NO147019B - Metallaminat og anvendelse av dette som gassturbinmotorkomponent - Google Patents
Metallaminat og anvendelse av dette som gassturbinmotorkomponent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO147019B NO147019B NO770070A NO770070A NO147019B NO 147019 B NO147019 B NO 147019B NO 770070 A NO770070 A NO 770070A NO 770070 A NO770070 A NO 770070A NO 147019 B NO147019 B NO 147019B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- nickel
- metal laminate
- cobalt
- aluminide
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- RLQJEEJISHYWON-UHFFFAOYSA-N flonicamid Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=NC=C1C(=O)NCC#N RLQJEEJISHYWON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910000951 Aluminide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000907 nickel aluminide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007750 plasma spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002543 FeCrAlY Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000880 inconels 792 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical group O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009993 protective function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/058—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium without Mo and W
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/023—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material only coatings of metal elements only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
- C23C28/3215—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer at least one MCrAlX layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/341—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one carbide layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
- C23C28/3455—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer with a refractory ceramic layer, e.g. refractory metal oxide, ZrO2, rare earth oxides or a thermal barrier system comprising at least one refractory oxide layer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
- Y10T428/12583—Component contains compound of adjacent metal
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/12743—Next to refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12847—Cr-base component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12931—Co-, Fe-, or Ni-base components, alternative to each other
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12944—Ni-base component
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Description
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører et metallaminat
som omfatter et underlag av en superlegering, hvor hovedmetallet fortrinnsvis er nikkel, kobolt eller jern.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører også anvendelse av metallaminatet
som en gassturbinmotorkomponent.
Belegg' av MCrAlY-type er kjent som høytemperaturoksyda-sjonsbestandige belegg, som virker beskyttende i strenge miljøer som de som er forbundet med avanserte gassturbinmotorer, f.eks. fra US-patentskrifter 3.676.085, 3.754.903 og 3:542.530. MCrAlY-belegg kjennetegnes typisk av høye innhold av krom og aluminium og inneholder yttrium i et hovedmetall som omfatter minst ett av elementene kobolt, nikkel og jern. De betegnes vanligvis overtrekksbelegg på grunn av at de avsettes som MCrAlY-lege-• ringen på flaten som skal beskyttes og virker således stort sett uavhengig av underlaget ved utøvelsen av sin beskyttende funksj on.
Aluminidbelegg og fremgangsmåter til fremstilling av • slike belegg er også kjent og er blitt benyttet i flere år som hovedbeleggingsteknikk for gassturbinmotorelementer. Ifølge US-patentskrift 3.102.044 får en aluminiumrik' oppslemming som
er påført en superlegeringsflate reagere med denne til dannelse av ett eller flere beskyttende aluminider. Fra US-patentskrift 3.257.230 er det kjent en annen aluminiseringsteknikk, nemlig dannelse av et beskyttende aluminid på legeringsflater ved en pakkesementeririgsprosess.
Før innføringen av MCrAlY-beleggene ble superlegeringene som nevnt ovenfor typisk beskyttet ved dannelse av et aluminid direkte på og ved reaksjon med en superlegeringsflate ved å utsette flaten ved høy temperatur for aluminium- eller alumi-niuminneholdende damper. Hovedaluminidet som ble dannet var vanligvis aluminidet av hovedmetallet i superlegeringen, dvs. nikkel, kobolt eller jern. Men i tillegg til hovedaluminidet inneholdt belegglaget ofte andre bestanddeler fra underlags-
legeringen, og i de fleste tilfeller hadde det totale belegg
en sammensetning som selv om den var akseptabel representerte et kompromiss når det gjaldt sammensetning, og var noe dårligere enn ønskelig for et optimalt belegg.
Når motoromgivelser og andre krav til aluminiumsbelegget økte i strenghet, var det mye benyttede aluminid mindre akseptabelt i noen tilfeller, og det ble ønskelig å etterstrebe ytterligere forbedringer av beleggene. Belegg spiller selvfølge-lig en hovedrolle når det gjelder godtagbarhet av motorer. MCrAlY-beleggene var resultatet av forsøk på å frembringe bedre belegg og ga motorkonstruktøren større valgmuligheter for hans konstruksjoner i forbindelse med utvikling av avanserte gassturbinmotorer.
Med innføringen av MCrAlY-belegg ble det mulig å bibeholde eller øke levetiden for belegg i strenge omgivelser forbundet med avanserte motorer. Som nevnt ovenfor avsettes MCrAlY-beleggene vanligvis på flaten som MCrAlY-legering ved vakuumdamp-avsetning, påspruting eller plasmasprøyteteknikk. Den grunn-leggende beskyttelse bevirkes av selve den avsatte legering,
som kan optimaliseres bedre for slik beskyttelse idet den er stort sett uavhengig av underlaget. Det foreligger selvfølgelig en ønsket og begrenset vekselvirkning mellom belegget og det underliggende metall, men dette er mer en metallurgisk binding enn en reaksjon, og de beskyttende elementer kommer mer fra MCrAlY-legeringen enn fra underlaget.
Ved senere utvikling ble det foreslått at ytterligere beleggforbedringer kunne oppnås ved bruk av flere belegglag eller komposittbelegg. Ifølge US-patentskrift 3.649.225 f.eks. er det kjent bruk av et komposittbelegg som inneholder et krom-eller kromrikt mellomlag opptil et superlegeringsunderlag,
med et MCrAlY-lag over mellomlaget.
Mange andre MCrAlY-belegg er i den senere tid blitt pub-lisert i patentlitteraturen. Ifølge US-patentskrift 3.849.865 overtrekkes et underlag som skal beskyttes først med en metall-folie, såsom NiCrAlSi eller FeCrAlY, og folien dekkes deretter med et aluminidlag. Fra US-patentskrifter 3.873.347 og 3.874. 901 er det kjent liknende systemer, idet det fra disse patentskrifter er kjent beleggingsteknikker hvor et legeme av en superlegering først belegges med et lag av MCrAlY som deretter aluminiseres til dannelse av et overliggende lag av aluminium eller et aluminid.
Metallaminatet ifølge oppfinnelsen er kjennetegnet ved
at det på underlaget er anbrakt et første belegg som består av et aluminid av hovedmetallet i underlaget, og et MCrAlY-belegg over aluminidbelegget, hvor M er nikkel, kobolt eller jern.
I foretrukne utførelsesformer har gjenstander fremstilt av metallaminatet ifølge oppfinnelsen tre ganger lenger levetid enn gjenstander uten aluminidet som et mellomlag.
Superlegeringer er generelt nikkel-, kobolt- eller jern-legeringer som har høye fastheter ved høyere temperaturer.
Det er tallrike superlegeringer som anvendes i gassturbinmotorer. Av disse stilles de største fysikalske krav vanligvis til de som anvendes i motorenes blader og skovler, idet bladene og skovlene er utsatt for de høyeste spenninger ved de høyeste temperaturer. Dessuten er blader og skovler særlig utsatt for problemer i forbindelse med termisk sjokk, forskjellig varme-utvidelse, utmatting, erosjon etc.
Representative for blad- og skovllegeringer er følgende nikkelsuperlegeringer: a) IN-100 som har en nominell sammensetning på 10% krom, 15% kobolt, 4,5% titan, 5,5% aluminium, 3% molybden, 0,17% karbon, 1% vanadium, 0,06% bor, 0,05% zirkon mens resten er nikkel. b) MAR-M200 med en sammensetning av 9% krom, 10% kobolt,• 2%titan, 5% aluminium, 12,5% wolfram, 0,15% karbon, 1% niob,
0,015% bor, 0,05% zirkon mens resten er nikkel.
c) INCONEL 792 med en nominell sammensetning av 13% krom, 10% kobolt, 4,5% titan, 3% aluminium, 2% molybden, 4% tantal,
4% wolfram, 0,2% karbon, 0,02% bor, 0,1% zirkon mens resten er nikkel.
Representative koboltlegeringer som anvendes i gassturbinmotorer er følgende: a) WI-52 som inneholder 21% krom, 11% wolfram, 2% niob pluss tantan, 1,75% jern, 0,45% karbon mens resten er kobolt. b) MAR-M509 som har en nominell sammensetning av 21,5% krom, 10% nikkel, 7% wolfram, 3,5% tantan, 0,2% titan, 0,6%
karbon, 0,5% zirkon mens resten er kobolt.
Ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse utstyres superlege-ringsunderlaget først med et aluminidbelegg. Dette belegg kan fremstilles ved oppslemmings-, pakkesementerings-, påsprutings- eller annen teknikk som er kjent på området for dette formål. Mange av de avanserte blader og skovler som den foreliggende oppfinnelse særlig anvendes for er utstyrt med innvendige kjøle-kanaler som hensiktsmessig overflatebeskyttes i tillegg til den beskyttelse som er nødvendig på de utvendige aerofoilflater. Dersom både innvendige og utyendige flater skal aluminiseres
er de mest foretrukne fremgangsmåter pakkesementering eller gassfaseteknikk.
Ifølge en fremgangsmåte ved aluminisering innleires delen som skal belegges etter grundig rensing i en tørr pulverblanding som inneholder ca. 15 vekt% av en aluminium/12% silisiumlege-ring, opptil ca. 2,5% ammoniumklorid mens resten er aluminium-oksyd. De innleirete deler oppvarmes deretter til en temperatur på ca. 760°C og holdes på denne temperatur i et tilstrekkelig tidsrom til å frembringe den ønskete beleggstykkelse. Belegging av utvendige flater, føtter på blader, vangeplattformer og innvendige kanaler er typisk blitt utført i en operasjon. Selvfølgelig vil områder hvor belegging ikke er ønskelig være hensiktsmessig maskert under aluminiseringen.
Generelt har en aluminidbeleggtykkelse, inklusive diffu-sjonssone, på 0,025-0,063 mm blitt anvendt på alle flater,
men det er klart at mer eller mindre kan være akseptabelt under visse omstendigheter. Vanligvis er aluminiuminnholdet ved aluminidets overflate ca. 22-36 vekt%, men også her er varia-sjoner mulig.
Der er to hovedbetraktninger ved bestemmelsen av optimal aluminidbeleggtykkelse og aluminiuminnhold. Graden av oppnådd beskyttelse er i stor utstrekning avhengig av mengden aluminium som er tilgjengelig i belegget. Men kanskje mer viktig er behovet for å oppnå en fast basis for MCrAlY-overtrekket i aluminidet, idet det kreves rimelig duktilitet, særlig under omstendigheter hvor det kan opptre betingelser med termisk sj okk.
Deler har også blitt aluminisert ifølge en pakkesemen-teringsprosess ved høyere temperatur, hvor innleirete nikkel-legeringsdeler oppvarmes i en pakke ved en temperatur på opptil 1040°C i en hydrogen- eller argonatmosfære.
Etter aluminiseringen avsettes det derpå et MCrAlY-belegg. Et særlig foretrukket NiCoCrAlY-belegg med en sammensetning
av 14-22% krom, 11,5-13,5% aluminium, 0,01-0,5% yttrium, 20-26% kobolt mens resten er nikkel har vært brukt.
Dette belegg er typisk blitt påført ved vakuumdampavset-ningsteknikk, selv om påspruting og plasmasprøyting også har vært anvendt for påføring av MCrAlY-belegg.
Et annet MCrAlY-belegg er en CoCrAlY-legering som har
en sammensetning av ca. 15-21% krom, 10-12% aluminium, 0,3-0,9% yttrium mens resten er kobolt.
Den foretrukne fremgangsmåte omfatter dampavsetning fra
-4
et smeltet bad av beleggsmateriale i et vakuumkammer (.10 mm Hg eller bedre) på en forvarmet del, hvor avsetningen fortset-ter inntil den ønskete tykkelse, typisk 0,025-0,12 mm, er oppnådd .
Etter avsetningen hamres den belagte gjenstand vanligvis med tørre glasskuler. Deretter underkastes den belagte gjenstand en diffusjonsvarmebehandling ved en temperatur som er tilpasset ikke bare til belegget, men også til underlaget.
For blad- og skovllegeringer har en varmebehandling ved 1080°C i ca. 4 timer vist seg å være hensiktsmessig.
Prøving av de belagte gjenstander har gitt noen overras-kende resultater.
Ved cyklisk oksydasjon:
a) Et prøvestykke av en nikkelsuperlegering belagt med bare et NiCoCrAlY-belegg varte 953 timer før gropkorrosjon
begynte.
b) Et prøvestykke av en nikkelsuperlegering belagt med NiCoCrAlY-belegget med et aluminidovertrekk overlevde 890 timer
før gropkorrosjon begynte.
c) Et prøvestykke ifølge oppfinnelsen, som omfattet en nikkelsuperlegering med et aluminidmellomlegg og et NiCoCrAlY-overtrekk utprøves fortsatt etter 3177 timer uten noe tegn til gropkorrosjon på dette tidspunkt.
Dette representerer en faktor på mer enn tre for denne utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen.
I en annen cyklisk oksydasjonsprøve:
a) Et prøvestykke med et CoCrÅlY-underbelegg og et aluminidovertrekk oppviste gropkorrosjon etter 163 timer. b) Et prøvestykke ifølge oppfinnelsen med et aluminid-mellomlag og et CoCrAlY-overtrekk oppviste et tidsrom på 274
timer før gropkorrosjon.
Det er således vist at det ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse oppnås vesentlig og uventet forbedring.
Claims (9)
1. Metallaminat som omfatter et underlag av en superlegering, hvor hovedmetallet fortrinnsvis er nikkel, kobolt eller jern,karakterisert vedat det på underlaget er anbrakt et første belegg som består av et aluminid av hovedmetallet i underlaget, og et MCrAlY-belegg over aluminidbelegget, hvor M er nikkel, kobolt eller jern.
2. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 1,karakterisert vedat MCrAlY-belegget har en sammensetning av 15-35% krom, 10-20% aluminium, 0,01-3% yttrium mens resten er nikkel, kobolt eller jern.
3. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 1, hvor underlaget er en nikkelsuperlegering,karakterisert vedat det første belegg er et duktilt nikkelaluminidbelegg og at belegget over dette er et NiCoCrAlY-belegg.
4. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 3,karakterisert vedat NiCoCrAlY-belegget har en sammensetning av 11-48% kobolt, 10-40% krom, 9-15% aluminium, 0,01-1% yttrium og minst 15% nikkel.
5. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 4,karakterisert vedat NiCoCrAlY-belegget har en sammensetning av 25-40% kobolt, 14-22% krom, 10-13% aluminium, 0,01-1% yttrium mens resten er nikkel.
6. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 1, hvor underlaget er en nikkelsuperlegering,karakterisert vedat det første belegg er et duktilt nikkelaluminidbelegg, og at belegget over dette er et CoCrAlY-belegg.
7. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 6,karakterisert vedat CoCrAlY-belegget har en sammensetning av 15-40% krom, 10-25% aluminium, 0,01-5% yttrium mens resten er kobolt.
8. Metallaminat i samsvar med krav 7, karakt e- ri- sert ved at CoCrAlY-belegget har en sammensetning av 15-25% krom, 11-14% aluminium, 0,01-1% yttrium mens resten er kobolt.
9. Anvendelse av metallaminatet ifølge et av kravene 1-8, som en gassturbinmotorkomponent.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/648,853 US4005989A (en) | 1976-01-13 | 1976-01-13 | Coated superalloy article |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO770070L NO770070L (no) | 1977-07-14 |
| NO147019B true NO147019B (no) | 1982-10-11 |
| NO147019C NO147019C (no) | 1983-01-19 |
Family
ID=24602495
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO770070A NO147019C (no) | 1976-01-13 | 1977-01-10 | Metallaminat og anvendelse av dette som gassturbinmotorkomponent |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4005989A (no) |
| JP (1) | JPS6044390B2 (no) |
| AU (1) | AU502359B2 (no) |
| BE (1) | BE850138A (no) |
| BR (1) | BR7700185A (no) |
| CA (1) | CA1069779A (no) |
| DE (1) | DE2657288C2 (no) |
| DK (1) | DK549976A (no) |
| FR (1) | FR2338386A1 (no) |
| GB (1) | GB1526911A (no) |
| IL (1) | IL51081A (no) |
| IT (1) | IT1076201B (no) |
| NL (1) | NL7614128A (no) |
| NO (1) | NO147019C (no) |
| SE (1) | SE416742B (no) |
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| EP2216421A1 (de) * | 2009-01-29 | 2010-08-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| EP2239346A1 (en) * | 2009-04-09 | 2010-10-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Slurry composition for aluminising a superalloy component |
| EP2354260A1 (de) | 2010-01-12 | 2011-08-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| EP2345748A1 (de) | 2010-01-14 | 2011-07-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| EP2392684A1 (de) | 2010-06-02 | 2011-12-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzchicht und Bauteil |
| EP2611949B1 (de) | 2010-11-02 | 2016-01-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Nickel basis legierung, schutzschicht und bauteil |
| EP2474414A1 (de) | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| EP2474413A1 (de) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| RU2566693C2 (ru) | 2011-07-08 | 2015-10-27 | Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт | Система слоев с двухслойным металлическим слоем |
| EP2557201A1 (de) | 2011-08-09 | 2013-02-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| US9267218B2 (en) * | 2011-09-02 | 2016-02-23 | General Electric Company | Protective coating for titanium last stage buckets |
| EP2729302A1 (de) | 2011-09-12 | 2014-05-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schichtsystem mit zweilagiger mcralx metallischer schicht |
| EP2568054A1 (de) * | 2011-09-12 | 2013-03-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Legierung, Schutzschicht und Bauteil |
| US20130115072A1 (en) * | 2011-11-09 | 2013-05-09 | General Electric Company | Alloys for bond coatings and articles incorporating the same |
| EP2639336A1 (de) * | 2012-03-16 | 2013-09-18 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schichtsystem mit NiCoCrAlY-Doppelschutzschicht mit unterschiedlichem Chromgehalt und Legierung |
| WO2014027162A1 (fr) * | 2012-08-14 | 2014-02-20 | Snecma | Procédé pour relever la température atteinte par une pièce, notamment de turbomachine |
| WO2014143785A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | United Technologies Corporation | Coated articles and manufacture methods |
| EP2971686B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-10-17 | United Technologies Corporation | Coated articles and manufacture methods |
| US20140363698A1 (en) * | 2013-06-11 | 2014-12-11 | General Electric Company | Composition and component |
| CN111041436B (zh) * | 2019-11-15 | 2022-04-05 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种用于锆合金防护的Fe-Cr-Al-Y防护涂层及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN111575645A (zh) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-08-25 | 中国航发动力股份有限公司 | 一种含有储铝层的抗氧化涂层及其制备方法 |
| CN113976893A (zh) * | 2021-11-15 | 2022-01-28 | 上海东震冶金工程技术有限公司 | 一种用于火焰清理烧嘴强化增寿的制备方法 |
| GB202118927D0 (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2022-02-09 | Rolls Royce Plc | Method of forming protective coating, protective coating, and coated article |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3542530A (en) * | 1968-05-23 | 1970-11-24 | United Aircraft Corp | Nickel or cobalt base with a coating containing iron chromium and aluminum |
| US3649225A (en) * | 1969-11-17 | 1972-03-14 | United Aircraft Corp | Composite coating for the superalloys |
| US3754903A (en) * | 1970-09-15 | 1973-08-28 | United Aircraft Corp | High temperature oxidation resistant coating alloy |
| US3676085A (en) * | 1971-02-18 | 1972-07-11 | United Aircraft Corp | Cobalt base coating for the superalloys |
| US3869779A (en) * | 1972-10-16 | 1975-03-11 | Nasa | Duplex aluminized coatings |
| US3849865A (en) * | 1972-10-16 | 1974-11-26 | Nasa | Method of protecting the surface of a substrate |
-
1976
- 1976-01-13 US US05/648,853 patent/US4005989A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1976-10-28 CA CA264,401A patent/CA1069779A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-12-08 DK DK549976A patent/DK549976A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-12-10 IL IL51081A patent/IL51081A/xx unknown
- 1976-12-10 AU AU20457/76A patent/AU502359B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-12-17 DE DE2657288A patent/DE2657288C2/de not_active Expired
- 1976-12-20 NL NL7614128A patent/NL7614128A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-12-20 SE SE7614295A patent/SE416742B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1977
- 1977-01-06 BE BE173879A patent/BE850138A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-01-07 GB GB567/77A patent/GB1526911A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-01-07 FR FR7700312A patent/FR2338386A1/fr active Granted
- 1977-01-10 NO NO770070A patent/NO147019C/no unknown
- 1977-01-12 BR BR7700185A patent/BR7700185A/pt unknown
- 1977-01-12 JP JP52002294A patent/JPS6044390B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1977-01-12 IT IT19203/77A patent/IT1076201B/it active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1526911A (en) | 1978-10-04 |
| US4005989A (en) | 1977-02-01 |
| IT1076201B (it) | 1985-04-27 |
| NO147019C (no) | 1983-01-19 |
| SE7614295L (sv) | 1977-07-13 |
| IL51081A (en) | 1979-12-30 |
| NO770070L (no) | 1977-07-14 |
| SE416742B (sv) | 1981-02-02 |
| NL7614128A (nl) | 1977-07-15 |
| BR7700185A (pt) | 1977-09-20 |
| DE2657288A1 (de) | 1977-07-14 |
| BE850138A (fr) | 1977-05-02 |
| FR2338386B1 (no) | 1982-07-02 |
| DK549976A (da) | 1977-07-14 |
| JPS5288226A (en) | 1977-07-23 |
| AU502359B2 (en) | 1979-07-19 |
| IL51081A0 (en) | 1977-02-28 |
| DE2657288C2 (de) | 1984-06-07 |
| CA1069779A (en) | 1980-01-15 |
| AU2045776A (en) | 1978-06-15 |
| JPS6044390B2 (ja) | 1985-10-03 |
| FR2338386A1 (fr) | 1977-08-12 |
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