source thereof, e.g., from blood or PBMCs as described herein.

The terms Fc receptor or FcR are used to describe a receptor that binds to the Fc région of an antibody. The preferred FcR is a native sequence human FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the FcyRI, FcyRII, and FcyRIII subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors. FcyRII receptors include FcyRIIA (activating receptor) and FcyRIIB (inhibiting receptor), which hâve similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof. Activating receptor FcyRIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain. Inhibiting receptor FcyRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain (see review in Daëron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15: 203-234 (1997)). FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9: 457-92 (1991). Other FcRs, including those to be identified in the future, are encompassed by the term FcR herein. The term also includes the néonatal receptor, FcRn, which is responsible for the transfer of maternai IgGs to the fétus.

Complément dépendent cytotoxicity and CDC refer to the ability of a molécule to lyse a target in the presence of complément. The complément activation pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complément system (Clq) to a molécule {e.g., an antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen. To assess complément activation, a CDC assay, e.g., as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202: 163 (1996).

The term identity or homology is construed to mean the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the residue of a corresponding sequence to which it is compared, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary to achieve the maximum percent identity for the entire sequence, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Neither N- or C-terminal extensions nor insertions will be construed as reducing identity or homology. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art. Sequence identity may be measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Ave., Madison, WI 53705). This software matches similar sequences by assigning a degree of homology to various substitutions, délétions (éliminations), and other modifications.

The term homologous with regard to a polypeptide sequence of an antibody should be construed as an antibody exhibiting at least 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90% and most preferably 95% sequence identity relative to a polypeptide sequence. The term in relation to a nucleic acid sequence should be construed as a sequence of nucléotides exhibiting at least 85%, preferably 90%, more preferably 95% and most preferably 97% sequence identity relative to a nucleic acid sequence.

Modification(s) of amino acid sequences of antibodies described herein are provided. For example, it may be désirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other biological properties of the antibody. Amino acid sequence variants of antibody are prepared by introducing appropriate nucléotide changes into the antibody nucleic acid, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, délétions, and/or insertions and/or substitutions of residues within the amino acid sequences of antibody. Any combination of délétion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics. The amino acid changes also may alter post24 translational processes in the antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites.

Variant of modification of amino acid sequences of antibodies using amino acid substitutions. Such a variant is substitution of at least one amino acid residue in the antibody 5 molécule with a different residue. The sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include hypervariable régions or CDRs, but FR or Fc alterations are also contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in Table A under preferred substitutions. If such substitutions cause alteration of the biological activity, further substantial changes can be made, which are denoted as exemplary substitutions set forth in Table A, or alterations described in 10 more detail below when describing amino acid classes, and also product screening may be performed.

Table A
Original residue	Exemplary substitutions	Preferred substitutions
Ala (A)	Val; Leu; Ile	Val
Arg(R)	Lys; Gin; Asn	Lys
Asn(N)	Gin; His; Asp, Lys; Arg	Gin
Asp (D)	Glu; Asn	Glu
Cys (C)	Ser; Ala	Ser
Gln(Q)	Asn; Glu	Asn
Glu (E)	Asp; Gin	Asp
Gly(G)	Ala	Ala
His (H)	Asn; Gin; Lys; Arg	Arg
Ile (I)	Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Norleucine	Leu
Leu (L)	Norleucine; Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Phe	Ile
Lys (K)	Arg; Gin; Asn	Arg
Met (M)	Leu; Phe; Ile	Leu
Phe(F)	Trp; Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr	Tyr
Pro (P)	Ala	Ala
Ser(S)	Thr	Thr
Thr (T)	Val; Ser	Ser

Trp(W)	Tyr; Phe	Tyr
Tyr(Y)	Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser	Phe
Val (V)	Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Norleucine	Leu

The terms nucleic acid, nucleic sequence, nucleic acid sequence, polynucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide sequence and nucléotide sequence, used interchangeably in the présent description, mean a précisé sequence of nucléotides, modified or not, determining a fragment or a région of a nucleic acid, containing unnatural nucléotides or not, and being either a double-strand DNA or RNA, a single-strand DNA or RNA, or transcription products of said DNAs.

It should also be included here that the présent invention does not relate to nucléotide sequences in their natural chromosomal environment, i.e., in a natural state. The sequences of the présent invention hâve been isolated and/or purified, i.e., they were sampled directly or indirectly, for example by a copy, their environment having been at least partially modified. Thus, isolated nucleic acids obtained by recombinant genetics, by means, for example, of host cells, or obtained by Chemical synthesis should also be mentioned here.

A reference to a nucléotide sequence encompasses the complément thereof unless otherwise specified. Thus, a reference to a nucleic acid having a particular sequence should be understood as one which encompasses the complementary strand thereof with the complementary sequence thereof.

The term control sequences refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signais, and enhancers.

Nucleic acid is operably linked when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader sequence is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participâtes in the sécrétion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, operably linked means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not hâve to be contiguous.

The term vector as used herein means a nucleic acid molécule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. In some embodiments, a vector is a plasmid, i.e., a circular double stranded piece of DNA into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. In some embodiments, a vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. In some embodiments, vectors are capable of autonomous réplication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin site of réplication and episomal mammalian vectors). In further embodiments, vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into a host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host gene. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operably linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as recombinant expression vectors (or simply, expression vectors).

The term recombinant host cell (or simply host cell) as used herein is intended to refer to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. The présent invention relates to host cells, which may include, for example, a vector according to the invention described above. The présent invention also relates to host cells that comprise, for example, a nucléotide sequence encoding a heavy chain or antigen-binding portions thereof, a light chain-encoding nucléotide sequence or antigen-binding portions thereof, or both, of the first binding domain and/or second binding domain of a binding molécule of the invention. It should be understood that recombinant host cell and host cell are intended to refer not only to a particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell as well. Since modifications may occur in succeeding générations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to a parental cell, however, such cells are still included within the scope of the term host cell as used herein.

The term excipient is used herein to describe any ingrédient other than the compound(s) of the invention.

The term disease or disorder mediated by CD20 refers to any disease or disorder that is either directly, or indirectly associated with CD20, including etiology, development, progression, persistence or pathology of a disease or disorder. Treat, treating and treatment refer to a method of alleviating or abrogating a biological disorder and/or at least one of attendant symptoms thereof. As used herein, to alleviate a disease, disorder or condition means reducing the severity and/or occurrence frequency of the symptoms of a disease, disorder, or condition. Further, référencés herein to treatment include référencés to curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment.

In one aspect, the subject of treatment, or patient, is a mammal, preferably a human subject. Said subject may be either male or female, of any âge.

The term disorder means any condition that would benefit from treatment with the compound of the présent invention. This means chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions that prédisposé the mammal to the disorder in question.

The terms cancer and cancerous refer to a physiological condition or describe a physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated growth/proliferation of cells. The définition encompasses both benign and malignant cancerous diseases. Examples of cancerous diseases include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. More particular examples of such cancerous diseases include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, peritoneal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, glioma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endométrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or rénal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, melanoma, and various head and neck cancers.

The terms immune response, autoimmune response and autoimmune inflammation refer, for example, to the action of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, phagocytic cells, granulocytes and soluble macromolecules produced by said cells or liver cells (including antibodies, cytokines and complément produced in the resuit of sélective damage, destruction or élimination of invasive pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancer cells or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal cells or tissues from the human body).

The ternis immune response, autoimmune response and autoimmune inflammation refer, for example, to the action of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, phagocytic cells, granulocytes and soluble macromolecules produced by said cells or liver cells (including antibodies, cytokines and complément produced in the resuit of sélective damage, destruction or élimination of invasive pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancer cells or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal cells or tissues from the human body).

As used herein, the term autoantibodies refers to antibodies directed against selfantigens. Self-antigens include but are not limited to nucleic acids (e.g., double-stranded DNA or RNA, single-stranded DNA or RNA, or a combination thereof), nuclear proteins (e.g., SS-A (Ro), SS-B(La), Scl-70, centromeres, Jo-1, histadyl-tRNA synthetase, threonyl-tRNA synthetase, PM-1, Mi-2, historiés, and chromatin), cellular receptors (e.g. , acétylcholine receptor, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor), cellular proteins (e.g., cardiolipin, β2ΟΡ1), cell membrane proteins (e.g., aquaporin, desmoglein), RNA protein complexes (e.g., RNP and Sm), érythrocytes and platelet receptor glycoproteins.

The term autoimmune disease as used herein refers to a non-malignant disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individuars own (self) antigens and/or tissues.

The term encompasses, but is not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile chronic arthritis, septic arthritis, Lyme osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabètes mellitus, thyroiditis, asthma, allergie diseases, psoriasis, atopie dermatitis, scleroderma, reaction graft versus host, organ transplant rejection, acute or chronic immune disease associated with organ transplantation, sarcoidosis, Kawasaki disease, Graves disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, microscopie rénal vasculitis, chrome active hepatitis, uvenita, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis syndrome, cachexia, acquired immunodefïciency syndrome, acute transverse myelitis, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, primary biliary cirrhosis, hemolytic anémia, adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome, alopecia, alopecia areata, séronégative arthropathy, arthropathy, Reiter's disease, psoriatic arthropathy associated with ulcerative colitis arthropathy, atopie allergy, autoimmune bullous diseases, pemphigus vulgaris, sheet-like pemphigus, pemphigoid disease, linear IgA, IgG-associated diseases, autoimmune hemolytic anémia, Coombs-positive hemolytic anémia, pernicious anémia, juvénile pemicious anémia, cranial giant arteritis, arthritis, primary sclerosing hepatitis A, cryptogenic autoimmune hepatitis, fibrosis lung diseases, cryptogenic fibrosis alveolitis, post-inflammatory interstitial lung diseases, interstitial pneumonitis, chronic éosinophilie pneumonia, post-infectious interstitial lung diseases, gouty arthritis, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis type I (classical autoimmune hepatitis or lupoid), autoimmune hepatitis type II, osteoarthritis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, psoriasis, idiopathic leucopenia, autoimmune neutropenia, rénal NOS-disease, glomerulonephritis, microscopie rénal vasculitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, idiopathic or NOS-male infertility [autoimmunity to sperm], multiple sclerosis (ail subtypes), sympathetic ophthalmia, pulmonary hypertension secondary to connective tissue disease, Goodpasture syndrome, pulmonary manifestations of polyarthritis nodosa, acute rheumatic fever, rheumatoid spondylitis, ankylosing spondylitis, Still's disease, systemic scleroderma, localized scleroderma, Sjôgren syndrome, Sjôgren disease, Behcet's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, spondylarthritis, axial enthesitis, relapsing polychondritis, Takayasu's disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thyroid disease, autoimmune gastritis, polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto's disease, autoimmune atrophie hypothyroidism, primary myxedema, phacogenic uveitis, primary vasculitis, vitiligo, acute liver disease, chronic liver disease, allergies, asthma, psychiatrie disorders (including dépréssion and schizophrenia), type Th2/type Thl-mediated diseases, conjunctivitis, allergie contact dermatitis, allergie rhinitis, defïciency of alpha-1antitrypsin, amyotrophie latéral sclerosis, anémia, cystic fibrosis, disorders associated with cytokine therapy, demyelinating disease, dermatitis, iridocyclitis/uveitis/optic neuritis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, ischémie stroke, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune enteropathy, autoimmune hearing loss, autoimmune lymphoproliférative syndrome, autoimmune myocarditis, autoimmune cardiomyopathy, Coxsackie myocarditis, Dressler’s syndrome, lupus nephritis, angioedema, including hereditary angioedema, urticaria, hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen planus, lichen sclerosis, pityriasis lichenoides, vitiligo, Addison's disease, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, autoimmune pancreatitis, celiac disease, microscopie colitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliférative syndrome, cold agglutinin disease, essential cryoglobulinemia, Evans syndrome, pernicious anémia, red cell aplasia, CREST syndrome, éosinophilie fasciitis, Felty syndrome, overlap syndrome, chronic Lyme disease, Parry-Romberg syndrome, palindromie rheumatism, rheumatism, acute rheumatic fever, rétropéritonéal syndrome, sarcoidosis, Schnitzler’s syndrome, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, fibromyalgia, myasthenia gravis, neuromyotonia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Devic's disease, Hashimoto encephalopathy, Lambert-Eaton myasthénie syndrome, éosinophilie granulomatosis with polyangiitis leukocytoclastic vasculitis, lupus vasculitis, rheumatoid vasculitis, polyangitis nodosa, autoimmune prématuré ovarian failure and blepharitis. The antibody can also treat any combination of the above disorders.

Therapeutically effective amount is intended to refer to that amount of the therapeutic agent being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated.

The term chronic use refers to continued (uninterrupted) use of agent(s) as opposed to acute (transient) route of administration so as to sustain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for a long period of time.

Intermittent use refers to treatment that is not carried out consistently without interruptions, but which is rather periodic in nature.

As used herein, the words comprise, hâve, include, or variations such as comprises, comprising, has, having, includes or including, and ail grammatical variations thereof will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

Disclosure of the invention

Antibody

The présent invention relates to a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to CD20 and comprises:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence EVQLVQPGAEVVKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGAIYPGN GDTSYNQKFKGRVTMTRDKSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWYFNV WGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 2);

or

QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGA IYPGNGDTSYNQKFKGRATLTRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWY FNVWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 6);

2) a light chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence QIVLSQSPAILSASPGERVTLTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLASGVPSR FSGSGSGTDFSLTISRVEPEDFAVYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 4) or

QIVLSQSPATLSASPGERATMTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLA SGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFATYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 8).

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprise:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence

EVQLVQPGAEVVKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGAI YPGNGDTSYNQKFKGRVTMTRDKSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWY FNVWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 2);

2) a light chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence QIVLSQSPAILSASPGERVTLTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLASGVPSR FSGSGSGTDFSLTISRVEPEDFAVYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 4).

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprise:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGAIYPGN GDTSYNQKFKGRATLTRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWYFNVW GQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 6);

2) a light chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence QIVLSQSPATLSASPGERATMTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLASGVPS RFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFATYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 8).

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence EVQLVQPGAEVVKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGAIYPGN GDTSYNQKFKGRVTMTRDKSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWYFNV WGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDK THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVD GVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK (SEQ IDNO: 1) or

QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGA IYPGNGDTSYNQKFKGRATLTRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWY FNVWGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNS GALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPK SCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFN WYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAP IEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG K (SEQ ID NO: 5);

2) a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence

QIVLSQSPAILSASPGERVTLTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLAS GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFSLTISRVEPEDFAVYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSV

FIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDST YSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 3) or QIVLSQSPATLSASPGERATMTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLA SGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFATYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPS VFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDS TYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 7).

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that specifîcally binds to CD20 is BCD132-077.

The monoclonal antibody BCD132-077 comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence EVQLVQPGAEVVKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGAIYPGN GDTSYNQKFKGRVTMTRDKSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWYFNV WGQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALT SGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDK THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVD GVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTT PPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK (SEQ IDNO: 1);

2) a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence

QIVLSQSPAILSASPGERVTLTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLAS GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFSLTISRVEPEDFAVYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSV FIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDST YSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 3).

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that specifîcally binds to CD20 is BCD132-L-028.

The monoclonal antibody BCD132-L-028 comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTSYNMHWVRQAPGRGLEWMGAIYPGN GDTSYNQKFKGRATLTRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSTYYGGDWYFNVW GQGTLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKT HTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDG

VEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISK

AKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPP

VLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK (SEQ ID

NO: 5);

2) a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence QIVLSQSPATLSASPGERATMTCRASSSVSYIHWFQQKPGKAPKPLIYATSNLASGVPS RFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFATYYCQQWTSNPPTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSS TLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 7).

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 is a fulllength IgG antibody.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is of human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 isotype.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is of human IgGl isotype.

Nucleic acid molécules

The présent invention also relates to nucleic acid molécules, in particular to sequences encoding a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention, as described herein, optionally including any peptide linker sequence, which are connected therewith.

A reference to a nucléotide sequence encompasses the complément thereof unless otherwise specified. Thus, a reference to a nucleic acid having a particular sequence should be understood as one which encompasses the complementary strand thereof with the complementary sequence thereof. The term polynucleotide as used herein means a polymeric form of either nucléotides that are at least 10 bases in length, or ribonucleotides, or deoxyribonucleotides or a modified form of either type of nucléotide. The term includes single and double stranded forms.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a nucleic acid molécule comprising a nucléotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-8. A nucleic acid molécule can also comprise any combination of said nucléotide sequences.

In one aspect, the présent invention relates to a nucleic acid molécule comprising a nucléotide sequence that encodes a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to CD20 and comprises:

1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6;

2) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID

NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molécule comprises a nucléotide sequence that encodes a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that comprise:

) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;

2) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molécule comprises a nucléotide sequence that encodes a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that comprise:

) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6;

) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molécule comprises a nucléotide sequence that encodes a monoclonal antibody that comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 5;

2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molécule comprises a nucléotide sequence that encodes a monoclonal antibody that comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;

2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molécule comprises a nucléotide sequence that encodes a monoclonal antibody that comprises:

1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5;

2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7.

In any of the above embodiments, nucleic acid molécules can be isolated.

A nucleic acid molécule of the invention can be isolated from any source that produces a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molécule of the invention can be synthesized, rather than isolated.

In one embodiment, nucleic acid molécules encoding VH (SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6) or VL (SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8) domains are transformed into antibody genes along the entire length by virtue of insertion into an expression vector already encoding heavy chain constant (CH) or light chain constant (CL) domains, respectively, such that the VH segment is operably linked to the CH segment(s) within the vector, and/or the VL segment is operably linked to the CL segment within the vector. In another embodiment, nucleic acid molécules encoding the VH and/or VL domains are transformed into genes along the entire length of antibody by virtue of linking, e.g. ligating, a nucleic acid molécule encoding VH and/or VL domains to a nucleic acid molécule encoding CH and/or CL domains using standard molecular biological techniques. Nucleic acid molécules encoding heavy and/or light chains along the entire length may then be expressed from a cell into which they hâve been introduced.

The nucleic acid molécules may be used to express a large quantity of recombinant monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20.

Vector

In another aspect, the présent invention relates to a vector suitable for the expression of any of nucléotide sequences described herein.

The présent invention relates to vectors comprising nucleic acid molécules that encode any of the amino acid sequences of monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 or portions thereof (e.g. heavy chain sequences of a first binding domain and/or heavy and/or light chain sequences of a second binding domain), as described herein. The invention further provides vectors comprising nucleic acid molécules encoding fusion proteins, modified antibodies, antibody fragments.

In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention is expressed by inserting a DNA partially or fully encoding the sequence of a first or second binding domain (e.g. light and heavy chain sequences where a binding domain comprises light and heavy chain sequences), obtained as described above, in expression vectors such that the genes are operably linked to necessary expression control sequences, such as transcriptional and translational control sequences. The expression vectors include plasmids, retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses (AAV), plant viruses, such as cauliflower mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, cosmids, YACs, EBV derived episomes, and the like. DNA molécules may be ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the DNA. An expression vector and expression control sequences may be chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used. DNA molécules partially or fully encoding the sequences of first and second binding domains (for example, heavy and light chain sequences where a binding domain comprises a heavy and light chain sequence) can be introduced into individual vectors. In one embodiment, any combination of said DNA molécules is introduced into the same expression vector. DNA molécules can be introduced into an expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on an antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are présent).

A suitable vector is one that encodes functionally complété human CH or CL immunoglobulin sequences, with appropriate restriction site engineering so that any VH or VL sequence can easily be inserted and expressed, as described above. HC- and LC-encoding genes in such vectors may contain intron sequences that results in enhanced overall antibody protein yields by stabilizing the corresponding mRNA. The intron sequences are flanked by splice donor and splice acceptor sites, which détermine where RNA splicing will occur. The location of intron sequences can be either in variable or constant régions of antibody chains, or in both variable and constant régions when multiple introns are used. Polyadenylation and transcription termination may occur at a native chromosomal site downstream of coding régions. A recombinant expression vector can also encode a signal peptide that facilitâtes sécrétion of an antibody chain from a host cell. An antibody chain gene may be cloned into a vector such that the signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of an immunoglobulin chain. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).

In addition to antibody chain genes, the recombinant vector expression of the invention can carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of antibody chain genes in a host cell. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the design of an expression vector, including the sélection of regulatory sequences, may dépend on such factors as the choice of a host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of a desired protein, and so forth. Preferred control sequences for an expression host cell in mammals include viral éléments that ensure high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from a retroviral LTR, cytomégalovirus (CMV) (such as a CMV promoter/enhancer), simian virus 40 (SV40) (such as a SV40 promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the major late promoter adenovirus (AdMLP)), polyomavirus and strong mammalian promoters such as native immunoglobulin promoter or actin promoter. For further description of viral control éléments and sequences thereof, see, e.g., US patents Nos. 5,168,062, 4,510,245 and 4,968,615. Methods for expressing binding molécules, such as antibodies in plants, including a description of promoters and vectors, as well as transformation of plants are known in the art. See, e.g., U. S.

Patent No. 6,517,529. Methods for expressing polypeptides in bacterial cells or fungal cells,

e.g., yeast cells, are also well known in the art.

In addition to antibody chain genes and regulatory sequences, recombinant expression vectors of the invention may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate réplication of a vector in host cells (e.g. origins of réplication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitâtes the sélection of host cells into which a vector has been introduced (see e.g. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017). For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers résistance to médicinal agents, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which a vector has been introduced. For example, selectable marker genes include a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr-host cells during methotrexate selection/amplification), a neo gene (for G418 sélection), and a glutamate synthetase gene.

The term expression control sequence as used herein is intended to refer to polynucleotide sequences that are necessary to effect the expression and processing of coding sequences to which they are ligated. Expression control sequences include appropriate transcription initiation, termination, promoter and enhancer sequences; efficient RNA processing signais such as splicing and polyadenylation signais; sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA; sequences that enhance translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence); sequences that enhance protein stability; and when desired, sequences that enhance protein sécrétion. The nature of such control sequences differs depending upon the host organism; in prokaryotes, such control sequences generally include the promoter of ribosome binding site, and transcription termination sequences; in eukaryotes, typically, such control sequences include promoters and transcription termination sequences. The term control sequences is intended to include at least ail components, the presence of which is essential for expression and processing, and can also include additional components, the presence of which is advantageous, for example, leader sequences and fusion partner sequences.

Host cells

A further aspect of the présent invention relates to methods for producing a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention. One embodiment of the invention relates to a method for producing a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20, as defined herein, which comprises the production of a recombinant host cell capable of expressing a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20, culturing of said host cell under conditions suitable for expression/production of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20, and isolation of a resulting monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20.

A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 produced by such expression in such recombinant host cells is referred to herein as a recombinant monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20. The invention also relates to the progeny of cells from such host cells, and a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 produced analogously.

Nucleic acid molécules encoding a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention and vectors comprising these nucleic acid molécules can be used for transfection of a suitable mammalian or cell thereof, plant or cell thereof, bacterial or yeast host cell. Transformation can be by any known technique for introducing polynucleotides into a host -cell. Methods for administration of heterologous polynucleotides into mammalian cells are well known in the art and include dextran-mediated transfection, cationic polymer-nucleic acid complex transfection, calcium phosphate précipitation, polybrene-mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of DNA into nuclei. In addition, nucleic acid molécules may be introduced into mammalian cells by viral vectors. Methods for transfecting cells are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,912,040, 4,740,461 and 4,959,455. Methods for transforming plant cells are well known in the art, including, e.g., Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic transformation, direct injection, electroporation and viral transformation. Methods of transforming bacterial and yeast cells are also well known in the art.

Mammalian cell lines used as hosts for transformation are well known in the art and include a plurality of immortalized cell lines available. These include, e.g., Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NS0 cells, SP2 cells, HEK-293T cells, FreeStyle 293 cells (Invitrogen), NIH-3T3 cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, African green monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (e.g., Hep G2), A549 cells, and a number of other cell lines. Cell lines are selected by determining which cell lines hâve high expression levels and provide for necessary characteristics of protein produced. Other cell lines that may be used are insect cell lines, such as Sf9 or Sf21 cells. When recombinant expression vectors encoding a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibodies in host cells or, more preferably, sécrétion of the antibodies into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 can be reconstituted from the culture medium using standard protein purification techniques. Plant host cells include, e.g., Nicotiana, Arabidopsis, duckweed, corn, wheat, potato, etc. Bacterial host cells include Escherichia and Streptomyces species.

Yeast host cells include Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris.

Furthermore, level of production of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention from production cell lines can be enhanced using a number of known techniques. For example, the glutamine synthetase gene expression system (the GS system) is a common approach for enhancing expression under certain conditions. The GS system is discussed in whole or part in connection with EP Nos. 0216846, 0256055, 0323997 and 0338841.

It is likely that a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 expressed by various cell lines or in transgenic animais will hâve a different glycosylation profile as compared to each other. However, monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 encoded by nucleic acid molécules described herein, or comprising amino acid sequences provided herein are part of the présent invention, regardless of the glycosylation of the binding molécules, and, in general, regardless of the presence or absence of post-translational modifications.

Préparation of antibodies

The invention also relates to methods and processes for producing a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 and antigen-binding fragments thereof.

Monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler, et al. Nature 256,1975, p. 495, or may be prepared using recombinant DNA methods (US 4816567).

In a hybridoma method, a mouse, or other appropriate host animal, such as a hamster, is immunized according to the above method to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to protein used for immunization. According to another embodiment, lymphocytes can be produced by in vitro immunization. After immunization, the lymphocytes are fused with a myeloma cell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to produce a hybridoma cell.

The hybridoma cells, produced in the above manner, may be cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), i.e. substances which prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.

Preferred cells, used as component for myeloma cell fusion, are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high level production of antibodies by the selected antibodyproducing cells, and are sensitive to a medium where the unfused parental cells are selected.The preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California, USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland, USA. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also hâve been described for the production of monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133, 1984, p. 3001).

Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprécipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis described in Munson et al., Anal. Biochem., 107:220 (1980).

Once hybridoma cells that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity are identified, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods. Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium. In addition, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal e.g, by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the cells into mice.

The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones can be separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or sérum by conventional antibody purification techniques such as, for example, affinity chromatography (e.g., using protein A- or protein G-Sepharose) or ionexchange chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, etc.

DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of spécifie binding to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not produce antibody protein without being transfected, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells.

In a further embodiment, monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J.

Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991) describe the isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries. Subséquent publications describe the production of high affinity (nM range) human antibodies by chain shuffling (Marks et al., Bio/Technology, 10:779783 (1992), as well as combinatorial infection and in vivo recombination as a strategy for constructing very large phage libraries (Waterhouse et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 21:2265-2266 (1993). Thus, these techniques are viable alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibody hybridoma techniques for isolation of monoclonal antibodies.

The DNA that encodes an antibody may be modified, for example, so as to produce chimeric or fusion antibody polypeptides, for example, by substituting heavy chain and light chain (CH and CL) constant région sequences for the homologous murine sequences (US 4816567 and Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA: 81:6851 (1984), or by covalently fusing the immunoglobulin coding sequence with ail or part of the coding sequence of a nonimmunoglobulin polypeptide (heterologous polypeptide). The non-immunoglobulin polypeptide sequences can be substituted for the constant régions of antibody, or they can be substituted for the variable domains of antigen-binding center of antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one antigen-binding site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen-binding site having specificity for a different antigen.

Human antibodies and methodology based on phage display library

It is now possible to produce transgenic animais (e.g. mice) that are capable, after immunization, of producing a full range of human antibodies without endogenous immunoglobulin production. For example, it has been described that the homozygous délétion of the antibody heavy-chain joining région (JH) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complété inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germline immunoglobulin gene array into such germ-line mutant mice results in the production of human antibodies after antigen challenge (US 5545806, 5569825, 5591669 (ail of GenPharm); 5545807; and WO 97/17852).

Altematively, phage display technology (McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-553 (1990) can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro from immunoglobulin variable (V) région gene répertoire from immunized donor bodies. According to this technique, antibody V-region genes are cloned in-frame with either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bactériophage, such as Ml3 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of a phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome, sélections based on the functional properties of the antibody also resuit in sélection of a gene encoding an antibody exhibiting said properties. Thus, the phage mimics some of B cell properties. Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats. Several sources of V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) isolated various arrays of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleen of immunized mice. A répertoire of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies against a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-597 (1991).

As described above, human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see US 5567610 and 5229275).

Antibody fragments

In certain circumstances, it is advisable to use antibody fragments rather than whole antibodies. The small sizes of the fragments contributes to rapid clearance thereof and may contribute to better pénétration into dense tumors.

Various techniques hâve been developed for the production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies. However, these fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells. Fab, Fv and ScFv antibody fragments can be expressed in and secreted from E. coli, thus allowing to facilitate the production of large amounts of these fragments. Antibody fragments can be isolated from the antibody phage libraries described above. According to another embodiment, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly isolated from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab')2 fragments (Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992). According to another approach, F(ab')2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture. Fab and F(ab')2 with increased in vivo half-life retaining epitope binding receptor residues are described in US 5869046. Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In other embodiments, the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv) (see WO 93/16185; US 5571894 and US 5587458). Fv and scFv are the only species with intact binding sites that are devoid of constant régions; as a resuit, they are suitable for reduced nonspecific binding during in vivo use. scFv fusion proteins may be constructed to yield fusion of an effector protein at either N- or C-terminus of an scFv. The antibody fragment may also be a linear antibody, e.g., as described in U.S. 5641870. Such linear antibody fragments may be monospecific or bispecific.

Pharmaceutical compositions

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 as an active ingrédient (or as the only active ingrédient).

A pharmaceutical composition may include at least one monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 and at least one of components selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable and pharmacologically compatible excipients.

A pharmaceutical composition may include at least one monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 and one or more additional binding molécules (e.g., antibodies) that target one or more of the corresponding surface receptors. In some embodiments, compositions are intended to improve, prevent, or treat disorders that may be associated with CD20.

Pharmaceutical composition means a composition comprising a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention and at least one of components selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable and pharmacologicaly compatible excipients, such as fillers, solvents, diluents, carriers, auxiliary, distributing agents, delivery agents, preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, thickeners, prolonged delivery controllers, the choice and proportions of which dépend on the type and route of administration and dosage. Pharmaceutical compositions of the présent invention and methods of préparation thereof will be undoubtedly apparent to those skilled in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions should preferably be manufactured in compliance with the GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) requirements. A composition may comprise a buffer composition, tonicity agents, stabilizers and solubilizers. Prolonged action of a composition may be achieved by agents slowing down absorption of active pharmaceutical ingrédient, for example, aluminum monostearate and gélatine. Examples of suitable carriers, solvents, diluents and delivery agents include water, éthanol, polyalcohols and their mixtures, oils, and organic esters for injections.

Médicament (drug) - is a compound or a mixture of compounds as a pharmaceutical composition in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, lyophilisâtes, injections, infusion, ointments and other ready forms intended for restoration, improvement or modification of physiological functions in humans and animais, and for treatment and preventing of diseases, for diagnostics, anesthésia, contraception, cosmetology and others. Any method for administering peptides, proteins or antibodies which is accepted in the art may be suitably employed for a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention.

The term pharmaceutically acceptable refers to one or more compatible liquid or solid components that are suitable for administration in a mammal, preferably a human.

The term excipient is used herein to describe any ingrédient other than the above ingrédients ofthe invention. These are substances of inorganic or organic nature which are used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing in order to give drug products the necessary physicochemical properties.

The ternis buffer, buffer composition, buffering agent refers to a solution, which is capable of resisting changes in pH by the action of its acid-base conjugate components, and which allows the drug of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 to resist changes in pH. Generally, the pharmaceutical composition preferably has a pH in the range from 4,0 to 8.0. Examples of buffers used include, but are not limited to, acetate, phosphate, citrate, histidine, succinate, etc. buffer solutions.

The terms tonie agent, osmolyte or osmotic agent, as used herein, refer to an excipient that can increase the osmotic pressure of a liquid antibody formulation. Isotonie drug is a drug that has an osmotic pressure équivalent to that of human blood. Isotonie drugs typically hâve an osmotic pressure from about 250 to 350 mOsm/kg. Isotonie agents used include, but are not limited to, polyols, saccharides and sucrose, amino acids, métal salts, for example, sodium chloride, etc.

Stabilizer refers to an excipient or a mixture of two or more excipients that provide the physical and/or Chemical stability of the active agent. Stabilizers include amino acids, for example, but are not limited to, arginine, histidine, glycine, lysine, glutamine, proline; surfactants, for example, but are not limited to, polysorbate 20 (trade name: Tween 20), polysorbate 80 (trade name: Tween 80), polyethylene-polypropylene glycol and copolymers thereof (trade names: Poloxamer, Pluronic, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); antioxidants, for example, but are not limited to, méthionine, acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, sulfurous acid salts, etc.; chelating agents, for example, but are not limited to, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), sodium citrate, etc.

A pharmaceutical composition is stable if the active agent retains physical stability and/or Chemical stability and/or biological activity thereof during the specified shelf life at storage température, for example, of 2-8 °C. Preferably, the active agent retains both physical and Chemical stability, as well as biological activity. Storage period is adjusted based on the results of stability test in accelerated or natural aging conditions.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be manufactured, packaged, or widely sold in the form of a single unit dose or a plurality of single unit doses in the form of a ready formulation. The term single unit dose, as used herein, refers to discrète quantity of a pharmaceutical composition containing a predetermined quantity of an active ingrédient. The quantity of the active ingrédient typically equals the dose of the active ingrédient to be administered in a subject, or a convenient portion of such dose, for example, half or a third of such dose.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the présent invention are typically suitable for parentéral administration as stérile formulations intended for administration in a human body through the breach in skin or mucosal barriers, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract by virtue of injection, infusion and implantation. For example, parentéral administration includes, inter alia, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrastemal, intravenous, intraarterial, intrathecal, intraventricular, intraurethral, intracranial, intrasynovial, transdermal injection or infusions; and kidney dialytic infusion techniques. Intra-tumor delivery, for example, intra-tumor injection, can also be employed. Régional perfusion is also provided. Prefered embodiments include intravenous and subcutaneous routes. Any method for administering peptides or proteins, which is accepted in the art, may be suitably employed for a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention.

Injectable formulations may be prepared, packaged, or sold, without limitation, in unit dosage form, such as in ampoules, vials, in plastic containers, pre-filled syringes, auto injection devices. Formulations for parentéral administration include, inter alia, suspensions, solutions, émulsions in oily or aqueous bases, pastes, and the like.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a composition for parentéral administration comprising a pharmaceutical composition which is provided in dry (i.e. powder or granular) form for reconstitution with a suitable base (e.g., stérile pyrogen-free water) prior to administration. Such formulation may be prepared by, for example, lyophilisation process, which is known in the art as freeze drying, and which involves freezing a product followed by removal of solvent from frozen material.

A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention can also be administered intranasally or by inhalation, either alone, as a mixture with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient from an inhaler, such as a pressurised aérosol container, pump, spray, atomiser, or nebuliser, wherein a suitable propellant is used or not used, or as nasal drops, or spray.

Dosage forms for parentéral administration may be formulated to be immédiate or modified release. Modified release formulations include delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted and programmed release.

Therapeutic use of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention

In one aspect, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention is useful in the treatment of disorders that are associated with (mediated by) CD20 activity.

In one aspect, the subject is a mammal, preferably a human subject. Said subject may be either male or female, of any âge.

In the case of a tumor (for example, cancer), the therapeutically effective amount of antibody or fragment thereof (for example, an antibody or fragment thereof that specifically binds to CD20) may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the initial tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit to some extent tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder. The antibody or fragment thereof may to some extent prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic. For cancer therapy, in vivo efficacy can, for example, be measured by assessing survival, time to tumor progression (TTP), tumor response rate to treatment (RR), duration of response and/or quality of life.

As used herein, the terms co-administration, co-administered and in combination with, referring to a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 and one or more different therapeutic agents, are intended to mean, refer to or include the following:

1) simultaneous administration of such combination of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention and therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated together into a single dosage form which releases said components at substantially the same time to said patient,

2) simultaneous administration of such combination of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention and therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated apart from each other into separate dosage forms which are taken ai substantially the same time by said patient, whereupon said components are released at substantially the same time to said patient,

3) sequential administration of such combination of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention and therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated apart from each other into separate dosage forms which are taken at consecutive times by said patient with a significant time interval between each administration, whereupon said components are released at substantially different times to said patient; and

4) sequential administration of such combination of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention and therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated together into a single dosage form which releases said components in a controlled manner, whereupon they are concurrently, consecutively, or jointly released at the same and/or different times to said patient, where each portion may be administered by either the same or different routes.

A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention can be administered without further therapeutic treatment, i.e., as an independent therapy. Furthermore, treatment by a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention may comprise at least one additional therapeutic treatment (combination therapy). In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 may be administered jointly or formulated with another medication/preparation for the treatment of a cancer or autoimmune disease.

The term cytotoxic agent as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells. The term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., At²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³² and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins such as small molécule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof.

A chemotherapeutic agent is a Chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXAN®); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (e.g., bullatacin and bullatacinone); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol MARINOL®); beta-lapachone; lapachol; colchicines; betulinic acid; camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan (HYCAMTIN®), CPT-11 (irinotecan, CAMPTOSAR®), acetylcamptothecin, scopolectin, and 9-aminocamptothecin); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); podophyllotoxin; podophyllinic acid; teniposide;

cryptophycins (e.g., cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, e.g., calicheamicin gamma II and calicheamicin oméga II (see, e.g., Agnew, Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl., 33: 183-186 (1994)); dynemicin, including dynemicin A; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin (including ADRIAMYCIN®, morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholinodoxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin, doxorubicin HCl liposome injection (DOXOL®), liposomal doxorubicin TLC D-99 (MYOCET®), peglylated liposomal doxorubicin (CAELYX®), and deoxy doxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin,mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin,potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin,ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate, gemcitabine (GEMZAR®), tegafur (UFTORAL®), capecitabine (XELODA®), an epothilone, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folie acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin,trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine;pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine,dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutéthimide,mitotane, trilostane; folie acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamideglycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate;defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfomithine; elliptinium acetate; etoglucid; gallium nitrate;hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins;mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin;losoxantrone; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, OR); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid;triaziquone; 2,2',2-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 toxin, verracurin A,roridin A and anguidine); urethan; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol;pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (Ara-C); thiotepa; taxoid, e.g., paclitaxel (TAXOL®), albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel (ABRAXANETM), and docetaxel (TAXOTERE®); chlorambucil; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum agents such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin; vincas, which prevent tubulin polymerization fromforming microtubules, including vinblastine (VELBAN®), vincristine (ONCOVIN®),vindesine (ELDISINE®), FILDESIN®), and vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®); etoposide (VP 16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; leucovorin; novantrone; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin;ibandronate; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluorometlhylornithine (DMFO); retinoidssuch as retinoic acid, including bexarotene (TARGRETIN®); bisphosphonates such asclodronate (for example, BONEFOS® or OSTAC®), étidronate (DIDROCAL®), NE- 58095, zoledronic acid/zoledronate (ZOMETA®), alendronate (FOSAMAJX®), pamidronate(AREDIA®), tiludronate (SKELID®), or risedronate (ACTONEL®); troxacitabine (1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); antisense oligonucleotides, particularly those that inhibit expression of genes in signaling pathways implicated in aberrant cell prolifération, such as for example, PKC-alpha, Raf, H-Ras, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R); vaccines such as THERATOPE® vaccine and gene therapy vaccines, for example, ALLOVECTIN® vaccine, LEUVECTIN® vaccine, and VAXID® vaccine; topoisomerase 1 inhibitor (e.g., LURTOTECAN®); rmRH (e.g., ABARELIX®); BAY439006 (sorafenib; Bayer); SU-11248 (Pfizer); perifosine, COX-2 inhibitor (e.g., celecoxib or etoricoxib), proteosome inhibitor (e.g., PS341); bortezomib (VELCADE®); CCI779; tipifarnib (RI 1577); orafenib, ABT510; Bcl-2inhibitor such as oblimersen sodium (GENASENSE®); pixantrone; EGFR inhibitors (see définition below); tyrosine kinase inhibitors (see définition below); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or dérivatives of any of the above; as well as combinations of two or more of the above such as CHOP, an abbreviation for a combined therapy of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone, and FOLFOX, an abbreviation for a treatment regimen with oxaliplatin (ELOXATINTM) combined with 5-FU and leucovovin.

Also included in this définition are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors, such as anti-estrogens with mixed agonist/antagonist profile, including, tamoxifen (NOLVADEX®), 4-hydroxytamoxifen, toremifene (FARESTON®), idoxifene, droloxifene, raloxifene (EVTSTA®), trioxifene, keoxifene, and sélective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as SERM3; pure anti-estrogens without agonist properties, such as fulvestrant (FASLODEX®), and EM800 (such agents may block estrogen receptor (ER) dimerization, inhibit DNA binding, increase ER turnover, and/or suppress ER levels); aromatase inhibitors, including stéroïdal aromatase inhibitors, such as formestane and exemestane (AROMASIN®), and nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrazole (AREVIIDEX®), letrozole (FEMARA®) and aminoglutéthimide, and other aromatase inhibitors including vorozole (RIVISOR®), megestrol acetate (MEGASE®), fadrozole, imidazole; lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, including leuprolide (LUPRON® and ELIGARD®), goserelin, buserelin, and tripterelin; sex steroids, including progestines, such as megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate, estrogens, such as diethylstilbestrol and premarin, and androgens/retinoids such as fluoxymesterone, ail transretionic acid and fenretinide; onapristone; anti-progesterones; estrogen receptor down-regulators (ERDs); anti-androgens, such as flutamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide; testolactone; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or dérivatives of any of the above; as well as combinations of two or more of the above.

In treatment of the above autoimmune diseases or related autoimmune conditions, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 as provided herein in combination with a different therapeutic agent such as an immunosuppressor, anti-inflammatory drug, systemic hormone drug, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory drug or others may be administered in a patient, using a multidrug regimen. A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 can be administered simultaneously, sequentially or alternately with a different therapeutic agent or after showing résistance to a different therapy. A different therapeutic agent may be administered in the same or lower dosages as compared to those used in the art. Many factors, including type of disease to be treated and patient's medical record, should be taken into account when choosing a preferred different therapeutic agent.

As used herein, the term immunosuppressor used in add-on therapy refers to substances directed to suppress or mask a patient's immune system. Such agents can be substances that inhibit cytokine production, down-regulate or suppress self-antigen expression or mask major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Examples of such agents include steroids, such as glucocorticoids, for example prednisone, méthylprednisolone and dexamethasone; 2-amino-6-aryl-5-substituted pyrimidines (see US 4665077), azathioprine (or cyclophosphamide, in case of adverse reaction to azathioprine); bromocryptine; glutaraldehyde (which masks MHC antigens, as described in US 4120649); anti-idiotypic antibodies against MHC antigens and MHC fragments; cyclosporine A; cytokine and cytokine receptor antagonists including interferon-gamma, -beta, or -alpha antibodies; anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies; anti-interleukine-2 antibodies and anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies; anti-L3T4 antibodies, heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin, pan-T antibodies, preferably anti-CD3 or antiCD4/CD4a antibodies; soluble peptide containing a LFA-3 binding domain (WO 90/08187, published June, 26 1990); streptokinase; TGF-p; streptodomase; host DNA/RNA; FK506; RS51

61443; deoxyspergualin; rapamycin; T cell receptor (US 5114721); T cell receptor fragments (Offner et al, Science 251:430-432 (1991); WO 90/11294; and WO 91/01133); and T cell receptor antibodies (EP 340109), such as T10B9.

In treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, a patient may be administered a monoclonal antibody that specifîcally binds to CD20 according to the invention, alone or in combination with one or more of the following drugs: DMARDs (basic anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine), NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g. cyclooxygenase inhibitors), corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone, budesonide). Typical DMARDs that are used in treatment of RA are hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, leflunomide, azathioprine, D-penicillamine, gold-based préparations (oral), gold-based préparations (intramuscular), minocycline, cyclosporine, Staphylococcal obtained by protein A immunoadsorption. Conventional methods for treatment of RA are described, for example, in J. A. Singh et al., 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 68, 1-25 (2016).

It is meant that a monoclonal antibody that specifîcally binds to CD20 according the invention may be used in the methods of treatment as described above, may be used in the treatment as described above, and/or may be used in the manufacture of a médication for treatment as described above.

Doses and routes of administration

A monoclonal antibody that specifîcally binds to CD20 according to the invention will be administered in an amount that is effective in treatment of the condition in question, i.e. in doses and during the periods of time required to achieve the desired resuit. A therapeutically effective amount may vary according to factors such as the particular condition being treated, the âge, sex and weight of the patient, and whether the monoclonal antibody that specifîcally binds to CD20 is being administered as a stand-alone treatment or in combination with one or more additional drugs or treatments.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum response. For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parentéral compositions in a unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. A unit dosage form as used herein is intended to refer to physically discrète units suited as unitary dosages for patients/subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the desired 52 pharmaceutical carrier. Spécification for the unit dosage forms of the invention is typically dictated by and directly dépendent on (a) the unique characteristics of a chemotherapeutic agent and particular therapeutic or prophyîactic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inhérent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in the subjects.

Thus, a skilled artisan would appreciate, based upon the disclosure provided herein, that the doses and dosage regimen are adjusted in accordance with methods well-known in the therapeutic arts. That is, the maximum tolerable dose can be readily established, and the effective amount providing a détectable therapeutic effect to a patient may also be determined, as can the temporal requirements for administering each agent to provide a détectable therapeutic effect to a patient. Thus, while certain dose and administration regimens are exemplified herein, these examples in no way limit the doses and administration regimen that may be provided to a patient in practicing the embodiments of the invention.

It is to be noted that dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated, and may include single or multiple doses. Furthermore, it is to be understood that for any particular subject, spécifie dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the judgment of a medical professional administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary' only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed compositions. Further, the dosage regimen with the compositions of this invention may be based on a variety of factors, including the type of disease, the âge, weight, sex, medical condition of the patient, the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and the particular monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 employed. Thus, the dosage regimen can vary widely, but can be determined routinely using standard methods. For example, doses may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamie parameters, which may include clinical effects such as toxic effects and/or laboratory values. Thus, the présent invention encompasses intra-patient dose-escalation as determined by the person skilled in the art. Methods for determining appropriate dosages and regimens are well-known in the art and would be understood by a skilled artisan once provided the ideas disclosed herein.

Examples of suitable administration methods are provided above.

It is believed that a suitable dose of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention will be in the range of 0.1-200 mg/kg, preferably 0.1-100 mg/kg, including about 0.5-50 mg/kg, for example about 1-20 mg/kg. The monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 may be administered, e.g. in a dose of at least 0.25 mg/kg, such 53 as at least 0.5 mg/kg, including at least 1 mg/kg, e.g., at least 1.5 mg/kg, such as at least 2 mg/kg, e.g., at least 3 mg/kg, including at least 4 mg/kg, e.g., at least 5 mg/kg; and for example up to a maximum of 50 mg/kg, including up to a maximum of 30 mg/kg, e.g., up to a maximum of 20 mg/kg, including up to a maximum of 15 mg/kg. The administration will typically be repeated in appropriate time intervals, such as once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks or once every four weeks, and for as long as deemed appropriate by a responsible physician, who may, in some cases, increase or reduce the dose if necessary.

Diagnostic use and compositions

A monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention is also used in diagnostic processes (e.g., in vitro, ex vivo). For example, the présent monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 according to the invention can be used for detecting or measuring the level of CD20 in samples obtained from a patient (e.g., tissue sample or a sample of body fluid, such as an inflammatory exudate, blood, sérum, intestinal fluid, saliva or urine). Suitable methods for détection and measurement include immunoassays, such as flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescent assay, radioimmunoassay, and immunohistology. The invention further includes kits, for example, diagnostic kits comprising a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to CD20 described herein.

The following examples are provided for better understanding of the invention. These examples are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

Ail publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this spécification are incorporated herein by reference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended embodiments.

Examples

The following examples are provided for better understanding of the invention. These examples are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

Ail publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this spécification are incorporated herein by reference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended embodiments.

Materials and general methods

General information regarding the nucléotide sequences of human immunoglobulins light and heavy chains is given in: Kabat, E.A., et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed.. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991). Amino acids of antibody chains are numbered and referred to according to EU numbering (Edelman, G.M., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63 (1969) 78-85; Kabat, E.A., et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed., Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, (1991).

Recombinant DNA techniques

Standard methods were used to manipulate DNA as described in Sambrook, J. et al, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989. The molecular biological reagents were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Gene synthesis

Desired gene segments were prepared from oligonucleotides made by Chemical synthesis. The gene segments of 300-4000 kb long, which were flanked by singular restriction sites, were assembled by annealing and ligation of oligonucleotides including PCR amplification and subsequently cloned via the indicated restriction sites. The DNA sequences of the subcloned gene fragments were confirmed by DNA sequencing.

DNA sequence détermination

DNA sequences were determined by Sanger sequencing.

DNA and protein sequence analysis and sequence data management

The Infomax's Vector NT1 Advance suite version 8.0 was used for sequence création, mapping, analysis, annotation and illustration.

Expression vectors

For the expression of the described antibodies and antigens, variants of expression plasmids intended for expression in prokaryotic cells (E.coli), transient expression in eukaryotic cells (e.g., in CHO cells) were applied. Beside the antibody expression cassette the vectors contained: an origin of réplication which allows réplication of said plasmid in E. coli, genes which confer résistance in E. coli to various antibiotics (e.g., to ampicillin and kanamycin).

The fusion genes comprising the described antibody chains as described below were generated by PCR and/or gene synthesis and assembled with known recombinant methods and techniques by connection of the according nucleic acid segments, e.g., using unique restriction sites in the corresponding vectors. The subcloned nucleic acid sequences were verified by DNA sequencing. For transient transfections, larger quantities of the plasmids were prepared by plasmid préparation from transformed E. coli cultures.

Example 1. Production of recombinant control antibodies in suspension culture of mammalian cells

Rituximab, an antibody with published sequence, was used as a control. The genes of heavy/light chain variable domains of antibody were synthesized and cloned into Sall/Nhel and SalI/BstWI restriction sites of vectors pEE-HC, pEE-CK, respectively (Figs. 1, 2), that are intended for production of protein in mamallian cells.

The required quantities of plasmids were cultured in E.coli cells and purified using Qiagen kit.

Control antibodies were produced in established cell line cells obtained from Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-T line). Suspension culture was conducted in flasks on orbital incubator shaker using serum-free media (HyCell TransFx-C) supplemented with 8 mM Lglutamine and 1 g/1 of pluronic 68. For transient expression, cells (2-2,2* 10⁶ cells/ml) were transfected by means of linear polyethyleneimine (PEI MAX, Polysciences). DNA/PEI ratio was 1:3-1:10. In 9 days after transfection, culture liquid was separated from cells by filtration through a 0.5/0.22 μm deep-bed filter. Target proteins were isolated from culture liquid by affine HPLC with Protein A, a bacterial protein.

The purity of protein solution obtained was evaluated by reducing and non-reducing SDS gel electrophoresis.

Example 2. Construction of a naïve human antibody FAB-library MeganLibTM

Total RNA of B lymphocytes from blood samples from more than one thousand individual human donors was isolated using RNeasy Mini Kit according to the suggested protocol (QIAGEN). RNA concentration assay was performed using Nanovue kit (GE

Healthcare), the quality of isolated RNA was examined by means of 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Reverse transcription reaction was conducted using MMLV RT kit (Evrogen) according to the recommended protocol with MMuLV reverse transcriptase and random hexamer oligonucleotides as primers.

Reverse transcription products were used as a matrix in a two-stage polymerase chain reaction to produce the genes of variable domains flanked with restriction sites; reaction was performed using oligonucleotide kit according to protocols by [J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 25; 274(26): 18218-30],

The resulting DNA préparation VL-CK-VH (Fig. 4) was treated with NheI/Eco91I restriction endonucleases and ligated into the original phagemid pH5 (Fig. 5). Ligation products were transformed into SS320 electrocompetent cells prepared in accordance with protocols [Methods Enzymol. 2000;328: 333-63.]. Répertoire of combinatorial phage Fab display library MeganLibTM was 1011 transformants. Fab library phage products were prepared in accordance with the earlier described procedure [J Mol Biol. 1991 Dec 5;222(3): 581-97].

Example 3. Sélection of FAB-library by phage display

Spécifie anti-CD20 human phage Fab antibodies were obtained from the combinatorial phage Fab display library MeganLibTM. Biopanning was performed on human CD20expressing eukaryotic cells by phage display [Nat Biotechnol. 1996 Mar;14(3):309-14; J Mol Biol. 1991 Dec 5;222(3): 581-97], but using magnetic beads and KingFisher Flex device, because this technique allows to perform up to 96 different biopanning schemes and variants simultaneously.

During biopanning, biotinylated eukaryotic cells were immobilized on the surface of streptavidin magnetic beads by incubating the cells with beads for 20 minutes on a rotator. The beads were then washed with PBS (pH 7.4), beads were then blocked with a solution of 2% fatfree milk in PBS (pH 7.4) for 1 hour. Then, a solution of phages that were preincubated with antigen-negative cells in PBS (pH 7.4) supplemented with 2% skim milk was added to the magnetic beads with bound cells. The mixture was incubated for 40 min under stirring. Unbound phages were removed by several cycles of washing of magnetic beads with a solution of PBS (pH 7.4) supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20. Number of washing cycles was increased from round to round (10 washing cycles in a first round, 30 washing cycles in second and third rounds). Phages that bound to antigen on the surface of magnetic beads were eluted from beads with 100 mM Gly-HCl solution (pH 2.2) for 15 min under stirring, and then the solution was neutralized with IM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6). E. coli TGI bacteria were infected with the resulting phages, the phages were cultured in the bacteria, isolated and used in the next cycle of sélection.

After three-four rounds, DNA (phagemids) were isolated from the phages, and antibody variable domain genes were cloned into expression vectors (Fig. 6) for production of Fabs in E.coli. cells.

Example 4. Library screening

Initial screening

Fabs were produced according to the standard technique: bacterial cells were transformed with expression vectors containing Fab genes, whereas the subséquent addition of inducer, which triggers transcription of lac operon, into the medium during culturing of the resulting transformants induces expression of Fabs.

We then conducted ELISA for binding of Fab to substrate-immobilized CD20 peptide. Antigen-bound Fabs were detected using anti-human Fab HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Pierce-ThermoScientific).

Rituximab Fab sequence inserted into the expression plasmid pLL was used as a positive control (Fig. 6).

As a resuit of initial screening, we selected clones that are capable of binding to target CD20 peptide. The materiai was transfered for secondary screening.

Secondary screening

Secondary screening aimed at sélection of Fab-producing clones which interact with CD20 peptide and do not interact with other antigens IL6R-Fc, PCSK9-VG-FE, PD-1-Fc.

Fabs were produced according to the standard technique. We then conducted ELISA for binding of Fabs to various substrate-immobilized antigens according to standard procedure.

As a resuit of secondary screening, Fab-producing clones that specifically bind only the target CD20 peptide were selected.

Example 5. Optimization of leader candidates

Selected candidates were optimized to increase humanization. Substitution points were selected using Humanizer tool from YLab software package (developed by Biocad). Germline Functional V, D, J segments from various biological species were obtained from the IMGT database and used as a data source. Human segments were used as positive references, whereas those from rats and mice were used as négative ones. Based on this data, the tool suggested positions to be substituted.

For further sélection, we generated 1000 candidates with a plurality of subsets of the selected set of substitutions. The resulting candidates were modeled on the basis of crystal structure of initial candidate-target CD20 complex. Models were generated using BENDER (developed by Biocad) and BioLuminate (from Schrodinger Suite software, developed by

Schrodinger) software. The resulting models were evaluated by calculating the average value

MM-GBSA using OPLS 2005 force field along 100 ns molecular dynamics trajectories.

Molecular dynamics trajectories were obtained using Desmond (Schrodinger Suite, developed by Schrodinger). In the obtained results, we clearly distinguished a cluster of 133 candidates, which were suggested for further synthesis, along with the control candidate.

Example 6. Préparation of full-length antibodies in IgGl format

CHO cells were codon optimized for the prepared 133 candidates using OligoDesigner tool from Ylab software package (BIOCAD). The optimized sequences of heavy/light chain variable domains were synthesized de novo and cloned into vectors pEE-HC, pEE-CK (IgGl format) at Sall/Nhel and Sall/BsiWl restriction sites, respectively (Fig. 1, 2). The schematic représentation of the IgGl format is given in Fig. 3.

The resulting genetic constructs were used to transform CHO-T cell line. Proteins were isolated and purified according to standard methods by affmity chromatography on bacterial Protein A as described in Example 1. Electrophoresis was performed in denaturing 7.5% PAGE. The production performance of 22 candidates was below the threshold level (50 mg/1); therefore, they were not isolated and purified.

Example 7. Sequencing of high affmity clones

Variable domain genes of positive clones were sequenced according to standard protocols on Applied Biosystems 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed.

Example 8. Détermination of affmity of full-length antibodies on Forte Bio Octert RED 384

KD values of the resulting full-length candidates were determined on Forte Bio Octet RED 384.

SAX biosensors and biotin-modified CD20 peptide (Sigma Aldrich) were used for the study. Antibody Rituximab was used as a control. SAX biosensors were steeped into a solution containing biotinylated CD20 peptide at a concentration of 20 pg/ml, where the peptide was immobilized. Further analysis was conducted at 30°C using PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 0.1% BSA as a working buffer.

After baseline recording in buffer solution, the sensors were immersed into wells containing antibody solution at a concentration of 10 pg/ml for 150 seconds, where the complex was associated. Complex dissociation in buffer solution was then detected for 300 seconds.

Binding curves, after subtracting a reference signal, were analyzed using Octet Data

Analysis software (Version 9.0) in accordance with the standard procedure using 1:1 interaction model.

116 candidates were transfered for analysis. 67 out of them did not show any binding to 5 peptide. The remaining 49 candidates interacted with peptide with nanomolar and micromolar affinity (Fig. 7 and Table 1).

Table 1

Response Candidate (uni)	kD (M)	kon (I. Ms)	kdis (J s)	Full RA2
BCD132 L-001	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-002	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-003	0.2576	1.87E-07	3.06E+05	5.73E-02	0.9909
BCD132 L-004	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-007	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-008	0.1189	7.51E-07	1.85E+05	1.39E-01	0.9899
BCD132 L-009	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-010	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-011	0.2545	4.35E-07	3.41E+05	1.48E-01	0.996
BCD132 L-012	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-013	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-015	0.7312	1.51E-07	3.00E+05	4.54E-02	0.9981

BCD132 L-016	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-017	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-018	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-019	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-020	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-021	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-022	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-023	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-024	0.2377	2.72E-07	5.86E+05	1.59E-01	0.9969
BCD132 L-025	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-026	0.189	9.74E-08	8.72E+05	8.50E-02	0.9761
BCD132 L-028	0.2631	1.35E-07	9.30E+05	1.26E-01	0.9849
BCD132 L-029	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-030	0.7685	1.11E-05	2.39E+03	2.65E-02	0.8223
BCD132 L-031	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-033	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-034	0.8465	8.45E-06	3.73E+03	3.15E-02	0.9308

BCD132 L-035	1.3668	6.56E-06	3.35E+03	2.20E-02	0.9829
BCD132 L-037	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-038	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-039	1.493	6.91E-06	2.44E+03	1.69E-02	0.9924
BCD132 L-040	1.099	9.14E-06	3.11E+03	2.84E-02	0.9675
BCD132 L-041	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-042	0.745	8.51E-06	4.46E+03	3.80E-02	0.8425
BCD132 L-043	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-044	0.638	8.90E-06	3.55E+03	3.16E-02	0.8215
BCD132 L-045	0.7287	1.04E-05	3.70E+03	3.83E-02	0.9562
BCD132 L-046	0.4142	1.38E-05	4.68E+03	6.44E-02	0.9478
BCD132 L-047	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-048	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-049	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-050	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-051	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-052	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding

BCD132 L-053	0.1125	1.36E-07	4.64E+05	6.31E-02	0.9252
BCD132 L-054	0.083	1.59E-07	3.10E+05	4.92E-02	0.8279
BCD132 L-055	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-056	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-057	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-058	0.1308	1.30E-07	2.08E+06	2.70E-01	0.9744
BCD132 L-059	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-060	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-061	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-062	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-063	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-064	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-065	0.0551	6.48E-08	1.01E+06	6.53E-02	0.8386
BCD132 L-066	0.0398	L14E-05	4.10E+03	4.66E-02	0.8193
BCD132 L-068	0.0984	9.34E-08	9.50E+05	8.87E-02	0.876
BCD132 L-069	0.1078	1.29E-07	6.96E+05	8.96E-02	0.8737
BCD132 L-070	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding

BCD132 L-071	0.3793	1.36E-07	7.59E+05	1.03E-01	0.9755
BCD132 L-072	0.2878	9.15E-08	7.82E+05	7.16E-02	0.8842
BCD132 L-073	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-074	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-075	0.4394	1.01E-07	8.20E+05	8.29E-02	0.9752
BCD132 L-076	0.2166	8.14E-08	8.45E+05	6.88E-02	0.7702
BCD132 L-077	0.065	7.48E-08	9.24E+05	6.91E-02	0.8382
BCD132 L-079	0.1921	1.88E-07	3.16E+05	5.96E-02	0.9433
BCD132 L-080	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-081	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-082	0.0695	7.99E-08	1.05E+06	8.41E-02	.9063
BCD132 L-083	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-084	0.3092	1.86E-07	3.41E+05	6.35E-02	0.9697
BCD132 L-085	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-087	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-088	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-089	0.1279	5.94E-08	1.75E+06	1.04E-01	0.879

BCD132 L-092	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-093	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-094	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-095	0.5518	7.72E-08	1.04E+06	7.99E-02	0.9778
BCD132 L-097	0.2544	7.32E-08	1.59E+06	1.17E-01	0.9603
BCD132 L-098	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-099	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-100	0.639	8.07E-08	7.36E+05	5.95E-02	0.98
BCD132 L-101	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-102	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-103	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-104	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-105	0.207	6.28E-08	1.08E+06	6.75E-02	0.8085
BCD132 L-106	0.2847	4.65E-08	2.30E+06	1.07E-01	0.8997
BCD132 L-107	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-109	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-110	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding

BCD132 L-l 11	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 12	0.3355	6.30E-08	1.86E+06	1.17E-01	0.9556
BCD132 L-l 13	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 14	0.3495	6.03E-08	1.22E+06	7.36E-02	0.877
BCD132 L-l 15	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 16	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 17	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 18	0.5571	9.04E-08	9.57E+05	8.66E-02	0.973
BCD132 L-l 19	0.2468	4.91E-08	2.36E+06	1.16E-01	0.9109
BCD132 L-120	0.3083	6.95E-08	1.69E+06	1.18E-01	0.9443
BCD132 L-121	0.1834	5.97E-08	2.52E+06	1.50E-01	0.9316
BCD132 L-123	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 24	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding	No binding
BCD132 L-l 26	0.2006	4.24E-08	2.19E+06	9.29E-02	0.8596
BCD132 L-l 29	0.4355	9.00E-08	1.11E+06	9.98E-02	0.9724
BCD132 L-130	0.4193	8.67E-08	1.08E+06	9.31E-02	0.9485
BCD132 L-131	0.4494	9.39E-08	9.77E+05	9.17E-02	0.9612

BCD132 L-132	0.7019	1.07E-07	8.38E+05	8.97E-02	0.9888
BCD132 L-133	0.2948	5.66E-08	2.12E+06	1.20E-01	0.9316

Candidates BCD132L-026, BCD132L-028, BCD132L-075 and BCD132L-077 were selected based on the results of the above analysis.

Example 9. Détermination of affinity of final candidates after transient production to CD20 using Forte Bio Octert RED 384

SAX biosensors and biotin-modified CD20 peptide (Sigma Aldrich) were used for the study. Antibody Rituximab was used as a control. SAX biosensors were steeped into a solution containing biotinylated CD20 peptide at a concentration of 20 pg/ml, where the peptide was immobilized. Further analysis was conducted at 30°C using PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 0.1% BSA as a working buffer.

After baseline recording in buffer solution, the sensors were immersed into wells with antibody solution at a concentration of 10 pg/ml for 210 seconds, where the complex was associated. Complex dissociation in buffer solution was then detected for 100 seconds.

Binding curves, after subtracting a reference signal, were analyzed using Octet Data Analysis software (Version 9.0) in accordance with the standard procedure using 1:1 interaction model (see Figs. 8-11).

BCD132 L-026	0.5411	3.99E-08	6.98E+05	2.79E-02	0.9795
BCD132 L-028	0.4703	6.28E-08	4.17E+05	2.62E-02	0.9924
BCD132 L-075	0.8719	6.23E-08	3.30E+05	2.06E-02	0.9969
BCD132 L-077	0.4774	2.76E-08	6.36E+05	1.75E-02	0.9413

Candidates BCD132L-028 and BCD132L-077 were selected based on the results of the above analysis.

Example 10. Préparation of a cell line stably producing antibodies in IgGl format

Based on the results of the assays above, BCD132-L-028, BCD132-L-077 showed the best performance. Their heavy and light chain sequences were cloned into HindlII, Xbal sites of vectors pSX (Fig. 24). The resulting plasmids were cultured in E. coli cells, 600-700 pg was isolated using BenchPro. The plasmids were linearised overnight by Pvul endonuclease, and then re-precipitated with éthanol and brought to final concentration of 900-1100 ng/pl.

CHO-K1-S cell line was cultured in S.3.87 MM medium (FBS-free synthetic medium developed by BIOCAD) + 6 mM Glutamine. Transfection with gene constructs comprising encoding sequences of BCD132-L-028, BCD132-L-077 candidate chains was performed by electroporation using Nucleofector™ (Lonza) according to the manufacturer protocol.

The day after transfection, the transfected culture was under sélection for 24 days by adding puromycin (final concentration of 7.2 pg/ml), hygromycin B (final concentration of 640 pg/ml) to the medium. The selected cell population was cloned. Cell clones expressing BCD132L-028, BCD132-L-077, respectively, were selected based on the results of analysis of target protein level/ structure homogeneity, taking into account growth rate, population homogeneity, and absence of morphological changes, whereas candidates BCD132-L-026 and BCD-132-L075 were excluded.

Example 11. Détermination of affmity of final candidates cultured in stable cell fines to CD20 on Forte Bio Octert RED 384

SAX biosensors and biotin-modified CD20 peptide (Sigma Aldrich) were used for the study. Antibody Rituximab was used as a control. SAX biosensors were steeped into a solution containing biotinylated CD20 peptide at a concentration of 20 pg/ml, where the peptide was immobilized. Further analysis was conducted at 30°C using PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 0.1% BSA as a working buffer.

After baseline recording in buffer solution, the sensors were immersed into wells containing antibody solution at a concentration of 10 pg/ml for 150 seconds, where the complex was associated. Complex dissociation in buffer solution was then detected for 300 seconds.

Binding curves, after subtracting a reference signal, were analyzed using Octet Data Analysis software (Version 9.0) in accordance with the standard procedure using 1:1 interaction model (Fig. 12-15).

BCD132 L-028	0.2717	7.57E-08	9.05E+05	6.85E-02	0.9754
BCD132 L-077 (1,2)	0.4031	7.39E-08	6.41E+05	4.74E-02	0.9846
BCD132 L-077 (3,4)	0.2913	7.49E-08	8.47E+05	6.34E-02	0.9776
BCD132 L-077 (5,6)	0.5857	6.71E-08	9.52E+05	6.39E-02	0.9682

Example 12. Détermination of affinity of final candidates cultured in stable cell lines to FcyRIIIa-lSSF on Forte Bio Octert RED 384

SAX biosensors and biotin-modified FcyRIIIa-158F proteins (Sigma Aldrich) were used 5 for the study. SAX biosensors were steeped into a solution containing the biotinylated protein at a concentration of 5 pg/ml, where the protein was immobilized to a signal level of 0.5 nm. Further analysis was conducted at 30°C using PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 0.1% BSA as a working buffer.

After baseline recording, the sensors were steeped into wells containing a solution of 10 antibodies at various concetrations for 90 seconds, where the complex was associated. Complex dissociation in buffer solution was then detected for 150 seconds.

Binding curves, after subtracting a reference signal, were analyzed using Octet Data Analysis software (Version 9.0) in accordance with the standard procedure using 1:1 interaction model (Figs. 16-19).

BCD132 L-028	5.93E-08	7.273E05	4.316E-02	0.9946
BCD132 L-077 (1,2)	4.47E-08	7.658E05	3.423E-02	0.9976
BCD132 L-077 (3,4)	5.41E-08	8.084E05	4.375E-02	0.991
BCD132 L-077 (5,6)	4.17E-08	9.231E05	3.845E-02	0.9954

Example 13. Détermination of affinity of final candidates cultured in stable cell lines to

FcyRIIIa-158V on Forte Bio Octert RED 384

S ΑΧ biosensors and biotin-modified FcyRIIIa-lSSV proteins (Sigma Aldrich) were used for the study. SAX biosensors were steeped into a solution containing the biotinylated protein at a concentration of 5 pg/ml, where the protein was immobilized to a signal level of 0.5 nm.

Further analysis was conducted at 30°C using PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and 0.1% BSA as a working buffer.

After baseline recording, the sensors were steeped into wells containing a solution of antibodies at various concetrations for 90 seconds, where the complex was associated. Complex dissociation in buffer solution was then detected for 150 seconds.

Binding curves, after subtracting a reference signal, were analyzed using Octet Data Analysis software (Version 9.0) in accordance with the standard procedure using 1:1 interaction model (Figs. 20-23).

BCD132 L-028	L78E-08	6.385E05	1.139E-02	0.9963
BCD132 L-077 (1,2)	2.38E-08	6.563E05	1.564E-02	0.9942
BCD132 L-077 (3,4)	1.66E-08	6.906E05	1.149E-02	0.9961
BCD132 L-077 (5,6)	2.27E-08	7.311E05	1.659E-02	0.9952

Example 14. Measurement of spécifie binding of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 to CD20 receptor on WIL2-S cell line using flow cytometry.

MabThera (Rituximab) was used as a control antibody. Samples and a control antibody were diluted to a concentration of 200 pg/ml, titrated with an incrément of 4 in Stain Buffer (PBS, 0.5% BSA, 0.1% NaN3). WIL2-S (ATCC® CRL8885) cell suspension at a concentration of l*10⁶ cells/ml was incubated with a titer of solutions of standard and test samples. The suspension was stirred and incubated for 30 min in ice. After the time of incubation, the plate was centrifuged, supematant was collected, 100 μΐ of Stain Buffer was added, the mixture was resuspended and centrifuged. Supematant was collected, precipitate was resuspended in a solution of conjugated fluorescent anti-human Fc-PE antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch, 109-115-098) in Stain Buffer. The plate was incubated for 30 min in ice in dark. After the time of incubation, the plate was centrifuged, supematant was collected, 100 μΐ of Stain Buffer was added, the mixture was resuspended and centrifuged. Supematant was collected, precipitate was resuspended in 150 μΐ of Stain Buffer and assayed by flow cytometer Guaval2HT (Merck Millipore). Data was analyzed using the InCyte module of guavaSoft 3.1.1 software.

Level of spécifie binding of test antibodies BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 to

CD20 receptor on WIL2-S cell line is identical to that of MabThera (Rituximab). The results are shown in Fig. 25.

Example 15. Measurement of complément dépendent cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077.

WIL2-S (ATCC® CRL-8885™) cell line was used for the complément dépendent cytotoxicity assay.

The assay was conducted in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 0.1% bovine sérum albumin, 50 pg/ml of gentamicin. Test antibodies BCD-132-L-028, BCD-132-L077 and MabThera (Rituximab) were diluted in sériés from a concentration of 50 pg/ml. The resulting solutions were added to 96-well plates at 50pl/well. WIL2-S cell suspension at 1 * 10⁶ cells/ml was prepared and added to the plate wells at 50 pl/well. A working solution of complément (Quidel, Al 13) was prepared and added to culture plates at 50 pl/well.

The plates were incubated for 2 hours at 37 °C, 5% CO2. After the time of incubation, 15 pl/well of Alamar blue dye was added to the plate wells, the plate was incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 until gradient staining was seen. Fluorescence was measured using Infinité M200Pro plate reader at excitation/emission wavelength of 544/590 nm.

The level of complément dépendent cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L077 is identical to that of MabThera (Rituximab). The results are shown in Fig. 26, Fig. 27.

Example 16. Measurement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of BCD-132-L028 and BCD-132-L-077 using reporter lines Jurkat-NFAT-CD16.

WIL-2S (ATCC® CRL-8885™) was used as a target line to measure antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity. As effector cells, we employed reporter lines Jurkat-NFATCD16 High (high affinity allotype of CD16, V158) and Jurkat-NFAT-CD16 Low (low affînity allotype of CD16, Fl58) stably expressing the cell surface FcyRIIIa (CD16a) receptor and carrying a luciferase-encoding gene under control of NFAT response éléments.

We prepared WIL-2S cell suspension at 0,5 x 10⁶ cells/ml in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2mM L-Gln, 4% (v/v) low IgG FBS and 5 pg/ml gentamicin. 25 pl/well of suspension of target cells was added to culture plates with white walls.

We added a titer of BCD-132-L-028 or BCD-132-L-077 and MabThera (Rituximab) from 5 pg/ml with an incrément of 5 (25 pl/well), and suspension at 3xl0⁶cells/ml of reporter line Jurkat-NFAT-CD16 High or Low (25 pl/well). The plates were stirred and incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO2 for 4-8 hours.

After the time of incubation, we added 75 μΐ/well of Bio-Glo luciferase assay reagent (Promega) and measured luminescence using Infinité M200Pro under 100 ms intégration time.

BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 show a significantly higher ADCC activity as compared to that of MabThera: the activity is 3-4 times higher when using the reporter line with a high affinity allotype of CD 16, and 12-16 times higher when using the reporter line with a low affinity allotype of CD16. The results are shown in Fig. 28; Fig. 29 shows the results for the reporter line with a low affinity allotype of CD 16, and Fig. 30, Fig. 31 show the results for the reporter line with a high affinity allotype of CD 16.

Example 17. Measurement of B cell déplétion by CD19+ induced by BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 using whole blood from healthy donors.

The activity of test samples was measured ex vivo using whole blood from healthy donors with the CD 16a receptor allotypes: FF (low affinity receptor), FV (hétérozygote), VV (high affinity receptor).

MabThera (Rituximab) was used as a control antibody. The control and test antibodies were titrated in triplicates in a 96-well plate. Blood from healthy donor was collected in vacuum tubes with Li-heparin. The tubes were incubated for 30 min at room température. 10 μΐ of prepared antibody solutions and 190 μΐ of whole blood were added to a 96-well plate with side groove (Eppendorf). 5 ml of DPBS was added to the side groove of the 96-well plate. The plate was stirred on an orbital shaker (2 mm) for 2 min at 600 rpm, and then incubated in a CO2 incubator for 22 hours.

After the time of incubation, the samples were stained with fluorescent-labeled antibodies against CD45, CD3/CD19 (BD Pharmingen) for 1 hour. We fixed the cells and lysed érythrocytes using BD Pharmingen lysis buffer, washed twice from lysis buffer in Stain Buffer (DPBS, 0.1% NaN3, 0.5% BSA) and measured the number of CD45+CD3+ and CD45+CD19+ events (at least 10,000 events within gâte CD45+). Data was analyzed using the InCyte module of guavaSoft 3.1.1 software.

Relative B cell déplétion was measured using B-/T-cell ratio of a point without antibodies (number of B cells is taken as 100% = 0% B cell déplétion). B-/T-cell ratio was calculated using the following formula:

B ~/T — cell ratio = number of B cells number of T cells

Percent of B cell déplétion was calculated using the following formula:

B-cell déplétion, % = 100 cell ratio with antibody) _____________100_____________

B/T-celI ratio without antibody

B/T Statistical environment R with the extension package dre was employed to plot fourparameter curves.

The test antibodies BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 show a significantly higher activity as compared to MabThera (Rituximab). Thus, when using donated blood of allotype FF, BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 induce déplétion of about 50% of CD 19+ cells, whereas MabThera (Rituximab) induce déplétion of about 20%. The ED50 values of MabThera (Rituximab) are significantly higher than those of BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 when using donated blood of CD 16 allotype FV and VV. The level of B cell déplétion of BCD-132L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 does not dépend on donor CD 16 allotype. The results are shown in Fig. 32.

Example 18. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity assay of antiCD20 antibody candidates on Ramos cell line using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

CD-20-expressing Ramos cell line and PBMCs from healthy donors were employed for the ADCC assay. Ramos cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (fêtai bovine sérum) at 37°C 5% CO2, the cell were stained with fluorescent dye Calcein AM which may escape only from cells with a damaged cell wall. A suspension of cells at a density of 10⁵ cells/ml was prepared in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS.

PBMCs were isolated from venous blood from healthy donors by Ficoll density gradient séparation (1.077 g/cm³). A suspension of cells at a density of 5*10⁶ cells/ml was prepared in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS.

A sériés of antibody dilutions was added to the wells of a 96-well plate at 50 μΐ/well for the ADCC assay. 100 μΐ/well of Ramos suspension and 50 μΐ/well of PBMC suspension were added to them. The plate was incubated for 4 hours at 37 °C with 5% CO2. 30 minutes before the end of incubation, 10 μΐ/well of 10% Tryton X-100 was added to maximal lysis wells. Following incubation, 100 μΐ/well of cellular fluid was transfered without taking the cells to a new plate. Fluorescence was measured at excitation/emission wavelength of 485/538 nm.

ADCC efficacy was calculated using the following formula:

Experimental data — background ADCC = _c .---7—:----5---x 100%

Full lysis — background

Based on ADCC as a function of antibody concentration, we determined the dependence described by 4-parameter équation using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software package and calculated the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50).

According to the ADCC assay, anti-CD20 antibody candidates BCD-132-L-028 and BCD-132-L-077 show better performance than that of Rituximab. The results are shown in Fig. 33.

Example 19. Study of activity of BCD132-L-077 monoclonal antibody product following repeated intravenous administration in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) on a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

The study was performed in males of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Total of 12 animais were involved in the experiment, each group including 4 monkeys. We used two product doses in the experiment: 5 mg/kg; 22 mg/kg, animais in the control group received a placebo product. Data for the animal experimental groups is given in Table 2.

Table 2. Groups of Animais.

Group no.	Animal qty	Product	Route of administration	Dose
1	4(3)	BCD132-L-077	IV	5 mg/kg
2	4(d)	22 mg/kg
3	AA	Placebo	-

To induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in M. fascicularis, a modified technique was used, which has been described in a number of publications. To sensitize primates, we used a recombinant protein from JSC «BIOKAD», which is the extracellular domain ofthe human myelin oligodendrocyte protein (rhMOG, amino acids 1-125).

Each animal was injected three times with an émulsion containing 400 pg of protein in 400 μΐ of phosphate-buffered saline mixed with 400 μΐ of Freund's complété adjuvant. Immediately after the first administration of rhMOG, the monkeys were injected with a heatinactivated B. pertussis vaccine.

First administration of rhMOG

To préparé the émulsion, 10 mg of rhMOG was dissolved in 10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. 10 ml of Freund's complété adjuvant was added to the resulting solution. The resulting émulsion was administered subcuticularly by 100 μΐ injections at 8 points (total administered volume per monkey is 800 μΐ):

injections into spinal area (between shoulder blades, 2 on the right side and 2 on the left side of spinal cord);

injections into groin area (1 on the right side and 1 on the left side);

injections into axillary space (1 on the right side and 1 on the left side);

Following the first administration of rhMOG, 10¹⁰ inactivated B. pertussis particles were adminitered intravenously.

The interval between the first and second immunization was 28 days.

Second administration of rhMOG

To préparé the émulsion, 10 mg of rhMOG was dissolved in 10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. 10 ml of Freund's complété adjuvant was added to the resulting solution. The resulting émulsion was administered subcuticularly by 100 μΐ injections at 8 points (total administered volume per monkey is 800 μΐ):

injections into spinal area (between shoulder blades, 2 on the right side and 2 on the left side of spinal cord);

injections into groin area (1 on the right side and 1 on the left side);

injections into axillary space (1 on the right side and 1 on the left side);

The interval between the second and third immunization was 14 days

Third administration of rhMOG

To préparé the émulsion, 10 mg of rhMOG was dissolved in 10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. 10 ml of Freund's complété adjuvant was added to the resulting solution. The resulting émulsion was administered subcuticularly by 100 μΐ injections at 8 points (total administered volume per monkey is 800 μΐ):

injections into spinal area (between shoulder blades, 2 on the right side and 2 on the left side of spinal cord);

injections into groin area (1 on the right side and 1 on the left side);

injections into axillary space (1 on the right side and 1 on the left side);

Assessment of efficacy of BCD132-L-077 product on a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)

To measure the product activity, a histological examination of brain and spinal cord tissues was carried out. Severity of inflammatory reaction in spinal cord and brain tissues was scored on a three-point scale according to Table 3.

Table 3. Inflammatory reaction severity scale

Score	Inflammatory severity
0	no signs of inflammation;
l	rare (1-3 per section) foci of perivascular infiltration;
2	moderate frequency (4-10 per section) of foci of perivascular infiltration; possible inflammation of the méningés;
3	ubiquitous foci of perivascular infiltration and inflammatory cell infiltration of neural tissue.

Severity of degenerative changes in primates' spinal cord and brain tissues was scored on a scale as shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Spinal cord/brain tissue demyelination severity scale

Score	Demyelination severity
0	no signs of demyelination;
1	rare (1-3 per section) foci of demyelination;
2	moderate frequency (4-10 per section) of foci of demyelination;
3	ubiquitous demyelination with large confluent foci.

The results of inflammation severity measurements are shown in Fig. 34. It has been shown that with the administration of 5.0 mg/kg and 22.0 mg/kg doses used in the study, there was a decrease in the total group score as compared to the control group (sham control). The detected changes were not reliable. Also, there was no significant différence between the experimental groups. Thus, one can talk of anti-inflammatory effect efficacy that is comparable for the two tested doses of the product.

The results of measurement of severity of degenerative changes in neural tissue are shown in Fig. 35. When using the test product BCD132-L-077 at a minimum dose of 5.0 mg/kg, we observed a significant decrease in demyelination score as compared to that of the control.

An animal group that received the product at a dose of 22.0 mg/kg also showed a decrease in the value of parameter in question, but it was not reliable. There was no significant différence in the values between the experimental groups; thus, one can conclude that the level of activity of the two doses is comparable.

The study showed that the product at doses of 5.0 mg/kg and 22.0 mg/kg shows antiinflammatory effect that is comparable in terms of efficacy, and reduces to a similar extent the level of demyelination in neural tissue of experimental primates. Based on the above data, a dose of 5.0 mg/kg can be established as a pharmacologically active dose (FAD).

Example 20. Study of toxicity and main pharmacokinetic parameters (toxicokinetics) of

BCD132-L-077 following multiple subcutaneous administration in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

The study was performed in males of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). After quarantine, the animais were divided into four experimental groups, each group comprising three males, in accordance with the doses of the product to be administered; body weight was used as a criterion to distribute the monkeys in groups. We used three product doses in the experiment: 44 mg/kg; 88 mg/kg; 176 mg/kg, animais in the control group received a placebo product. Condition of animais, number of dead animais and the timing of their death were used as évaluation criteria. The animais were observed for 8 hours after injection, and then daily for 42 days.

Data for animal experimental groups and product doses is given in Table 5:

Table 5. Groups of animais in the study of efficacy of BCD132-L-077 product

Condition of animais, number of dead animais and the timing of their death were used

Group no.	Animal qty	Product	Route of administration	Dose
1	3(<î)	BCD132-L-077	IV	44 mg/kg
2		88 mg/kg
3	3 (G)	176 mg/kg
4	3(07	Placebo	-

as évaluation criteria.

Within the bounds of the study, clinical examination was performed 8 hours after injection, and then daily; furthermore, we evaluated the following:

animal weight;

body température;

urinalysis;

complété blood analysis on the following parameters: number of érythrocytes, number of white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration;

biochemical analysis of blood sérum on the following parameters: lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase;

product concentration in blood sérum.

According to the studies, the test product does not induce death of M. fascicularis following a single intravenous administration, the experimental animais tolerate the administration process well. The product did not show any effect on intégral toxicity indicators, and on functional state of organs according to the parameters in question. In the selected dose range, the product exhibits linear pharmacokinetics.

Example 21. Study of pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity following repeated intravenous administration of BCD132-L-077 product in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for four weeks followed by a recovery period for two weeks.

Pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity following repeated intravenous administration were studied using doses of 22.0, 44.0 and 88.0 mg/kg. Total of 18 sexually mature monkeys, 9 female monkeys and 9 male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) aged 4 to 7 years, were involved in the study. The animais were divided into 3 groups based on the dose of product to be administered.

Table 6. Groups of Animais.

Group no.	Animal qty	Product	Route of administration	Dose
1	3«)	BCD132-L-077	IV	22 mg/kg
3 (?)
2	3 (d')	44 mg/kg
3 (?)
3	3(d)	88 mg/kg
3 (?)

Level of BCD132-L-077 in primates' blood sérum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. During the study, in order to establish the possible effect of formation of product-binding antibodies on pharmacokinetic parameters, the immunogenicity of BCD132-L077 product was measured. Also, we calculated an accumulation factor from the ratio AUC_ssi68 (336-504) : AUCo-168.

To calculate the AUCo-168 value, sérum was taken immediately before the first administration of product, and then after 0.25, 24, 72 and 168 hours after administration; to calculate the AUCssiôs (336-504) value, sérum was taken immediately before the fourth administration of product, and then 0.25, 24, 72 and 168 hours after administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on data only from those animais in which

BAbs were not detected. Thus, data from animais that showed immune response to product was excluded from the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Product accumulation was measured by accumulation index; to this end, AUCo-168 and AUCss(336-504) values were determined and the index was calculated by the following formula:

g ._ (336-504)

AUC_o—₁₆q where AUCssies (336-504) is equilibrium value of area under product concentration-time curve over a period corresponding to dosage interval (168 h) under repeated administration;

AUCo-168 is area under product concentration-time curve from the moment the product was introduced into a body to 168 hours following first administration.

To analyze the level of antibodies binding BCD132-L-077 product, we used primates' blood sérum. Samples for the study were taken before the first administration, and then at 4 and 7 weeks of the experiment.

Example 22. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters under repeated intravenous administration of increasing doses (22.0 mg/kg, 44.0 mg/kg, 88.0 mg/kg) of BCD132-L-077 product.

Fig. 36 shows smoothed BCD132-L-077 product concentration-time curves for primates' blood sérum. Table 7 shows average values of main pharmacokinetic parameters for groups.

Table 7. Comparative data for main pharmacokinetic parameters under administration of increasing doses of BCD132-L-077 product (steady-state (ss) values were calculated using a period of 336-504 hours which corresponds to a dosage interval (168 hours).

PK parameter	Unit	Dose (mg/kg)
22 pg/ml	44 pg/ml	88 pg/ml
Xmean	σ	Xmean	σ	Xmean	σ
AUCss (0-168)	pg/mlxh	13435.59	11150.8	13301.04	8719.1	34145.90	16765.5
AUCss (336-504)	pg/mlxh	26227.47	16819.4	22366.93	10370.6	97088.33	94675.6
Css(min)	pg/ml	82.64	75.2	84.58	63.9	162.88	74.7
Css(max)	pg/ml	326.89	241.7	427.03	266.5	1212.72	830.9
Css	pg/ml	156.12	100.1	133.14	61.7	577.91	563.5
Tl/2	h	94.76	50.3	155.38	111.2	471.00	782.5
Cl	1/h	0.00924	0.004	0.01873	0.015	0.01228	0.005
CLss	ml/h	4.550	2.37	10.323	6.33	7.352	5.70
Vss	ml	521.65	186.9	1639.68	1170.5	2384.08	2213.3
MRTlast	h	66.37	13.6	68.30	17.5	71.51	9.2

Pharmacokinetic parameters of BCD132-L-077 product were calculated using steadystate AUC values in a dosing period of 336-504 hours (168 hours) following product administration. Initial AUC calculated in a first dosing interval (1-168 hours) was in direct 5 relationship to the dose used. In the minimal-dose group, this parameter was 13,435.59+11,150.80 (pg/ml)hour; in the average-dose group: 13,301.04+8,719.10 (pg/ml)hour; and in the maximal-dose group: 34,145.90+16,765.50 (pg/ml)hour. AUC calculated in steady-state State (336-504 hours) also depended on the dose used. AUCssl68 (336-504) was 26,227.47+16,819.40 (pgZml)hour in animal group which received the product 10 at a dose of 22 mg/kg; the value was 22,366.93+10,370.60 (pg/ ml)hour in the average-dose group, and 97,088.33+94,675.60 (pgZml)hour in the maximal-dose group. The half-life value (Tl/2) was 94.76+50.30 hours in the animal group which received the product at a dose of 22 mg/kg, 155.38+111.20 hours in the average-dose group, and 471.00+782,50 hours in the maximal-dose group. The clearance was 0.00924+0.004 1/h in the minimal-dose group, 15 0.01873+0.015 1/h in the average-dose group, and 0.01228+0.005 1/h in the maximal-dose group.

The products mean résidence time (MRT) was 66.37+13.60 h in the minimal-dose group, 68.30+17.50 h in the average-dose group, and 71.51+9.20 hours. The steady state volume of distribution (V_dss) was 521.65+186.90 ml/kg, 1,639.68+1,170.50 ml/kg, 2,384.08+2,213.30 ml/kg in minimal-, average- and maximal-dose groups, respectively. The average steady state concentration (C_ss) was 156.12±100.10 pg/ml, 133.14±61.70 pg/ml, 577.91±563.50 pg/ml in minimal-, average- and maximal-dose groups, respectively. The maximal steady state concentration (C_ssmax) was 326.89±241.70 pg/ml, 427.03±266.50 pg/ml, l,212.72±830.90 pg/ml. The minimal steady state concentration (C_ssmin) was 82.64±75.20 pg/ml, 84.58±63.90 pg/ml, 162.88±74.70 pg/ml. The data obtained indicate that the product concentration in primates' blood sérum is in direct relationship to the BCD132-L-077 dose used in the experiment.

For animal group that received the product at a minimal dose of 22.0 mg/kg, accumulation index (R) was 1.95. For animal group that received BCD-132 at an average dose of 44.0 mg/kg, accumulation index R was 1.68. For animal group that received the product at a maximal dose (88.0 mg/kg), index R was 2.84. The experimental data obtained indicate that accumulation index value does not dépend on the dose used.

During the study, in order to establish the possible effect of formation of product-binding antibodies on pharmacokinetic parameters, the immunogenicity of BCD132-L-077 product was measured. Experimental data indicate the presence of BAbs in 11.11% of ail animais involved in the study. No sex dependence was found; BAbs were observed in one male and one female. Product-binding antibodies were found in average- and maximal-dose groups, in only one animal from each group. Pharmacokinetic parameters can be evaluated in ail animal groups, provided that experimental data for animais for which the presence of binding antibodies was established are excluded from processing.

Example 23. Study of toxicity and local irritant effect following repeated intravenous administration of BCD132-L-077 product in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for four weeks followed by a recovery period for two weeks.

Total of 30 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), aged 4 to 7 years, 15 males and 15 females, were involved in the experiment. Each group included 6 monkeys. Product toxicity under repeated administration was studied at doses of 22 mg/kg, 44 mg/kg and 88 mg/kg. The animais were divided into 5 groups according to the dose of product to be administered and time to euthanasia:

BCD132-L-077 product at a minimal dose of 22 mg/kg (3 females and 3 males);

BCD132-L-077 product at an average dose of 44 mg/kg (3 females and 3 males);

BCD132-L-077 product at a maximal dose of 88 mg/kg, euthanasia after the end of administration (3 females and 3 males);

BCD132-L-077 product at a maximum dose of 88 mg/kg, euthanasia after the end of recovery period (3 females and 3 males);

Sham control (3 females and 3 males).

Data for the animal experimental groups are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Groups of Animais.

Group No.	Animal Qty	Product	Route of administration	Dose
1	3 (<n	BCD132-L-077	IV	22 mg/kg
3 (?)
2	3((^)	44 mg/kg
3 (?)
3	3 (â)
88 mg/kg
3 (?)
3*	3 (d)	88 mg/kg
3 (?)
4	3 (3)	Placebo		-
3 (?)

3* - satellite group, 3 - main group

Within the bounds of the study, clinical examinations were performed daily; furthermore, we examined the following:

animal weight;

body température;

urinalysis;

ECG;

hemostasis parameters: activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time;

complété blood analysis on the following parameters: number of érythrocytes, number of white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils;

biochemical analysis of blood sérum on the following parameters: lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholestérol, triglycérides, urea, createnine, sodium, potassium, alkaline phosphatase;

pathomorphological and histological studies.

Local irritant effect was evaluated on the basis of examination data and results of histological examination. Tissues at the administration site and draining lymph nodes were selected for histological examination.

According to histological examination, the test product does not show a local irritant effect.

The data obtained in the study of toxicity of BCD132-L-077 therapeutic monoclonal antibody product produced by JSC «BIOKAD» indicate that the test product does not exhibit toxic effects on major organs and organ Systems of experimental animais under repeated weekly intravenous administration for 4 weeks. No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) as established in this study corresponds to the maximal dose ofthe test product BCD132-L-077 and amounts to 88 mg/kg.

Example 24. Study of antitumor activity of BCD132-L-028 product following repeated intraperitoneal administration in immunodeficient ML15-NOG mice humanized with human NK cells on a model of subcutaneous xenograft using the Raji human lymphoma cell line.

In the study, we plan to use 7 groups of immunodeficient transgenic hIL15-NOG mice constitutively expressing human IL-15, and weighing 15.0-25.0 g. Total of 84 female animais were involved in the experiment Data for the groups are shown in Table 9.

Table 9. Groups of Animais.

Group No.	Total of animais in group	Product	Cell Line	Qty of inoculated NK cells	Route of administration	Dose, mg/kg
1	12 (?)	BCD132-L-023	Raji	IV-6*106 cells	IP	10 mg/kg
2	12($)	BCD132-L-023	30 mg/kg
3	12 (?)	BCD132-L-023	90 mg/kg
4	12(Ç)	Obinutuzumab	30 mg/kg
5	12 (?)	Acellbia	30 mg/kg
6	12 (?)	Placebo	-
7	12 (?)	Placebo

Animais are weighed before administration of tumor cell line, and then 2 times a week 5 throughout the experiment.

Tumor nodule is measured after administration of tumor cells 2 times a week throughout the experiment.

Volume of tumor nodule is calculated by the following formula:

V = π/ôxLxWxH, where L, W, H are tumor linear dimensions.

The efficacy of the test product is assessed by the index of tumor growth inhibition (TGI) vs the index of tumor growth (I). The indices are calculated by the following formula:

TGI(%) = 100,

Vk

Where Vk and V_o are médian tumor volume (mm³) in control and treated groups, respectively.

where I is the index of tumor growth, i is the day of experiment, V_o is tumor volume per day.

Example 25. Study of toxicity and main pharmacokinetic parameters (toxicokinetics) of BCD132-L-028 monoclonal antibody product following a single intravenous administration in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

In the study, we plan to use four experimental groups of cynomolgus monkeys, each group including three males. The monkeys will be kept in individual cages with indication of animal number according to the experiment.

The animais are randomly assigned to groups according to doses of substance to be administered, using body weight as a criterion.

Table 10. Groups of Animais.

Group no.	Animal qty	Product	Route of administration	Dose, mg/kg
1	3 (A	BCD132-L-028	IV	20
2	AA	40
3	3 (c?)
80
4	3 (A	Placebo	-

Products are planned to be administered intravenously in an ulnar vein as stérile isotonie saline solutions. The animais of the control group will be administered (placebo) with isotonie saline using the same volumes and method as those used in the experimental groups.

Within the bounds of the study, clinical examination is performed daily; furthermore, we examine the following:

1. animal weight;

2. body température;

3. urinalysis;

4. complété blood analysis on the following parameters: number of érythrocytes, number of white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration;

5. biochemical analysis of blood sérum on the following parameters: lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase ;

6. study of product concentration in blood sérum, calculation of main pharmacokinetic parameters, and évaluation of pharmacokinetics linearity.

Example 26. Study of pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity following repeated intravenous administration of BCD132-L-028 monoclonal antibody product in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for 13 weeks followed by a recovery period for 30 days.

In the study of pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity following repeated intravenous administration for 13 weeks followed by a recovery period for 30 days, we plan to use 18 cynomolgus monkeys (9 males and 9 females).

The animais will be assigned to 3 groups (Table 11) according to the doses of substance to be administered, each group including 3 females and 3 males: minimal-dose group (6 mg/kg), intermediate-dose group (20 mg/kg), maximal-dose group (60 mg/kg).

Table 11. Groups of Animais.

Group no.	Total of animais in group	Product	Route of administration	Dose, mg/kg
1	3 (<J)	BCD132- L-028	IV	6
3 (?)
2	3(Λ	20
3(?)
3	3((?)	60
3 (?)

In the study, we plan to:

1. evaluate the test product concentration in blood sérum of experimental animais;

2. evaluate the test product accumulation under administration of increasing doses;

3. evaluate the level of binding antibodies under repeated intravenous administration of the test product.

Example 27. Study of toxicity and local irritant effect following repeated intravenous administration of BCD132-L-028 monoclonal antibody product in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for 13 weeks followed by a recovery period for 30 days.

In the study, we plan to use 5 experimental groups of cynomolgus monkeys, each group including 3 males and 3 females: minimal-dose group (6 mg/kg, without necropsy), intermediate-dose group (20 mg/kg, without necropsy), satellite maximal-dose group (60 mg/kg, necropsy after the end of product administration period), main maximal-dose group (60 mg/kg, necropsy after the end of recovery period) and sham control group (necropsy after the end of recovery period).

Table 12. Groups of Animais (* - animal from satellite group)

Group no.	Animal qty	Product	Route of administration	Dose, mg/kg
1	3(6)	Rrm 3?-T .(m		6
3 (?)
2	3(0)	20
3 (?)
3	3 (Λ		IV	60
3 (?)
3(<?)
3 (?)
4	3(Λ	Placebo	-
3 (?)

Clinical examination of each animal will be performed daily; furthermore, we will evaluate the following:

animal weight;

body température (before administration and then weekly until termination of the experiment);

effect on the cardiovascular system using Poly-Spectr cardiograph;

urinalysis;

complété blood analysis on the following parameters: number of érythrocytes, number of leukocytes, hemoglobin concentration, number of lymphocytes, number of monocytes, number of neutrophils, number of eosinophils, number of basophils;

évaluation of effect on blood coagulation system on the following parameters: activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time;

biochemical analysis of blood sérum on the following parameters: sodium, potassium, créatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, glucose, triglycérides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholestérol;

At the end of product administration period (week 14), we plan to euthanize three males and three females from each animal group. The remaining two males and two females in each group will be euthanized at the end of recovery period (week 18). Local irritant effect will be evaluated on the basis of necropsy data and results of histological examination. For histological examination, we will select a section of ulnar vein, tissues at the administration site and draining 10 lymph nodes.

Claims (2)

1. Claims

   1 A monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to

   CD20 comprising:

   1) a heavy chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID

   NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 6;
2. 2) a light chain variable domain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 8.

   2 A monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 1, wherein

   1) the heavy chain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;

   2) the light chain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.

   3 A monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 1, wherein

   1) the heavy chain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6;

   2) the light chain variable domain comprises an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.

   4 A monoclonal antibody according to Claim 1 comprising:

   1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 5;

   2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

   5 A monoclonal antibody according to Claim 4 comprising:

   1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;

   2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.

   6 A monoclonal antibody according to Claim 4 comprising:

   1) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5;

   2) a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7.

   7 A monoclonal antibody according to Claim 1, wherein the antibody that specifically binds to CD20 is a full-length IgG antibody.

   8 A monoclonal antibody according to Claim 7, wherein the full-length IgG antibody relates to human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 isotype.

   9 A monoclonal antibody according to Claim 8, wherein the full IgG antibody relates to human IgGl isotype.

   10 A nucleic acid encoding an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1-9.

   11 A nucleic acid according to Claim 10, wherein the nucleic acid is DNA.

   12 An expression vector comprising a nucleic acid according to any of Claims 10-11.

   13 A method for production of a host cell for production of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1-9 comprising transformation of a cell with a vector according to Claim 12.

   14 A host cell for production of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1-9 comprising a nucleic acid according to any of Claims 10-11.

   15 A method for production of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1 -9 comprising culturing of a host cell according to Claim 14 in a culture medium under conditions sufficient to produce said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, if necessary, followed by isolation and purification of the produced antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.

   16 A pharmaceutical composition for prophylaxis or treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20 comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1 -9 in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

   17 A pharmaceutical composition for prophylaxis or treatment according to Claim 16, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:

   a) an oncological disease or disorder or

   b) an autoimmune disease or disorder.

   18 A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 17, wherein the oncological disease or disorder is selected from the group comprising: B cell lymphoma or leukemia.

   19 A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 18, wherein the B cell lymphoma is selected from: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

   20 A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 18, wherein the leukemia is selected from: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

   21 A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 17, wherein the autoimmune disease or disorder is selected from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis, rejection of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.

   22 A pharmaceutical combination for prophylaxis or treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20 comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Ciaims 1 -9 and at least one different therapeutically active compound.

   23 A pharmaceutical combination according to Claim 22, wherein the different therapeutically active antitumour compound is selected from a chemotherapeutic agent, antibody or anti-hormonal agent.

   24 A method for inhibition of biological activity of CD20 in a subject in need of such inhibition comprising administration of an effective amount of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Ciaims 1-9.

   25 A method for treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20 comprising administration in a subject in need of such treatment of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1-9 or a pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 16 in a therapeutically effective amount.

   26 A method for treatment of a disease or disorder according to Claim 25, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:

   a) an oncological disease or disorder or

   b) an autoimmune disease or disorder.

   27 A method for treatment of a disease or disorder according to Claim 26, wherein the oncological disease or disorder is selected from the group comprising: B cell lymphoma or leukemia.

   28 A method for treatment of a disease or disorder according to Claim 27, wherein the B cell lymphoma is selected from: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

   29 A method for treatment of a disease or disorder according to Claim 27, wherein the leukemia is selected from: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

   30 A method for treatment of a disease or disorder according to Claim 26, wherein the autoimmune disease or disorder is selected from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANC A vasculitis, rejection of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.

   31 Use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to any of Claims 1-9 or a pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 16 for treatment in a subject in need of such treatment of a disease or disorder mediated by CD20.

   32 Use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 27, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:

   a) an oncological disease or disorder or

   b) an autoimmune disease or disorder.

   3 3 The use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 3 2, wherein the oncological disease or disorder is selected from the group comprising: B cell lymphoma or leukemia.

   34 The use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 33, wherein the B cell lymphoma is selected from: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma).

   35 The use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 33, wherein the leukemia is selected from: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

   36 The use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to Claim 32, wherein the autoimmune disease or disorder is selected from the group comprising: rheumatoid arthritis, juvénile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic thrombocytopénie purpura (ITP), thrombotic throbocytopenic purpura (TTP), autoimmune thrombocytopenia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis, rejectimon of graft of parenchymatous organs, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), diabètes mellitus, Raynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome and glomerulonephritis.