NZ723294A - Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells - Google Patents
Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ723294A NZ723294A NZ722848A NZ72284812A NZ723294A NZ 723294 A NZ723294 A NZ 723294A NZ 722848 A NZ722848 A NZ 722848A NZ 72284812 A NZ72284812 A NZ 72284812A NZ 723294 A NZ723294 A NZ 723294A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- carrier
- biomass
- cellulosic
- paper
- straw
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title description 151
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 206
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 133
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 90
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 90
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 58
- 229940088598 Enzyme Drugs 0.000 claims description 56
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 48
- -1 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002029 lignocellulosic biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229940106157 CELLULASE Drugs 0.000 claims description 20
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000005824 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 240000008529 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010907 stover Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000000218 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000903 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000499912 Trichoderma reesei Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005014 poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 240000009030 Agave Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000005337 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000000116 Alocasia Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000003917 Bambusa tulda Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000000385 Brassica napus var. napus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000007170 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000006481 Colocasia esculenta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000009419 Fagopyrum esculentum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000008620 Fagopyrum esculentum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000003608 Feces Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000004322 Lens culinaris Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000014647 Lens culinaris subsp culinaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000003433 Miscanthus floridulus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000008469 Oxalis tuberosa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000000645 Oxalis tuberosa Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001520808 Panicum virgatum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000006169 Phalaris arundinacea Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000005158 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002961 Polybutylene succinate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000331 Polyhydroxybutyrate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010575 Pueraria lobata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 244000046146 Pueraria lobata Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000003829 Sorghum propinquum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000746413 Spartina Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000017585 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000017587 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000008984 brauner Senf Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000004879 dioscorea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012765 hemp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012766 marijuana Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005015 poly(hydroxybutyrate) Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004631 polybutylene succinate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000082175 Arracacia xanthorrhiza Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007842 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002678 Ipomoea batatas Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003613 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001748 Polybutylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001896 Polybutyrate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000001016 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940086735 succinate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000452385 Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 Species 0.000 claims 2
- NIHJEJFQQFQLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanedioic acid;hexanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O.OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O NIHJEJFQQFQLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 68
- 239000002609 media Substances 0.000 description 54
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 36
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 35
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 29
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 29
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 23
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 23
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 20
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N D-Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N β-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 16
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 10
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N D-Cellobiose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N Xylose Natural products O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogens Species 0.000 description 9
- 108010047754 beta-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 102000006995 beta-Glucosidase Human genes 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 210000004027 cells Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 239000000411 inducer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 8
- 241000223259 Trichoderma Species 0.000 description 8
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 description 8
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 8
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000560 biocompatible material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000001461 cytolytic Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 241001019659 Acremonium <Plectosphaerellaceae> Species 0.000 description 6
- 210000004940 Nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010504 bond cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960003487 Xylose Drugs 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000003115 biocidal Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000813 microbial Effects 0.000 description 5
- 102000005575 Cellulases Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010084185 Cellulases Proteins 0.000 description 4
- BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N Fructose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)CO BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001963 growth media Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002285 radioactive Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000717 retained Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108010008885 Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-QWWZWVQMSA-N D-Threitol Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101700061444 DDX25 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001888 Peptone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010080698 Peptones Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229940066779 Peptones Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000005255 beta decay Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid Chemical compound OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002068 genetic Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004676 glycans Polymers 0.000 description 3
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium(0) Chemical group [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 3
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000051 modifying Effects 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019319 peptone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionic acid Chemical compound CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YJISHJVIRFPGGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[5-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyloxane-3,4-diol Chemical compound O1C(CO)C(OC)C(O)C(O)C1OCC1C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O2)O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(C)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 YJISHJVIRFPGGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001438625 Acremonium dichromosporum Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940064005 Antibiotic throat preparations Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940083879 Antibiotics FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS AND ANAL FISSURES FOR TOPICAL USE Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042052 Antibiotics for systemic use Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042786 Antitubercular Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N Arabitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)C(O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000005461 Bremsstrahlung Effects 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940041514 Candida albicans extract Drugs 0.000 description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cesium Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N D-(+)-Galactose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000602080 Dracaena fragrans Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010048652 Enzyme induction Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000223221 Fusarium oxysporum Species 0.000 description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940093922 Gynecological Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001480714 Humicola insolens Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282619 Hylobates lar Species 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000229754 Iva xanthiifolia Species 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N Linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N Oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palmitic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000235648 Pichia Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100002032 RAPGEF3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710009870 RAPGEF3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000190542 Sarocladium kiliense Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000906075 Simplicillium obclavatum Species 0.000 description 2
- HIWPGCMGAMJNRG-ACCAVRKYSA-N Sophorose Natural products O([C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HIWPGCMGAMJNRG-ACCAVRKYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001313536 Thermothelomyces thermophila Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940024982 Topical Antifungal Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000845 anti-microbial Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001488 breeding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101710014331 celS Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- PJQDFOMVKDFESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);N-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-N-oxidoacetamide Chemical class [Co+2].C1=CC=C2C3=CC=C(N([O-])C(=O)C)C=C3CC2=C1.C1=CC=C2C3=CC=C(N([O-])C(=O)C)C=C3CC2=C1 PJQDFOMVKDFESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004059 degradation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003013 deoxyribonucleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000140 heteropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atoms Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940079866 intestinal antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 108010062085 ligninase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002906 microbiologic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940005935 ophthalmologic Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003134 recirculating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting Effects 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010027322 single cell proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N t-BuOH Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001221 xylan Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000004823 xylans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N α-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XJCCHWKNFMUJFE-CGQAXDJHSA-N (2S,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 XJCCHWKNFMUJFE-CGQAXDJHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LUAHEUHBAZYUOI-KVXMBEGHSA-N (2S,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](CO)O1 LUAHEUHBAZYUOI-KVXMBEGHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Hydroxypropionic acid Chemical compound OCCC(O)=O ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N AI2O3 Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940100198 ALKYLATING AGENTS Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000228209 Acremonium persicinum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001019292 Acremonium pinkertoniae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001466460 Alveolata Species 0.000 description 1
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N Ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000272522 Anas Species 0.000 description 1
- APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N BRL-49594 Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](C)OC(=O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)C[C@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@H]2C(O)=O)O[C@H]2C1 APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001342 Bakelite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 Bone and Bones Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007436 Cassia auriculata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000007668 Cassia auriculata Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 Cell Wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 Cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960005091 Chloramphenicol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N Chloramphenicol Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001147674 Chlorarachniophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223782 Ciliophora Species 0.000 description 1
- MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ciprofloxacin Chemical compound C12=CC(N3CCNCC3)=C(F)C=C2C(=O)C(C(=O)O)=CN1C1CC1 MYSWGUAQZAJSOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000007466 Corylus avellana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007582 Corylus avellana Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052685 Curium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KAZBKCHUSA-N D-Mannitol Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KAZBKCHUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000235035 Debaryomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- GRRNUXAQVGOGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Destomysin Chemical compound OC1C(NC)CC(N)C(O)C1OC1C2OC3(C(C(O)C(O)C(C(N)CO)O3)O)OC2C(O)C(CO)O1 GRRNUXAQVGOGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940096118 Ella Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004386 Erythritol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940009714 Erythritol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000195623 Euglenida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192125 Firmicutes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223218 Fusarium Species 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N Galactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N Gentamicin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)NC)CC[C@@H](N)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](NC)[C@@](C)(O)CO2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001019284 Gliomastix roseogrisea Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001706 Glucuronoxylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000004341 Gossypium herbaceum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002024 Gossypium herbaceum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000206759 Haptophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223198 Humicola Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940097277 Hygromycin B Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N Iditol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000367 Inositol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N Isomalt Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N Kanamycin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CN)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000285963 Kluyveromyces fragilis Species 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-UUNJERMWSA-N Lactose Natural products O([C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]1CO)[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1 GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-UUNJERMWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 Macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N Maltitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108060004843 Mical Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000723128 Moniliella pollinis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052781 Neptunium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229950010131 PUROMYCIN Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RXWNCPJZOCPEPQ-NVWDDTSBSA-N PUROMYCIN Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](N2C3=NC=NC(=C3N=C2)N(C)C)O[C@@H]1CO RXWNCPJZOCPEPQ-NVWDDTSBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000164466 Palaemon adspersus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940049954 Penicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000364057 Peoria Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene (PE) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000893045 Pseudozyma Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940100486 RICE STARCH Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-BXKVDMCESA-N Rhamnose Chemical compound C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-BXKVDMCESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000206572 Rhodophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-ZXFHETKHSA-N Ribitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-ZXFHETKHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001466451 Stramenopiles Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 Thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004433 Thermoplastic polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940035295 Ting Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H Tricalcium phosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 241000378866 Trichoderma koningii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223261 Trichoderma viride Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001079965 Trichosporon sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940029983 VITAMINS Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000545067 Venus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940021016 Vitamin IV solution additives Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940100445 WHEAT STARCH Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N Xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002675 Xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002000 Xyloglucan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000235017 Zygosaccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588901 Zymomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588902 Zymomonas mobilis Species 0.000 description 1
- ASCUXPQGEXGEMJ-GPLGTHOPSA-N [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(4-methylanilino)oxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(=O)C)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](NC=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)O1 ASCUXPQGEXGEMJ-GPLGTHOPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000222292 [Candida] magnoliae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinium Chemical compound [Ac] QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091006072 activator proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003232 aliphatic polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930013930 alkaloids Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000002168 alkylating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005262 alpha decay Effects 0.000 description 1
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical class [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003942 amphotericin B Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000723 ampicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001479 arabinose derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000617 arabinoxylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004783 arabinoxylans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052789 astatine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N astatine(.) Chemical compound [At] RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004774 atomic orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atoms Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004637 bakelite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000626 benzylpenicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002988 biodegradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M buffer Substances [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002962 chemical mutagen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003405 ciprofloxacin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005712 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading Effects 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005520 electrodynamics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019414 erythritol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000789 fastener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000030279 gene silencing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005017 genetic modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013617 genetically modified food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002518 gentamicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000905 isomalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010439 isomalt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000318 kanamycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton(0) Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002605 large molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004301 light adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001638 lipofection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated Effects 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000004492 methyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003798 microbiological reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N neptunium Chemical compound [Np] LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001264 neutralization Effects 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005658 nuclear physics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002831 pharmacologic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QROGIFZRVHSFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylpropene group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)C=CC QROGIFZRVHSFLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000218 poly(hydroxyvalerate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011528 polyamide (building material) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002792 polyhydroxyhexanoate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940116317 potato starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon(0) Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011012 sanitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004215 spores Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000028070 sporulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000992 sputter etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004326 stimulated echo acquisition mode for imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001502 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium Chemical compound [Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000200 ulipristal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OOLLAFOLCSJHRE-ZHAKMVSLSA-N ulipristal acetate Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C@@H]1C2=C3CCC(=O)C=C3CC[C@H]2[C@H](CC[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C(C)=O)[C@]2(C)C1 OOLLAFOLCSJHRE-ZHAKMVSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamins Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon(0) Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000969 xylosyl group Chemical group C1([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO1)* 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound OCCCC(O)=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2201/00—Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Description
METHOD FOR PRODUCING A SACCHARIFIED T
by Marshall Medoff, Thomas Craig Masterman, James J. Lynch
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED ATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos.
61/579,550 and 61/579,562, both filed on December 22, 201 1. The entire disclosures
of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to ements in conducting microbiological,
biological and biochemical reactions.
BACKGROUND
As demand for petroleum increases, so too does interest in renewable
feedstocks for manufacturing biofuels and biochemicals. The use of lignocellulosic
s as a feedstock for such manufacturing processes has been studied since the
1970s. Lignocellulosic biomass is attractive because it is abundant, renewable,
domestically produced, and does not compete with food industry uses.
Many potential lignocellulosic feedstocks are available today, including
agricultural residues, woody biomass, municipal waste, oilseeds/cakes and sea weeds,
to name a few. At present these materials are either used as animal feed, biocompost
materials, are burned in a cogeneration facility or are landfilled.
Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant to degradation as the plant cell walls
have a structure that is rigid and compact. The structure comprises crystalline
cellulose fibrils embedded in a hemicellulose matrix, surrounded by lignin. This
compact matrix is difficult to access by enzymes and other chemical, biochemical and
biological processes. Cellulosic biomass materials (e.g., s material from which
substantially all the lignin has been removed) can be more accessible to enzymes and
other conversion ses, but even so, naturally-occurring cellulosic materials often
have low yields (relative to theoretical yields) when contacted with hydro lyzing
enzymes. Lignocellulosic biomass is even more recalcitrant to enzyme attack.
Furthermore, each type of lignocellulosic s has its own specific composition of
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
While a number of methods have been tried to extract ural carbohydrates
from ellulosic s, they are either are too ive, produce too low a
yield, leave undesirable chemicals in the resulting t, or simply e the
sugars.
Monosaccharides from renewable biomass sources could become the basis of
chemical and fuels industries by replacing, supplementing or substituting petroleum
and other fossil feedstocks. However, techniques need to be developed that will make
these monosaccharides ble in large quantities and at acceptable purities and
prices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Provided herein are methods for producing a product, which s include
maintaining a ation comprising a liquid medium, a ure or carrier, and a
reduced-recalcitrance cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass ed within the
structure or carrier, under conditions that allow the passage of les out of and/or
into the structure or carrier.
[0009A] In another aspect, ed herein is a method for ing a
saccharified product, the method comprising: providing a reduced-recalcitrance
cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass disposed within a first structure or carrier and a
microorganism and a liquid medium disposed within a second carrier or structure,
wherein the first structure or carrier is formed of a mesh material having a m
opening size of less than 1 mm and is disposed within the second carrier or structure,
under conditions that allow the passage of a molecule of the osic or
lignocellulosic biomass out of and/or into the first ure or carrier, and allowing an
enzyme of the microorganism to saccharify the molecule to the product.
[0009B] In a further aspect provided herein is a method for producing a
saccharified product, the method comprising: providing a reduced-recalcitrance
cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass disposed within a first structure or carrier and a
microorganism and a liquid medium disposed within a second carrier or structure,
n the first structure or carrier is made of a bioerodible polymer and is disposed
within the second carrier or structure, under conditions that allow the passage of a
molecule of the cellulosic or ellulosic biomass out of and/or into the first
structure or carrier, and allowing an enzyme of the microorganism to saccharify the
molecule to the product.
In another aspect, provided herein is a method for producing a product, where
the method includes: providing a liquid medium; providing a cellulosic or
lignocellulosic biomass, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is disposed
in a structure or carrier, and wherein the structure or carrier possesses one or more
pores configured to allow the passage of molecules; providing an additive; combining
the structure or carrier and the additive in the liquid medium to make a combination;
maintaining the combination under conditions that allow the passage of molecules out
of and/or into the structure or r; and maintaining the combination under
conditions that allow the additive to convert the molecules to one or more products;
thereby producing a product.
Additionally, provided herein are methods of producing an enzyme, where the
methods include: providing a liquid medium; providing a cellulosic or lignocellulosic
biomass; providing a microorganism capable of producing an enzyme in the presence
of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic s; providing a structure or carrier, n
the structure or carrier possesses one or more pores configured to allow the passage of
molecules; disposing the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass within the structure or
carrier; combining the liquid medium, the structure or carrier, and the microorganism
to make a combination; and maintaining the combination under ions that allow
the microorganism to produce the enzyme; thereby producing an enzyme.
Also ed herein is a method of providing a substance to a microorganism,
where the method includes: providing a liquid medium; providing a microorganism;
providing a nce; ing a structure or r, wherein the ure or carrier
possesses one or more pores configured to allow the passage of the substance into and
out of the structure or carrier; either: by disposing the rganism within the
structure or carrier, and forming a combination by combining the liquid , the
microorganism within the structure or carrier and the substance, or by disposing the
substance within the structure or carrier, and forming a combination by combining the
liquid medium, the substance within the structure or carrier, and the microorganism;
and ining the combination under conditions that allow the substance
to move out of and into the structure or carrier, and to come in contact with the microorganism;
thereby providing the substance to the microorganism. Such methods can also include:
providing a second structure or carrier; and disposing both the microorganism and the substance
each in a separate structure or carrier.
Also ed herein is a system for making a product, Where the system includes: a
liquid medium in a container; a microorganism capable of making a product; and a structure or
carrier containing a substance, where the ure or carrier is configured to release the
substance into the liquid medium.
In any of the methods or systems provided herein, the cellulosic or lignocellulosic
biomass can be disposed Within the structure or carrier, and the methods can fiarther include:
disposing the additive Within a second structure or carrier; and the structure or r containing
the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is disposed Within the second structure or r.
In any of the methods or systems provided herein, the substance can be a sugar, e.g., a
sugar can be disposed Within one or more structures or rs.
In any of the methods or systems ed herein, the product produced can be a
molecule, a protein, a sugar, a filel or combinations thereof. The protein can be an enzyme.
Any of the methods or s provided herein can further include disposing a
microorganism in the structure or carrier. Alternatively, the cellulosic or lignocellulosic
material, or the additive can be disposed in the structure or carrier. The cellulosic or
lignocellulosic material, the additive, or the microorganism can be disposed in a second structure
or carrier. The ve can be a microorganism, an enzyme, an acid, a base or combinations
thereof.
In any of the methods or systems provided , the structure or carrier can be a
bag, a shell, a net, a membrane, a mesh or combinations thereof. Where the structure or carrier
includes a bag, the bag can be formed of a mesh material having a m opening size of less
than 1 mm. Alternatively, the mesh material can have an average pore size of from about 10 mm
to 1 nm. Where the structure or carrier is a bag, the bag can be made of a bioerodible polymer.
The bioerodible polymer can be selected from the group consisting of: polylactic acid,
polyhydroxybutyrate, droxyalkanoate, polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate, polycaprolactone,
polyhydroxybutyrate-hexanoate, polybutylene succinate, polybutyrate succinate e,
polyesteramide, polybutylene e-co-terephthalate, mixtures thereof, and laminates thereof.
The bag can be made of a starch film.
In any of the methods or systems ed herein, the combination can be placed in a
fermentation vessel that includes ers, and Where the combination is maintained under
ions Where the bag is torn open by the impellers.
In any of the methods or systems provided , the microorganism or
rganisms can include a strain of Trichoderma reesei, e.g., a high-yielding cellulase-
producing mutant of Trichoderma reesez’, e.g., the RUT-C30 .
In any of the methods or systems provided herein, the recalcitrance of the osic
or lignocellulosic material can have been reduced relative to the material in its native state. Such
treatment to reduce itrance can be dment with electrons, sonication, oxidation,
pyrolysis, steam explosion, al treatment, mechanical treatment, freeze grinding, or
combinations of such ents. Preferably, the recalcitrance of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic
biomass has been reduced by exposure to an electron beam.
In any of the methods or systems provided, the conversion can be saccharification,
and the product can be a sugar solution or suspension. The methods can fiarther include isolating
a sugar from the sugar solution or suspension. The sugar isolated can be xylose.
In any of the systems or methods provided herein, the cellulosic or lignocellulosic
biomass can be: paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded
papers, coated , filled papers, magazines, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper,
card stock, cardboard, paperboard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry wastes, sawdust, aspen
wood, wood chips, grasses, switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain
residues, rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw,
wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs,
corn stover, n stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing residues,
bagasse, beet pulp, agave e, algae, seaweed, manure, , offal, arracacha, buckwheat,
banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet , taro, yams, beans,
favas, lentils, peas, or mixtures of any of these. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic material can
include com cobs. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass can be comminuted, e.g., by dry
milling, or by wet g. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic material can be treated to reduce its
bulk density, or to increase its surface area. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic material can have
an average particle size of less than about 1 mm, or an average particle size of from about 0.25
mm to 2.5 mm.
It should be understood that this ion is not limited to the embodiments
disclosed in this Summary, and it is intended to cover modifications that are within the spirit and
scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE GS
The foregoing will be apparent from the following more ular description of
example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which
like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are
not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the
t invention.
is a diagram illustrating the tic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose.
osic substrate (A) is converted by endocellulase (i) to cellulose (B), which is converted by
exocellulase (ii) to cellobiose (C), which is converted to e (D) by cellobiase (beta-
glucosidase) (iii).
is a flow diagram illustrating conversion of a s feedstock to one or
more products. Feedstock is physically pretreated (e.g., to reduce its size) (200), ally
treated to reduce its recalcitrance (210), saccharified to form a sugar solution (220), the solution
is transported (230) to a manufacturing plant (e.g., by pipeline, railcar) (or if saccharification is
performed en route, the feedstock, enzyme and water is transported), the saccharified feedstock
is bio-processed to produce a desired product (e.g., alcohol) (240), and the t can be
processed r, e.g., by distillation, to produce a final product (250). Treatment for
recalcitrance can be modified by measuring lignin content (201) and setting or adjusting process
ters (205). Saccharifying the ock (220) can be modified by mixing the feedstock
with medium and the enzyme (221).
is a flow diagram illustrating the treatment of a first biomass (300), addition of
a cellulase producing organism (310), on of a second s (320), and processing the
resulting sugars to make ts (e.g., alcohol(s), pure sugars) (330). The first treated biomass
can optionally be split, and a portion added as the second s (A).
is a flow diagram illustrating the production of enzymes. A cellulase-
producing organism is added to growth medium (400), a treated first biomass (405) is added (A)
to make a mixture (410), a second biomass portion is added (420), and the resulting sugars are
processed to make products (e.g., alcohol(s), pure sugars) (430). Portions of the first biomass
(405) can also be added (B) to the second biomass (420).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Provided herein are methods of conducting biological, microbiological, and
biochemical reactions by using one or more structures or containers, which can have pores or
other openings, or can be degradable. The structure can be a bag, net or mesh, shell (e.g., rigid
or semi-rigid shell), a membrane, or combinations of these structures (e.g., one or more
structures of one or more types can be disposed within a structure of the same or another type).
The structures can hold various parts or ingredients involved in biological, microbiological, and
mical reactions. Containing the material in this manner allows parts or ingredients, 6.g. ,
biomass, such as treated biomass, to be readily added or removed at any point and in any
sequence during such reactions. The invention also allows simplification of purification of
2012/071092
products (such as e.g., sugars or other ts of rification or fermentation), and can aid
in the maintenance of the level of a metabolite, sugar, or nutrient.
For instance, the structures can be used to provide one or more nutrients to
rganisms. The nutrients can be placed in the structure, and the structure placed in a liquid
medium containing microorganisms. The nutrients are released from the structure into the
medium to be accessed by the microorganisms. Alternatively, the microorganisms can be placed
within the structure, and the structure placed in a liquid medium that contains the nutrients.
In a preferred embodiment, the structure can contain biomass which is to be acted on
by microorganisms, or products of microorganisms, such as enzymes or signal les. For
instance, the biomass can be placed in the structure, which is then placed in a liquid medium
with the microorganisms. Substances from the biomass are able to leach out of the structure and
be accessed by the rganisms and enzymes secreted by the microorganisms, and enzymes
produced by the microorganisms can migrate into the structures and act on the biomass.
In r aspect, the invention relates to producing enzymes using a microorganism
in the presence of a biomass material. The biomass material acts in the enzyme tion
process as an inducer for cellulase synthesis, producing a ase complex having an activity
that is tailored to the particular biomass material, which in some implementations is the same
material that is to be saccharif1ed by the ase complex.
The invention also features a method that includes contacting a cellulosic or
lignocellulosic material disposed in a structure or carrier, in a , with an additive to
produce a product. The additive can, for example, be a microorganism, an enzyme, an acid, a
base or mixtures of any of these. The additives can be added in any order. The product can be,
for example, a molecule, a protein, a sugar a fuel or mixtures of any of these. The products can
be produced in any order. For example, a protein can be first produced followed by a sugar and
finally by a filel. Optionally, the protein can be an enzyme.
The migration of substances into and out of the structure can be lished in a
variety of ways. The ure can slowly degrade over time in the medium, the structure can be
made of a porous material that releases the nutrients into the , the structure can be made
of a material that is consumed by the microorganisms, the structure can be made of a material
that is torn open by the impellers in the bottom of a fermentation vessel, or the structure can be
made of a material that swells and bursts in the medium.
In an embodiment of the process described herein, a s can be disposed in, on,
or placed into the structure or carrier. The biomass can be treated before or after being placed
into the structure or carrier. Additives, nutrients and products can also be disposed in the
structure or carrier with or without the biomass. For example, a biomass with an antibiotic, a
microbe, an enzyme and a sugar can be disposed in the structure, and may be ed in any
amounts and in any ce during the process.
ally, the biomass can be outside of the structure or carrier. For example, a
microbe can be disposed in, within (i.e., built into the structure or carrier), or on the structure or
carrier, which is contacted with a medium containing the biomass. As another example, there
may be one kind of biomass in the structure or carrier and a second kind of biomass outside the
structure or carrier. There may be multiple biomasses inside and e of the structure or
carrier added in any ation and sequence during the process.
In another ment of the process, there may be multiple structures or carriers
placed in or contacted with a medium. These can be placed in the medium in any sequence and
combination during the process. The structure or carriers can be, for example, with respect to
each, other made of the same material or different materials, have the same shape or different
shapes, and may be used in any combination.
For example, multiple structures or carriers can be ed within another structure
or carrier. The various structures or carriers can be of the same type, or can be of different types.
Multiple structures or carriers can be sequentially disposed, each inside another, e.g., similar to
“nesting dolls.”
For example, it may be ient to have biomaterial disposed in a plurality of
structures or carriers of a uniform size and volume, each containing the same or a similar amount
of biomass. In this way, whole number amounts or units of the structure or carrier can be
contacted with the medium, with the number of units used depending on the batch size in the
process. Such uniform volume ures or carriers may also be more convenient to store, for
example, if they are designed as approximately cuboid in shape so that they can be easily
stacked.
Optionally, in some implementations, a structure or carrier ning biomass can be
contacted with a medium in combination with a structure or carrier that is designed to slowly
release an additive, e.g. an enzyme, contained within the structure or carrier. For example,
controlled release may be effected by having a controlled pore size (e.g., a pore size smaller than
lOum, e.g., smaller than lum, smaller than 0.lum).
As another example, one or more biomass-containing structures or carriers, and one
or more microbe-containing structures or carriers can be ted aneously or
tially with a medium.
As a further example, in some processes one or more biomass-containing structures
or carriers, and one or more ve-containing water-degradable structures or carriers are
contacted with an aqueous medium.
In r embodiment of the process, the structure or carrier can be removed at any
point in the process and in any sequence. For e, the structure or r including its
contents can be removed after ing a product, and/or additional ures or carriers
including their contents can be added during production of a product.
WO 96699 2012/071092
As another example, a biomass disposed in a structure or carrier is contacted with an
aqueous medium, and a microbe is added to the aqueous medium, which then produces a
product. Subsequently, the biomass-containing structure or carrier can be removed, and a second
amount of biomass in a structure or carrier can be added to produce more product. Optionally,
the microbe can be removed before or after addition of the second biomass.
In yet r example, a biomass can be ed in a structure or carrier and
contacted with an aqueous medium containing a microbe the combination of which produces a
first product. The microbe can be ally removed (e.g., by filtration or centrifugation) or
killed (e.g., by application of antibiotics, heat, or ultraviolet light) and subsequently a different
e can be added, which causes a second product to be produced.
In a r e, a biomass can be disposed in a first structure or carrier. The
first structure or carrier can be disposed in a second structure or carrier containing a microbe.
The two structures or carriers can be disposed in a medium. The second structure or carrier is
designed to contain the microbes (e.g., has pore sizes below about Sum, below about 1 um,
below about 0.4 um, below about 0.2 um). The combination produces a product that optionally
can flow out of the second structure or carrier. Once t is produced, the first and second
structures and contents can be removed leaving media with product dispersed and/or dissolved
within it. The combination of the first and second ures or carriers with their contents can
be optionally used in another medium to produce more product.
The processes described herein include processing of biomass and biomass materials
and the intermediates and products resulting from such processing. During at least a part of the
processing, the s material can be ed in a structure or carrier.
The processes described herein include producing enzymes using a microorganism in
the presence of a biomass material, 6.g. a osic or lignocellulosic material. Enzymes made
by the processes described herein contain or manufacture various cellulolytic enzymes
lases), ligninases or various small molecule biomass-destroying metabolites. These
enzymes may be a x of enzymes that act synergistically to degrade crystalline cellulose or
the lignin portions of biomass. Examples of cellulolytic enzymes include: ucanases,
cellobiohydrolases, and cellobiases (beta-glucosidases).
As shown in for example, during saccharification a cellulosic substrate (A) is
initially yzed by endoglucanases (i) at random locations producing oligomeric
intermediates (e.g., cellulose) (B). These intermediates are then substrates for exo-splitting
glucanases (ii) such as cellobiohydrolase to produce cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose
polymer. iose is a water-soluble l,4-linked dimer of glucose. Finally cellobiase (iii)
cleaves cellobiose (C) to yield e (D). Therefore, the endoglucanases are particularly
effective in ing the crystalline portions of cellulose and increasing the effectiveness of
exocellulases to produce cellobiose, which then requires the specificity of the cellobiose to
produce glucose. Therefore, it is evident that depending on the nature and structure of the
cellulosic substrate, the amount and type of the three different enzymes may need to be modified.
In some implementations, the enzyme is produced by a fungus, e.g., by strains of the
olytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesez’. For example, high-yielding cellulase
mutants of Trichoderma reesez’ may be used, e.g., RUT-NGl4, PC3-7, QM94l4 and/or Rut-C30.
Such strains are described, for example, in “Selective Screening Methods for the Isolation of
High ng Cellulase Mutants of Trichoderma reesez’,” Montenecourt, BS. and Everleigh,
D.E., Adv. Chem. Ser. 18 1, 289-301 (1979), the full disclosure of which is orated herein by
reference. Other cellulase-producing microorganisms may also be used.
As will be discussed fiarther below, once the enzyme has been produced, it can be
used to saccharify biomass, in some cases the same type of biomass material that has been used
to produce the enzyme. The process for converting the biomass material to a desired product or
intermediate generally includes other steps in addition to this rif1cation step. Such steps
are described, e.g., in US. Pat. App. Pub. 100577 Al, filed October 18, 2011 and
published April 26, 2012, the full disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
For example, referring to a process for manufacturing an alcohol can e,
for e, optionally mechanically treating a feedstock, e.g., to reduce its size (200), before
and/or after this treatment, optionally treating the feedstock with another physical treatment to
r reduce its recalcitrance (210), then saccharifying the feedstock, using the enzyme
complex, to form a sugar solution (220). Optionally, the method may also e transporting,
e.g. truck or barge, the solution (or the feedstock, enzyme and water, if
, by ne, railcar,
saccharif1cation is performed en route) to a manufacturing plant (230). In some cases the
saccharif1ed feedstock is r bioprocessed (e.g., fermented) to produce a desired product e.g.,
alcohol (240). This resulting product may in some implementations be processed further, e.g.,
by distillation (250), to produce a final t. One method of reducing the recalcitrance of the
feedstock is by electron bombardment of the feedstock. If desired, the steps of measuring lignin
content of the feedstock (201) and setting or adjusting process parameters based on this
measurement (205) can be med at various stages of the process, as described in US. Pat.
App. Pub. 203495 Al by Medoff and Masterman, published August 12, 2010, the
te disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Saccharifying the feedstock
(220) can also be modified by mixing the feedstock with medium and the enzyme (221).
For example, ing to a first biomass is optionally treated (300), for
example to reduce its size and/or recalcitrance, and placed into a structure or carrier. Optionally,
the first biomass can first be placed into a first ure or carrier and then treated. The biomass
containing structure or carrier is then contacted with an aqueous medium and a cellulase
producing organism (310). After an adequate time has passed for the cells to grow to a desired
stage and enough enzymes have been produced, a second biomass, ally disposed in a
second structure or carrier, may be added (320). Optionally, the structure or carrier containing
the first biomass can be removed prior to or at any point after addition of the second biomass.
The action of the enzyme on the second and any remaining first biomass produces mixed sugars
which can be fiarther processed to useful products (330). Optionally, the second structure or
carrier ning the second s can be removed prior to or after the production of the
useful t. The first and second biomass can be portions of the same biomass material. For
example, a portion of the biomass can be placed into a structure or carrier and contacted with a
medium containing the cellulase producing organism. Once some enzymes have been produced;
the enzyme containing media can be combined with the second biomass (A). Optionally, the
first and second biomass may be pretreated to reduce recalcitrance. The first and second biomass
can also be contained in a single structure or carrier. The structure or carrier can form a liner for
a ctor. Multiple biomass containing structures or carrier can also be used. The aqueous
media will be discussed below. In some cases, rather than adding the second s to the
reactor, the enzyme is harvested, stored, and used in a later rification process.
Referring now to the cellulase-producing organism (400) can be grown in a
grth medium for a time to reach a specific growth phase. For example, this growth period
could extend over a period of days or even weeks. Pretreated first biomass (405) is placed in a
structure or carrier and can then be contacted with the enzyme producing cells (410) so that after
a time s are produced. Enzyme production may also take place over an extended period
of time. The enzyme ning solution may then be combined with a second biomass (420).
Optionally, before on of the second biomass or at any point after addition of the second
biomass, the structure or carrier ning the first biomass can be removed. The action of the
enzyme on the second and remaining first biomass produces mixed sugars which can be further
processed to useful products (430). The first and second biomass can be portions of the same
biomass or can be r but not identical (e.g., pretreated and etreated) material (B).
Again, if desired the enzyme can be harvested and stored rather than being used ately
with a second biomass.
Along with the methods discussed above, the cellulose producing organism may be
harvested prior to being combined with the first pretreated biomass. Harvesting may include
partial or almost complete removal of the solvent and growth media components. For example
the cells may be collected by centrifilgation and then washed with water or another solution.
In another embodiment, after enzyme is produced, the structure or carrier can be
removed from the enzyme-containing medium and the enzyme can be concentrated.
Concentration may be by any useful method including chromatography, centrifilgation, filtration,
dialysis, extraction, evaporation of ts, spray drying and adsorption onto a solid support.
The concentrated enzyme can be stored for a time and then be used by on to a second
s to produce useful products.
WO 96699 2012/071092
In another implementation of the method, the enzyme is produced by the selected
microorganism in a liquid (6.g. , aqueous) medium, in the presence of the biomass material. In
order to contain the biomass material within the medium the biomass material is disposed in a
structure or carrier, for example a mesh bag or other porous container with openings or pores.
The pore size is such that preferably at least 80% (more preferably at least 90%, at least 95% or
at least 99%) of the insoluble portion of the biomass material is retained within the structure or
carrier during enzyme production. For instance, at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%,
87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% ofthe insoluble
portion of the biomass material is retained within the structure or carrier during enzyme
production.
It is preferred that the pore size or mesh size of the container be such that
substantially none of the insoluble portion of the biomass material flows out of the container
during enzyme production. It is also preferred that the pore size be large enough to allow
molecules such as sugars, soluble polysaccharides, ns and biomolecules to pass. Preferably
the pore size is large enough that large molecules such as proteins do not foul or block the pores
during the course of enzyme production.
Thus, it is generally preferred that the nominal pore size or mesh size be smaller than
most of all of the particles of the biomass material. In some implementations the te pore
size is smaller than 50% (preferably smaller than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99%) of
the particles of the biomass material. For instance, the absolute pore size can be smaller that
50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, or 59% ofthe particles ofthe s
material. Preferably the absolute pore size can be smaller than 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%,
65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%,
81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,
97%, 98%, 99% of the particles of the biomass material.
The aqueous media used in the above described methods can contain added yeast
extract, corn steep, peptones, amino acids, um salts, ate salts, potassium salts,
magnesium salts, calcium salts, iron salts, ese salts, zinc salts and cobalt salts. In
addition to these components, the growth media typically contains 0 to 10% glucose (e.g., 1 to
% glucose) as a carbon source. The inducer media can contain, in addition to the s
discussed usly, other rs. For example, some known inducers are lactose, pure
ose and sophorose. Various components can be added and removed during the processing
to optimize the desired production of useful products.
The concentration of the biomass typically used for inducing enzyme production is
greater than 0.1 wt % (e.g., greater than or equal to 1%) and less than or equal to 50 wt % (less
than or equal to 40 wt %, less than or equal to 30 wt %, less than or equal to 20 wt %, less than
or equal to 10 wt %, less than or equal to 5 wt %). For instance, the concentration of biomass
used for enzyme induction can be 0.1 wt %, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1.0 wt %. The
concentration of s can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 wt %. The concentration of biomass
can be 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 wt %.
Any of the processes bed herein may be performed as a batch, a fed-batch or a
continuous process. The processes are especially useful for industrial scale production, e.g.,
having a culture medium of at least 50 liters, ably at least 100 liters, more ably at
least 500 liters, even more preferably at least 1,000 liters, in particular at least 5,000 liters or
50,000 liters or 0 liters. The process may be carried out cally or anaerobically.
Some enzymes are produced by submerged cultivation and some by surface cultivation.
In any of the process described herein, the enzyme can be manufactured and stored
and then used to in saccharif1cation reactions at a later date and/or in a different location.
Any of the processes bed herein may be conducted with agitation. In some
cases, agitation may be performed using jet mixing as described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2010/0297705 Al, filed May 18, 2010 and published on November 25, 2012, US. Pat. App.
Pub. 2012/0100572 A1, filed November 10, 2011 and published on April 26, 2012, US. Pat.
App. Pub. 2012/0091035 A1, filed November 10, 2011 and published on April 19, 2012, the full
disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Temperatures for the growth of enzyme-producing organisms are chosen to enhance
organism growth. For example for Trichoderma reesez’ the optimal temperature is generally
between 20 and 40°C (e.g., 30°C), and the temperature for enzyme production can be zed
for that part of the process. For e for Trichoderma reesez’ the optimal temperature for
enzyme production is between 20 and 40°C (e.g., 27°C).
STRUCTURE OR CARRIER
The structure or carrier can be, for example, a bag, net, membrane, shell or
combinations of any of these.
The structure or carrier can be made with a thermoplastic resin, for example,
polyethylene, polypropylene, yrene, polycarbonate, tylene, a thermoplastic
polyester, a polyether, a thermoplastic polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene
difluoride, a polyamide or any combination of these.
The structure or carrier can also be made of woven or non-woven fibers. Some
preferred synthetic fiber or non-fiber materials are, for example, polyester, aramid, polyolefin,
PTFE, polyphenlene sulfide, polyurethane, ide, acrylic, nylon and any combination of
these.
The structure of carrier can also be made from biodegradable and/or water soluble
polymers, for example, aliphatic polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), poly
hydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polyhydroxyhexanoate, polylactic acid, polybutylene
succinate, polybutylene succinate e, polycaprolactone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyanhydrides,
starch derivatives, cellulose esters, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose and any combination of these.
Other materials contemplated for the structure or carrier include, for example, metal
(e. g., um, copper), an alloy (e.g, brass, stainless , a ceramic (e.g., glass, alumina), a
thermosetting polymer (6.g. , bakelite), a composite material (6.g. , fiberglass), a biopolymer and
any combination of these. Any structural material, for example, as disclosed above, can be
ed to provide the structure or carrier.
The structure or carrier can be made of a biodegradable, bioerodible, and/or water
soluble r. Such a polymer can be chosen to degrade and release the material within it at
or near a designated time. The polymer can be selected so that it will serve as a carbon source or
nutritive source for the microorganisms being cultured. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, for instance, are
readily consumed by many composting fungi and bacteria. PHAs can be a good choice for a
structure or carrier designed to release its contents into a culture of such sms.
Alternatively, the ure or carrier can be configured and made from materials
intended to be torn apart by the impellers of a fermentation system. The fermentation mixing
cycle can be scheduled to maintain the structure or carroer in an intact state for a period of time,
and then altered to cause the ure or carrier to come in contact with the impellers.
The container or carrier can be of any suitable shape, for example, a toroid, sphere,
cube, oval, cuboid, dog bone, cylindrical, hexagonal prism, cone, square based pyramid,
envelope or combinations of these.
The container or ure can have a sealable and in some cases resealable opening
such as a zipper, VelcroTM hook and loop fastener, heat seal, clips, re sensitive adhesive,
buttons or tie (e.g. with a string or drawstring).
The structure or container may be rigid, semi-rigid or non-rigid. A non-rigid
container is expected to be generally e in most directions. A igid container can be
expected to be somewhat flexible in most directions. In some implementations, the container
comprises a flexible, fabric bag.
The bag may have some rigid components such as a frame made of a metal wire or
rigid polymer. The container or carrier can have a surface texturing, for example, grooves,
corrugation, and quilting.
The ner can have partitions, for example, it can have different pouches made
with the same or different materials and/or there may be two or more structures or carriers nested
within each other.
The ner or carrier may be designed so as to float on top of the medium or be
partially submerged therein, or it may be designed to be fully submerged in the medium. For
example, the bag may have hooks, loops or ves to allow it to attach to the wall of a
bioreactor, tank or other ner. It may also have weights to hold part or all of it submerged
2012/071092
in the medium, and/or buoyant parts to keep parts of it above the medium. The container or
carrier can be designed to be free in the .
The structures or carriers can have pores. With respect to pore size, it is known that
ble materials may contain a distribution of pore sizes. Typically the pore size is rated as
absolute or nominal. An absolute pore size rating specifies the pore size at which a challenge
al or organism of a particular size will be retained with 100% efficiency. A nominal pore
size describes the ability of the permeable material to retain the majority of the particulates (e.g.
60 to 98%). Both ratings depend on process ions such as the differential pressure, the
temperature or the concentration.
In some implementations, the container has a nominal pore size or mesh size of less
than about 10 mm, e.g., less than 1000 um, 750 um, 500 um, 250 um, 100 um, 75 um, 50 um, 25
um, 10 um, 1um, 0.1 um, 10 nm or even less than 1 nm. In some implementations, the container
has a nominal pore size or mesh larger than 1 nm, e.g., larger than 10 nm, 0.1 um, 10 um, 25 um,
50 um, 75 um, 100 um, 250 um, 500 um, 750 um, 1 mm or even 10 mm.
If the structure or carrier is made of a polymer, the pores may be formed by stretching
the polymer, either uniaxially or biaxially. Such methods for formulating and stretching
polymers to make films with a particular pore size are known in the art.
The structure or carrier may be designed to allow for the insertion of, for example, a
mixing device, a monitoring device, a sampling device or combinations of any of these. The
design may include, for example a le opening or fitting configured to e such a
device. The monitoring device can be, for example, a pH probe, an oxygen probe, a temperature
probe, a chemical probe or any combinations of these. Optionally, the monitoring device can be
remotely operated (e.g., by a wireless connection) and can be free or attached to the structure.
The carrier or structure can have a tagging device, for example, a tag with an identifying
alphanumerical label or identifying color.
In some implementations, it is preferred that the structure or carrier have sufficient
e area, for example, to allow good exchange between the contents of the structure or
carrier and the medium or other external components, for example between the additive and the
biomass material. It can also be advantageous to have a high surface area to present a large area
to which a microorganism, e.g., a cellulase-producing organism, can optionally .
MEDIUM
In the methods described herein, the structure or carrier is contacted or placed in a
. The medium can be, for example, a liquid, a gas, a al on, a suspension, a
colloid, an emulsion, a non-homogenous multiphase system (6.g. , a hydrophilic phase layered
with a hydrophobic phase) and any combinations of these. The medium can be further
manipulated during or after the process; for e, it can be purified and reused by, for
WO 96699
example, by filtration, fugation and/or irradiation. Optionally, the medium can contain, for
example, nutrients, ulates (e.g., inorganic or organic containing), oligomers (e.g., viscosity
modifiers), carbon sources, surfactants (e.g., anti-foam agents), lipids, fats, extracts (e.g., yeast
' ‘ 2 l 2 l 2 l 2 l l l
extract, case1n extracts and or vegetable ts), metal ions (e.g., Fe Mn Cu Na
, Mg , , , ,
Ca2+ K1+), anions, n1trogen sources (e.g., am1no ac1ds, ammon1a, urea), Vitamins, prote1ns (e.g.,. . . . . . . .
peptones, enzymes), buffers (e.g., phosphates) added in any combination and sequence.
ADDITIVES
Additives used in the processes disclosed herein can include, by way of example, a
microorganism, a nutrient, a spore, an enzyme, an acid, a base, a gas, an otic, a
pharmaceutical and any combinations of these. The additives can be added in any sequence and
combination during the process. The additives can be disposed in a structure or r or out of
the structure or carrier in any ation or sequence.
ENZYMES
In one embodiment of the process, the additive is an enzyme produced by filamentous
filngi or bacteria.
Enzymes are produced by a wide variety of fiangi, bacteria, yeasts, and other
microorganisms, and there are many methods for zing the production and use of
cellulases.
Filamentous fungi, or bacteria that produce cellulase, typically require a carbon
source and an r for production of cellulase. In prior art ses the carbon source is
typically glucose and the inducer is typically pure cellulose. Apart from the cost of pure glucose
and pure cellulose, the secreted enzyme produced by this method can be inferior for
saccharifying biomass. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the reason for this
is that the s produced are particularly suited for saccharification of the substrate used for
inducing its production, and thus if the inducer is cellulose the enzymes may not be well suited
for degrading lignocellulosic al.
The cellulase-producing organism’s growth rate and state is determined by particular
grth ions. When the host cell culture is introduced into the fermentation medium,
containing a carbon source, the inoculated culture passes through a number of . Initially
grth does not occur. This period is referred to as the lag phase and may be considered a
period of adaptation. During the next phase referred to as the “exponential phase” the growth
rate of the host cell culture gradually increases and the carbon source is consumed. After a
period mum growth the rate ceases and the culture enters stationary phase. After a
fiarther period of time the culture enters the death phase and the number of viable cells declines.
Where in the growth phase the cellulase is expressed depends on the cellulase and host cell. For
example, the cellulase may be expressed in the exponential phase, in the transient phase between
the exponential phase and the stationary phase, or alternatively in the stationary phase and/or just
before sporulation. The cellulase may also be produced in more than one of the above
ned phases.
When contacted with a biomass, the cellulase producing sm will tend to
produce enzymes that release molecules advantageous to the organism’s growth, such as glucose.
This is done through the phenomenon of enzyme induction. Since there are a variety of
substrates in a ular biomaterial, there are a variety of cellulases, for example, the
endoglucanase, canase and cellobiase discussed previously. By selecting a particular
lignocellulosic material as the r the relative concentrations and/or activities of these
enzymes can be modulated so that the resulting enzyme complex will work efficiently on the
lignocellulosic material used as the inducer or a similar material. For example, a biomaterial
with a higher portion of crystalline cellulose may induce a more effective or higher amount of
endoglucanase than a biomaterial with little crystalline cellulose.
Since cellulose is insoluble and impermeable to organisms, it has been suggested that
when cellulose is used as an inducer, a soluble oligosaccharide(s) such as cellobiose is actually
the direct inducer of ase. Expression at a basal level allows a small amount of ase to
hydrolyze cellulose to soluble oligosaccharides or to an inducer. Once the r enters the
cell, it rs cale transcription of the cellulase gene mediated by activator proteins and
activating ts. After cellulose is degraded a large amount of glucose is liberated, which
causes catabolite sion.
Lignocellulosic materials comprise different combinations of cellulose, hemicellulose
and lignin. Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose g a fairly stiff linear structure without
significant coiling. Due to this structure and the disposition of hydroxyl groups that can
hydrogen bond, cellulose contains crystalline and non-crystalline portions. The crystalline
ns can also be of different types, noted as I(alpha) and I(beta) for example, depending on
the location of hydrogen bonds between strands. The polymer lengths themselves can vary
g more y to the form of the cellulose. Hemicellulose is any of l
heteropolymers, such as xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylans, and xyloglucan. The primary
sugar monomer present is xylose, although other monomers such as mannose, ose,
rhamnose, ose and glucose are present. lly hemicellulose forms branched structures
with lower molecular weights than cellulose. Hemicellulose is therefore an amorphous material
that is generally susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignin is a complex high molecular weight
heteropolymer generally. Although all lignins show variation in their composition, they have
been described as an amorphous dendritic network polymer of phenyl propene units. The
amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in a specific biomaterial depends on the source of
the biomaterial. For example wood derived biomaterial can be about 38-49% cellulose, 7-26%
2012/071092
hemicellulose and 23-34% lignin depending on the type. Grasses typically are 33-38% cellulose,
24-32% hemicellulose and 17-22% lignin. Clearly lignocellulosic biomass constitutes a large
class of substrates.
The diversity of biomass materials may be fiarther increased by pretreatment, for
example, by changing the llinity and molecular weights of the polymers. The variation in
the composition of the biomass may also increase due to geographical and seasonal variation,
z'.e., where and when the al was collected.
One of ordinary skill in the art can optimize the production of enzymes by
microorganisms by adding yeast extract, corn steep, peptones, amino acids, ammonium salts,
phosphate salts, potassium salts, ium salts, calcium salts, iron salts, manganese salts, zinc
salts, cobalt salts, or other additives and/or nutrients and/or carbon sources. Various components
can be added and removed during the processing to optimize the desired production of useful
products.
Temperature, pH and other conditions l for growth of microorganisms and
production of enzymes are lly known in the art.
BIOMASS MATERIALS
As used herein, the term “biomass als” includes ellulosic, cellulosic,
starchy, and microbial materials.
Lignocellulosic materials include, but are not limited to, wood, particle board,
forestry wastes (e.g., sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips), grasses, (e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus,
cord grass, reed canary grass), grain residues, (e.g., rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley
hulls), agricultural waste (e.g., , canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice
straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean stover, corn fiber,
alfalfa, hay, coconut hair), sugar processing residues (e.g., e, beet pulp, agave bagasse),
algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, and mixtures of any of these.
In some cases, the lignocellulosic material es comcobs. Ground or
milled comcobs can be spread in a layer of relatively uniform thickness for irradiation,
and after irradiation are easy to disperse in the medium for fiarther processing. To tate
harvest and collection, in some cases the entire corn plant is used, including the corn stalk, corn
kernels, and in some cases even the root system of the plant.
Advantageously, no additional nutrients (other than a en source, 6.g. urea or
ammonia) are required during fermentation of comcobs or cellulosic or lignocellulosic materials
containing icant amounts of comcobs.
Comcobs, before and after comminution, are also easier to convey and disperse, and
have a lesser tendency to form explosive mixtures in air than other cellulosic or lignocellulosic
materials such as hay and grasses.
Cellulosic materials include, for example, paper, paper products, paper waste, paper
pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter
(e. g., books, catalogs, s, labels, calendars, greeting cards, brochures, prospectuses,
newsprint), printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, materials having
a high lulose content such as cotton, and mixtures of any of these. For example paper
products as described in US. App. No. 13/396,365 zine Feedstocks” by Medoff et al.,
filed February 14, 2012), the fill disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Cellulosic materials can also include ellulosic materials which have been de-
lignified.
Starchy materials include starch itself, e.g., corn , wheat starch, potato starch or
rice starch, a derivative of starch, or a material that includes starch, such as an edible food
product or a crop. For example, the starchy material can be cha, buckwheat, banana,
barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, regular household es, sweet potato, taro, yams,
or one or more beans, such as favas, lentils or peas. Blends of any two or more starchy materials
are also starchy als. Mixtures of starchy, cellulosic and or lignocellulosic materials can
also be used. For e, a biomass can be an entire plant, a part of a plant or different parts of
a plant, e.g., a wheat plant, cotton plant, a corn plant, rice plant or a tree. The y materials
can be treated by any of the methods described herein.
Microbial materials e, but are not limited to, any naturally ing or
genetically modified microorganism or organism that contains or is capable of ing a
source of carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose), for example, protists, e.g., animal protists (e.g.,
protozoa such as flagellates, amoeboids, ciliates, and sporozoa) and plant protists (e.g., algae
such alveolates, chlorarachniophytes, cryptomonads, euglenids, glaucophytes, haptophytes, red
algae, stramenopiles, and viridaeplantae). Other examples include d, plankton (e.g.,
macroplankton, ankton, microplankton, nanoplankton, picoplankton, and
femptoplankton), phytoplankton, bacteria (e.g., gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria,
and extremophiles), yeast and/or mixtures of these. In some instances, microbial biomass can be
obtained from natural sources, e.g., the ocean, lakes, bodies of water, e.g., salt water or fresh
water, or on land. Alternatively or in addition, ial biomass can be obtained from culture
systems, e.g., large scale dry and wet culture and fermentation systems.
The biomass material can also include offal, and similar sources of material.
In other embodiments, the biomass materials, such as cellulosic, starchy and
ellulosic feedstock materials, can be obtained from enic microorganisms and plants
that have been modified with respect to a wild type variety. Such modifications may be, for
example, h the iterative steps of selection and breeding to obtain desired traits in a plant.
Furthermore, the plants can have had genetic material removed, modified, silenced and/or added
with respect to the wild type variety. For example, genetically modified plants can be produced
by recombinant DNA s, where genetic modifications include introducing or modifying
specific genes from parental varieties, or, for e, by using transgenic breeding wherein a
specific gene or genes are introduced to a plant from a different species of plant and/or bacteria.
Another way to create genetic variation is h mutation ng wherein new alleles are
ially created from endogenous genes. The artificial genes can be created by a variety of
ways including treating the plant or seeds with, for example, chemical mutagens (e.g., using
alkylating agents, epoxides, alkaloids, peroxides, formaldehyde), ation (e.g., X-rays,
gamma rays, neutrons, beta particles, alpha particles, protons, deuterons, UV radiation) and
temperature shocking or other external stressing and subsequent selection techniques. Other
methods of providing modified genes is through error prone PCR and DNA shuffling followed
by insertion of the desired modified DNA into the desired plant or seed. Methods of introducing
the desired genetic variation in the seed or plant include, for example, the use of a bacterial
carrier, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, gene splicing, gene silencing,
lipofection, microinjection and viral carriers. Additional genetically modified materials have
been described in US. Application Serial No 13/396,369 filed February 14, 2012 the full
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Any of the methods described herein can be practiced with mixtures of any s
materials described herein.
S MATERIAL PREPARATION -- MECHANICAL TREATMENTS
The biomass can be in a dry form, for example with less than about 35% moisture
content (e.g., less than about 20 %, less than about 15 %, less than about 10 % less than about 5
%, less than about 4%, less than about 3 %, less than about 2 % or even less than about 1 %).
The biomass can also be delivered in a wet state, for example as a wet solid, a slurry or a
suspension with at least about 10 wt% solids (e.g., at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt.
%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 70
wt%).
The processes sed herein can utilize low bulk y materials, for example
cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstocks that have been physically pretreated to have a bulk
density of less than about 0.75 g/cm3, e.g., less than about 0.7, 0.65, 0.60, 0.50, 0.35, 0.25, 0.20,
0.15, 0.10, 0.05 or less, e.g., less than about 0.025 g/cm3.
Bulk density is determined using
ASTM D1895B. Briefly, the method es filling a measuring cylinder ofknown volume
with a sample and obtaining a weight of the sample. The bulk density is ated by dividing
the weight of the sample in grams by the known volume of the cylinder in cubic centimeters. If
d, low bulk density als can be densified, for e, by methods described in US.
Pat. No. 7,971,809 to Medoff, the full disclosure of which is hereby orated by reference.
In some cases, the pre-treatment processing includes screening of the biomass
material. Screening can be through a mesh or perforated plate with a desired opening size, for
example, less than about 6.35 mm (1/4 inch, 0.25 inch), (e.g., less than about 3.18 mm (1/8 inch,
0.125 inch), less than about 1.59 mm (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), is less than about 0.79 mm (1/32
inch, 0.03125 inch), e.g., less than about 0.51 mm (1/50 inch, 0 inch), less than about 0.40
mm (1/64 inch, 0.015625 inch), less than about 0.23 mm (0.009 inch), less than about 0.20 mm
(1/ 128 inch, 0.0078125 inch), less than about 0.18 mm (0.007 inch), less than about 0.13 mm
(0.005 inch), or even less than about 0.10 mm (1/256 inch, 0.00390625 inch)). In one
configuration the desired biomass falls through the perforations or screen and thus biomass
larger than the perforations or screen are not ated. These larger materials can be re-
processed, for example by comminuting, or they can simply be removed from processing. In
another configuration material that is larger than the perforations is irradiated and the smaller
material is removed by the screening process or ed. In this kind of a configuration, the
conveyor itself (for example a part of the or) can be perforated or made with a mesh. For
example, in one ular embodiment the s material may be wet and the perforations or
mesh allow water to drain away from the biomass before irradiation.
ing of material can also be by a manual method, for example by an operator or
mechanoid (e.g., a robot equipped with a color, reflectivity or other sensor) that removes
unwanted material. Screening can also be by magnetic screening wherein a magnet is disposed
near the conveyed material and the magnetic material is removed magnetically.
al pre-treatment processing can include heating the material. For example a
portion of the conveyor can be sent through a heated zone. The heated zone can be created, for
example, by IR radiation, microwaves, combustion (e.g., gas, coal, oil, biomass), ive
heating and/or inductive coils. The heat can be applied from at least one side or more than one
side, can be continuous or periodic and can be for only a portion of the material or all the
material. For example, a portion of the conveying trough can be heated by use of a heating
jacket. Heating can be, for example, for the purpose of drying the material. In the case of drying
the material, this can also be facilitated, with or without heating, by the movement of a gas (6.g.
air, oxygen, nitrogen, He, C02, Argon) over and/or through the s as it is being ed.
Optionally, pre-treatment processing can include g the material. Cooling
material is described in US Pat. No. 7,900,857 to Medoff, the disclosure of which in incorporated
herein by nce. For example, cooling can be by supplying a cooling fluid, for example
water (6.g. with glycerol), or nitrogen (e.g. to the bottom of the ing
, , liquid nitrogen)
trough. Alternatively, a cooling gas, for example, chilled nitrogen can be blown over the
biomass als or under the conveying system.
Another optional pre-treatment processing method can include adding a material to
the s. The additional material can be added by, for example, by showering, sprinkling
and or pouring the material onto the biomass as it is conveyed. Materials that can be added
e, for example, , cs and/or ions as described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2010/01051 19 Al (filed October 26, 2009) and US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/0159569 A1 (filed
er 16, 2009), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Optional materials that can be added include acids and bases. Other materials that can be added
are oxidants (e.g., peroxides, chlorates), polymers, polymerizable monomers (e.g., containing
unsaturated bonds), water, catalysts, enzymes and/or sms. Materials can be added, for
example, in pure form, as a solution in a solvent (e.g., water or an organic solvent) and/or as a
solution. In some cases the solvent is volatile and can be made to evaporate e.g., by heating
and/or blowing gas as previously bed. The added material may form a uniform coating on
the biomass or be a homogeneous mixture of ent components (e.g., biomass and additional
al). The added material can modulate the subsequent irradiation step by increasing the
efficiency of the irradiation, damping the irradiation or changing the effect of the irradiation
(e.g., from electron beams to X-rays or heat). The method may have no impact on the irradiation
but may be useful for fiarther downstream processing. The added material may help in
conveying the material, for example, by lowering dust levels.
Biomass can be red to the conveyor by a belt conveyor, a pneumatic conveyor,
a screw conveyor, a hopper, a pipe, manually or by a combination of these. The biomass can, for
example, be dropped, poured and/or placed onto the conveyor by any of these methods. In some
embodiments the material is delivered to the conveyor using an enclosed material distribution
system to help maintain a low oxygen atmosphere and/or control dust and fines. Lofted or air
suspended biomass fines and dust are undesirable because these can form an explosion hazard or
damage the window foils of an electron gun (if such a device is used for treating the material).
The al can be d to form a uniform thickness between about 0.03 12 and 5
inches (e.g., between about 0.0625 and 2.000 inches, between about 0. 125 and 1 inches, between
about 0. 125 and 0.5 inches, between about 0.3 and 0.9 inches, between about 0.2 and 0.5 inches
between about 0.25 and 1.0 inches, between about 0.25 and 0.5 inches, 0.100 +/- 0.025 inches,
0.150 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.200 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.250 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.300 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.350 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.400 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.450 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.500 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.550 --/- 0.025 , 0.600 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.700 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.750 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.800 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.850 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.900 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.900 --/- 0.025 .
Generally, it is preferred to convey the material as quickly as possible through the
electron beam to maximize throughput. For example the material can be ed at rates of at
least 1 ft/min, e.g., at least 2 ft/min, at least 3 ft/min, at least 4 , at least 5 ft/min, at least 10
ft/min, at least 15 ft/min, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 ft/min. The rate of ing is related to the
beam t, for example, for a 14 inch thick biomass and 100 mA, the conveyor can move at
about 20 ft/min to provide a useful irradiation dosage, at 50 mA the conveyor can move at about
ft/min to provide approximately the same irradiation dosage.
After the biomass material has been ed through the radiation zone, optional
post-treatment processing can be done. The optional post-treatment processing can, for example,
be a process described with respect to the pre-irradiation sing. For example, the biomass
can be screened, , cooled, and/or combined with additives. Uniquely to post-irradiation,
quenching of the ls can occur, for example, quenching of radicals by the addition of fluids
or gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide, ammonia, liquids), using pressure, heat, and/or the addition
of radical scavengers. For example, the biomass can be conveyed out of the enclosed conveyor
and exposed to a gas (e.g., oxygen) where it is quenched, forming caboxylated groups. In one
embodiment the biomass is exposed during irradiation to the reactive gas or fluid. ing of
biomass that has been irradiated is described in US. Pat. No. 8,083,906 to Medoff, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporate herein by reference.
If d, one or more mechanical treatments can be used in addition to irradiation to
fiarther reduce the recalcitrance of the biomass material. These processes can be applied before,
during and or after irradiation.
In some cases, the mechanical treatment may include an initial preparation of the
feedstock as received, e.g., size reduction of materials, such as by comminution, e.g, cutting,
grinding, shearing, pulverizing or chopping. For example, in some cases, loose feedstock (e.g.,
recycled paper, starchy materials, or switchgrass) is prepared by shearing or shredding.
ical treatment may reduce the bulk density of the biomass material, increase the surface
area of the biomass material and/or decrease one or more dimensions of the biomass material.
Alternatively, or in addition, the feedstock material can first be physically treated by
one or more of the other physical ent methods, 6.g. chemical treatment, radiation,
sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis or steam explosion, and then mechanically treated. This
sequence can be advantageous since materials treated by one or more of the other treatments,
6.g. irradiation or pyrolysis, tend to be more brittle and, therefore, it may be easier to further
change the ure of the material by mechanical treatment. For example, a feedstock al
can be conveyed through ionizing radiation using a conveyor as described herein and then
mechanically d. Chemical treatment can remove some or all of the lignin (for example
chemical pulping) and can lly or completely hydrolyze the material. The methods also can
be used with pre-hydrolyzed al. The methods also can be used with al that has not
been pre hydrolyzed The methods can be used with mixtures of hydrolyzed and drolyzed
materials, for example with about 50% or more non-hydrolyzed material, with about 60% or
more non- hydrolyzed material, with about 70% or more non-hydrolyzed material, with about
80% or more non-hydrolyzed al or even with 90% or more non-hydrolyzed material.
In addition to size ion, which can be performed initially and/or later in
processing, mechanical treatment can also be ageous for “opening up,3, “stressing,”
breaking or shattering the biomass materials, making the cellulose of the materials more
susceptible to chain scission and/or disruption of crystalline structure during the physical
treatment.
Methods of mechanically treating the biomass material include, for example, milling
or grinding. Milling may be performed using, for example, a mill, ball mill, colloid mill, conical
or cone mill, disk mill, edge mill, Wiley mill, grist mill or other mill. ng may be
performed using, for example, a cutting/impact type grinder. Some exemplary grinders include
stone rs, pin grinders, coffee grinders, and burr grinders. Grinding or milling may be
provided, for example, by a reciprocating pin or other element, as is the case in a pin mill. Other
mechanical treatment methods include mechanical ripping, tearing, ng or chopping, other
methods that apply pressure to the fibers, and air ion milling. Suitable mechanical
treatments further include any other technique that continues the tion of the internal
structure of the material that was initiated by the previous processing steps.
Mechanical feed preparation systems can be configured to e streams with
specific characteristics such as, for example, specific maximum sizes, specific length-to-width,
or specific surface areas ratios. al ation can increase the rate of reactions, improve
the movement of material on a conveyor, e the irradiation profile of the material, improve
the radiation uniformity of the al, or reduce the processing time ed by opening up the
materials and making them more accessible to processes and/or reagents, such as reagents in a
solution.
The bulk density of feedstocks can be controlled (e.g., increased). In some situations,
it can be ble to prepare a low bulk y material, 6.g. the material (e.g.,
, by densifying
densif1cation can make it easier and less costly to transport to another site) and then ing the
material to a lower bulk density state (e.g., after transport). The material can be densif1ed, for
example from less than about 0.2 g/cc to more than about 0.9 g/cc (e.g., less than about 0.3 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.5 to
more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.8 g/cc, less than about 0.2 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc). For example, the material can be densif1ed by the methods and
equipment disclosed in US. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff and International Publication No. WO
2008/073186 (which was filed October 26, 2007, was published in English, and which
designated the United States), the filll disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Densifled materials can be processed by any of the methods described herein, or any material
processed by any of the methods described herein can be subsequently densif1ed.
In some embodiments, the material to be processed is in the form of a fibrous material
that es fibers provided by shearing a fiber source. For example, the shearing can be
performed with a rotary knife cutter.
For example, a fiber , e.g., that is recalcitrant or that has had its recalcitrance
level reduced, can be sheared, e.g., in a rotary knife cutter, to provide a first fibrous al.
The first fibrous material is passed through a first , e.g., having an average opening size of
1.59 mm or less (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), provide a second fibrous material. If desired, the fiber
source can be cut prior to the shearing, e.g., with a shredder. For example, when a paper is used
as the fiber source, the paper can be first cut into strips that are, e.g. 1/4- to 1/2-inch wide, using
a shredder, e.g., a counter-rotating screw shredder, such as those manufactured by Munson
(Utica, N.Y.). As an alternative to shredding, the paper can be reduced in size by cutting to a
desired size using a guillotine cutter. For example, the guillotine cutter can be used to cut the
paper into sheets that are, e.g, 10 inches wide by 12 inches long.
In some embodiments, the ng of the fiber source and the passing of the resulting
first fibrous material through a first screen are performed concurrently. The shearing and the
passing can also be performed in a batch-type process.
For example, a rotary knife cutter can be used to concurrently shear the fiber source
and screen the first fibrous material. A rotary knife cutter includes a hopper that can be loaded
with a shredded fiber source prepared by shredding a fiber . The shredded fiber source.
In some implementations, the feedstock is physically treated prior to saccharification
and/or fermentation. Physical treatment processes can include one or more of any of those
described herein, such as mechanical ent, chemical treatment, irradiation, sonication,
oxidation, pyrolysis or steam explosion. ent methods can be used in combinations of two,
three, four, or even all of these technologies (in any order). When more than one treatment
method is used, the methods can be applied at the same time or at different times. Other
processes that change a molecular structure of a s feedstock may also be used, alone or in
combination with the processes disclosed herein.
Mechanical treatments that may be used, and the characteristics of the mechanically
treated biomass materials, are bed in fiarther detail in US. Pat. App. Pub. 100577
A1, filed October 18, 2011, the fill disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by
reference.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS AL -- PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT
One or more treatments with energetic particle bombardment can be used to process
raw feedstock from a wide variety of different sources to extract useful substances from the
feedstock, and to provide partially degraded organic material which functions as input to filrther
processing steps and/or ces. Particle bombardment can reduce the molecular weight
WO 96699 2012/071092
and/or crystallinity of feedstock. In some embodiments, energy deposited in a material that
releases an electron from its atomic orbital can be used to treat the materials. The bombardment
may be provided by heavy charged particles (such as alpha particles or protons), electrons
(produced, for example, in beta decay or electron beam accelerators), or electromagnetic
radiation (for example, gamma rays, x rays, or ultraviolet rays). Alternatively, radiation
produced by ctive nces can be used to treat the feedstock. Any combination, in any
order, or concurrently of these treatments may be utilized. In another ch, electromagnetic
ion (e.g., produced using electron beam emitters) can be used to treat the feedstock.
Each form of energy ionizes the biomass via particular interactions. Heavy charged
particles primarily ionize matter via Coulomb scattering; fiarthermore, these interactions produce
tic electrons that may further ionize . Alpha particles are identical to the nucleus of
a helium atom and are produced by the alpha decay of various radioactive nuclei, such as
isotopes of bismuth, um, astatine, radon, francium, radium, several actinides, such as
actinium, thorium, m, neptunium, curium, califomium, ium, and plutonium.
When particles are utilized, they can be neutral (uncharged), positively charged or
vely charged. When charged, the charged particles can bear a single positive or negative
charge, or multiple charges, e.g., one, two, three or even four or more charges. In instances in
which chain scission is desired, positively charged particles may be desirable, in part, due to their
acidic nature. When les are utilized, the particles can have the mass of a resting electron,
or greater, e.g., 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 or more times the mass of a resting electron. For
example, the particles can have a mass of from about 1 atomic unit to about 150 atomic units,
e.g., from about 1 atomic unit to about 50 atomic units, or from about 1 to about 25, e.g., 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 10, 12 or 15 atomic units. rators used to accelerate the particles can be electrostatic
DC, electrodynamic DC, RF linear, magnetic induction linear or continuous wave. For example,
cyclotron type rators are available from IBA (Ion Beam Accelerators, Louvain-la-Neuve,
m), such as the RhodotronTM system, while DC type accelerators are available from RDI,
now IBA Industrial, such as the DynamitronTM. Ions and ion accelerators are discussed in
Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth S. Krane, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , Krsto Prelec,
FIZIKA B 6 (1997) 4, 177-206; Chu, William T., “Overview of Light-Ion Beam Therapy”,
Columbus-Ohio, ICRU-IAEA Meeting, 18-20 Mar. 2006; Iwata, Y. et al., “Altemating-Phase-
Focused IH-DTL for Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerators”, Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh,
Scotland; and Leitner, C. M. et al., “Status of the Superconducting ECR Ion Source Venus”,
Proceedings of EPAC 2000, Vienna, Austria.
The doses applied depend on the desired effect and the particular feedstock. For
example, high doses can break chemical bonds within feedstock components and low doses can
increase chemical bonding (e.g., cross-linking) within feedstock components.
2012/071092
In some instances when chain scission is desirable and/or polymer chain
fianctionalization is desirable, les heavier than electrons, such as protons, helium nuclei,
argon ions, silicon ions, neon ions, carbon ions, phosphorus ions, oxygen ions or en ions
can be utilized. When ring-opening chain scission is desired, positively charged particles can be
ed for their Lewis acid properties for enhanced pening chain scission. For example,
when oxygen-containing fianctional groups are desired, treatment in the presence of oxygen or
even treatment with oxygen ions can be performed. For example, when nitrogen-containing
fianctional groups are desirable, treatment in the presence of en or even treatment with
en ions can be performed.
OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
Electrons interact via Coulomb scattering and bremsstrahlung radiation produced by
changes in the velocity of electrons. Electrons may be produced by radioactive nuclei that
undergo beta decay, such as isotopes of iodine, cesium, technetium, and iridium. Alternatively,
an electron gun can be used as an electron source via thermionic emission.
Electromagnetic radiation interacts via three processes: photoelectric absorption,
Compton scattering, and pair tion. The dominating interaction is determined by the
energy of the nt radiation and the atomic number of the material. The summation of
interactions contributing to the absorbed radiation in cellulosic material can be expressed by the
mass absorption ient.
Electromagnetic ion is subclassif1ed as gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays,
infrared rays, microwaves, or radiowaves, depending on the wavelength.
For example, gamma radiation can be employed to treat the materials. Gamma
radiation has the advantage of a cant penetration depth into a variety of material in the
sample. Sources of gamma rays include radioactive nuclei, such as isotopes of cobalt, calcium,
technetium, chromium, gallium, indium, iodine, iron, krypton, samarium, selenium, sodium,
thalium, and xenon.
Sources of x rays include electron beam collision with metal targets, such as tungsten
or molybdenum or alloys, or compact light sources, such as those ed commercially by
Lyncean.
Sources for ultraviolet radiation include deuterium or m lamps.
Sources for infrared radiation include sapphire, zinc, or selenide window ceramic
lamps.
Sources for microwaves include klystrons, Slevin type RF sources, or atom beam
sources that employ hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen gases.
Various other devices may be used in the methods sed herein, including field
ionization sources, ostatic ion separators, field ionization generators, thermionic emission
sources, microwave discharge ion sources, recirculating or static accelerators, c linear
accelerators, van de Graaff accelerators, and folded tandem accelerators. Such devices are
disclosed, for example, in US. Pat. No. 7,931,784 B2, the complete sure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT
The feedstock may be d with electron bombardment to modify its structure and
thereby reduce its recalcitrance. Such treatment may, for example, reduce the average molecular
weight of the feedstock, change the crystalline structure of the feedstock, and/or increase the
surface area and/or porosity of the feedstock.
Electron bombardment via an electron beam is generally preferred, because it
provides very high hput and because the use of a relatively low voltage/high power
electron beam device eliminates the need for expensive concrete vault shielding, as such devices
are “self-shielded” and provide a safe, efficient process. While the “self-shielded” devices do
include shielding (e.g. metal plate shielding), they do not require the uction of a concrete
vault, greatly ng l expenditure and often allowing an ng manufacturing facility
to be used without expensive modification. on beam accelerators are available, for
example, from IBA (Ion Beam Applications, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), Titan Corporation
(San Diego, California, USA), and NHV Corporation (Nippon High Voltage, Japan).
Electron bombardment may be med using an electron beam device that has a
l energy of less than 10 MeV, e.g., less than 7 MeV, less than 5 MeV, or less than 2 MeV,
e.g., from about 0.5 to 1.5 MeV, from about 0.8 to 1.8 MeV, from about 0.7 to 1 MeV, or from
about 1 to 3 MeV. In some implementations the nominal energy is about 500 to 800 keV.
The electron beam may have a vely high total beam power (the combined beam
power of all accelerating heads, or, if multiple accelerators are used, of all accelerators and all
heads), e.g., at least 25 kW, e.g., at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 70, 80, 100, 125, or 150 kW. In
some cases, the power is even as high as 500 kW, 750 kW, or even 1000 kW or more. In some
cases the electron beam has a beam power of 1200 kW or more.
This high total beam power is usually achieved by utilizing multiple accelerating
heads. For example, the electron beam device may include two, four, or more accelerating
heads. The use of multiple heads, each of which has a vely low beam power, prevents
excessive temperature rise in the al, thereby preventing burning of the material, and also
increases the uniformity of the dose through the thickness of the layer of material.
In some implementations, it is desirable to cool the material during electron
bombardment. For example, the material can be cooled while it is being conveyed, for example
by a screw extruder or other conveying equipment.
To reduce the energy required by the recalcitrance-reducing process, it is desirable to
treat the material as quickly as possible. In general, it is preferred that treatment be performed at
a dose rate of greater than about 0.25 Mrad per second, e.g., greater than about 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5,
2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, or even greater than about 20 Mrad per second, e.g., about 0.25 to 2 Mrad per
second. Higher dose rates generally require higher line , to avoid thermal decomposition
of the material. In one implementation, the accelerator is set for 3 MeV, 50 mAmp beam
current, and the line speed is 24 feet/minute, for a sample thickness of about 20 mm (e.g.,
comminuted corn cob material with a bulk density of 0.5 g/cm3).
In some embodiments, electron bombardment is performed until the material receives
a total dose of at least 0.5 Mrad, e.g., at least 5, 10, 20, 30 or at least 40 Mrad. In some
embodiments, the treatment is performed until the material es a dose of from about 0.5
Mrad to about 150 Mrad, about 1 Mrad to about 100 Mrad, about 2 Mrad to about 75 Mrad, 10
Mrad to about 50 Mrad, e.g., about 5 Mrad to about 50 Mrad, from about 20 Mrad to about 40
Mrad, about 10 Mrad to about 35 Mrad, or from about 25 Mrad to about 30 Mrad. In some
implementations, a total dose of 25 to 35 Mrad is preferred, applied ideally over a couple of
seconds, e.g., at 5 Mrad/pass with each pass being applied for about one second. Applying a
dose of greater than 7 to 8 Mrad/pass can in some cases cause thermal degradation of the
feedstock material.
Using multiple heads as discussed above, the al can be treated in multiple
passes, for example, two passes at 10 to 20 Mrad/pass, e.g., 12 to 18 ass, separated by a
few seconds of cool-down, or three passes of 7 to 12 ass, e.g., 9 to 11 Mrad/pass. As
discussed above, treating the material with several relatively low doses, rather than one high
dose, tends to prevent overheating of the material and also increases dose uniformity h the
thickness of the al. In some implementations, the material is stirred or ise mixed
during or after each pass and then ed into a uniform layer again before the next pass, to
fiarther enhance treatment uniformity.
In some embodiments, electrons are accelerated to, for example, a speed of greater
than 75 t of the speed of light, e.g., greater than 85, 90, 95, or 99 percent of the speed of
light.
In some embodiments, any processing described herein occurs on lignocellulosic
material that remains dry as acquired or that has been dried, e.g., using heat and/or reduced
pressure. For example, in some embodiments, the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic material has
less than about five percent by weight retained water, measured at 25°C and at fifty percent
ve humidity.
Electron dment can be applied while the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic
material is exposed to air, oxygen-enriched air, or even oxygen itself, or blanketed by an inert
gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. When maximum oxidation is desired, an oxidizing
WO 96699
environment is utilized, such as air or oxygen and the distance from the beam source is
optimized to maximize reactive gas formation, e.g., ozone and/or oxides of nitrogen.
In some ments, two or more electron sources are used, such as two or more
ionizing sources. For example, s can be treated, in any order, with a beam of electrons,
followed by gamma ion and UV light having wavelengths from about 100 nm to about 280
nm. In some embodiments, s are treated with three ionizing radiation sources, such as a
beam of electrons, gamma radiation, and energetic UV light. The biomass is conveyed through
the treatment zone where it can be bombarded with electrons. It is generally red that the
bed of biomass al has a relatively uniform thickness, as previously described, while being
treated.
It may be advantageous to repeat the treatment to more thoroughly reduce the
recalcitrance of the biomass and/or r modify the biomass. In ular the process
parameters can be adjusted after a first (e.g., second, third, fourth or more) pass depending on the
recalcitrance of the material. In some ments, a conveyor can be used which includes a
circular system where the biomass is conveyed multiple times through the various processes
described above. In some other embodiments multiple treatment devices (e.g., electron beam
generators) are used to treat the biomass multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) times. In yet other
embodiments, a single electron beam generator may be the source of multiple beams (e.g., 2, 3, 4
or more beams) that can be used for treatment of the biomass.
The effectiveness in changing the lar/supermolecular structure and/or reducing
the recalcitrance of the biomass biomass depends on the electron energy used and the dose
applied, while exposure time depends on the power and dose.
In some embodiments, the treatment (with any electron source or a combination of
sources) is performed until the al receives a dose of at least about 0.05 Mrad, e.g., at least
about 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 125,
150, 175, or 200 Mrad. In some embodiments, the treatment is performed until the material
receives a dose of between 0.1-100 Mrad, 1-200, 5-200, 10-200, 5-150, 5-100, 5-50, 5-40, 10-50,
-75, 15-50, 20-35 Mrad.
In some embodiments, the ent is performed at a dose rate of between 5.0 and
1500.0 kilorads/hour, e.g., n 10.0 and 750.0 kilorads/hour or between 50.0 and 350.0
kilorads/hours. In other embodiments the treatment is performed at a dose rate of between 10
and 10000 kilorads/hr, between 100 and 1000 kilorad/hr, or between 500 and 1000 kilorads/hr.
ELECTRON SOURCES
Electrons interact via b scattering and bremsstrahlung radiation produced by
changes in the velocity of electrons. Electrons may be produced by radioactive nuclei that
undergo beta decay, such as isotopes of iodine, cesium, technetium, and iridium. Alternatively,
an electron gun can be used as an electron source via thermionic emission and accelerated
through an accelerating potential. An electron gun generates ons, accelerates them through
a large potential (e.g., greater than about 500 thousand, greater than about lmillion, greater than
about 2 million, greater than about 5 million, greater than about 6 million, greater than about 7
million, greater than about 8 million, greater than about 9 million, or even greater than 10 million
volts) and then scans them magnetically in the x-y plane, where the electrons are initially
accelerated in the z ion down the tube and extracted through a foil window. Scanning the
electron beam is useful for increasing the irradiation surface when irradiating materials, e.g., a
biomass, that is conveyed h the scanned beam. ng the electron beam also
distributes the thermal load homogenously on the window and helps reduce the foil window
rupture due to local heating by the electron beam. Window foil rupture is a cause of significant
down-time due to subsequent necessary repairs and re-starting the electron gun.
Various other irradiating devices may be used in the methods disclosed herein,
including field ionization sources, electrostatic ion tors, field ionization generators,
thermionic emission sources, microwave discharge ion sources, recirculating or static
accelerators, dynamic linear accelerators, van de Graaff accelerators, and folded tandem
accelerators. Such devices are disclosed, for example, in US. Pat. No. 7,931,784 to Medoff, the
complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
A beam of electrons can be used as the radiation source. A beam of electrons has the
advantages of high dose rates (e.g., l, 5, or even 10 Mrad per ), high throughput, less
containment, and less confinement equipment. Electron beams can also have high electrical
efficiency (e.g., 80%), allowing for lower energy usage relative to other radiation methods,
which can ate into a lower cost of operation and lower greenhouse gas emissions
ponding to the smaller amount of energy used. Electron beams can be generated, e.g., by
electrostatic generators, e tors, transformer generators, low energy accelerators with
a scanning system, low energy accelerators with a linear cathode, linear accelerators, and pulsed
accelerators.
Electrons can also be more nt at causing s in the molecular structure of
biomass materials, for example, by the mechanism of chain scission. In addition, electrons
having energies of 0.5-10 MeV can penetrate low y materials, such as the biomass
materials described herein, e.g., materials having a bulk density of less than 0.5 g/cm3, and a
depth of 03-10 cm. Electrons as an ionizing radiation source can be useful, e.g., for relatively
thin piles, layers or beds of materials, e.g., less than about 0.5 inch, e.g., less than about 0.4 inch,
0.3 inch, 0.25 inch, or less than about 0.1 inch. In some embodiments, the energy of each
electron of the electron beam is from about 0.3 MeV to about 2.0 MeV (million on volts),
e.g., from about 0.5 MeV to about 1.5 MeV, or from about 0.7 MeV to about 1.25 MeV.
Methods of irradiating materials are discussed in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577 A1, filed
October 18, 2011, the entire sure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
on beam irradiation devices may be procured cially from Ion Beam
Applications (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), the Titan Corporation (San Diego, California, USA),
and NHV ation n High Voltage, . Typical electron energies can be 0.5
MeV, 1 MeV, 2 MeV, 4.5 MeV, 7.5 MeV, or 10 MeV. Typical electron beam irradiation device
power can be 1 KW, 5 KW, 10 KW, 20 KW, 50 KW, 60 KW, 70 KW, 80 KW, 90 KW, 100 KW,
125 KW, 150 KW, 175 KW, 200 KW, 250 KW, 300 KW, 350 KW, 400 KW, 450 KW, 500 KW,
600 KW, 700 KW, 800 KW, 900 KW or even 1000 KW.
Tradeoffs in ering electron beam ation device power specifications
include cost to operate, capital costs, depreciation, and device int. Tradeoffs in
considering exposure dose levels of electron beam irradiation would be energy costs and
environment, safety, and health (ESH) concerns. Typically, generators are housed in a vault,
e.g., of lead or concrete, especially for tion from X-rays that are generated in the process.
Tradeoffs in considering electron energies include energy costs.
The electron beam irradiation device can produce either a fixed beam or a scanning
beam. A scanning beam may be advantageous with large scan sweep length and high scan
speeds, as this would effectively e a large, fixed beam width. Further, available sweep
widths of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m or more are available. The scanning beam is preferred in most
embodiments describe herein because of the larger scan width and reduced possibility of local
heating and failure of the windows.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- SONICATION, PYROLYSIS, OXIDATION,
STEAM EXPLOSION
If desired, one or more sonication, pyrolysis, oxidative, or steam ion processes
can be used in addition to or instead of other treatments to further reduce the recalcitrance of the
biomass material. These processes can be d before, during and or after another treatment
or treatments. These processes are described in detail in US. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff, the
filll disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
USE OF TREATED BIOMASS MATERIAL
Using the methods described herein, a starting biomass material (6.g. , plant biomass,
animal biomass, paper, and municipal waste biomass) can be used as feedstock to produce useful
intermediates and products such as organic acids, salts of organic acids, anhydrides, esters of
organic acids and fuels, e.g., fuels for internal combustion engines or feedstocks for fiJel cells.
Systems and processes are bed herein that can use as feedstock cellulosic and/or
lignocellulosic materials that are readily available, but often can be difficult to process, e.g.,
WO 96699
municipal waste streams and waste paper streams, such as streams that include newspaper, kraft
paper, corrugated paper or mixtures of these.
In order to convert the feedstock to a form that can be readily processed, the glucan-
or xylan-containing cellulose in the feedstock can be hydrolyzed to low molecular weight
carbohydrates, such as sugars, by a saccharifying agent, e.g., an enzyme or acid, a process
referred to as saccharif1cation. The low molecular weight carbohydrates can then be used, for
example, in an existing cturing plant, such as a single cell protein plant, an enzyme
manufacturing plant, or a fuel plant, 6.g. , an ethanol manufacturing facility.
The ock can be yzed using an enzyme, e.g., by combining the materials
and the enzyme in a solvent, e.g., in an aqueous solution.
Alternatively, the enzymes can be supplied by organisms that break down biomass,
such as the cellulose and/or the lignin portions of the biomass, contain or manufacture various
olytic enzymes (cellulases), ligninases or s small molecule biomass-degrading
lites. These s may be a complex of enzymes that act synergistically to degrade
crystalline cellulose or the lignin portions of biomass. Examples of cellulolytic enzymes include:
endoglucanases, iohydrolases, and cellobiases (beta-glucosidases).
During saccharif1cation a cellulosic substrate can be initially hydrolyzed by
endoglucanases at random locations producing oligomeric ediates. These ediates
are then substrates for exo-splitting glucanases such as cellobiohydrolase to produce cellobiose
from the ends of the cellulose polymer. Cellobiose is a water-soluble 1,4-linked dimer of
glucose. Finally, cellobiase cleaves cellobiose to yield glucose. The efficiency (e.g., time to
hydrolyze and/or completeness of hydrolysis) of this process s on the recalcitrance of the
cellulosic material.
EDIATES AND PRODUCTS
Using the processes described herein, the s material can be converted to one or
more products, such as energy, fuels, foods and materials. Specific es of products
include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, sugars (e.g., glucose, xylose, ose, mannose,
galactose, fructose, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides), alcohols (e.g.,
monohydric alcohols or dihydric alcohols, such as ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol,
tert-butanol or n-butanol), hydrated or hydrous ls (e.g., containing greater than 10%, 20%,
% or even greater than 40% water), biodiesel, organic acids, hydrocarbons (e.g, methane,
ethane, propane, isobutene, pentane, n-hexane, biodiesel, bio-gasoline and mixtures thereof), co-
products (e.g., proteins, such as cellulolytic proteins (enzymes) or single cell proteins), and
mixtures of any of these in any combination or relative tration, and optionally in
combination with any additives (e.g, fuel additives). Other examples include carboxylic acids,
salts of a carboxylic acid, a mixture of carboxylic acids and salts of carboxylic acids and esters of
2012/071092
carboxylic acids (e.g., , ethyl and n-propyl esters), ketones (e.g., acetone), aldehydes (e.g.,
acetaldehyde), alpha and beta unsaturated acids (e.g., acrylic acid) and olef1ns (e.g., ne).
Other alcohols and alcohol derivatives include ol, propylene glycol, l,4-butanediol, l,3-
propanediol, sugar alcohols and s (e.g., glycol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol,
l, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, tol, isomalt, maltitol, ol,
maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol and other polyols), and methyl or ethyl esters of any
of these alcohols. Other products include methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate, lactic acid, citric
acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, c acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, caproic
acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, palmitic acid, c acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, glutaric
acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, ic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and mixtures thereof,
salts of any of these acids, mixtures of any of the acids and their respective salts.
Any combination of the above products with each other, and/or of the above products
with other products, which other products may be made by the ses described herein or
otherwise, may be packaged together and sold as products. The products may be combined, e.g.,
mixed, blended or co-dissolved, or may simply be packaged or sold together.
Any of the products or combinations of products described herein may be sanitized or
sterilized prior to selling the products, e.g., after purification or isolation or even after packaging,
to neutralize one or more ially undesirable contaminants that could be present in the
product(s). Such sanitation can be done with on bombardment, for example, be at a dosage
of less than about 20 Mrad, e.g., from about 0.1 to 15 Mrad, from about 0.5 to 7 Mrad, or from
about 1 to 3 Mrad.
The processes described herein can produce various by-product streams useful for
generating steam and electricity to be used in other parts of the plant (co-generation) or sold on
the open market. For example, steam generated from burning by-product streams can be used in
a distillation process. As another example, electricity generated from burning by-product
streams can be used to power electron beam generators used in pretreatment.
The by-products used to generate steam and electricity are derived from a number of
s throughout the process. For example, anaerobic ion of wastewater can produce a
biogas high in methane and a small amount of waste biomass (sludge). As another example,
post-saccharification and/or post-distillate solids (e.g., unconverted lignin, cellulose, and
hemicellulose remaining from the pretreatment and primary processes) can be used, e.g., burned,
as a fuel.
Many of the products obtained, such as ethanol or n-butanol, can be utilized as a filel
for powering cars, trucks, tractors, ships or trains, e.g., as an internal combustion filel or as a fuel
cell feedstock. Many of the products ed can also be ed to power aircraft, such as
planes, e.g., having jet engines or helicopters. In addition, the products described herein can be
utilized for electrical power generation, e.g., in a conventional steam generating plant or in a fuel
cell plant.
Other intermediates and ts, ing food and pharmaceutical products, are
described in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/0124583 A1, hed May 20, 2010, to Medoff, the fill
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
SACCHARIFICATION
The treated biomass als can be saccharified, generally by combining the
material and a cellulase enzyme in a fluid medium, e.g., an aqueous solution. In some cases, the
material is boiled, d, or cooked in hot water prior to saccharification, as described in US.
Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577 A1 by Medoff and Masterman, published on April 26, 2012, the
entire contents of which are incorporated herein.
The saccharif1cation process can be partially or completely performed in a tank (6.g.
a tank having a volume of at least 4000, 40,000, or 500,000 L) in a manufacturing plant, and/or
can be lly or completely performed in transit, e.g., in a rail car, tanker truck, or in a
supertanker or the hold of a ship. The time required for complete saccharif1cation will depend on
the process conditions and the biomass material and enzyme used. If saccharification is
performed in a manufacturing plant under controlled conditions, the cellulose may be
substantially ly converted to sugar, e.g., glucose in about 12-96 hours. If saccharif1cation is
performed partially or completely in transit, saccharif1cation may take longer.
It is generally preferred that the tank contents be mixed during saccharif1cation, e.g.,
using jet mixing as described in International App. No. l , filed May 18,
2010, which was published in English as WC 2010/135380 and ated the United States, the
filll disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The addition of surfactants can enhance the rate of saccharif1cation. Examples of
tants include non-ionic surfactants, such as a Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 polyethylene
glycol tants, ionic surfactants, or amphoteric surfactants.
It is generally red that the concentration of the sugar solution resulting from
saccharif1cation be relatively high, e.g., r than 40%, or r than 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or
even greater than 95% by weight. Water may be removed, e.g., by evaporation, to increase the
concentration of the sugar solution. This reduces the volume to be shipped, and also inhibits
microbial growth in the solution.
Alternatively, sugar solutions of lower concentrations may be used, in which case it
may be desirable to add an antimicrobial additive, e.g., a broad spectrum antibiotic, in a low
concentration, e.g., 50 to 150 ppm. Other suitable antibiotics include amphotericin B, ampicillin,
chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, hygromycin B, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin,
puromycin, omycin. otics will inhibit growth of microorganisms during transport
and e, and can be used at appropriate trations, e.g., between 15 and 1000 ppm by
weight, e.g., between 25 and 500 ppm, or between 50 and 150 ppm. If desired, an antibiotic can
be ed even if the sugar concentration is relatively high. Alternatively, other additives with
anti-microbial of preservative properties may be used. ably the crobial additive(s)
are food-grade.
A relatively high concentration solution can be obtained by limiting the amount of
water added to the biomass material with the enzyme. The concentration can be controlled, 6.g.
by controlling how much saccharif1cation takes place. For example, concentration can be
increased by adding more biomass material to the solution. In order to keep the sugar that is
being produced in solution, a surfactant can be added, e.g., one of those discussed above.
lity can also be increased by increasing the ature of the solution. For example, the
solution can be maintained at a temperature of 40-50°C, 60-80°C, or even higher.
RIFYING AGENTS
Suitable cellulolytic enzymes include cellulases from species in the genera Bacillus,
CaprinuS, ophthora, Cephalosporz'um, Scytalz'dz'um, Penicillium, ASpergz'lluS,
Pseudomonas, Humicola, Fusarium, Thielavz'a, Acremonium, ChrySOSporz'um and Trichoderma,
especially those produced by a strain selected from the s ASpergz'lluS (see, e.g., EP Pub.
No. 0 458 162), Humicola insolenS ssified as Scytalz'clz'um philum, see, e.g., US. Pat.
No. 4,435,307), CaprinuS cinereuS, Fusarium oxySporum, Myceliophthora thermophila,
Merlpl'luS giganteus, vz'a terrestriS, Acremonium Sp. (including, but not limited to, A.
perSl'cz'num, A. nium, A. brachypem'um, A. dichromosporum, A. obclavatum, A.
pinkertonz'ae, A. riseum, A. incoloratum, and A. furatum). Preferred strains include
Humicola insolenS DSM 1800, Fusarium oxySporum DSM 2672, Myceliophthora thermophila
CBS 117.65, Cephalosporz'um Sp. RYM-202, Acremonium Sp. CBS 478.94, Acremonium Sp.
CBS 265.95, Acremonium persicinum CBS 169.65, Acremonium acremonium AHU 9519,
Cephalosporz'um Sp. CBS 535.71, Acremonium brachypem'um CBS 866.73, Acremonium
dichromosporum CBS 683.73, Acremonium obclavatum CBS 311.74, Acremonium pinkertoniae
CBS 157.70, Acremonium roseogriseum CBS 134.56, Acremonium incoloratum CBS 146.62,
and Acremom’umfuratum CBS 299.70H. Cellulolytic enzymes may also be obtained from
ChrySOSporz'um, preferably a strain of ChrySOSporz'um lucknowense. Additional strains that can
be used include, but are not limited to, Trichoderma (particularly T. viride, T. reesez’, and T.
koningii), philic Bacillus (see, for example, US. Pat. No. 3,844,890 and EP Pub. No. 0 458
162), and Streptomyces (see, e.g., EP Pub. No. 0 458 162).
Many microorganisms that can be used to saccharify biomass material and produce
sugars can also be used to t and convert those sugars to useful products.
SUGARS
In the processes described herein, for example after rif1cation, sugars (e.g,
glucose and xylose) can be isolated. For example sugars can be isolated by precipitation,
crystallization, chromatography (6.g. , simulated moving bed chromatography, high re
chromatography), centrifilgation, extraction, any other isolation method known in the art, and
combinations thereof.
ENATION AND OTHER CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
The processes described herein can include hydrogenation. For example glucose and
xylose can be enated to sorbitol and xylitol respectively. Hydrogenation can be
accomplished by use of a catalyst (e.g., Pt/gamma-A1203, Ru/C, Raney Nickel, or other catalysts
know in the art) in combination with H2 under high pressure (e.g., 10 to 12000 psi). Other types
of chemical transformation of the products from the processes described herein can be used, for
example tion of organic sugar derived products such (e.g., furfural and furfural-derived
products). Chemical transformations of sugar derived products are bed in US Prov. App.
No. 61/667,481, filed July 3, 2012, the disclosure of which is orated herein by reference in
its ty.
FERMENTATION
Yeast and nas bacteria, for example, can be used for fermentation or
conversion of sugar(s) to alcohol(s). Other microorganisms are discussed below. The optimum
pH for tations is about pH 4 to 7. For example, the m pH for yeast is from about
pH 4 to 5, while the optimum pH for Zymomonas is from about pH 5 to 6. Typical fermentation
times are about 24 to 168 hours (e.g., 24 to 96 hrs) with temperatures in the range of 20°C to
40°C (e.g., 26°C to 40°C), however thermophilic microorganisms prefer higher temperatures.
In some embodiments, e.g., when anaerobic organisms are used, at least a portion of
the fermentation is conducted in the absence of oxygen, e.g., under a blanket of an inert gas such
as N2, Ar, He, CO2 or mixtures thereof Additionally, the mixture may have a constant purge of
an inert gas flowing through the tank during part of or all of the fermentation. In some cases,
anaerobic condition, can be achieved or ined by carbon dioxide production during the
fermentation and no additional inert gas is needed.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of the fermentation process can be interrupted
before the low molecular weight sugar is completely converted to a product (e.g., ethanol). The
intermediate fermentation products include sugar and carbohydrates in high concentrations. The
sugars and carbohydrates can be isolated via any means known in the art. These intermediate
fermentation products can be used in preparation of food for human or animal consumption.
Additionally or alternatively, the intermediate fermentation products can be ground to a fine
particle size in a stainless-steel laboratory mill to produce a flour-like substance.
Jet mixing may be used during fermentation, and in some cases saccharification and
fermentation are performed in the same tank.
nts for the microorganisms may be added during saccharification and/or
fermentation, for example the food-based nutrient packages described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2012/0052536, filed July 15, 2011, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
“Fermentation” es the methods and products that are disclosed in US. Prov.
App. No. 61/579,559, filed December 22, 2012, and US. Prov. App. No. 61/579,576, filed
December 22, 2012, the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their
entirety.
Mobile fermenters can be utilized, as described in International App. No.
(which was filed July 20, 2007, was published in English as WO
1 1598 and designated the United States), the contents of which is incorporated herein in
its entirety. Similarly, the saccharification ent can be mobile. Further, saccharification
and/or fermentation may be performed in part or entirely during transit.
FERMENTATION AGENTS
The microorganism(s) used in fermentation can be naturally-occurring
microorganisms and/or engineered rganisms. For example, the microorganism can be a
ium (including, but not d to, e.g., a cellulolytic ium), a , (including, but
not limited to, e.g., a yeast), a plant, a protist, e.g. a protozoa or a -like t (including,
but not limited to, e.g., a slime mold), or an alga. When the organisms are compatible, mixtures
of organisms can be utilized.
le fermenting microorganisms have the ability to convert carbohydrates, such
as glucose, fructose, , arabinose, mannose, galactose, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides
into fermentation products. ting microorganisms include strains of the genus
Saccharomyces spp. (including, but not limited to, S. cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), S. distatz'cas, S.
avaram), the genus Klayveromyces, (including, but not limited to, K. marxz’anas, K. fragilis), the
genus Candida (including, but not limited to, C. pseudotropz'calz’s, and C. brassz'cae), Pichia
stz’pz’tz’s (a relative of a shehatae), the genus Clavz'spora (including, but not limited to, C.
lasitam'ae and C. opantz'ae), the genus olen (including, but not limited to, P. tannophz'las),
the genus Bretannomyces (including, but not limited to, e.g., B. m'z' (Philippidis, G. P.,
1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and
Utilization, Wyman, C.E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, 179-212)). Other suitable
microorganisms include, for example, Zymomonas mobilis, Clostrz'dz'am spp. (including, but not
limited to, C. cellam (Philippidis, 1996, , C. saccharobatylacetom’cam, C.
saccharobatylicam, C. Paniceam, C. beijemckl’z’, and C. acetobatylicam), Moniliella pollinis,
ella megachl'liensz's, Lactobacz'llas spp. Yarrowz'a lipolytl'ca, Aareobasidz'am 519.,
sporonoides 519., Trigonopsz's variabilis, Trichosporon sp., Moniliellaacetoabatans sp.,
Typhala variabilis, Candida magnoliae, Ustz'laginomycetes sp., Pseudozyma tsakabaensz's, yeast
species of genera Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Hansenala and Pichia, and fiJngi of the
oid genus Torala.
For instance, Clostrz'dz'am spp. can be used to produce ethanol, butanol, butyric acid,
acetic acid, and acetone. Lactobacz'llas spp., can be used to produce lactice acid.
Many such microbial s are publicly available, either commercially or through
depositories such as the ATCC can Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, USA),
the NRRL (Agricultural Research Sevice Culture tion, Peoria, Illinois, USA), or the
DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und lturen GmbH, Braunschweig,
Germany), to name a few.
Commercially available yeasts include, for example, Red Star®/Lesaffre Ethanol Red
(available from Red Star/Lesaffre, USA), FALI® (available from Fleischmann’s Yeast, a division
of Burns Philip Food Inc., USA), SUPERSTART® (available from Alltech, now Lalemand),
GERT STRAND® (available from Gert Strand AB, ) and FERMOL® (available from
DSM lties).
Many microorganisms that can be used to saccharify biomass material and produce
sugars can also be used to ferment and convert those sugars to useful products.
DISTILLATION
After fermentation, the resulting fluids can be distilled using, for example, a “beer
column” to separate ethanol and other ls from the majority of water and residual solids.
The vapor exiting the beer column can be, e.g., 35% by weight ethanol and can be fed to a
rectification column. A mixture of nearly azeotropic (92.5%) ethanol and water from the
rectification column can be purified to pure (99.5%) ethanol using vapor-phase lar sieves.
The beer column bottoms can be sent to the first effect of a three-effect evaporator. The
rectification column reflux condenser can provide heat for this first effect. After the first effect,
solids can be separated using a centrifuge and dried in a rotary dryer. A portion (25%) of the
centrifuge effluent can be recycled to fermentation and the rest sent to the second and third
evaporator effects. Most of the evaporator sate can be returned to the process as fairly
clean condensate with a small portion split off to waste water treatment to prevent build-up of
low-boiling compounds.
Other than in the examples herein, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all of the
numerical ranges, amounts, values and tages, such as those for amounts of materials,
elemental contents, times and temperatures of reaction, ratios of amounts, and others, in the
following portion of the specification and attached claims may be read as if prefaced by the word
” even though the term ” may not expressly appear with the value, amount, or
range. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the
following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon
the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not
as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,
each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported
cant digits and by applying ry rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad
scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific
examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently
contains error necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in its underlying tive
testing measurements. rmore, when numerical ranges are set forth herein, these ranges are
inclusive of the recited range end points (2'.e., end points may be used). When percentages by
weight are used herein, the numerical values reported are relative to the total weight.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to
include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “l to 10” is intended to
include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of l and the recited
maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a
maximum value of equal to or less than 10. The terms “one,a) :4 a)
a or “an” as used herein are
intended to include “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise indicated.
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said
to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the
incorporated material does not t with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure
al set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as
explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference.
Any al, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which
conflicts with existing definitions, ents, or other sure material set forth herein will
only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and
the existing disclosure material.
While this ion has been particularly shown and described with references to
preferred embodiments f, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various
changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of
the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Throughout the specification and claims, unless the context requires
otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”,
will be understood to imply the ion of a stated integer or group of integers but
not the exclusion of any other r or group of integers.
Claims (22)
1. A method for ing a saccharified t, the method comprising: providing a reduced-recalcitrance cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass disposed within a first structure or carrier and a microorganism and a liquid medium disposed within a second carrier or structure, wherein the first structure or r is formed of a mesh material having a maximum opening size of less than 1 mm and is disposed within the second carrier or structure, under conditions that allow the e of a molecule of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass out of and/or into the first ure or carrier, and allowing an enzyme of the microorganism to rify the molecule to the product.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the microorganism comprises a strain of Trichoderma reesei.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the strain is a high-yielding cellulase-producing mutant of Trichoderma reesei.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the strain comprises T. reesei RUT-C30.
5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, where the first structure or carrier is made of a bioerodible polymer.
6. The method of claim 5, where the bioerodible polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyrate-hexanoate, tylene succinate, polybutyrate succinate adipate, polyesteramide, polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate, mixtures thereof, and laminates thereof.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the first structure or carrier is made of a starch film.
8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, where the itrance of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material has been reduced by a treatment method selected from the group consisting of: bombardment with ons, sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis, steam explosion, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment, freeze grinding and combinations thereof.
9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, n the recalcitrance of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass has been reduced by exposure to an electron beam.
10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the osic or lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the group consisting of: paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, oard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry wastes, sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips, grasses, switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing es, bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, d, manure, sewage, offal, agricultural or industrial waste, arracacha, buckwheat, , barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils, peas, and mixtures of any of these.
11. The method of claim 10, n the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass comprises corn cobs.
12. A method for producing a saccharified t, the method comprising: providing a reduced-recalcitrance cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass disposed within a first structure or carrier and a rganism and a liquid medium disposed within a second carrier or ure, wherein the first structure or carrier is made of a bioerodible r and is disposed within the second carrier or structure, under conditions that allow the passage of a molecule of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass out of and/or into the first structure or carrier, and allowing an enzyme of the microorganism to saccharify the molecule to the product.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the microorganism ses a strain of Trichoderma reesei.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the strain is a high-yielding cellulase-producing mutant of Trichoderma reesei.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the strain comprises T. reesei RUT-C30.
16. The method of any one of claims 12-15, wherein the first structure or carrier is formed of a mesh material having a maximum opening size of less than 1 mm.
17. The method of any one of claims 12-16, where the bioerodible polymer is ed from the group consisting of: polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate, droxyalkanoate, polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyrate-hexanoate, polybutylene succinate, polybutyrate succinate adipate, polyesteramide, polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate, mixtures thereof, and laminates thereof.
18. The method of any one of claims 12-17, n the first structure or carrier is made of a starch film.
19. The method of any one of claims 12-18, where the recalcitrance of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material has been reduced by a treatment method selected from the group consisting of: bombardment with ons, sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis, steam explosion, chemical treatment, mechanical treatment, freeze grinding and combinations thereof.
20. The method of any one of claims 12-19, wherein the recalcitrance of the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass has been reduced by exposure to an electron beam.
21. The method of any one of claims 12-20, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the group consisting of: paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry , t, aspen wood, wood chips, s, grass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, , canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing residues, bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, offal, agricultural or rial waste, arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils, peas, and mixtures of any of these.
22. The method of claim 21, n the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass comprises corn cobs.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NZ739541A NZ739541B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-12-19 | Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161579568P | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | |
US61/579,568 | 2011-12-22 | ||
NZ625321A NZ625321B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-12-19 | Processing biomass for use in fuel cells |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ723294A true NZ723294A (en) | 2018-04-27 |
NZ722848A NZ722848A (en) | 2018-04-27 |
NZ723294B2 NZ723294B2 (en) | 2018-07-31 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU2018203843B2 (en) | Processing Biomass | |
AU2017200438B2 (en) | Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass | |
EP2794896B1 (en) | Method for producing butanol from glucose via fructose | |
NZ723294A (en) | Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells | |
NZ625179B2 (en) | Improved methods for processing biomass | |
NZ737199B2 (en) | Method for producing a saccharified product | |
NZ723294B2 (en) | Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells | |
NZ714107B2 (en) | Improved methods for processing biomass | |
OA16929A (en) | Processing biomass. | |
NZ625176B2 (en) | Method for producing solvent from biomass | |
NZ748522B2 (en) | A method for producing carboxylic acid, or a salt thereof | |
NZ748522A (en) | A method for producing carboxylic acid, or a salt thereof | |
NZ719871B2 (en) | Production Of Sugar And Alcohol From Biomass | |
NZ716083B2 (en) | Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass | |
NZ625335B2 (en) | Production of sugar and alcohol from biomass | |
NZ716016B2 (en) | A method for producing solvent from biomass |