NZ716083B2 - Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass - Google Patents
Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ716083B2 NZ716083B2 NZ716083A NZ71608312A NZ716083B2 NZ 716083 B2 NZ716083 B2 NZ 716083B2 NZ 716083 A NZ716083 A NZ 716083A NZ 71608312 A NZ71608312 A NZ 71608312A NZ 716083 B2 NZ716083 B2 NZ 716083B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- sugar
- biomass
- microorganism
- mrad
- cellulosic
- Prior art date
Links
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 109
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims description 87
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-QWWZWVQMSA-N D-Threitol Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000004386 Erythritol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229940009714 Erythritol Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 235000019414 erythritol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000002029 lignocellulosic biomass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 160
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 card stock Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000005824 corn Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229950002499 Fytic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 14
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229940068041 Phytic Acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000002949 phytic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000467 phytic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N Arabitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)C(O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N Maltitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940096118 Ella Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 240000008529 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960000200 ulipristal Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- OOLLAFOLCSJHRE-ZHAKMVSLSA-N ulipristal acetate Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1[C@@H]1C2=C3CCC(=O)C=C3CC[C@H]2[C@H](CC[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C(C)=O)[C@]2(C)C1 OOLLAFOLCSJHRE-ZHAKMVSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-ZXFHETKHSA-N Ribitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-ZXFHETKHSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N Xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960002675 Xylitol Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 240000000218 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010084185 Cellulases Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 102000005575 Cellulases Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 claims description 5
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010907 stover Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XJCCHWKNFMUJFE-CGQAXDJHSA-N (2S,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 XJCCHWKNFMUJFE-CGQAXDJHSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KAZBKCHUSA-N D-Mannitol Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KAZBKCHUSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960000367 Inositol Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N Isomalt Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SERLAGPUMNYUCK-DCUALPFSSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001675980 Moniliella acetoabutens Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001182779 Moniliella megachiliensis Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000723128 Moniliella pollinis Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 claims description 4
- OXQKEKGBFMQTML-KVTDHHQDSA-N Volemitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO OXQKEKGBFMQTML-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000905 isomalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010439 isomalt Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000832 lactitol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010448 lactitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960003451 lactitol Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000009030 Agave Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005337 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000116 Alocasia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000082175 Arracacia xanthorrhiza Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003917 Bambusa tulda Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000016068 Berberis vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000335053 Beta vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006008 Brassica napus var napus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000385 Brassica napus var. napus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006618 Brassica rapa subsp oleifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007170 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006481 Colocasia esculenta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N Galactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007842 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N Iditol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002678 Ipomoea batatas Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003613 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004322 Lens culinaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000014647 Lens culinaris subsp culinaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005561 Musa balbisiana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008469 Oxalis tuberosa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000000645 Oxalis tuberosa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000006169 Phalaris arundinacea Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000005158 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000004713 Pisum sativum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010575 Pueraria lobata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000046146 Pueraria lobata Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000001016 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003829 Sorghum propinquum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000746413 Spartina Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017585 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017587 alfalfa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008984 brauner Senf Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000004879 dioscorea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012765 hemp Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012766 marijuana Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000009419 Fagopyrum esculentum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000008620 Fagopyrum esculentum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000003608 Feces Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009923 sugaring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 27
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-ZXZARUISSA-N Erythritol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-ZXZARUISSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 51
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 44
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 44
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N D-Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 37
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N β-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 28
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 28
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 24
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 23
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229940088598 Enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 15
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 12
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N Xylose Natural products O[C@@H]1CO[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000002609 media Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N Fructose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(=O)CO BJHIKXHVCXFQLS-UYFOZJQFSA-N 0.000 description 10
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 description 8
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N D-Cellobiose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-CUHNMECISA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940041514 Candida albicans extract Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 235000007466 Corylus avellana Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 240000007582 Corylus avellana Species 0.000 description 7
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 7
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229960003487 Xylose Drugs 0.000 description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010504 bond cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001461 cytolytic Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 6
- 241001019659 Acremonium <Plectosphaerellaceae> Species 0.000 description 5
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000908267 Moniliella Species 0.000 description 5
- 210000004940 Nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 241000235648 Pichia Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000223259 Trichoderma Species 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 108010047754 beta-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000006995 beta-Glucosidase Human genes 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000813 microbial Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 4
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003115 biocidal Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 210000004027 cells Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005712 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002285 radioactive Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000223651 Aureobasidium Species 0.000 description 3
- 229940106157 CELLULASE Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 108010008885 Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 3
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 102000004195 Isomerases Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000769 Isomerases Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000001888 Peptone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010080698 Peptones Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000893045 Pseudozyma Species 0.000 description 3
- 229940035295 Ting Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 241001079965 Trichosporon sp. Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000221533 Ustilaginomycetes Species 0.000 description 3
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L Zinc chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 241000235017 Zygosaccharomyces Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000222292 [Candida] magnoliae Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000845 anti-microbial Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000005255 beta decay Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001488 breeding Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003013 deoxyribonucleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid Chemical compound OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium(0) Chemical group [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019319 peptone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionic acid Chemical compound CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 3
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- LUAHEUHBAZYUOI-KVXMBEGHSA-N (2S,3R,4R,5R)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexane-1,2,3,5,6-pentol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)CO)[C@H](O)CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](CO)O1 LUAHEUHBAZYUOI-KVXMBEGHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propanediol Chemical compound OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Butanediol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 1-[(1S,2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3-carbamimidamido-6-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3-{[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(methylamino)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-formyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyloxolan-2-yl]oxy}-2,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexyl]guanidine Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YJISHJVIRFPGGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[5-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyloxane-3,4-diol Chemical compound O1C(CO)C(OC)C(O)C(O)C1OCC1C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O2)O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(OC(C)C(O)C2O)CO)O1 YJISHJVIRFPGGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001438625 Acremonium dichromosporum Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940064005 Antibiotic throat preparations Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940083879 Antibiotics FOR TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS AND ANAL FISSURES FOR TOPICAL USE Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042052 Antibiotics for systemic use Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940042786 Antitubercular Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000005461 Bremsstrahlung Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000135254 Cephalosporium sp. Species 0.000 description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cesium Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N D-(+)-Galactose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-KCDKBNATSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N D-mannopyranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-QTVWNMPRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000602080 Dracaena fragrans Species 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001019284 Gliomastix roseogrisea Species 0.000 description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N Gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940093922 Gynecological Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000229754 Iva xanthiifolia Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000285963 Kluyveromyces fragilis Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000003433 Miscanthus floridulus Species 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N Oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palmitic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001520808 Panicum virgatum Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940066779 Peptones Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102100002032 RAPGEF3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710009870 RAPGEF3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000906075 Simplicillium obclavatum Species 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Stearic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940024982 Topical Antifungal Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000908249 Trichosporonoides Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000918129 Typhula variabilis Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940029983 VITAMINS Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940021016 Vitamin IV solution additives Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000588901 Zymomonas Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002280 amphoteric surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001479 arabinose derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cacl2 Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 101710014331 celS Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000004059 degradation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002068 genetic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Polymers 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atoms Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940079866 intestinal antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting Effects 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012092 media component Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012533 medium component Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940005935 ophthalmologic Antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003134 recirculating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010027322 single cell proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N t-BuOH Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930003231 vitamins Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N α-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OWFJMIVZYSDULZ-PXOLEDIWSA-N (4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6S,12aR)-4-(dimethylamino)-1,5,6,10,11,12a-hexahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2[C@](O)(C)[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@H]4[C@H](N(C)C)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@@]4(O)C(=O)C3=C(O)C2=C1O OWFJMIVZYSDULZ-PXOLEDIWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940035437 1,3-propanediol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Hydroxypropionic acid Chemical compound OCCC(O)=O ALRHLSYJTWAHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001438635 Acremonium brachypenium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001466460 Alveolata Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052695 Americium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N Ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N BRL-49594 Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](C)OC(=O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)C[C@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@H]2C(O)=O)O[C@H]2C1 APKFDSVGJQXUKY-INPOYWNPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 Cell Wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N Chloramphenicol Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005091 Chloramphenicol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241001147674 Chlorarachniophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000579895 Chlorostilbon Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223782 Ciliophora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001147704 Clostridium puniceum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000429427 Clostridium saccharobutylicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000094561 Crustoderma opuntiae Species 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N D-sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101700061444 DDX25 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000235035 Debaryomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- GRRNUXAQVGOGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Destomysin Chemical compound OC1C(NC)CC(N)C(O)C1OC1C2OC3(C(C(O)C(O)C(C(N)CO)O3)O)OC2C(O)C(CO)O1 GRRNUXAQVGOGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000195623 Euglenida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192125 Firmicutes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223221 Fusarium oxysporum Species 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N Gentamicin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)NC)CC[C@@H](N)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](NC)[C@@](C)(O)CO2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002989 Glutamic Acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000004341 Gossypium herbaceum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002024 Gossypium herbaceum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000206759 Haptophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001480714 Humicola insolens Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940097277 Hygromycin B Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N Kanamycin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CN)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940039696 Lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000083073 Neopseudocercosporella capsellae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052781 Neptunium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001182492 Nes Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940116542 OTHER NUTRIENTS in ATC Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000235652 Pachysolen Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000364057 Peoria Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940100486 RICE STARCH Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000206572 Rhodophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193448 Ruminiclostridium thermocellum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235070 Saccharomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000190542 Sarocladium kiliense Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000235060 Scheffersomyces stipitis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001466451 Stramenopiles Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 229960005322 Streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-GDQSFJPYSA-N Sucrose Natural products O([C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1)[C@@]1(CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-GDQSFJPYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000006364 Torula Species 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H Tricalcium phosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 241000378866 Trichoderma koningii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001480015 Trigonopsis variabilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000959260 Typhula Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000822135 Ula Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000545067 Venus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940100445 WHEAT STARCH Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588902 Zymomonas mobilis Species 0.000 description 1
- OUCNSFUASBNULY-UHFFFAOYSA-O [NH4+].[K].[O-][N+]([O-])=O Chemical compound [NH4+].[K].[O-][N+]([O-])=O OUCNSFUASBNULY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating Effects 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinium Chemical compound [Ac] QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930013930 alkaloids Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005262 alpha decay Effects 0.000 description 1
- LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N americium Chemical compound [Am] LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003942 amphotericin B Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000723 ampicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052789 astatine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N astatine(.) Chemical compound [At] RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004774 atomic orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atoms Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002962 chemical mutagen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940099112 cornstarch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental Effects 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- AMTWCFIAVKBGOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;methoxy-dimethyl-trimethylsilyloxysilane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.CO[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C AMTWCFIAVKBGOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUWDNZVBBUGKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium;dinitrate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UUWDNZVBBUGKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002016 disaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005520 electrodynamics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004520 electroporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052876 emerald Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010976 emerald Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000030279 gene silencing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002518 gentamicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000174 gluconic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012208 gluconic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229950006191 gluconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003621 hammer milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing Effects 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000318 kanamycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton(0) Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 108010062085 ligninase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004492 methyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000520 microinjection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002772 monosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N neptunium Chemical compound [Np] LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001264 neutralization Effects 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005658 nuclear physics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N polonium Chemical compound [Po] HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940116317 potato starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon(0) Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011012 sanitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004326 stimulated echo acquisition mode for imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium Chemical compound [Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004642 transportation engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon(0) Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001221 xylan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004823 xylans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound OCCCC(O)=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/18—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic polyhydric
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/18—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic polyhydric
- C12P7/20—Glycerol
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Abstract
Discloses is a method for making a sugar alcohol comprising: combining a slurry of cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass that contains one or more sugars with a microorganism; and utilizing jet mixing to agitate the slurry while maintaining a dissolved oxygen level of at least 10% while allowing the microorganism to ferment a sugar to a sugar alcohol, the jet mixing providing agitation effective to increase production of the sugar alcohol, yielding at least 80 g/L of the sugar alcohol from 300 g/L of the sugar. In a particular embodiment the sugar alcohol is erythritol. microorganism to ferment a sugar to a sugar alcohol, the jet mixing providing agitation effective to increase production of the sugar alcohol, yielding at least 80 g/L of the sugar alcohol from 300 g/L of the sugar. In a particular embodiment the sugar alcohol is erythritol.
Description
PRODUCTION OF SUGAR AND ALCOHOL FROM BIOMASS
by ll Medoff, Thomas Craig Masterman, Jaewoong Moon, Aiichiro Yoshida
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of US. Provisional Application No. 61/579,576,
filed on December 22, 2011. The entire disclosure of the above application is incorporated
herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to the production of products, e.g., sugar alcohols, e.g., such as
erythritol.
BACKGROUND
As demand for petroleum increases, so too does interest in renewable feedstocks for
manufacturing biofuels and biochemicals. The use of lignocellulosic s as a feedstock for
such manufacturing processes has been studied since the 1970s. Lignocellulosic biomass is
attractive because it is abundant, renewable, domestically produced, and does not compete with
food ry uses.
Many potential lignocellulosic feedstocks are available today, including agricultural
residues, woody biomass, municipal waste, oilseeds/cakes and sea weeds, to name a few. At
present these materials are either used as animal feed, biocompost materials, are burned in a
cogeneration facility or are lled.
Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant to degradation as the plant cell walls have a
structure that is rigid and t. The structure comprises lline cellulose fibrils
embedded in a hemicellulose matrix, surrounded by lignin. This compact matrix is difficult to
access by enzymes and other chemical, biochemical and biological ses. Cellulosic
biomass materials (e.g., biomass material from which ntially all the lignin has been
removed) can be more accessible to enzymes and other conversion processes, but even so,
lly-occurring cellulosic materials often have low yields (relative to theoretical yields)
when ted with hydrolyzing enzymes. ellulosic biomass is even more recalcitrant to
enzyme attack. rmore, each type of lignocellulosic biomass has its own specific
composition of ose, hemicellulose and lignin.
While a number of methods have been tried to extract structural carbohydrates
from ellulosic s, they are either are too expensive, produce too low a yield,
leave undesirable chemicals in the resulting product, or simply degrade the sugars.
Saccharides from renewable biomass sources could become the basis of chemical
and fuels industries by replacing, menting or substituting eum and other fossil
feedstocks. However, techniques need to be developed that will make these monosaccharides
available in large quantities and at acceptable purities and prices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method is provided for making a sugar alcohol from a osic or
lignocellulosic biomass that contains one or more sugars that includes combining the
cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with a microorganism that is capable of converting at
least one of the sugars to a sugar alcohol, and maintaining the rganism-biomass
combination under ions that enable the microorganism to convert at least one of the
sugars to the sugar l. In some implementations, the method includes: providing a
cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass
ns one or more sugars; providing a microorganism that is capable of ting at least
one of the sugars to a sugar alcohol; combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with
the microorganism, thereby producing a microorganism-biomass combination; and
maintaining the microorganism-biomass combination under conditions that enable the
microorganism to convert at least one of the sugars to a sugar alcohol; thereby making a
sugar alcohol from a cellulosic or ellulosic biomass. The cellulosic or lignocellulosic
biomass can be saccharified.
[0008A] The present invention also provides a method for making sugar ls, the
method comprising: combining a slurry of cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass that contains
a first sugar with a microorganism cultured in a medium comprising phytic acid, the
recalcitrance of the biomass having been reduced by bombardment with electrons, and the
microorganism selected from among the species of Moniliella; and utilizing the
microorganism to ferment the first sugar to a first sugar alcohol while providing aeration
from 0.3 to 1.0 VVM and mixing the slurry with a jet mixer that comprises a jet-flow
agitator, the aeration and the agitation speed of the jet mixer being ive, at least in part,
to increase production of the first sugar alcohol.
Any of the methods provided herein can e reducing the recalcitrance of the
cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass to saccharification prior to combining it with the
microorganism. The recalcitrance can be reduced by a treatment method selected from the
group consisting of: bombardment with electrons, sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis, steam
explosion, chemical ent, mechanical treatment, and freeze grinding. The treatment
method can be bombardment with electrons.
Any of the methods provided herein can also include mechanically treating the
cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass to reduce its bulk density and/or increase its surface area.
For instance, the cellulosic or ellulosic biomass can be comminuted, for instance, it can be
dry milled, or it can be wet milled.
In any of the methods provided herein, the biomass can be saccharif1ed with one or
more cellulases. Any of the methods can also e separating one or more sugars prior to
combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with the microorganism, or the methods can
include concentrating the one or more sugars prior to combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic
biomass with the microorganism. The methods can also include both concentrating and
separating one or more sugars prior to combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with
the microorganism. The saccharif1ed biomass can be ed to have an initial e
concentration of at least 5 wt%. The saccharif1ed s can also be purified, for instance, by
the removal of metal ions.
Any of the methods disclosed herein can also include culturing the microorganism in
a cell growth phase before combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with the
microorganism.
In any of the methods ed , the sugar alcohol can be glycol, glycerol,
erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, itol, , inositol,
volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, or polyglycitol.
The microorganism can be Monilz'ella pollim's, Monilz'ella megachz'lz'ensz’s, Yarrowz'a
lz'polytl'ca, Aureobasidium 519., Trichosporonoides 519., Trigonopsz's variabilis, Trichosporon sp.,
Moniliellaacetoabutans, Typhula ilis, Candida magnoliae, Ustilaginomycetes,
Pseudozyma tsukubaensz's; yeast species of genera Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces,
Hansenula and Pichia, or fiangi of the oid genus . The microorganism can be a
species of Monilz'ella, such as M. pollim's, for instance, strain CBS 461.67, or M. megachilz’ensz’s,
strain CBS 567.85.
In any of the methods ed herein, the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass can
be: paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated
papers, filled papers, nes, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock,
cardboard, oard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry wastes, sawdust, aspen wood, wood
chips, grasses, switchgrass, miscanthus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls,
oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, silage, canola straw, wheat straw, barley
straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover,
soybean stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing es, bagasse, beet
pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, offal, arracacha, buckwheat, banana,
barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils,
peas, or mixtures of any of these.
It should be understood that this invention is not limited to the embodiments
disclosed in this Summary, and it is intended to cover ations that are within the spirit and
scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.
BRIEF PTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing will be apparent from the following more ular description of
example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which
like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The gs are
not arily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating ments of the
present ion.
is a diagram illustrating the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose.
Cellulosic substrate (A) is converted by endocellulase (i) to cellulose (B), which is converted by
exocellulase (ii) to cellobiose (C), which is converted to glucose (D) by cellobiase (beta-
glucosidase) (iii).
is a flow diagram illustrating conversion of a biomass feedstock to one or
more products. Feedstock is ally pretreated (e.g., to reduce its size) (200), optionally
treated to reduce its recalcitrance (210), saccharified to form a sugar solution (220), the solution
is transported (230) to a cturing plant (e.g., by pipeline, railcar) (or if saccharification is
performed en route, the feedstock, enzyme and water is orted), the saccharified feedstock
is bio-processed to produce a desired product (e.g., alcohol) (240), and the product can be
processed further, e.g., by distillation, to produce a final product (250). Treatment for
recalcitrance can be modified by ing lignin content (201) and setting or adjusting process
parameters (205). Saccharifying the feedstock (220) can be modified by mixing the feedstock
with medium and the enzyme (221).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention relates to methods of processing biomass feedstock materials (e.g.,
biomass materials or biomass-derived materials such as cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials)
to obtain sugar alcohols such as erythritol ((2R,3S)-butane-l,2,3,4-tetraol), or isomers, or
mixtures thereof.
OIIIIIII-I
In some instances, the recalcitrance of the feedstock is reduced prior to
saccharif1cation. In some cases, reducing the itrance of the feedstock includes treating the
ock . The treatment can, for example, be radiation, e.g., electron beam ion,
sonication, sis, oxidation, steam explosion, chemical treatment, or combinations of any of
these.
In some implementations, the method also includes ically treating the
feedstock before and/or after reducing its recalcitrance. Mechanical treatments e, for
example, cutting, milling, e.g., hammermilling, pressing, grinding, shearing and ng.
Mechanical treatment may reduce the bulk density of the feedstock and/or increase the surface
area of the feedstock. In some embodiments, after mechanical treatment the material has a bulk
density of less than 0.75 g/cm3, e.g., less than about 0.7, 0.65, 0.60, 0.50, 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15,
0.10, 0.05, or less, e.g., less than 0.025 g/cm3. Bulk density is determined using ASTM
Dl895B. Under some circumstances, mechanical treatments can remove or reduce recalcitrance.
In one , the invention features a method that includes contacting a sugar,
ed by saccharifying a cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstock with a microorganism to
produce a product, such as a sugar alcohol e.g., erythritol. Other products include, for example,
citric acid, lysine and glutamic acid.
In some entations, the microorganism includes Monilz'ella pollim's, Yarrowz'a
lz'polytl'ca, Aureobasidium 519., Trichosporonoides 519., Trigonopsz's variabilis, Trichosporon sp.,
Moniliellaacetoabutans, Typhula variabilis, Candida magnoliae, Ustilaginomycetes,
Pseudozyma tsukubaensz's; yeast species of genera Zygosaccharomyces, omyces,
ula and Pichia; and fungi of the dematioid genus Torula.
In some implementations, the contacting step includes a dual stage process,
comprising a cell growth step and a fermentation step. Optionally, the fermentation is performed
using a glucose solution having an initial glucose concentration of at least 5 wt.% at the start of
the fermentation. Furthermore, the glucose solution can be diluted after fermentation has begun.
As shown in for example, during saccharif1cation a cellulosic substrate (A) is
initially hydrolyzed by endoglucanases (i) at random ons producing oligomeric
intermediates (e.g., ose) (B). These intermediates are then substrates for exo-splitting
glucanases (ii) such as cellobiohydrolase to e cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose
polymer. Cellobiose is a water-soluble l,4-linked dimer of glucose. Finally cellobiase (iii)
cleaves cellobiose (C) to yield glucose (D). Therefore, the endoglucanases are particularly
effective in attacking the crystalline portions of cellulose and increasing the effectiveness of
exocellulases to produce cellobiose, which then requires the specificity of the cellobiose to
produce glucose. Therefore, it is evident that ing on the nature and structure of the
cellulosic substrate, the amount and type of the three different s may need to be modified.
In some implementations, the enzyme is produced by a fungus, e.g., by strains of the
cellulolytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesez’. For example, high-yielding ase
mutants of Trichoderma reesez’ may be used, e.g., RUT-NGl4, PC3-7, QM94l4 and/or Rut-C30.
Such strains are described, for example, in “Selective Screening Methods for the Isolation of
High Yielding Cellulase Mutants of Trichoderma reesez’,” Montenecourt, BS. and Everleigh,
D.E., Adv. Chem. Ser. 18 1, 289-301 (1979), the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference. Other cellulase-producing microorganisms may also be used.
As shown in a process for manufacturing a sugar alcohol can e, for
example, ally mechanically treating a feedstock, e.g., to reduce its size (200), before
and/or after this treatment, optionally treating the feedstock with another physical treatment to
filrther reduce its recalcitrance (210), then rifying the feedstock, using the enzyme
complex, to form a sugar solution (220). Optionally, the method may also include transporting,
e.g. truck or barge, the solution (or the feedstock, enzyme and water, if
, by ne, railcar,
rif1cation is performed en route) to a manufacturing plant (230). In some cases the
saccharif1ed feedstock is further cessed (e.g., fermented) to produce a desired product e.g.,
alcohol (240). This resulting product may in some implementations be processed further, e.g.,
by distillation (250), to produce a final product. One method of reducing the recalcitrance of the
feedstock is by electron bombardment of the feedstock. If desired, the steps of measuring lignin
t of the feedstock (201) and setting or adjusting process ters based on this
measurement (205) can be performed at various stages of the process, as bed in US. Pat.
App. Pub. 2010/0203495 Al by Medoff and Masterman, published August 12, 2010, the
complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by nce. Saccharifying the feedstock
(220) can also be modified by mixing the feedstock with medium and the enzyme (221).
In some cases, the feedstock is boiled, steeped, or cooked in hot water prior to
saccharification, as described in US. Serial No. 13/276,192, filed r 18, 2011.
The processes described above can be partially or completely performed in a tank
(e.g., a tank having a volume of at least 4000, 40,000, or 500,000 L) in a manufacturing plant,
and/or can be partially or tely performed in transit, e.g. in a rail car, tanker truck, or in a
supertanker or the hold of a ship. Mobile fermenters can be utilized, as bed in US. Pat.
App. Pub. 2010/0064746 A1, published on March 18, 2010, the entire disclosure of which is
incorporated by reference herein.
It is generally preferred that the tank and/or fermenter contents be mixed during all or
part of the process, e.g., using jet mixing as described in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/0297705 A1,
filed May 18, 2010 and published on November 25, 2012, US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100572
A1, filed November 10, 2011 and published on April 26, 2012, US. Pat. App. Pub.
2012/0091035 A1, filed November 10, 2011 and published on April 19, 2012, the filll
disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The on of ves such as e.g., surfactants or nutrients, can enhance the rate of
saccharification. Examples of surfactants include non-ionic surfactants, such as a Tween® 20 or
Tween® 80 polyethylene glycol surfactants, ionic surfactants, or amphoteric surfactants.
One or more useful products may be ed. For example glycol, ol,
erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol,
volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, etraitol, and polyglycitol can be produced
by fermentation. In addition, butyric acid, gluconic acid and citric acid also can be produced.
In some embodiments, polyols can be made by fermentation, including monomeric
polyols such as glycerin, pentaerythritol, ne glycol, and sucrose. These can be built up into
polymeric polyols such as polyether polyols.
In some embodiments, the optionally ically and/or physically treated
feedstock can be combined with an enzyme complex for saccharif1cation and is also combined
with an organism that ts at least a part of the released sugars to a sugar alcohol. The sugar
alcohol is then isolated from other products and non-fermented material such as solids, un-
fermentable sugars and cellular debris.
The optionally mechanically and/or physically treated ock can also be
combined with an enzyme complex for rif1cation and after the saccharif1cation is at least
lly completed, the mixture is combined with an organism that produces sugar alcohols.
The conditions for rif1cation (e.g., temperature, agitation, aeration) can be different than
the conditions for fermentation. The optimum pH for fermentation is generally from about pH 4
to 6. Typical fermentation times are about 24 to 120 hours with temperatures in the range of
°C to 40°C, e.g., 25°C to 30°C. Fermentation is typically done with aeration using a sparging
tube and an air and/or oxygen supply to maintain the dissolved oxygen level above about 10% (
e.g., above about 20%). The saccharification and fermentation can be in the same or different
reactor/vessel. The sugar alcohol is then isolated. As discussed above, the fermentation can be
performed during a transportation process.
Generally, a high initial sugar concentration at the start of fermentation favors the
production of sugar ls. Accordingly, the saccharified ock on can be
concentrated prior to combination with the organism that es sugar alcohols to increase the
glucose level of the solution. Concentration can be done by any desired technique. For example,
concentration can be by heating, cooling, centrifugation, reverse s, chromatography,
itation, crystallization, evaporation, adsorption and combinations thereof. Preferably
concentration is done by evaporation of at least a portion of the liquids from the saccharif1ed
feedstock. Concentration is preferably done to increase the glucose content to greater than about
wt%, e.g., greater than 10 wt.%, greater than 15 wt.%, greater than 20 wt.%, greater than 30
wt.%, greater than 40 wt.% or even greater than 50 wt.%. The product from the fermentation is
then isolated.
The saccharif1ed feedstock can also be purified before or after concentration.
Purification is preferably done to se the e content to greater than about 50 wt.% of
all components other than water (e.g., greater than about 60wt.%, greater than about 70 wt.%,
greater than about 80 wt.% than about 90 wt.% and even greater than about 99wt.%).
, greater
Purification can be done by any desired technique, for e, by heating, cooling,
centrifugation, reverse osmosis, chromatography, precipitation, crystallization, evaporation,
adsorption or combinations of any of these.
In some implementations the fermentation is dual-stage, with a cell growth phase and
a product tion phase. In the growth phase, conditions are selected to optimize cell growth,
while in the production phase conditions are selected to optimize production of the desired
tation products. Generally, low sugar levels (e.g., between 0.1 and 10 wt.% ,between 0.2
and 5 wt.%) in the growth medium favor cell growth, and high sugar levels (6.g. than 5
, greater
wt.%, greater than about 10 wt.%, greater than 20 wt.%, greater than 30 wt.%, greater than 40
wt.%) in the fermentation medium favor t production. Other conditions can be optionally
modified in each stage, for example, temperature, agitation, sugar levels, nutrients and/or pH.
Monitoring of conditions in each stage can be done to optimize the process. For example,
grth can be monitored to achieve an optimum density, e.g., about 50 g/L (e.g., greater than 60
g/L, greater than 70 g/L or greater than about 75 g/L), and a concentrated rified solution
can be added to trigger the onset of product formation. ally, the process can be zed,
for example, by monitoring and adjusting the pH or oxygenation level with probes and automatic
g to control cell growth and product ion. Furthermore, other nutrients can be
controlled and monitored to optimized the process (e.g., amino acids, vitamins, metal ions, yeast
t, vegetable ts, peptones, carbon sources and proteins).
Dual-stage fermentations are described in Biotechnologicalproduction oferythritol
and its applications, Hee-Jung Moon et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2010) 86: 1017-1025.
While generally a high l concentration of glucose at the start of the fermentation favors
erythritol production, if this high concentration is maintained too long it may be detrimental to
the organism. A high initial glucose concentration can be achieved by concentrating glucose
during or after saccharification as discussed above. After an initial fermentation time to allow
the start of fermentation, the fermentation media is diluted with a suitable diluent so that the
glucose level is brought below about 60 wt.% (e.g., below about 50 wt.%, below about 40 wt.%).
The diluent can be water or water with additional components such as amino acids, vitamins,
metal ions, yeast extract, vegetable ts, peptones, carbon sources and proteins.
BIOMASS MATERIALS
As used herein, the term “biomass materials” includes lignocellulosic, cellulosic,
starchy, and microbial materials.
Lignocellulosic materials include, but are not limited to, wood, particle board,
forestry wastes (e.g., sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips), grasses, (e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus,
cord grass, reed canary grass), grain residues, (e.g., rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley
hulls), ltural waste (e.g., silage, canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice
straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn , soybean stover, corn fiber,
alfalfa, hay, coconut hair), sugar processing residues (e.g., bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse), ,
algae, seaweed, , sewage, and mixtures of any of these.
In some cases, the lignocellulosic material includes comcobs. Ground or
hammermilled comcobs can be spread in a layer of relatively uniform thickness for irradiation,
and after irradiation are easy to disperse in the medium for fiarther processing. To facilitate
harvest and collection, in some cases the entire corn plant is used, including the corn stalk, corn
kernels, and in some cases even the root system of the plant.
Advantageously, no additional nutrients (other than a nitrogen source, 6.g. urea or
ammonia) are required during tation of comcobs or osic or lignocellulosic materials
containing significant amounts of comcobs.
Comcobs, before and after ution, are also easier to convey and se, and
have a lesser cy to form explosive mixtures in air than other cellulosic or lignocellulosic
materials such as hay and grasses.
Cellulosic als include, for e, paper, paper products, paper waste, paper
pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter
(e. g., books, catalogs, manuals, labels, calendars, greeting cards, res, prospectuses,
newsprint), printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, materials having
a high oc-cellulose content such as cotton, and mixtures of any of these. For example paper
products as described in US. App. No. 13/396,365 (“Magazine ocks” by Medoff et al.,
filed February 14, 2012), the fill disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Cellulosic materials can also include lignocellulosic materials which have been de-
lignified.
Starchy materials include starch itself, e.g., corn starch, wheat starch, potato starch or
rice starch, a derivative of starch, or a material that includes starch, such as an edible food
product or a crop. For example, the starchy material can be arracacha, eat, banana,
barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, regular household potatoes, sweet potato, taro, yams,
or one or more beans, such as favas, lentils or peas. Blends of any two or more starchy materials
are also starchy materials. es of starchy, osic and or lignocellulosic materials can
also be used. For example, a s can be an entire plant, a part of a plant or different parts of
a plant, e.g., a wheat plant, cotton plant, a corn plant, rice plant or a tree. The starchy als
can be treated by any of the methods described herein.
Microbial materials include, but are not limited to, any naturally occurring or
genetically modified microorganism or organism that contains or is capable of providing a
source of carbohydrates (e.g., ose), for example, protists, e.g., animal protists (e.g.,
protozoa such as fiagellates, amoeboids, ciliates, and sporozoa) and plant protists (e.g., algae
such alveolates, chlorarachniophytes, cryptomonads, euglenids, glaucophytes, haptophytes, red
algae, stramenopiles, and viridaeplantae). Other examples include seaweed, plankton (e.g.,
macroplankton, mesoplankton, microplankton, nanoplankton, picoplankton, and
femptoplankton), phytoplankton, bacteria (e.g., gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria,
and extremophiles), yeast and/or mixtures of these. In some instances, ial biomass can be
obtained from natural sources, e.g., the ocean, lakes, bodies of water, e.g., salt water or fresh
water, or on land. Alternatively or in addition, microbial biomass can be obtained from culture
systems, e.g., large scale dry and wet culture and fermentation systems.
The s material can also e offal, and similar sources of material.
In other embodiments, the biomass materials, such as cellulosic, starchy and
lignocellulosic feedstock als, can be obtained from transgenic microorganisms and plants
that have been modified with respect to a wild type variety. Such modifications may be, for
example, through the iterative steps of selection and breeding to obtain desired traits in a plant.
Furthermore, the plants can have had genetic al removed, modified, silenced and/or added
with respect to the wild type variety. For example, genetically modified plants can be produced
by inant DNA methods, where c ations include ucing or modifying
specific genes from parental varieties, or, for example, by using transgenic breeding wherein a
specific gene or genes are introduced to a plant from a different species of plant and/or ia.
Another way to create c variation is through mutation breeding wherein new alleles are
artificially created from endogenous genes. The artificial genes can be created by a y of
ways including treating the plant or seeds with, for example, chemical mutagens (e.g., using
ting agents, epoxides, alkaloids, peroxides, formaldehyde), irradiation (e.g., X-rays,
gamma rays, neutrons, beta particles, alpha particles, protons, deuterons, UV radiation) and
temperature shocking or other external stressing and subsequent selection ques. Other
methods of providing modified genes is through error prone PCR and DNA shuffling followed
by ion of the desired modified DNA into the desired plant or seed. s of introducing
the desired genetic variation in the seed or plant include, for example, the use of a ial
carrier, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, gene splicing, gene silencing,
ction, microinjection and viral carriers. Additional genetically modified als have
been described in US. Application Serial No ,369 filed February 14, 2012 the full
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Any of the methods described herein can be practiced with mixtures of any biomass
materials described herein.
BIOMASS MATERIAL PREPARATION -- MECHANICAL TREATMENTS
The biomass can be in a dry form, for example with less than about 35% moisture
content (e.g., less than about 20 %, less than about 15 %, less than about 10 % less than about 5
%, less than about 4%, less than about 3 %, less than about 2 % or even less than about 1 %).
The biomass can also be delivered in a wet state, for example as a wet solid, a slurry or a
suspension with at least about 10 wt% solids (e.g., at least about 20 wt%, at least about 30 wt.
%, at least about 40 wt%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt%, at least about 70
wt%).
The processes disclosed herein can utilize low bulk density materials, for example
cellulosic or lignocellulosic feedstocks that have been physically pretreated to have a bulk
y of less than about 0.75 g/cm3, e.g., less than about 0.7, 0.65, 0.60, 0.50, 0.35, 0.25, 0.20,
0.15, 0.10, 0.05 or less, e.g., less than about 0.025 g/cm3.
Bulk density is determined using
ASTM D1895B. Briefly, the method involves filling a measuring cylinder ofknown volume
with a sample and obtaining a weight of the sample. The bulk y is calculated by dividing
the weight of the sample in grams by the known volume of the cylinder in cubic centimeters. If
desired, low bulk density materials can be 1ed, for example, by methods described in US.
Pat. No. 7,971,809 to Medoff, the full sure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In some cases, the pre-treatment processing includes screening of the biomass
material. Screening can be through a mesh or perforated plate with a d opening size, for
example, less than about 6.35 mm (1/4 inch, 0.25 inch), (e.g., less than about 3.18 mm (1/8 inch,
0.125 inch), less than about 1.59 mm (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), is less than about 0.79 mm (1/32
inch, 0.03125 inch), e.g., less than about 0.51 mm (1/50 inch, 0.02000 inch), less than about 0.40
mm (1/64 inch, 0.015625 inch), less than about 0.23 mm (0.009 inch), less than about 0.20 mm
(1/ 128 inch, 0.0078125 inch), less than about 0.18 mm (0.007 inch), less than about 0.13 mm
(0.005 inch), or even less than about 0.10 mm (1/256 inch, 0.00390625 inch)). In one
configuration the desired biomass falls through the perforations or screen and thus biomass
larger than the perforations or screen are not irradiated. These larger materials can be re-
processed, for example by comminuting, or they can simply be removed from sing. In
another configuration material that is larger than the perforations is irradiated and the smaller
material is removed by the ing process or ed. In this kind of a configuration, the
conveyor itself (for example a part of the conveyor) can be perforated or made with a mesh. For
example, in one particular embodiment the s material may be wet and the ations or
mesh allow water to drain away from the biomass before irradiation.
Screening of material can also be by a manual method, for example by an operator or
mechanoid (e.g., a robot equipped with a color, reflectivity or other sensor) that removes
unwanted material. Screening can also be by magnetic screening wherein a magnet is disposed
near the conveyed material and the ic material is removed magnetically.
Optional pre-treatment processing can include heating the material. For example a
portion of the conveyor can be sent through a heated zone. The heated zone can be created, for
example, by IR radiation, microwaves, combustion (e.g., gas, coal, oil, biomass), resistive
heating and/or inductive coils. The heat can be applied from at least one side or more than one
side, can be uous or periodic and can be for only a portion of the material or all the
material. For e, a portion of the ing trough can be heated by use of a heating
jacket. Heating can be, for example, for the purpose of drying the material. In the case of drying
2012/071083
the material, this can also be tated, with or without heating, by the movement of a gas (6.g.
air, oxygen, nitrogen, He, C02, Argon) over and/or through the biomass as it is being conveyed.
Optionally, pre-treatment sing can include cooling the material. g
material is described in US Pat. No. 7,900,857 to Medoff, the disclosure of which in incorporated
herein by reference. For example, cooling can be by supplying a g fluid, for example
water (6.g. with glycerol), or nitrogen (e.g. to the bottom of the conveying
, , liquid en)
trough. Alternatively, a cooling gas, for example, chilled nitrogen can be blown over the
biomass materials or under the conveying system.
Another optional pre-treatment processing method can include adding a material to
the biomass. The additional al can be added by, for example, by showering, sprinkling
and or pouring the material onto the biomass as it is conveyed. als that can be added
include, for example, metals, ceramics and/or ions as described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2010/0105119 A1 (filed October 26, 2009) and US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/0159569 A1 (filed
December 16, 2009), the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Optional materials that can be added include acids and bases. Other materials that can be added
are oxidants (e.g., peroxides, chlorates), rs, polymerizable monomers (e.g., ning
unsaturated bonds), water, catalysts, enzymes and/or organisms. Materials can be added, for
example, in pure form, as a solution in a t (e.g., water or an organic solvent) and/or as a
solution. In some cases the solvent is volatile and can be made to evaporate e.g., by heating
and/or blowing gas as previously described. The added material may form a uniform coating on
the biomass or be a neous mixture of different components (e.g., biomass and additional
al). The added material can te the subsequent irradiation step by increasing the
efficiency of the irradiation, damping the irradiation or changing the effect of the irradiation
(e.g., from electron beams to X-rays or heat). The method may have no impact on the irradiation
but may be useful for fiarther downstream processing. The added material may help in
conveying the material, for example, by lowering dust levels.
Biomass can be delivered to the or by a belt conveyor, a pneumatic conveyor,
a screw conveyor, a hopper, a pipe, manually or by a combination of these. The biomass can, for
example, be dropped, poured and/or placed onto the conveyor by any of these methods. In some
embodiments the material is delivered to the conveyor using an enclosed material distribution
system to help maintain a low oxygen atmosphere and/or control dust and fines. Lofted or air
ded biomass fines and dust are undesirable because these can form an explosion hazard or
damage the window foils of an on gun (if such a device is used for treating the material).
The material can be leveled to form a uniform thickness between about 0.03 12 and 5
inches (e.g., between about 0.0625 and 2.000 , between about 0. 125 and 1 inches, between
about 0. 125 and 0.5 inches, between about 0.3 and 0.9 inches, between about 0.2 and 0.5 inches
between about 0.25 and 1.0 inches, between about 0.25 and 0.5 inches, 0.100 +/- 0.025 ,
0.l50 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.200 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.250 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.300 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.350 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.400 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.450 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.500 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.550 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.600 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.700 --/- 0.025 , 0.750 --/- 0.025 inches,
0.800 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.850 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.900 --/- 0.025 inches, 0.900 --/- 0.025 inches.
Generally, it is preferred to convey the material as quickly as possible through the
electron beam to maximize throughput. For example the material can be conveyed at rates of at
least 1 ft/min, e.g., at least 2 ft/min, at least 3 ft/min, at least 4 ft/min, at least 5 ft/min, at least 10
ft/min, at least 15 ft/min, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 ft/min. The rate of conveying is related to the
beam current, for example, for a 14 inch thick biomass and 100 mA, the conveyor can move at
about 20 ft/min to provide a useful irradiation dosage, at 50 mA the conveyor can move at about
ft/min to provide approximately the same irradiation .
After the biomass material has been ed through the ion zone, optional
post-treatment processing can be done. The optional reatment processing can, for example,
be a process described with respect to the pre-irradiation processing. For example, the biomass
can be screened, heated, cooled, and/or combined with ves. Uniquely to post-irradiation,
quenching of the radicals can occur, for example, quenching of radicals by the addition of fluids
or gases(e.g., oxygen, s oxide, ammonia, liquids), using pressure, heat, and/or the addition
of radical scavengers. For example, the biomass can be conveyed out of the enclosed conveyor
and exposed to a gas (e.g., oxygen) where it is quenched, forming caboxylated groups. In one
embodiment the biomass is exposed during irradiation to the reactive gas or fluid. Quenching of
biomass that has been irradiated is described in US. Pat. No. 8,083,906 to Medoff, the entire
disclosure of which is incorporate herein by reference.
If desired, one or more mechanical ents can be used in on to ation to
fiarther reduce the recalcitrance of the biomass material. These ses can be applied before,
during and or after irradiation.
2012/071083
In some cases, the mechanical ent may include an initial preparation of the
feedstock as received, e.g., size reduction of materials, such as by comminution, e.g, cutting,
grinding, ng, pulverizing or chopping. For example, in some cases, loose feedstock (e.g.,
recycled paper, starchy materials, or grass) is prepared by shearing or shredding.
Mechanical treatment may reduce the bulk density of the biomass material, increase the surface
area of the biomass material and/or decrease one or more dimensions of the biomass material.
Alternatively, or in addition, the feedstock material can first be physically treated by
one or more of the other physical treatment methods, 6.g. chemical treatment, radiation,
sonication, oxidation, pyrolysis or steam explosion, and then ically treated. This
sequence can be advantageous since materials treated by one or more of the other treatments,
6.g. ation or pyrolysis, tend to be more brittle and, therefore, it may be easier to further
change the structure of the material by mechanical treatment. For example, a feedstock al
can be conveyed through ionizing radiation using a conveyor as described herein and then
mechanically treated. Chemical treatment can remove some or all of the lignin (for example
chemical pulping) and can partially or completely hydrolyze the material. The methods also can
be used with pre-hydrolyzed material. The methods also can be used with material that has not
been pre hydrolyzed The methods can be used with mixtures of yzed and non-hydrolyzed
materials, for example with about 50% or more non-hydrolyzed material, with about 60% or
more non- hydrolyzed material, with about 70% or more drolyzed material, with about
80% or more non-hydrolyzed material or even with 90% or more non-hydrolyzed material.
In addition to size reduction, which can be performed initially and/or later in
processing, mechanical treatment can also be advantageous for “opening up,3, “stressing,”
ng or shattering the biomass materials, making the cellulose of the materials more
susceptible to chain scission and/or disruption of crystalline structure during the physical
treatment.
Methods of ically treating the s material include, for example, milling
or grinding. Milling may be performed using, for e, a mill, ball mill, colloid mill, conical
or cone mill, disk mill, edge mill, Wiley mill, grist mill or other mill. Grinding may be
performed using, for example, a cutting/impact type r. Some ary grinders include
stone grinders, pin grinders, coffee grinders, and burr grinders. Grinding or milling may be
provided, for example, by a reciprocating pin or other element, as is the case in a pin mill. Other
WO 96693
mechanical treatment methods include mechanical ripping, g, ng or chopping, other
s that apply re to the fibers, and air attrition milling. Suitable mechanical
treatments further include any other technique that continues the disruption of the internal
structure of the material that was initiated by the previous processing steps.
Mechanical feed preparation systems can be configured to produce streams with
specific characteristics such as, for example, specific m sizes, specific length-to-width,
or specific surface areas ratios. Physical preparation can increase the rate of ons, improve
the movement of material on a conveyor, improve the irradiation profile of the material, improve
the radiation uniformity of the material, or reduce the processing time required by opening up the
materials and making them more accessible to processes and/or reagents, such as reagents in a
solution.
The bulk density of feedstocks can be controlled (e.g., increased). In some situations,
it can be desirable to prepare a low bulk density material, 6.g. the al (e.g.,
, by densifying
densification can make it easier and less costly to transport to r site) and then reverting the
material to a lower bulk y state (e.g., after transport). The al can be densified, for
example from less than about 0.2 g/cc to more than about 0.9 g/cc (e.g., less than about 0.3 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.5 to
more than about 0.9 g/cc, less than about 0.3 to more than about 0.8 g/cc, less than about 0.2 to
more than about 0.5 g/cc). For example, the material can be densified by the methods and
equipment disclosed in US. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff and International Publication No. WO
2008/073186 (which was filed October 26, 2007, was published in English, and which
designated the United States), the filll disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Densified materials can be processed by any of the methods described , or any material
processed by any of the methods described herein can be subsequently densified.
In some embodiments, the material to be processed is in the form of a fibrous material
that includes fibers provided by ng a fiber source. For example, the shearing can be
performed with a rotary knife cutter.
For example, a fiber source, e.g., that is recalcitrant or that has had its recalcitrance
level reduced, can be sheared, e.g., in a rotary knife cutter, to provide a first fibrous material.
The first fibrous material is passed through a first screen, e.g., having an average opening size of
1.59 mm or less (1/16 inch, 0.0625 inch), provide a second fibrous material. If desired, the fiber
source can be cut prior to the shearing, e.g., with a shredder. For example, when a paper is used
as the fiber source, the paper can be first cut into strips that are, e.g., l/4- to l/2-inch wide, using
a shredder, e.g., a counter-rotating screw shredder, such as those manufactured by Munson
(Utica, N.Y.). As an alternative to shredding, the paper can be reduced in size by cutting to a
desired size using a guillotine cutter. For example, the guillotine cutter can be used to cut the
paper into sheets that are, e.g., 10 inches wide by 12 inches long.
In some embodiments, the shearing of the fiber source and the passing of the resulting
first fibrous material through a first screen are performed concurrently. The ng and the
passing can also be performed in a batch-type process.
For example, a rotary knife cutter can be used to concurrently shear the fiber source
and screen the first fibrous material. A rotary knife cutter es a hopper that can be loaded
with a ed fiber source prepared by shredding a fiber source. The shredded fiber source.
In some implementations, the feedstock is physically treated prior to rification
and/or fermentation. Physical treatment processes can include one or more of any of those
bed herein, such as mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, irradiation, sonication,
oxidation, pyrolysis or steam explosion. Treatment methods can be used in ations of two,
three, four, or even all of these technologies (in any order). When more than one ent
method is used, the methods can be applied at the same time or at different times. Other
processes that change a molecular structure of a biomass ock may also be used, alone or in
combination with the processes disclosed herein.
Mechanical treatments that may be used, and the teristics of the mechanically
treated s materials, are described in fiarther detail in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577
Al, filed October 18, 2011, the fill disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by
reference.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT
One or more treatments with energetic particle bombardment can be used to process
raw ock from a wide variety of different s to extract useful substances from the
feedstock, and to e partially degraded organic material which functions as input to filrther
processing steps and/or sequences. Particle bombardment can reduce the molecular weight
and/or crystallinity of feedstock. In some embodiments, energy deposited in a material that
releases an electron from its atomic orbital can be used to treat the materials. The bombardment
may be ed by heavy charged particles (such as alpha particles or s), electrons
(produced, for example, in beta decay or on beam accelerators), or electromagnetic
radiation (for example, gamma rays, x rays, or ultraviolet rays). Alternatively, radiation
produced by radioactive nces can be used to treat the feedstock. Any combination, in any
order, or concurrently of these treatments may be utilized. In another approach, electromagnetic
radiation (e.g., produced using electron beam emitters) can be used to treat the feedstock.
Each form of energy ionizes the biomass via particular ctions. Heavy charged
particles primarily ionize matter via Coulomb scattering; fiarthermore, these interactions produce
energetic electrons that may further ionize matter. Alpha particles are cal to the nucleus of
a helium atom and are produced by the alpha decay of various ctive nuclei, such as
isotopes of bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, radium, several des, such as
actinium, thorium, uranium, neptunium, , califomium, americium, and plutonium.
When particles are utilized, they can be neutral (uncharged), positively charged or
negatively charged. When charged, the d particles can bear a single ve or negative
charge, or multiple charges, e.g., one, two, three or even four or more charges. In instances in
which chain scission is desired, positively charged particles may be desirable, in part, due to their
acidic nature. When particles are utilized, the particles can have the mass of a resting electron,
or greater, e.g., 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000 or more times the mass of a resting electron. For
example, the particles can have a mass of from about 1 atomic unit to about 150 atomic units,
e.g., from about 1 atomic unit to about 50 atomic units, or from about 1 to about 25, e.g., l, 2, 3,
4, 5, 10, 12 or 15 atomic units. Accelerators used to accelerate the particles can be electrostatic
DC, electrodynamic DC, RF linear, magnetic induction linear or continuous wave. For example,
ron type accelerators are available from IBA (Ion Beam Accelerators, Louvain-la-Neuve,
Belgium), such as the RhodotronTM , while DC type accelerators are available from RDI,
now IBA Industrial, such as the DynamitronTM. Ions and ion accelerators are discussed in
Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth S. Krane, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1988), Krsto Prelec,
FIZIKA B 6 (1997) 4, 177-206; Chu, William T., “Overview of Light-Ion Beam Therapy”,
Columbus-Ohio, ICRU-IAEA Meeting, 18-20 Mar. 2006; Iwata, Y. et al., “Altemating-Phase-
Focused IH-DTL for Heavy-Ion l Accelerators”, Proceedings of EPAC 2006, Edinburgh,
Scotland; and Leitner, C. M. et al., “Status of the Superconducting ECR Ion Source Venus”,
Proceedings of EPAC 2000, , Austria.
The doses applied depend on the desired effect and the particular feedstock. For
example, high doses can break chemical bonds within feedstock components and low doses can
increase chemical bonding (e.g., cross-linking) within feedstock components.
In some instances when chain scission is desirable and/or polymer chain
fianctionalization is ble, particles heavier than electrons, such as s, helium nuclei,
argon ions, silicon ions, neon ions, carbon ions, phosphorus ions, oxygen ions or nitrogen ions
can be utilized. When ring-opening chain scission is desired, positively charged particles can be
utilized for their Lewis acid ties for enhanced ring-opening chain scission. For example,
when -containing fianctional groups are desired, treatment in the presence of oxygen or
even treatment with oxygen ions can be performed. For example, when en-containing
fianctional groups are desirable, treatment in the ce of nitrogen or even treatment with
nitrogen ions can be performed.
OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
Electrons interact via Coulomb ring and bremsstrahlung radiation ed by
s in the velocity of electrons. Electrons may be produced by radioactive nuclei that
undergo beta decay, such as isotopes of iodine, cesium, technetium, and iridium. Alternatively,
an electron gun can be used as an electron source via thermionic emission.
Electromagnetic ion interacts via three ses: photoelectric absorption,
Compton scattering, and pair production. The dominating interaction is determined by the
energy of the incident radiation and the atomic number of the al. The summation of
interactions contributing to the absorbed radiation in cellulosic material can be expressed by the
mass absorption coefficient.
Electromagnetic radiation is subclassif1ed as gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays,
infrared rays, microwaves, or radiowaves, depending on the wavelength.
For example, gamma radiation can be employed to treat the materials. Gamma
radiation has the advantage of a significant penetration depth into a variety of material in the
sample. Sources of gamma rays include radioactive , such as isotopes of cobalt, calcium,
technetium, chromium, gallium, indium, iodine, iron, krypton, samarium, selenium, ,
thalium, and xenon.
s of x rays include electron beam collision with metal targets, such as en
or molybdenum or alloys, or compact light sources, such as those produced commercially by
Lyncean.
Sources for ultraviolet radiation include deuterium or cadmium lamps.
Sources for infrared radiation include sapphire, zinc, or selenide window c
lamps.
Sources for microwaves include klystrons, Slevin type RF sources, or atom beam
sources that employ hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen gases.
Various other devices may be used in the s disclosed herein, including field
ionization sources, electrostatic ion separators, field ionization generators, thermionic emission
sources, microwave discharge ion sources, recirculating or static accelerators, dynamic linear
accelerators, van de Graaff accelerators, and folded tandem rators. Such devices are
disclosed, for example, in US. Pat. No. 7,931,784 B2, the complete disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
TREATMENT OF BIOMASS MATERIAL -- ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT
The ock may be treated with electron bombardment to modify its structure and
thereby reduce its recalcitrance. Such treatment may, for example, reduce the average molecular
weight of the feedstock, change the crystalline structure of the feedstock, and/or increase the
surface area and/or porosity of the feedstock.
Electron dment via an electron beam is generally preferred, e it
provides very high throughput and because the use of a relatively low voltage/high power
electron beam device eliminates the need for ive concrete vault shielding, as such devices
are “self-shielded” and provide a safe, efficient process. While the shielded” s do
include shielding (e.g. metal plate shielding), they do not require the construction of a concrete
vault, greatly reducing capital iture and often allowing an existing cturing facility
to be used without expensive modification. Electron beam accelerators are available, for
example, from IBA (Ion Beam Applications, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium), Titan Corporation
(San Diego, California, USA), and NHV Corporation (Nippon High Voltage, Japan).
Electron bombardment may be performed using an electron beam device that has a
nominal energy of less than 10 MeV, e.g., less than 7 MeV, less than 5 MeV, or less than 2 MeV,
agjmmdmm05mL5M&hmmamm08mL8M$meMMM07mlM&Lmfimn
about 1 to 3 MeV. In some implementations the nominal energy is about 500 to 800 keV.
The electron beam may have a relatively high total beam power (the combined beam
power of all accelerating heads, or, if multiple accelerators are used, of all rators and all
heads), e.g., at least 25 kW, e.g., at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 70, 80, 100, 125, or 150 kW. In
some cases, the power is even as high as 500 kW, 750 kW, or even 1000 kW or more. In some
cases the electron beam has a beam power of 1200 kW or more.
This high total beam power is usually achieved by utilizing multiple accelerating
heads. For example, the electron beam device may include two, four, or more accelerating
heads. The use of multiple heads, each of which has a relatively low beam power, prevents
excessive temperature rise in the al, thereby ting burning of the material, and also
increases the uniformity of the dose through the thickness of the layer of material.
In some implementations, it is ble to cool the material during on
bombardment. For example, the material can be cooled while it is being conveyed, for example
by a screw extruder or other conveying equipment.
To reduce the energy required by the recalcitrance-reducing process, it is desirable to
treat the material as y as possible. In general, it is preferred that treatment be med at
a dose rate of greater than about 0.25 Mrad per second, e.g., greater than about 0.5, 0.75, l, 1.5,
2, 5, 7, 10, l2, 15, or even greater than about 20 Mrad per second, e.g., about 0.25 to 2 Mrad per
second. Higher dose rates generally require higher line speeds, to avoid thermal decomposition
of the material. In one implementation, the accelerator is set for 3 MeV, 50 mAmp beam
current, and the line speed is 24 feet/minute, for a sample ess of about 20 mm (e.g.,
comminuted corn cob material with a bulk density of 0.5 g/cm3).
In some embodiments, on bombardment is performed until the material receives
a total dose of at least 0.5 Mrad, e.g., at least 5, 10, 20, 30 or at least 40 Mrad. In some
embodiments, the treatment is performed until the material receives a dose of from about 0.5
Mrad to about 150 Mrad, about 1 Mrad to about 100 Mrad, about 2 Mrad to about 75 Mrad, 10
Mrad to about 50 Mrad, e.g., about 5 Mrad to about 50 Mrad, from about 20 Mrad to about 40
Mrad, about 10 Mrad to about 35 Mrad, or from about 25 Mrad to about 30 Mrad. In some
WO 96693 2012/071083
implementations, a total dose of 25 to 35 Mrad is preferred, applied y over a couple of
seconds, e.g., at 5 Mrad/pass with each pass being applied for about one second. Applying a
dose of greater than 7 to 8 Mrad/pass can in some cases cause thermal degradation of the
feedstock material.
Using multiple heads as discussed above, the material can be treated in multiple
passes, for example, two passes at 10 to 20 Mrad/pass, e.g., 12 to 18 Mrad/pass, separated by a
few seconds of cool-down, or three passes of 7 to 12 Mrad/pass, e.g., 9 to 11 Mrad/pass. As
discussed above, ng the material with several relatively low doses, rather than one high
dose, tends to t overheating of the material and also increases dose uniformity through the
thickness of the al. In some implementations, the material is stirred or otherwise mixed
during or after each pass and then smoothed into a m layer again before the next pass, to
fiarther enhance treatment uniformity.
In some embodiments, electrons are accelerated to, for example, a speed of greater
than 75 percent of the speed of light, e.g., greater than 85, 90, 95, or 99 percent of the speed of
light.
In some embodiments, any processing described herein occurs on lignocellulosic
material that remains dry as acquired or that has been dried, e.g., using heat and/or reduced
pressure. For example, in some embodiments, the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic material has
less than about five percent by weight retained water, measured at 25°C and at fifty t
relative humidity.
Electron bombardment can be applied while the cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic
material is exposed to air, oxygen-enriched air, or even oxygen itself, or blanketed by an inert
gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. When maximum oxidation is desired, an oxidizing
environment is utilized, such as air or oxygen and the distance from the beam source is
optimized to maximize reactive gas formation, e.g., ozone and/or oxides of nitrogen.
In some embodiments, two or more electron sources are used, such as two or more
ionizing sources. For e, samples can be treated, in any order, with a beam of ons,
followed by gamma radiation and UV light having wavelengths from about 100 nm to about 280
nm. In some embodiments, samples are treated with three ionizing ion sources, such as a
beam of electrons, gamma radiation, and energetic UV light. The s is conveyed through
the ent zone where it can be bombarded with electrons. It is generally preferred that the
bed of biomass al has a relatively uniform thickness, as previously described, while being
treated.
It may be advantageous to repeat the treatment to more thoroughly reduce the
recalcitrance of the s and/or fiarther modify the biomass. In particular the process
parameters can be adjusted after a first (e.g., second, third, fourth or more) pass depending on the
recalcitrance of the material. In some embodiments, a conveyor can be used which es a
circular system where the biomass is conveyed multiple times through the various processes
described above. In some other embodiments multiple treatment devices (e.g., electron beam
generators) are used to treat the biomass multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) times. In yet other
embodiments, a single electron beam generator may be the source of multiple beams (e.g., 2, 3, 4
or more beams) that can be used for treatment of the biomass.
The effectiveness in changing the molecular/supermolecular structure and/or reducing
the itrance of the biomass depends on the on energy used and the dose applied, while
exposure time depends on the power and dose.
In some embodiments, the treatment (with any electron source or a combination of
sources) is performed until the material receives a dose of at least about 0.05 Mrad, e.g., at least
about 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,125,
150, 175, or 200 Mrad. In some ments, the ent is performed until the material
receives a dose of between 0.1-100 Mrad, 1-200, 5-200, , 5-150, 5-100, 5-50, 5-40, 10-50,
-75, 15-50, 20-35 Mrad.
In some embodiments, the treatment is performed at a dose rate of between 5.0 and
1500.0 kilorads/hour, e.g., between 10.0 and 750.0 kilorads/hour or n 50.0 and 350.0
kilorads/hours. In other embodiments the treatment is performed at a dose rate of between 10
and 10000 kilorads/hr, between 100 and 1000 kilorad/hr, or between 500 and 1000 kilorads/hr.
ELECTRON SOURCES
Electrons interact via Coulomb scattering and bremsstrahlung radiation produced by
changes in the velocity of electrons. Electrons may be produced by radioactive nuclei that
undergo beta decay, such as isotopes of , cesium, technetium, and iridium. Alternatively,
an on gun can be used as an electron source via thermionic emission and accelerated
through an accelerating potential. An on gun generates ons, accelerates them through
a large ial (e.g., r than about 500 nd, greater than about lmillion, greater than
about 2 million, greater than about 5 million, greater than about 6 million, greater than about 7
million, greater than about 8 million, greater than about 9 million, or even greater than 10 n
volts) and then scans them ically in the x-y plane, where the electrons are initially
accelerated in the z direction down the tube and extracted through a foil window. Scanning the
electron beam is useful for increasing the irradiation surface when irradiating materials, e.g., a
biomass, that is conveyed through the scanned beam. Scanning the electron beam also
distributes the thermal load homogenously on the window and helps reduce the foil window
rupture due to local g by the electron beam. Window foil e is a cause of significant
down-time due to subsequent necessary repairs and re-starting the electron gun.
Various other irradiating devices may be used in the methods disclosed herein,
including field ionization sources, electrostatic ion separators, field ionization tors,
thermionic emission sources, microwave discharge ion s, recirculating or static
accelerators, dynamic linear accelerators, van de Graaff accelerators, and folded tandem
accelerators. Such devices are disclosed, for example, in US. Pat. No. 7,931,784 to Medoff, the
complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
A beam of electrons can be used as the radiation source. A beam of electrons has the
advantages of high dose rates (e.g., l, 5, or even 10 Mrad per second), high throughput, less
containment, and less confinement equipment. Electron beams can also have high electrical
efficiency (e.g., 80%), ng for lower energy usage relative to other radiation s,
which can translate into a lower cost of operation and lower greenhouse gas emissions
corresponding to the smaller amount of energy used. Electron beams can be ted, e.g., by
electrostatic generators, cascade generators, transformer generators, low energy accelerators with
a scanning system, low energy accelerators with a linear cathode, linear rators, and pulsed
accelerators.
Electrons can also be more nt at causing changes in the molecular structure of
biomass materials, for example, by the mechanism of chain scission. In addition, electrons
having energies of 05-10 MeV can penetrate low density materials, such as the biomass
materials described herein, e.g., materials having a bulk density of less than 0.5 g/cm3, and a
depth of 03-10 cm. Electrons as an ionizing radiation source can be useful, e.g., for relatively
thin piles, layers or beds of materials, e.g., less than about 0.5 inch, e.g., less than about 0.4 inch,
2012/071083
0.3 inch, 0.25 inch, or less than about 0.1 inch. In some embodiments, the energy of each
electron of the electron beam is from about 0.3 MeV to about 2.0 MeV (million electron volts),
e.g., from about 0.5 MeV to about 1.5 MeV, or from about 0.7 MeV to about 1.25 MeV.
Methods of irradiating materials are discussed in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2012/0100577 A1, filed
October 18, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Electron beam irradiation devices may be procured commercially from Ion Beam
Applications in-la-Neuve, Belgium), the Titan Corporation (San Diego, rnia, USA),
and NHV Corporation (Nippon High Voltage, Japan). Typical electron energies can be 0.5
MeV, 1 MeV, 2 MeV, 4.5 MeV, 7.5 MeV, or 10 MeV. Typical electron beam irradiation device
power can be 1 KW, 5 KW, 10 KW, 20 KW, 50 KW, 60 KW, 70 KW, 80 KW, 90 KW, 100 KW,
125 KW, 150 KW, 175 KW, 200 KW, 250 KW, 300 KW, 350 KW, 400 KW, 450 KW, 500 KW,
600 KW, 700 KW, 800 KW, 900 KW or even 1000 KW.
Tradeoffs in considering electron beam irradiation device power specifications
include cost to operate, capital costs, depreciation, and device footprint. Tradeoffs in
considering exposure dose levels of electron beam ation would be energy costs and
environment, safety, and health (ESH) concerns. Typically, generators are housed in a vault,
e.g., of lead or concrete, ally for production from X-rays that are generated in the process.
Tradeoffs in considering electron energies include energy costs.
The electron beam irradiation device can produce either a fixed beam or a scanning
beam. A ng beam may be advantageous with large scan sweep length and high scan
speeds, as this would ively replace a large, fixed beam width. Further, available sweep
widths of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m or more are available. The ng beam is preferred in most
embodiments describe herein because of the larger scan width and reduced possibility of local
heating and failure of the windows.
TREATMENT OF S MATERIAL -- SONICATION, PYROLYSIS, OXIDATION,
STEAM EXPLOSION
If d, one or more sonication, pyrolysis, oxidative, or steam explosion processes
can be used in addition to or instead of other treatments to r reduce the recalcitrance of the
biomass material. These processes can be applied before, during and or after another treatment
or treatments. These processes are described in detail in US. Pat. No. 7,932,065 to Medoff, the
filll disclosure of which is incorporated herein by nce.
USE OF TREATED BIOMASS MATERIAL
Using the methods bed herein, a starting biomass material (6.g. , plant biomass,
animal biomass, paper, and pal waste biomass) can be used as feedstock to produce useful
intermediates and products such as organic acids, salts of organic acids, anhydrides, esters of
organic acids and fuels, e.g., fuels for internal combustion engines or feedstocks for fuel cells.
Systems and processes are described herein that can use as feedstock cellulosic and/or
lignocellulosic materials that are readily available, but often can be difficult to process, e.g.,
pal waste streams and waste paper streams, such as streams that include newspaper, kraft
paper, corrugated paper or mixtures of these.
In order to convert the feedstock to a form that can be readily processed, the glucan-
or xylan-containing cellulose in the feedstock can be yzed to low molecular weight
carbohydrates, such as sugars, by a saccharifying agent, e.g., an enzyme or acid, a process
referred to as rif1cation. The low molecular weight carbohydrates can then be used, for
example, in an existing manufacturing plant, such as a single cell protein plant, an enzyme
manufacturing plant, or a fuel plant, 6.g. , an ethanol manufacturing facility.
The ock can be hydrolyzed using an enzyme, e.g., by combining the als
and the enzyme in a solvent, e.g., in an aqueous solution.
Alternatively, the enzymes can be supplied by sms that break down biomass,
such as the cellulose and/or the lignin portions of the biomass, contain or manufacture various
cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases), ligninases or various small molecule biomass-degrading
metabolites. These enzymes may be a complex of enzymes that act synergistically to degrade
crystalline cellulose or the lignin portions of biomass. Examples of olytic enzymes include:
endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and cellobiases glucosidases).
During saccharif1cation a cellulosic ate can be initially hydrolyzed by
endoglucanases at random locations producing oligomeric intermediates. These intermediates
are then ates for exo-splitting glucanases such as cellobiohydrolase to e cellobiose
from the ends of the cellulose polymer. iose is a water-soluble l,4-linked dimer of
glucose. Finally, cellobiase cleaves cellobiose to yield glucose. The efficiency (e.g., time to
hydrolyze and/or completeness of hydrolysis) of this process s on the recalcitrance of the
cellulosic material.
INTERMEDIATES AND PRODUCTS
The processes described herein are ably used to produce l, e.g.,
isobutanol or n-butanol, and derivatives. However, the processes may be used to produce other
products, co-products and intermediates, for example, the products described in US. Pat. App.
Pub. 2012/0100577 Al, filed October 18, 2011 and published April 26, 2012, the full disclosure
of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Using the processes described herein, the biomass al can be converted to one or
more products, such as , fuels, foods and materials. Specific examples of products
include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, sugars (e.g., glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose,
galactose, fructose, disaccharides, accharides and polysaccharides), alcohols (e.g.,
monohydric alcohols or dihydric alcohols, such as ethanol, anol, isobutanol, sec-butanol,
tert-butanol or n-butanol), hydrated or hydrous alcohols (e.g., containing greater than 10%, 20%,
% or even greater than 40% water), biodiesel, organic acids, hydrocarbons (e.g., methane,
ethane, propane, isobutene, e, n-hexane, biodiesel, bio-gasoline and mixtures thereof), co-
products (e.g., proteins, such as cellulolytic ns (enzymes) or single cell proteins), and
mixtures of any of these in any combination or relative concentration, and ally in
combination with any additives (e.g., fuel additives). Other examples include carboxylic acids,
salts of a carboxylic acid, a mixture of carboxylic acids and salts of carboxylic acids and esters of
carboxylic acids (e.g., methyl, ethyl and n-propyl ), ketones (e.g., acetone), des (e.g.,
acetaldehyde), alpha and beta unsaturated acids (e.g., acrylic acid) and olef1ns (e.g., ethylene).
Other ls and alcohol derivatives include propanol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-
propanediol, sugar alcohols and polyols (e.g., glycol, glycerol, itol, threitol, arabitol,
xylitol, l, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol,
maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol and other polyols), and methyl or ethyl esters of any
of these alcohols. Other products include methyl te, methylmethacrylate, lactic acid, citric
acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, caproic
acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, glutaric
acid, oleic acid, ic acid, glycolic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and mixtures thereof,
salts of any of these acids, mixtures of any of the acids and their respective salts.
Any combination of the above products with each other, and/or of the above products
with other products, which other products may be made by the processes described herein or
otherwise, may be ed together and sold as products. The products may be combined, e.g.,
mixed, blended or co-dissolved, or may simply be packaged or sold together.
Any of the products or combinations of products described herein may be sanitized or
sterilized prior to g the products, e.g., after purification or isolation or even after packaging,
to lize one or more potentially undesirable contaminants that could be present in the
product(s). Such sanitation can be done with electron bombardment, for example, be at a dosage
of less than about 20 Mrad, e.g., from about 0.1 to 15 Mrad, from about 0.5 to 7 Mrad, or from
about 1 to 3 Mrad.
The ses described herein can produce various by-product streams useful for
generating steam and electricity to be used in other parts of the plant (co-generation) or sold on
the open market. For example, steam generated from burning by-product streams can be used in
a distillation s. As another example, electricity generated from burning by-product
streams can be used to power electron beam generators used in pretreatment.
The by-products used to generate steam and electricity are derived from a number of
sources throughout the s. For example, anaerobic digestion of ater can produce a
biogas high in methane and a small amount of waste biomass (sludge). As another example,
post-saccharification and/or post-distillate solids (e.g., unconverted lignin, cellulose, and
hemicellulose remaining from the pretreatment and primary processes) can be used, e.g., burned,
as a fuel.
Many of the products obtained, such as ethanol or n-butanol, can be utilized as a filel
for powering cars, trucks, tractors, ships or , e.g., as an al combustion filel or as a fuel
cell feedstock. Many of the products ed can also be utilized to power aircraft, such as
planes, e.g., having jet engines or helicopters. In addition, the products described herein can be
utilized for electrical power generation, e.g., in a conventional steam generating plant or in a fuel
cell plant.
2012/071083
Other intermediates and products, including food and pharmaceutical products, are
described in US. Pat. App. Pub. 2010/01245 83 Al, published May 20, 2010, to Medoff, the full
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
POST-PROCESSING
The process for purification of products may include using ion-exchange resins,
activated charcoal, filtration, distillation, centrifugation, tography, precipitation,
crystallization, evaporation, adsorption and combinations thereof. In some cases, the
fermentation product is also ized, e.g., by heat or irradiation.
SACCHARIFICATION
To obtain a se solution from the reduced-relacitrance feedstock, the treated
biomass materials can be rified, generally by combining the material and a cellulase
enzyme in a fluid , e.g., an aqueous solution. In some cases, the material is boiled,
steeped, or cooked in hot water prior to saccharif1cation, as described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2012/0100577 Al by Medoff and man, published on April 26, 2012, the entire ts of
which are incorporated herein.
The saccharif1cation process can be lly or completely performed in a tank (6.g.
a tank having a volume of at least 4000, 40,000, or 500,000 L) in a manufacturing plant, and/or
can be partially or completely performed in transit, e.g., in a rail car, tanker truck, or in a
anker or the hold of a ship. The time required for complete saccharif1cation will depend on
the process conditions and the biomass material and enzyme used. If saccharification is
performed in a manufacturing plant under controlled conditions, the cellulose may be
substantially entirely converted to sugar, e.g., glucose in about 12-96 hours. If saccharif1cation is
performed partially or completely in transit, saccharif1cation may take longer.
It is generally preferred that the tank contents be mixed during saccharif1cation, e.g.,
using jet mixing as described in International App. No. PCT/USZOlO/03533 l , filed May 18,
2010, which was published in English as WC 2010/135380 and ated the United States, the
filll disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The addition of surfactants can enhance the rate of saccharif1cation. Examples of
surfactants include non-ionic surfactants, such as a Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 polyethylene
glycol surfactants, ionic surfactants, or amphoteric surfactants.
It is lly preferred that the concentration of the sugar solution resulting from
saccharif1cation be relatively high, e.g, greater than 40%, or greater than 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or
even greater than 95% by weight. Water may be d, e.g., by ation, to increase the
concentration of the sugar solution. This reduces the volume to be shipped, and also inhibits
microbial growth in the solution.
Alternatively, sugar solutions of lower concentrations may be used, in which case it
may be desirable to add an antimicrobial additive, e.g., a broad spectrum antibiotic, in a low
concentration, e.g., 50 to 150 ppm. Other suitable antibiotics include amphotericin B, ampicillin,
chloramphenicol, oxacin, gentamicin, hygromycin B, kanamycin, neomycin, llin,
cin, streptomycin. Antibiotics will inhibit growth of microorganisms during transport
and storage, and can be used at appropriate concentrations, e.g., between 15 and 1000 ppm by
weight, e.g., between 25 and 500 ppm, or between 50 and 150 ppm. If desired, an antibiotic can
be included even if the sugar concentration is relatively high. Alternatively, other ves with
anti-microbial of preservative properties may be used. Preferably the antimicrobial additive(s)
are food-grade.
A relatively high concentration solution can be obtained by limiting the amount of
water added to the biomass material with the enzyme. The concentration can be lled, 6.g.
by controlling how much saccharification takes place. For example, concentration can be
increased by adding more s material to the solution. In order to keep the sugar that is
being produced in solution, a surfactant can be added, e.g., one of those sed above.
Solubility can also be increased by increasing the ature of the solution. For example, the
solution can be maintained at a temperature of 40-50°C, 60-80°C, or even higher.
By adding glucose isomerase to the ts of the tank, a high concentration of
fructose can be obtained without saccharification being inhibited by the sugars in the tank.
Glucose isomerase can be added in any amount. For example, the concentration may be below
about 500 U/g of ose (lower than or equal to 100 U/g cellulose, lower than or equal to 50
U/g cellulose, lower than or equal to 10 U/g cellulose, lower than or equal to 5 U/g cellulose).
The concentration is at least about 0.1 U/g cellulose (at least about 0.5 U/g cellulose, at least
about 1U/g cellulose, at least about 2 U/g cellulose, at least about 3 U/g cellulose).
The addition of glucose isomerase increases the amount of sugars produced by at
least 5 % (at least 10 %, at least to 15 %, at least 20 %).
The concentration of sugars in the solution can also be enhanced by limiting the
amount of water added to the feedstock with the enzyme, and/or the concentration can be
increased by adding more feedstock to the solution during saccharification. In order to keep the
sugar that is being produced in solution, a surfactant can be added, e.g., one of those discussed
above. Solubility can also be increased by increasing the temperature of the on. For
example, the solution can be maintained at a temperature of 40-50°C, 60-80°C, or even higher.
SACCHARIFYING AGENTS
Suitable cellulolytic enzymes include cellulases. Cellulases can be obtained, for
example, from species in the genera Bacillus, CaprinuS, Mycelz'ophthora, Cephalosporz'um,
Scytalz'dium, Penicillium, ASpergz'lluS, Pseudomonas, la, Fusarz'um, Thielavz'a,
Acremom’um, ChrySOSporz'um and Trichoderma, especially those produced by a strain ed
from the s ASpergz'lluS (see, e.g., EP Pub. No. 0 458 162), la insolenS (reclassified
as Scytalidz'um thermophilum, see, e.g., US. Pat. No. 4,435,307), CaprinuS uS, Fusarium
oxySporum, Mycelz'ophthora thermophila, Merlpz'luS eus, Thielavz'a terrestriS, Acremonium
Sp. (including, but not limited to, A. perSl'cz'num, A. nium, A. brachypem'um, A.
dichromosporum, A. obclavatum, A. pinkertonz'ae, A. roseogriseum, A. incoloratum, and A.
furatum). Preferred s include Humicola insolenS DSM 1800, Fusarz’um oxySporum DSM
2672, Mycelz'ophthora phila CBS 117.65, Cephalosporium Sp. RYM-202, Acremonium
Sp. CBS 478.94, Acremonium Sp. CBS 265.95, nium perSicz'num CBS 169.65,
nium acremonium AHU 9519, Cephalosporium Sp. CBS 535.71, Acremonium
brachypenium CBS 866.73, Acremonium dichromosporum CBS 683.73, Acremonium
obclavatum CBS 311.74, Acremonium pinkertonz'ae CBS 157.70, Acremonium roseogriseum
CBS 134.56, nium incoloratum CBS 146.62, and Acremoniumfuratum CBS 299.70H.
Cellulolytic enzymes may also be obtained from Chrysasporz’um, preferably a strain of
Chrysasporz’um lucknowense. Additional strains that can be used include, but are not limited to,
Trichoderma (particularly T. , T. reesez’, and T. koningii), alkalophilic Bacillus (see, for
example, US. Pat. No. 3,844,890 and EP Pub. No. 0 458 162), and Streptomyces (see, e.g., EP
Pub. No. 0 458 162).
Many rganisms that can be used to saccharify biomass material and produce
sugars can also be used to ferment and convert those sugars to useful products.
SUGARS
In the processes described herein, for example after saccharification, sugars (e.g.,
glucose and xylose) can be isolated. For example sugars can be isolated by precipitation,
crystallization, chromatography (6.g. , simulated moving bed chromatography, high re
tography), centrifilgation, extraction, any other isolation method known in the art, and
combinations thereof.
ENATION AND OTHER CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS
The processes described herein can include hydrogenation. For e glucose and
xylose can be hydrogenated to sorbitol and xylitol tively. Hydrogenation can be
accomplished by use of a catalyst (e.g., Pt/gamma-A1203, Ru/C, Raney , or other catalysts
know in the art) in combination with H2 under high pressure (e.g., 10 to 12000 psi). Other types
of chemical transformation of the ts from the processes described herein can be used, for
example production of organic sugar derived products such (e.g., furfural and furfural-derived
products). Chemical transformations of sugar derived products are described in US Prov. App.
No. 61/667,481, filed July 3, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in
its entirety.
FERMENTATION
Preferably, Clostrz'dz'um spp. are used to convert sugars (e.g., fructose) to butanol.
The optimum pH for fermentations is about pH 4 to 7. For example, the optimum pH for yeast is
from about pH 4 to 5, while the optimum pH for Zymomonas is from about pH 5 to 6. Typical
fermentation times are about 24 to 168 hours (e.g., 24 to 96 hrs) with temperatures in the range
of 20°C to 40°C (e.g., 26°C to 40°C), however thermophilic microorganisms prefer higher
temperatures.
2012/071083
In some embodiments, e.g., when bic organisms are used, at least a portion of
the fermentation is ted in the absence of oxygen, e.g., under a blanket of an inert gas such
as N2, Ar, He, C02 or mixtures thereof. Additionally, the mixture may have a constant purge of
an inert gas flowing through the tank during part of or all of the fermentation. In some cases,
anaerobic condition, can be ed or maintained by carbon dioxide production during the
fermentation and no additional inert gas is needed.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of the fermentation process can be interrupted
before the low molecular weight sugar is completely converted to a product (e.g., ethanol). The
intermediate fermentation products e sugar and carbohydrates in high concentrations. The
sugars and carbohydrates can be isolated via any means known in the art. These ediate
fermentation products can be used in preparation of food for human or animal consumption.
Additionally or alternatively, the ediate fermentation products can be ground to a fine
particle size in a stainless-steel laboratory mill to produce a flour-like substance.
Jet mixing may be used during fermentation, and in some cases saccharif1cation and
fermentation are performed in the same tank.
Nutrients for the microorganisms may be added during saccharif1cation and/or
fermentation, for example the food-based nutrient packages described in US. Pat. App. Pub.
2012/0052536, filed July 15, 2011, the te sure of which is incorporated herein by
reference.
“Fermentation” includes the methods and ts that are disclosed in US. Prov.
App. No. 61/579,559, filed December 22, 2012, and US. Prov. App. No. 61/579,576, filed
December 22, 2012, the contents of both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their
entirety.
Mobile fermenters can be utilized, as described in International App. No.
(which was filed July 20, 2007, was published in English as WC
2008/01 1598 and designated the United States), the contents of which is incorporated herein in
its entirety. Similarly, the saccharif1cation equipment can be mobile. Further, rification
and/or fermentation may be performed in part or entirely during transit.
FERMENTATION AGENTS
Although Clostridiam is preferred, other microorganisms can be used. For instance,
yeast and Zymomonas bacteria can be used for fermentation or conversion of sugar(s) to other
l(s). Other microorganisms are discussed below. They can be naturally-occurring
microorganisms and/or engineered microorganisms. For example, the microorganism can be a
bacterium (including, but not limited to, e.g., a cellulolytic bacterium), a fiangus, (including, but
not limited to, e.g., a yeast), a plant, a protist, e.g. a protozoa or a fungus-like protest (including,
but not limited to, e.g., a slime mold), or an alga. When the sms are compatible, mixtures
of organisms can be utilized.
Suitable fermenting microorganisms have the ability to convert carbohydrates, such
as glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides
into fermentation products. Fermenting microorganisms include strains of the genus
Saccharomyces spp. (including, but not limited to, S. cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), S. distaticas, S.
uvaram), the genus Klayveromyces, (including, but not limited to, K. marxianas, K. fragilis), the
genus Candida (including, but not limited to, C. pseudotropicalis, and C. brassicae), Pichia
stipitis (a relative of a shehatae), the genus pora (including, but not limited to, C.
niae and C. opuntiae), the genus Pachysolen (including, but not limited to, P. hilus),
the genus Bretannomyces (including, but not limited to, e.g., B. clausenii (Philippidis, G. P.,
1996, Cellulose bioconversion technology, in Handbook on anol: Production and
Utilization, Wyman, C.E., ed., Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, 179-212)). Other suitable
microorganisms include, for example, Zymomonas mobilis, Clostridiam spp. (including, but not
limited to, C. thermocellum (Philippidis, 1996, supra), C.saccharobutylacetonicum, C.
saccharobutylicum, C. Puniceum, C. nckii, and C. utylicum), Moniliella pollinis,
Moniliella megachiliensis, Lactobacillus spp. ia lipolytica, Aureobasidium 519.,
sporonoides 519., Trigonopsis variabilis, Trichosporon sp., Moniliellaacetoabutans sp.,
Typhula variabilis, Candida magnoliae, Ustilaginomycetes sp.,Pseudozyma aensis,yeast
species of genera Zygosaccharomyces, omyces, Hansenula and Pichia,and fungi of the
oid genus Torala.
For instance, idiam spp. can be used to produce ethanol, butanol, butyric acid,
acetic acid, and acetone. Lactobacillas spp., can be used to produce lactic acid.
Many such microbial strains are publicly available, either commercially or through
depositories such as the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, USA),
the NRRL (Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, Peoria, Illinois, USA), or the
DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig,
Germany), to name a few.
Commercially available yeasts include, for example, Red Star®/Lesaffre l Red
(available from Red Star/Lesaffre, USA), FALI® (available from hmann’s Yeast, a on
of Burns Philip Food Inc., USA), SUPERSTART® (available from Alltech, now Lalemand),
GERT STRAND® (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden) and FERMOL® (available from
DSM Specialties).
Many microorganisms that can be used to saccharify biomass material and produce
sugars can also be used to ferment and convert those sugars to useful products.
DISTILLATION
After fermentation, the resulting fluids can be distilled using, for example, a “beer
column” to separate ethanol and other alcohols from the majority of water and al .
The vapor exiting the beer column can be, e. g., 35% by weight ethanol and can be fed to a
rectification column. A mixture of nearly azeotropic ) l and water from the
rectification column can be purified to pure (99.5%) l using vapor-phase molecular sieves.
The beer column bottoms can be sent to the first effect of a three-effect evaporator. The
rectification column reflux condenser can provide heat for this first effect. After the first effect,
solids can be separated using a fuge and dried in a rotary dryer. A portion (25%) of the
centrifuge effluent can be recycled to fermentation and the rest sent to the second and third
evaporator effects. Most of the evaporator condensate can be returned to the process as fairly
clean condensate with a small portion split off to waste water treatment to prevent build-up of
low-boiling compounds.
Other than in the examples herein, or unless ise expressly specified, all of the
numerical ranges, amounts, values and percentages, such as those for amounts of materials,
elemental contents, times and temperatures of reaction, ratios of amounts, and others, in the
ing portion of the specification and attached claims may be read as if prefaced by the word
2012/071083
“about” even though the term “about” may not expressly appear with the value, amount, or
range. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the cal parameters set forth in the
following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon
the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not
as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,
each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported
significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and ters setting forth the broad
scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific
examples are reported as precisely as le. Any numerical value, however, inherently
contains error necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in its underlying respective
g measurements. rmore, when numerical ranges are set forth herein, these ranges are
inclusive of the recited range end points , end points may be used). When percentages by
weight are used herein, the numerical values ed are relative to the total weight.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range d herein is intended to
include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “l to 10” is intended to
include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited m value of l and the recited
maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a
maximum value of equal to or less than 10. The terms “one,a) :4 a)
a or “an” as used herein are
intended to include “at least one” or “one or more,” unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLES
Example 1. Materials & Methods
Preparation of Seed Cultures: Monilz'ella cells stored at -80°C were used to
inoculate propagation medium (20 g/L malt t, 1 g/L peptone, 20 g/L glucose), and
incubated at 30°C and agitation of 200 rpm for 72 hours. The culture was then erred to a
bioreactor (either 3L, 20L, or 400L) for itol production.
Main Culture: The erythritol production medium consists of 10 g/L yeast extract, 1
g/L phytic acid, 1 g/L potassium nitrate, 100 g/L calcium chloride, 10 mg/L cupric sulfate, 50
mg/L zinc chloride and either 300 g/L glucose (reagent grade from Sigma) or purified
saccharif1ed comcob prepared in-house.
The corn cob was treated with 35 Mrad from an electron beam, and saccharified with
cellulase prepared in-house. The saccharif1ed corn cob was then purified by cation exchange
n PK228, Mitsubishi al Corporation) and anion exchange (Diaion JA300,
Mitsubishi Chemical ation).
Example 2. Determination of e Conditions
The bioreactor culture consisted of 1.5 L in a 3 L vessel, 10 L in a 20 L vessel, or 250
L in a 400L vessel. um for each consisted of 72-hour cultured seed culture, added at 5%
of the volume in the bioreactor. on was adjusted to 0.3 to 1 VVM, the agitation was 300 -
1000 rpm, and the temperature was 35°C. Antifoam 204 was added continuously at a rate of 1.5
ml/L/day.
Twelve different yeast extracts were tested for their effect on itol production.
The results were: Granulated Fisher (105 g/L erythritol production), Thermo Oxoid (30 g/L),
Bacto Tech (94 g/L), Fluka (108 g/L), Thermo Remel (111 g/L), a (108 g/L), Acros (93
g/L), Boston (96 g/L), Sunrise (8 g/L), US Biochem (88 g/L), Sigma (76 g/L), and BD (90-120
g/L). Granulated Fisherm Bacto Tech, Fluka, Thermo Remel, Teknova, Acros, Boston, US
Biochem, and BD were carried over for additional testing.
Twelve different antifoam agents were tested. These were: Antifoam A, B, C, O-30,
SE-15, Y-30, Silicone Antifoam, Antifoam 204 (all from Sigma Chemical Company, St, Louis,
Missouri, USA), Antifoam AF (from Fisher), KFO 880, KFO 770, and Foam Blast 779 (from
Emerald Performance Materials).
Table 1a. Medium Components Tested for Erythritol Production
Medium Range Working Range* Optimal Range
ent Tested
Phytic acid with phytic 3-4 days to reach max. prod. with phytic acid
(culture period) acid
Phytic acid without 10-12 days to reach max. prod.
(culture period) phytic acid
Phytic acid 0.3 — 9 g/L 0.3 — 1.0 g/L 0.3 — 1.0 g/L
(amount)
Sodium phosphate 2-12 g/L 2-12 g/L (3-4 days to reach max. prod. lower yield than
2012/071083
monobasic phytic acid
(culture period)
Calcium chloride 10-300 10-150 mg/L 100 mg/L
(amount) mg/L
Glucose 150-600 g/L 200—400 g/L 300 g/L
(amount)
Cupric sulfate 2-250 mg/L 2-250 mg/L 10 mg/L
(amount)
Yeast extract 5—20 g/L 9—13 g/L 10 g/L
Yeast extract 12 different 9 different brands Fluka YE
) brands
Zinc chloride 25 - l 00 25-100 mg/L 50 mg/L
(amount) mg/L
Antifoam agent 12 different KFO 880; Antifoam 204
(brand) agents Antifoam 204
Nitrogen source 5 different Urea; Sodium nitrate; Ammonium Potassium nitrate
sources nitrate; Ammonium sulfate; Potassium
nitrate
Potassium e 0.5-5 g/L 0.5-5 g/L 1 g/L
(amount)
* ng Range”
was determined as conditions that produced greater than 80 g/L
erythritol from 300 g/L glucose.
Table lb. Culture Conditions Tested for Erythritol Production
Condition Tested Range Tested Working Range* Optimum Range
Agitation (speed in 450-1000 rpm 600-1000 rpm 800 rpm
3L bioreactor)
Agitation (speed in 0 rpm 400-650 rpm 650 rpm
20L bioreactor)
Aeration (VVM) 0.3-1 VVM 0.3-1 VVM 0.6 VVM
Culture 30-40°C 30-370C 35°C
Temperature
Turbulence (dip ithout dip With dip tube with dip tube
tube in 400L tube
bioreactor)
2012/071083
* ng Range”
was determined as conditions that produced greater than 80 g/L
erythritol from 300 g/L glucose.
Example 3. Bioreactor Culture of Moniliella in a 3L Bioreactor.
Moniliella pollim's (strain CBS 461.67; Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,
Utrecht, The Netherlands) was cultured in production medium in the 3L bioreactor (1.5L culture
volume) with various medium components conditions (Table 1a). Phytic acid shortened culture
period to 3 to 4 days, while it took 10 to 12 days for erythritol production without phytic acid
(Table la). Each ent c acid, yeast extract, sodium phosphate monobasic, calcium
de, glucose, cupric sulfate, zinc chloride, potassium nitrate) was tested for obtaining
optimal concentration (Table la). Physical conditions including ion, aeration, temperature
were also tested (Table lb). Typical erythritol production was 80 to 120 g/L of erythritol from
300 g/L of glucose.
The table below shows erythritol production in a 3L bioreactor culture ofMoniliella
strain CBS 461.67 with optimal concentrations of media components (300 g/L e, 10 g/L
yeast extract, 1 g/L phytic acid, 1 g/L potassium nitrate).
Table 2. Production of Erythritol and Other Products From 300 g/L Glucose
Day Glycerol Erythritol l Ethanol
0 0 0 0 0
l 7.13 3.66 0 5.39
2 33.50 35.69 3.51 9.68
3 33.77 92.13 4.79 2.86
4 16.89 88.51 4.92 0.45
e 4. Bioreactor Culture of Moniliella in a 20L Bioreactor.
Agitation speed was found to greatly affect erythritol production. Erythritol was
ed in a 10L culture volume in a 20L bioreactor at three different speeds (300 rpm, 400
rpm, 650 rpm), at 1 VVM and 35°C, in medium composed of yeast extract (10 g/L), KN03 (1
g/L), phytic acid (1 g/L), CuSO4 (2 mg/L). The 400 rpm and 650 rpm cultures also included
three impellers. The 650 rpm culture was aerated at 0.6 VVM, rather than 1 VVM.
2012/071083
The bioreactor culture with 300 rpm of agitation speed resulted in much lower
erythritol production than the same culture at 650 rpm. Ethanol production, on the other hand,
was decreased by increasing agitation speed.
Table 3. Effect of Agitation Speed on Erythritol Production.
Day Glycerol itol Ribitol Ethanol Glucose
300 rpm
0 4.09 3.35 0 2.63 > 50
1 10.80 5.95 3.06 15.15 > 50
2 18.48 19.39 0 24.44 > 50
3 24.24 48.09 0 32.37 70.74
4 25.27 59.51 0 25.15 0
23.36 64.09 3.60 8.48 0
6 21.59 63.70 3.66 2.32
7 19.35 59.69 3.65 1.50
400 rpm
0 0 0 0 0 300
1.3 7.09 4.21 0 21.16 >150
3 16.07 80.01 3.41 22.43 48.70
4 9.56 92.08 3.88 11.04 0
4.3 7.16 94.70 3.94 4.57 0
4.08 86.30 3.68 1.31 0
650 rpm
0 0 0 0 0 300
2 18.01 89.13 4.13 6.57 112.57
3 30.72 145.67 6.86 1.61 4.31
4 16.02 129.69 6.59 1.39 0
12.65 147.54 6.87 0
Example 5. Bioreactor Culture of Moniliella in a 400L Bioreactor.
It was found that the oxygen transfer rate was a key factor in itol production in
the 400L bioreactor. Two dip tubes were used to increase the turbulence, an air sparger was
installed in the bottom of the vessel, and the aspect ratio was increased. The s (in g/L) are
shown in the table below.
Table 4. Production of Erythritol and Other Products in a 400L Bioreactor
Day Glycerol Erythritol Ribitol Ethanol
0 0 0 0 0
1 6.1 9.2 1.5 15.3
2 10.0 60.3 1.7 19.3
3 11.8 75.3 0 27.7
Example 6. Purification of Saccharification Product
Corn cob was saccharified and the resulting sugar mixture purified by ion exchange.
Cation exchange and anion ge were used to remove the metal components listed in the
table below.
Table 5. Metal elements in ppm in solution of saccharified corn cob containing 100
g/L glucose, before and after ion exchange.
Element Before ion After cation After cation and
exchange exchange anion exchange
Mn 9 0 0
Zn 9 0 0
Si 71 70 0
Fe 14 0 0
P 668 704 0
K 495 1 20 0
Mg 418 0 0
Na 10099 0 0
Ca 342 0 0
S 2048 2372 37
The purified saccharif1ed corn cob solution was then used for erythritol production by
two different Mailiella strains, CBS 461.67 (Monillz'ela pollim's) and CBS 567.85 (Molim'ella
megachz'lz'ensz’s). Flask cultures were used, and the media components included 10 g/L yeast
t, 1 g/L potassium nitrate, 0.3 g/L phytic acid, 2 mg/L of cupric sulfate as well as purif1ed
saccharif1ed corncob. Glucose was consumed in 2 days and little xylose was consumed.
Table 6. itol production by two ent strains from purified saccharifled
corn cob ning 160 g/ glucose and 140 g/L xylose.
Day Glycerol Erythritol Ribitol Ethanol Fructose
Strain CBS 461.67
0 6.85 4.54 0 0.36 9.78
2 9.22 31.20 0 22.35 0
3 7.30 33.46 0 19.80 0
Strain CBS 567.85
0 0 4.54 0 0.21 10.30
2 9.72 29.36 0 22.52 0
3 7.82 45.99 0 19.47 0
Erythritol production yield was 21% in CBS 461.67 and 28 % in CBS 567.85. This
yield is comparable to the erythritol production with reagent grade glucose (30 to 40% yield).
Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said
to be incorporated by nce herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the
incorporated material does not conflict with existing def1nitions, statements, or other disclosure
material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as
explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting al incorporated herein by reference.
Any material, or portion f, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which
conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will
only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated al and
the existing disclosure material.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with nces to
preferred ments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various
changes in form and details may be made n without departing from the scope of
the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Throughout the specification and claims, unless the context requires
otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”,
will be tood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but
not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
Claims (38)
1. A method for making sugar alcohols, the method comprising: combining a slurry of cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass that contains a first sugar with a microorganism cultured in a medium sing phytic acid, the recalcitrance of the biomass having been reduced by bombardment with electrons, and the microorganism selected from among the species of ella; and utilizing the microorganism to ferment the first sugar to a first sugar alcohol while providing aeration from 0.3 to 1.0 VVM and mixing the slurry with a jet mixer that comprises a jet-flow agitator, the aeration and the agitation speed of the jet mixer being effective, at least in part, to increase production of the first sugar l.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising saccharifying the cellulosic or lignocellulosic
3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, r comprising adjusting the concentration of the first sugar to at least 5 wt. %.
4. The method of claim 2 or claim 3, further sing purifying the saccharified biomass.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the purification comprises the removal of metal ions.
6. The method ing to any one of claims 2-5, n the biomass is saccharified with one or more cellulases.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the first sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: , glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, etraitol, and polyglycitol.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the sugar alcohol comprises erythritol.
9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Moniliella pollinis, Moniliella megachiliensis, and Moniliellaacetoabutans.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the microorganism is M. pollinis.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the microorganism is M. pollinis strain CBS 461.67.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the microorganism is M. megachiliensis.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the microorganism is M. megachiliensis strain CBS 567.85.
14. The method ing to any one of claims 1-13, wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the group consisting of: paper, paper products, paper waste, paper pulp, pigmented papers, loaded papers, coated papers, filled papers, magazines, printed matter, printer paper, polycoated paper, card stock, cardboard, paperboard, cotton, wood, particle board, forestry , sawdust, aspen wood, wood chips, grasses, grass, thus, cord grass, reed canary grass, grain residues, rice hulls, oat hulls, wheat chaff, barley hulls, agricultural waste, , canola straw, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, rice straw, jute, hemp, flax, bamboo, sisal, abaca, corn cobs, corn stover, soybean stover, corn fiber, alfalfa, hay, coconut hair, sugar processing residues, bagasse, beet pulp, agave bagasse, algae, seaweed, manure, sewage, offal, agricultural or industrial waste, arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassava, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, potato, sweet potato, taro, yams, beans, favas, lentils, peas, and mixtures of any of these.
15. The method according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein the biomass material is a ellulosic biomass.
16. The method according to any one of claims 1-15, further comprising mechanically treating the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass to reduce its bulk density and/or increase its surface area.
17. The method according to any one of claims 1-16, further comprising comminuting the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the comminuting is dry milling.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the uting is wet milling.
20. The method ing to any one of claims 1-19, further comprising separating the first sugar prior to ing the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with the microorganism.
21. The method according to any one of claims 1-20, further comprising trating the first sugar prior to combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with the microorganism.
22. The method according to any one of claims 1-21, further comprising culturing the microorganism in a cell growth phase before combining the cellulosic or lignocellulosic biomass with the microorganism.
23. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the lignocellulosic biomass further ns a second sugar, and the method further comprises converting the second sugar to a second sugar alcohol.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the second sugar is converted to xylitol.
25. The method of claim 23 or 24, wherein the act of converting the second sugar is ted under pressure and utilizes a catalyst.
26. The method ing to any one of claims 23-25, wherein converting the second sugar comprises fermenting the second sugar ing the microorganism.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the second sugar is converted to erythritol.
28. The method according to any one of claims 23-27, wherein the first sugar is isolated from the second sugar prior to converting the second sugar to the second sugar l.
29. The method according to any one of claims 1-28, n the bombardment with electrons is provided at a dose of at least 5 Mrad.
30. The method according to any one of claims 1-29, wherein the bombardment with electrons is provided at a dose of n 5 Mrad to 50 Mrad.
31. The method according to any one of claims 1-30, wherein the bombardment with ons is provided at a dose of between 20 Mrad to 40 Mrad.
32. The method according to any one of claims 1-31, wherein the bombardment with electrons is provided at a dose rate of greater than 0.25 Mrad/sec.
33. The method according to any one of claims 1-32, wherein the bombardment with electrons is provided at a dose rate of between 0.25 to 2 Mrad/sec.
34. The method according to any one of claims 1-32, wherein the bombardment with electrons is provided at a dose rate of greater than 2 Mrad/sec.
35. The method according to any one of claims 1-34, wherein the jet mixer further ses an impeller, the impeller ng at a rate between 400 to 650 revolutions per minute while mixing.
36. The method according to any one of claims 1-35, wherein the jet mixer further comprises a shaft, and the method further comprising aerating the slurry through a bore in the shaft.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the bore provides aeration at 0.6 VVM.
38. The method according to any one of claims 1-37, wherein 300 g/L of the first sugar yields at least 80 g/L of the first sugar alcohol, such yield being at least partly attributable to agitation from the jet mixer that comprises a jet-flow agitator. WO 96693 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NZ719871A NZ719871B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-12-20 | Production Of Sugar And Alcohol From Biomass |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161579576P | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | |
US61/579,576 | 2011-12-22 | ||
NZ625335A NZ625335B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-12-20 | Production of sugar and alcohol from biomass |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ716083A NZ716083A (en) | 2016-12-23 |
NZ716083B2 true NZ716083B2 (en) | 2017-03-24 |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU2017200438B2 (en) | Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass | |
AU2018203843B2 (en) | Processing Biomass | |
AU2016273867B2 (en) | Processing Biomass | |
NZ716083B2 (en) | Production of Sugar and Alcohol from Biomass | |
NZ719871B2 (en) | Production Of Sugar And Alcohol From Biomass | |
NZ625335B2 (en) | Production of sugar and alcohol from biomass | |
OA16927A (en) | Production of sugar and alcohol from biomass. | |
NZ714107B2 (en) | Improved methods for processing biomass | |
NZ748522B2 (en) | A method for producing carboxylic acid, or a salt thereof | |
NZ625176B2 (en) | Method for producing solvent from biomass | |
NZ737199B2 (en) | Method for producing a saccharified product | |
NZ739947B2 (en) | Methods for saccharifying biomass | |
NZ748522A (en) | A method for producing carboxylic acid, or a salt thereof | |
NZ723294B2 (en) | Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells | |
NZ723294A (en) | Processing Biomass For Use In Fuel Cells |